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Health Care

 Application of System Theory

 

Introduction

            The health care system comprises of the energic input and output system which highly depends on the enabling factors to ensure that, the maximum production (output) is achieved. This enabling factors ensures that there is a continuous flow of the necessary inputs to sustain the production and the inputs are in good use and in collaboration with the human resources to yield the best outcome desired by the organization (McEwen & Wills, 2017). It is the work of the organization to realize any challenge that may interfere with the output and do the necessary intervention to correct the problem.

Health care organization unit

            A unit in the health care organization is made up of the inputs which can be described as the characteristics of the care providers, such as the nurses, the recipients of the care and others present in the unit. The care recipients characteristics are for example the demographic data of the patients such as the age, occupation, gender and ethnicity and their health status such as the physiological and psychological state (McEwen & Wills, 2017). It also includes their medical condition, the resources that they have and also the nursing conditions which then require them to be taken care of by the nurses in the area of work.

             Input in the unit can be described in terms of the characteristics of those working in the unit such as the nurses, and this involves profession aspects which describes the experience of the nurse, level of education, their areas of specialization, the licensure and the employment status. It can also include their demographic data such as the age and gender which are a significant factor in the human inputs. The other contributions in the units are the availability of enough materials which are the equipment and supplies in the unit, the budget allocation by the administration and information which are the communications occurring in the unit including the introduction of new technologies to the unit.

            The organizational unit also has the throughput which describes the energies available in the system that can be transformed through reorganization of the inputs. The production subsystem which includes the work of the nurses is usually affected by the nature of the work done by the nurses and the work condition (McEwen & Wills, 2017). The nurses work in the provision of care in the unit, can be done through collaborative interventions or can be done through individual intervention depending on the clinical judgment and the knowledge of the nurse in managing the condition.

            Care delivery in the unit can also be practiced through division and control of the nurses work by the management. Management has the authority to make decisions on the care delivery model to be used for example the primary care model, the size and also the staffing practices of the organization. The care model chosen by the organization gives direction on how the nursing activities will be delivered to the clients and even how it is coordinated in the groups.

             Output in the health care unit is the outcomes that result from the work done by the nurses and the influence of the environment. The performance of the nurses is what is considered as input. The clinical results relating to the nursing care can be categorized into the clinical status outcomes which involve the management of the patient clinical manifestation and prevention of complications that may result due to the condition. There is also the functional outcome which deals with the physical and psychological functioning of the patient and the patient self-care abilities. The care recipient’s views on the nursing care they received while in the unit is also one of the outcomes and is referred to as the valuation outcome.

            The nursing process arises from time to time depending on the need of the patient, and therefore, the nursing services have to be continuous to ensure that that delivery and nursing management of the patients is done without delay (Masters, 2018). To maintain this, the resources which are generated from the nursing care services are used to acquire materials and all other resources needed to allow continuous flow of services to the clients, thus describing the cycle of events that occur in the unit

The problem in the health care unit

            There is a challenge in staffing in the unit which has resulted from an increase in the number of clients seeking services in the unit. This has led to an increase in the work done by the nurses and has also reduced patient flow causing crowding in the unit (McHugh et al., 2016). It is therefore essential to solve this issue to ensure that there are enough workers to offer services to the clients. This is a problem with the input and will affect the output if it is not addressed earlier.

Solution

             The solution to inadequate staffing is the hiring of more stuff. The outcome for the health care unit should be to promote proper delivery of care and also satisfaction to the clients and even to the nurses providing the care, it will also solve the problems that may arise due to inadequate staff such as incidences of adverse events, mortality and poor attendance to the client needs (McHugh et al., 2016). Staff satisfaction and reduction of workload which can be achieved from the hiring of enough staff will also reduce the chances of absenteeism and injuries that may arise from the increased workload.

Recruitment of more nurses and other staff to facilitate the delivery of services to the client to enable the health facility to meet the demand of the service. Division of labor is also necessary to reduce the chance of confusion because everyone knows what they are supposed to do at a particular time. The purpose of the changes is to ensure that delivery of service to the clients is continuous and of high quality. It is also to increase the service capacity which will then boost client satisfaction.

To address the problem, the organization should make sure at all time and at no time that, there will be a shortage of staff delivering care at any unit in the hospital. There should also be increase in the amount allocated in the budget to ensure the increase in demand for services in the unit does not result in a shortage of equipment or supplies (McHugh et al., 2016). It should also ensure that resources required in the units are available at all times when needed, including human support.

Professional standards

Professional standards are necessary to ensure quality delivery of care to the clients. Before the delivery of care to the clients, it is essential to assess the client and use the data to give the diagnosis after doing a proper analysis. Giving proper diagnosis to the client is the most important thing before initiating any treatment.

Furthermore, planning of care in advance and implementation of the care on time is also necessary because it is the right of a client to receive care and treatment without delay. It is also essential to ensure that the client is taken as a priority in the delivery of care ensuring that the codes of conduct and ethics are respected at all time (Masters, 2018). For example maintaining confidentiality and the nursing principle such as the autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. It is also good to collaborate with the relatives in the provision of care and integration of evidence-based practice during the care delivery.

 

How the solution uphold the institutional mission and values

The hiring of more staff to meet the demand of the services will enable the health care unit to have a continuous flow of services and of good quality. It will satisfy both the customers and the staff delivering care. This will act as a motivation to staff, and the clients will develop trust with the institution due to the quality delivery of the services they require. In the long run, the flow of customers will be more, and this will enable the institution to have enough resources to invest in better services and quality improvements in other areas. It will also foster the values of the institution to offer services with respect and fair to all.

Summary

Delivery of care in a health care unit, requires the collaboration of different factors which can range from the inputs, throughputs, output and the circle of events to make it continuous and facilitate good delivery of care. Challenges in the unit might also arise which must be intervened before it causes more harm to the institution. Finally, delivery of care requires the maintenance of high professional standards to promote a good relationship between the clients and ensure effective care delivery.

 

 

                                                                     References

McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2017). Theoretical basis for nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Masters, K. (2018). Role development in professional nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

McHugh, M. D., Rochman, M. F., Sloane, D. M., Berg, R. A., Mancini, M. E., Nadkarni, V. M., ... & American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Investigators. (2016). Better nurse staffing and nurse work environments associated with increased survival of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Medical care, 54(1), 74.

 

 

1536 Words  5 Pages

 Managed care

 Response 1

 This paper has interesting facts and I agree with the ideas that the appeal and grievances allow the members to make complaints and to ensure that their needs, as well as their rights, are met.  I would also like to shed light on these aspects and say that the managed care organization (MCO)  should manage potential problems concerning the quality and access to healthcare as stated in federal and State laws (Kongstvedt, 2003).  MCO should also understand that members can raise simple and complex issues such as lack of satisfaction, unprofessional behaviors, and more.  MCO should know that members have the right to make an appeal and to express grievances for the purpose of finding satisfaction. On the other hand, members should understand that there are rules and procedures or there is a specific timeline for tracking the mechanism and responding to the complaints (Kongstvedt, 2003).  Thus, the managed health organization and the members should cooperate so that the physicians can offer quality services and the members can receive quality care.

 

Response 2

 I agree that the marketing guidelines and specific rules that Medicare and Medicaid use provides marketing opportunities. The guidelines help the enrollees gain detailed information concerning the services offered,  benefit structure,  marketing requirements,  Medicare and Medicaid products, Medicare and Medicaid coverage,  and other important information that help the enrollees make a choice plan and an informed decision  (Kongstvedt, 2003). I would like to shed light on this area and say that managed care is playing a significant roles in the Medicare and Medicaid in promoting care coordinated care and controlling cost.  Coordinated care means that the programs are able to provide a different type of health services, benefit packages, and sufficing access.

 

 

Reference

Kongstvedt, P. R. (2003). Managed care: What it is and how it works. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen

Publishers.

 

 

 

 

 

307 Words  1 Pages

 at is the RSI?

            Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) or repetitive strain injury (RSI) refers to disorders or injuries that have the ability of affecting an individual’s musculoskeletal or movement system. Most of the movement systems that are affected include tendons, blood vessels, discs, nerves, tendons, muscles, and so on (Goossens 2001).

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                                                What are the symptoms?

            Some of the main symptoms that are associated with this disorder include stiff joints, recurrent pains, dull aches, and swellings.

                                                How it is developed?

            According to medical research, Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) or RSI mainly evolves from the interactions of various physical factors with psychosocial, ergonomic, as well as occupational factors. These causes are explained below;

            Biomechanical - Research indicates that MDSs or RSI can arise as a result of biomechanical load that is basically the force that needs to be applied to execute tasks, its duration, as well as the rate at which the job is performed. Some of the tasks involving heavy loads can lead to acute injuries, although the majority of the occupational-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) results from repetitive motions or maintaining static position.  Even those tasks that do not require a lot of force have the ability of causing muscle injuries in case such an activity is repetitive (Magee et al 706). “Some individual indicates that a combination of physical factors, particularly repetitiveness and forcefulness, is more addictive in increasing the risk of peripheral neuropathy and muscolotendinous disorders of the upper limb” (David et al 707).

This implies that some of the RSI factors involve executing various tasks using heavy tasks repetitively or just maintaining non-neutral posture.

            Psychosocial­ _ according to medical research, psychosocial have been considered as being one of the main factors causing the majority of the MDSs or RSI. Some of the theories that have been advanced for these causal relationships include increased fluid and blood pressure, muscle tension, reduction of pain sensitivity, reduction of developmental functions, pupil dilation, and so on. “these factors are associated with levels of workplace stress, such as job content and demand, job control, and social support” (David et al 707).

             Despite that medical research findings have been perceived to be contradictory at this point, the majority of the workplace stressors have been found to be linked with RSI in working environment including low social support, high job demands, as well as overall job strain (Davies et al 70). The same research has constantly recognized some causal association between MDSs and job dissatisfaction. For instance, the improvement of job satisfaction has the ability of reducing at least 17-67 percent of the job-related back disorders. In return, improving job control has the potential of reducing 37-84 percent of job-related wrist disorders.

            Occupational _ due to the fact that always employees straggles to retain the same posture during long working days for years, some of the natural postures, for example standing, can induce RSIs such low back pain. Despite that, some the natural posture such as tension or twisting in the upper body have been perceived to some factors contributing to the development of this disorder (Magee et al 706). Ideally, this is because of the unnatural biomechanical load of these postures. Clinically, posture has been considered as being the main contributor to MSDs or RSIs of the back, shoulder, and neck.

            On the other hand, repetitive motion has been regarded as being risk factor for Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) or RSI of occupational origin. The reason for that is because employees have the ability of performing the same movement repetitively for long time. In return, this wears muscles and joint involved in executing the task. For instance, the majority of the employees who does repetitive motions at a higher rate with less recovery time and employees that have little control over the timing of the motions also have a higher chance of developing this disorder (Goossens 2003). Furthermore, the force that is required to execute activities is also linked with higher RSI risks in employees. The reason for that is because motions that extra force can fatigue an individual’s muscles faster hence resulting to pain and/or injury. Conversely, the general exposure to various vibration, for instance in construction workers or truck drivers, and extreme cold or hot temperatures can negatively impact their ability to judge strength and force, hence resulting to MSDs development.

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                                                How computers affect the users

            Computer and internet use has been increased recently over the past decades and has been linked with various musculoskeletal disorders. Research indicates that the general advancement in technology as well as the affordable prices of computers is what has the ability of increasing the development of this disorder in the near future. The continued use of VDTs (video display terminals) is also another factor that have been noted to have the ability of inducing various health issues for the majority of workers using them. Furthermore, ergonomics for computers that are designed poorly is also another contributing factor causing visual and musculoskeletal problems.

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                                                Who is affected mostly?

            Medical research indicates that the type of MSDs that a person suffers from varies from one person to another. Medically, gender has been regarded as being one of the contributing factors with a higher rate in female as compared to male. Conversely, overweight or obese individuals also have been noted to have high chances of developing some types of MSDs, particularly lower back (Goossens 2003). “Musculoskeletal system problems caused by computer usage are affected by physical factors such as gender and age” (Lakhwinder et al., 218).

                                                How to prevent it _ exercises and ergonomic issues

            Exercise _ according to the modern research, the general prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) mainly depends on the identification of various risk factors, either through measurement of posture, self-report, or job observation that could result to MSDs. In most cases, the main target for preventing this disorder is mainly an individual’s workplace. The reason for that is because it is the one that can assist in identifying the rates of this disease as well as the general exposure to various perilous conditions (Freeman et al 157).

            Furthermore, the majority of individuals who are at risk of developing this disorder can easily be identified which in return assist in modifying their psychosocial and physical environment. It then implies that some of the approaches to its prevention take into account the need of matching the physical abilities of a person to tasks, increasing capabilities, altering the manner in which tasks are performed, and so on. On the same note, workers should also have the ability of utilizing administrative controls and engineering controls to aid in preventing injuries happening on the work. Likewise, the general implementations of engineering controls is one of the processes aimed at restructuring the working place weaknesses, strengths, as well as the requirements of the employees (Davies et al 70).

             This can take into account the alterations of workstation layout to the extent of making it more efficient, relocating necessary tools and equipment, minimizing bending over, and so on. Workers should also have the ability of utilizing administrative controls, for instance, minimizing the number of working hours, reducing overtime, or incorporating more breaks during the night or day shifts. The idea for that is to aid in reducing the exposure time for each employee. “In the case of many common musculoskeletal disorders, in which the degree of disability appears to be consistent with the nature and the extent of the lesion, physical treatment will constitute a major component of the therapeutic program” (Darlene & Randolph 102).  

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            Ergonomics _ according to medical research, it is important for victims to uses approved ergonomics including matching the physical potential of employees with the right work and designing and redesigning various equipment that are correct for the job. Training, heavy lifting of loads, and reporting early symptoms of injury are some of the means that have been recommended as having the ability of preventing MSDs (Hughes & Ferrett 227). The management authority of the organization should also have the ability of providing support to workers so as to assist in preventing this disorder in working environment. This will have to take into account engaging workers in assessing, planning, as well as developing procedural standards that support accurate ergonomics as well as preventing injuries (Magee et al 707).

            From the medical perspective, maintaining neutral posture is also one of ergonomic principles that aid in ensuring that muscles remain in their normal length as well as generating required force. This will have to take into account the need of minimizing stress and possible damage to nerves, bones, muscles, and tendons. As a result of that, in everyday life or in working environment, it is important for a person to ensure that joints and muscles have maintained a neutral position (Freeman et al 157). “Companies that implement an ergonomics program achieve solutions that fit the work to the worker” (Wertz & James 217).

            Nonetheless, in order to be in the position of preventing finger, wrist, and hand injuries, it is important for a person to understand to use power grips, pinch grips outside their working places. Because of that, the choice of the tools and equipment to be used ought to be matched with proper grip as well as being conducive in maintaining neutral postures. It is vital for workers to take into account reducing the frequency and the weight to be lifted and reducing the distance between the load and the body (Freeman et al 157). The reason for that is because it the one that has the ability of reducing the torque force experienced for individuals and employees doing repetitive load lifting. It is also important to determine the shape of the object to be lifted, especially by workers. Ideally, objects that are easier to access lift, or grip presents little stress on the back and spine muscles as compared to loads that are difficult to access and awkwardly shaped (Hughes & Ferrett 227).

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                                                            Work cited

Darlene, H & Randolph M. K. Management of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders: Physical Therapy Principles and Methods: Management of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2006. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Print

David, J. M James, E. Z, & William, S. Q. Pathology and Intervention in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation - E-Book: Musculoskeletal rehabilitation series. 2008. Elsevier Health Sciences

Davies, Richard, Hazel Everitt, and Chantal Simon. Musculoskeletal Problems. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. Print.

Freeman, Jean'e E, and Sandra K. Anderson. Career Longevity: The Bodywork Practitioner's Guide to Wellness & Body Mechanics. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2012. Internet resource.

Goossens, Richard H. M. Advances in Social and Occupational Ergonomics: Proceedings of the Ahfe 2018 International Conference on Social and Occupational Ergonomics, July 21-25, 2018, Loews Sapphire Falls Resort at Universal Studios, Orlando, Florida, Usa. , 2019. Internet resource.

Hughes, P & Ferrett, E. International Health and Safety at Work: The Handbook for the NEBOSH International General Certificate.2013. Routledge Print

Lakhwinder, P.S, Sarbjit, S & Arvind, B. Humanizing work and work Environment (HWWE 2016). 2018. GIAP Journals

Magee, David J, James E. Zachazewski, and William S. Quillen. Pathology and Intervention in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation - E-Book. , 2008. Print.

Wertz, K & James J. B. Managing Workers' Compensation: A Guide to Injury Reduction and Effective Claim Management Occupational Safety & Health Guide Series. 2000. CRC Press

 

 

1939 Words  7 Pages

 

                                    Puzzle Games Assisted Therapy Program            

  1. Population & Issue:

Teens with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) between the ages of 7 to 18 years

  1. Title and description of specific program:

Puzzle games assisted therapy program.

The teens will be engaged in puzzle games where it is all about joining different parts together to come up with something that is meaningful.

  1. Based on a comprehensive activity analysis, describe the areas of concern and what modifications or adaptations would be implemented:

The areas of concern in this program is getting the teenagers to like the puzzle games and also encouraging them to play with one another as a team. In order to ensure that the teenagers learn to accommodate one another as partners, they will be talked to about the ways to start conversations with others, for instance talking about their interests like hobbies and asking others what they are doing. Doing this will encourage the teenagers to converse more with one another which will make them accommodate one another in the puzzle games.

  1. Statement of Purpose:

Playing of puzzle games for autism teenagers will help enhance the cognitive as well as speech and communication abilities of the teenagers.

  1. TPO1:

 To demonstrate an increase in cognitive abilities and social skills

  1. EO1:

 To demonstrate the ability to communicate more effectively with others

  1. PM1:

 By the end of the program the teenagers will be able to make more friends and be more open to sharing as well as playing games with other people.

  1. What social interaction pattern are you using and why?

Cooperation pattern is most effective in this program because by helping the teenagers to improve both their cognitive and communication skills through the puzzles, they will have more improved interactive social skills now that they are at a disadvantage of resource distribution and social status.

301 Words  1 Pages

Application of the System Theory

 

 

Introduction

            An organization is made up of the energic input-output system, and it usually depends on a good environment which supports the continuous flow of inputs which are necessary to promote sustainability, make use of this inputs together with the promotion of individual interaction to yield better outputs (Morgeson, Mitchell & Liu, 2015). Therefore, an organization is required to make necessary changes to meet the needs or disorders that may arise during its operations.

Health care organization unit

             A health care organization unit comprises the inputs which describe the characteristics of the care recipients, the characteristics of the nurse and other energic sources. Those of the care recipients can include their demographic data such as their age, gender, occupation, gender, and ethnicity. It can also include the health status of the recipients which provides for their physical and psychological health state. There are also resources which are available to them and their medical conditions which encompass the type of the medical diagnoses and their severity (Morgeson, Mitchell & Liu, 2015). There is also the nursing conditions which are the one responsible for creating demand for nursing services in the unit.

            Also, there are nurse characteristics which are part of the inputs in the unit. This generally describes demographic factors of the nurses such as age and gender, the professional aspects and their health factors. The profession shows their occupation factors which include the level of education, their experience, and the level of clinical expertise, licensure, and their employment status of the nurse, other energic inputs such as the presence of materials, the budget allocations, and information. Materials are the equipment and supplies in the unit while the information’s are those that are being communicated in the unit and also the introduction of new technologies into the unit.

            The unit also has a throughput which has several factors. They are the energies in the system which are transformed through reorganization of the available inputs. The work of the nurses is in the production subsystem which is influenced by the nature of the nurses work, the work condition, for example, the environment, and the structure (Burke, 2017). The work of nurses in the unit can be collaborative interventions or independent interventions which involves the provision of care depending on the clinical judgment and the knowledge of the condition to facilitate better patient outcomes.

The nursing services delivery is practiced through control and division of nurses work by the subsystem of management which makes the decisions about the size, the nursing delivery models to be used, the institutional staffing practices and the specific roles (Clayton & Radcliffe, 2015). The nursing care delivery models provide direction on how work is divided among the staff and also how it is coordinated at the group level.

The output is the reflection of the outcomes of nurse’s performance at the unit and their work environments. The clinical results relating to the nursing care can be categorized into; the clinical status outcomes which comprise of management of the patient clinical manifestations and also prevention of complications that may arise. The second is functional status outcomes which involve the physiological and psychological functioning of the client together with his or her self-care abilities (Burke, 2017). There is also valuation which is the perceptions of the care recipients concerning the nursing care they received and its result; and safety outcomes.

The services such as effective nursing care have to be continuous, and therefore the out of service will influence the continuity of the services offered at the unit. The resources from the services provided are used to acquire other resources such as the materials and human resources that are needed in the unit. Quality service delivery to the clients will enable the health facility to be accredited to offer the services.

The problem in the unit

 In the unit, there is a challenge in the issue of staffing. Initially, the staffing was, but the number of people living in the community has increased which has then increased demand of services in the unit, due to this, the staff currently working I the group are overworked, and there has also been overcrowding in the unit. For quality and effective delivery of care to the client, there is a need to increase the number of nurses to meet the demand and ensure there are proper care delivery and flow of service. This is a problem with the input, and thus it needs to be addressed.

Addressing the problem

Inadequate staffing come with a lot of challenges, there is limited delivery of care to the clients in the unit, and therefore there is a need to hire more nurses into the unit. This will promote the satisfaction of both the nurses and the patients, and it will lower the incidences of adverse events, reduce mortality, decrease the chances of poor attendance and also reduce the chances of re-admission into the unit. Furthermore, it will eliminate the issues of stress to the nurses; it will also decrease the chances of absenteeism and injuries to the staff (McHugh et al., 2016). There will also be a reduction in the workload which will, in turn, foster the quality of care delivered to the clients.

The goal is to hire more staff is to fill the gap in the provision of the nursing services in the unit which has been rendered weak due to the inadequate staffing. It is also necessary to ensure enough supplies to meet the demand of the clients attending the unit. It is also essential to practice division of roles among the staff in the unit. This change is to increase the service capacity which will, therefore, increase patient satisfaction. Presence of enough staff and role allocations will reduce the chances of absenteeism and in the long run contribute to quality improvement.

To address the problem, the organization should ensure there is no shortage of staff in the unit by use of  the float pools and the agency nursing. The organization must also increase the budgetary allocation to the unit to facilitate greater hour per patient day.

Professional standards

Maintenance of high professional standards is necessary to ensure quality delivery of the nursing care to the clients. Proper assessment of the client is vital to understand the situation of the client; the data from assessment id then analyzed adequately to determine the diagnosis of the patient. There is also setting up of the expected outcome, planning and implementation of the plan; the implementation can involve health education, coordination of care, consultation from other colleagues and treatment.

It is also necessary for the staff members to stick to the codes of conduct and ethics while providing care to the client. Collaboration between the registered nurse and the healthcare consumer together with their families is also crucial during the care provision (Masters, 2018). Integration of the evidence-based practice into the nursing process will generally improve the quality of care offered to the patient.

How the proposed solution upholds organization mission and values

Recruiting more staff to fill the vacancy created by high demand, arising from the increase in the population of the community will enable the organization to offer high-quality care to the clients as it is the mission of the organization. It will improve service delivery and will have a positive impact on raising the standards of the organization.

 

Summary

Health care system depends on different factors ranging from the input, throughput, the output and also the circle of events. All these factors work interdependently for the health organization to offer quality care to the clients. Challenges may also arise and therefore it appropriate to put measures in place to deal with any problem that may occur.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Burke, W. W. (2017). Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications.

Clayton, T., & Radcliffe, N. (2015). Sustainability: a systems approach. Routledge.

Morgeson, F. P., Mitchell, T. R., & Liu, D. (2015). Event system theory: An event-oriented approach to the organizational sciences. Academy of Management Review, 40(4), 515-537.

McHugh, M. D., Rochman, M. F., Sloane, D. M., Berg, R. A., Mancini, M. E., Nadkarni, V. M., ... & American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Investigators. (2016). Better nurse staffing and nurse work environments associated with increased survival of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Medical care, 54(1), 74.

Masters, K. (2018). Role development in professional nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

1398 Words  5 Pages

 

Effects of water bottles on health and environment

 

            Water bottles are containers made of glass, plastic or metal that is used to hold water or beverages to drink. Water bottle makes it possible for an individual to drink and carry a beverage from one place to another. These bottles pose a health risk to individuals who drink from them and also to the environment. Plastic water bottles are made of chemical that are risky to the human health and environment. Those made from aluminum metal may also pose a risk to the health of those consuming from them and to the environment during the making of these bottles. Plastics does not decay thus when dumped they produce harmful gases that affect the environment. Glass bottles may break and cause an injury if they are not properly disposed. Water bottles of any material are a danger to humans and the environment, therefore their production and use of should be minimized.

            Bisphenol a chemical that is used in the manufacture of polycarbonate water bottles has been known to cause long standing effects to health of those who consume it. Research has shown that it affects the reproductive hormones and prostate glands. Bottled water that is readily bought can also cause water borne diseases.  In 1994, there was an outbreak of cholera in Saipan which is a US territory in the Marianas islands, this outbreak was associated with bottled water. Another similar case is what happened in Portugal where 36 people who had drank bottled water from a spa fell ill. These cases are proof that bottled water is not safe for consumption at all times (Edlin, & Golanty, 2010). 

            Stainless steel water bottles are commonly made from aluminum. These bottles can leach iron and nickel into alkaline and acidic beverages. The process of manufacturing these bottles involves the processing of chromium and nickel leading to a great environmental pollution since the extraction of these metals from their ore requires energy intensive heating that release toxic materials into the soil, air and water. Stainless steel water bottle can also impart a metallic taste to liquids stored in them. These bottles are also hard to clean therefore bacteria causing diseases’ can build up in them. These bottles can bend in shape or start having rough edges and when they are not properly disposed they may cause an injury. These bottles might have aluminum fillings which when consumed they make one sick. (Miller, & Spoolman, 2012). Production of these stainless bottles pose a risk to humans and the ecosystem. Glass water bottles are preferred because they have no chemicals seeping out of them but they are fragile and break easily when these pieces are mishandled they can cause an injury which is threat to human health

            Plastic water bottles are made of a non-biodegradable polymer. When large amounts of plastic water bottles are disposed they accumulate in oceans and on land. When burnt they release toxic fumes into the atmosphere which later causes major health impacts to living things, affect air and water. These toxic fumes are known to cause health problems such as asthma and cancer. The plastic bottles that enter the sea are consumed by animals such as seas turtles which choke them leading to their death ((Starr, Evers, & Starr, 2011). These plastic bottles pollute the seas and oceans making them an unsafe habitat for animals living in them.

            Burning of plastic water bottles weakens the ozone layer. There has been concern that the chlorine contained in the fumes might completely destroy the ozone layer, thus letting the ultraviolet rays reach the earth surface and this would result to increased cancer rates and crop deficiency. Residues that result from the burning of this bottles stick on surfaces of leaves and enter the food chain. These toxins entering the food chain will be consumed by humans consuming those foods. These residues also pollute the soil and ground water responsible for growing crops and food for both humans and animals. Some of these toxic chemicals are inhaled by animals and accumulate in fats and when people eat meat from these animals they consume these toxins (Starr, Evers, & Starr, 2011).

Conclusion

            Production and use of water bottles has led to a rise of many health risk and environmental degradation. Chemicals contained in them have endangered the lives of human beings and disposing them is a great challenge since most attempts lead to pollution of the environment. Continuous burning of plastic water bottles is leading to the destruction of the ozone layer. Plastic water bottles accumulating in water bodies are leading to loss of marine life. Production of stainless steel has led to degradation of the environment due to extraction of minerals needed. The toxins produced from burning plastic water bottles are entering the food chain and posing a risk to human health. Glass water bottles wrongly disposed is a challenge since they can cause injuries. It is advisable to minimize the use of all types of water bottle since each type of bottle poses a great risk to the health of humans the environment.

 

 

References

Edlin, G., & Golanty, E. (2010). Health & wellness. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett     Publishers.

Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2012). Living in the environment. Pacific Grove, Calif.?:   Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

Starr, C., Evers, C. A., & Starr, L. (2011). Biology: Concepts and applications. Australia:             Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

 

901 Words  3 Pages

 

Congestive cardiac failure.

It is a condition that arises when the heart ability to maintain cardiac output is not enough to meet the requirements of the body tissues.

Causes

            This condition is commonly caused by coronary artery disease which might result from myocardial infarction, hypertension, a condition of the abnormal heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) and the valvular disorders. Arteriosclerosis of the coronary vessels is the most common cause of the congestive cardiac failure, and it is found in most of the patients with the condition.

             Cardiomyopathy which is another cause of the condition is categorized into three types which are hypertrophic, dilated and the restrictive. The dilated type is the most common, and it results from diffusing cellular necrosis which will then lead to decrease in contractility, on the other hand, hypertrophic and the restrictive type results in reduced ability to distend and ventricular filling. This will thus result in congestive heart failure.

             Hypertension is the other cause, and it involves both systemic and pulmonary hypertension. It increases the afterload which in turn increases the amount of workload of the heart. This will cause hypertrophy of the heart muscle which will thus increase heart contractility (Rogers & Bush, 2015). Hypertrophy of the heart muscle and may hinder proper ventricular refill during the diastole, and also there is a likelihood that the dilated ventricle might fail.

            Valvular heart disorders is another cause. Complications in the valves allows the blood to flow back into the heart which increases the heart workload and might result in heart failure. Other systemic conditions such as pneumonia which present with fever and hypoxia usually increase the rate of metabolism and might speed up to development of congestive cardiac failure.

 

Incidence

Congestive cardiac failure increases with age, and there are 5 million cases and more in the United States (Ziaeian & Fonarow, 2016). Also, there are about 550,000 new cases which are diagnosed each yeah

Risk factors

            The condition is likely to occur in individuals with the following conditions; high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, heart attack, obesity, high levels of cholesterol, coronary heart disease, viral or bacterial infections, decreased kidney function and valve defects (Benotti, 2017). These risk factors precipitate client development of heart failure.

Impact of the condition to the family

             Heart failure has a significant impact on patient life because it includes changes in lifestyle; for example, the client is unable to do gardening easily as before. The patients will experience physical, psychological and emotional health as well as cognitive abilities. There will also be significant changes in social interaction (Buck, 2015). The family, on the other hand, will feel little confidence in the health of the client and the might result in changes in roles in the family. There is also fear of losing their loved one, and others might find it difficult in parenting and taking care of them (Hasanpour-Dehkordi et al., 2016). Financial needs of the client might also be a challenge to the patient and the family.

 

 

 

 

 

Discuss three (3) common signs and symptoms of the selected disease and explain the

underlying pathophysiology of each (350 words)

  1. Dyspnea

It is a sign of pulmonary congestion and occurring when the heart’s left ventricle cannot be able to pump blood from the heart effectively into the systemic circulation (Kupper et al., 2016). This will increase the blood volume in the left ventricle and will decrease blood flow into the left ventricle from the left atrium. This cause rise in volume and pressure occurring  at the left atrium which then leads to decrease in blood supply to the pulmonary circulation, with increased pressure in the blood vessels the blood will be forced out of capillaries into the tissues causing pulmonary congestion and thus signs of dyspnea.

  1. Dizziness, and confusion

With an increase in pulmonary pressure there, the heart can pump enough blood into the system; this will result in low tissue and organ perfusion. The decrease in cardiac output will decrease the amount of blood reaching the brain and thus will lead to inadequate brain perfusion (Roy et al., 2017). This will result in the development of symptoms such as dizziness and feeling of light-headedness with confusion.

  1. Edema

It results from the failure of the right ventricles. This causes congestion in peripheral tissues together with the viscera; this is due to failure of the right ventricle to pump blood effectively and therefore cannot have room for more blood returning from the systemic circulation. This will result in jugular venous distension and increase hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries in all the venous system. With an increase in this pressure blood will flow out of the vessels into the tissues and result in edema of the extremities (Adrogué, 2017). The fluid might also enter the peritoneal cavity and cause ascites. The patient will present with edema of the feet which worsen if the patient sits or stands for a long time.

 

Discuss the pharmacodynamics & pharmacokinetics of one (1) common class of drug

relevant to the chosen patient (300 words)

ACE inhibitors

These drugs inhibit an angiotensin-converting enzyme which then results in a reduction of the levels of the angiotensin 2 in the blood as well as the aldosterone. Angiotensin 2 is formed through the proteolytic action by the renin released by the kidneys. Inhibition of by conversion by the ACEI increases the endogenous vasodilators of the kinin family such as the bradykinin (Bezalel, 2015). They work by promoting vasodilation and also diuresis through decreasing the preload and afterload in the heart. Vasodilation is significant in reduction of the resistance to removal of blood in the left ventricle which thus reduces the workload of the heart and at long last promote emptying of the ventricles.

The drugs also work by decreasing secretion of the aldosterone which promotes retention of the sodium and water in the kidney. Through this, they cause kidney stimulation to remove the fluids and sodium while on the other hand maintaining potassium (Adrogué, 2017). This creates a reduction of the ventricular heart pressure and will, therefore, reduce congestion.

The absorption of the drugs varies within its class from 25% to about 75%, and most of them are prodrugs. In the body, they remain inactive until when they are converted into through the process of hydrolysis which occurs in the liver or the gastrointestinal tissue to be absorbed well into the body (e Silva & Teixeira, 2016). ACE inhibitors are eliminated mostly through the renal route while others have their significant elimination through the liver. Most of the drugs when administered intravenously they achieve high bioavailability, and they are distributed and might cross the placenta.

In order of priority, develop a nursing care plan for your chosen patient who has just arrived on the ward from ED. Nursing care plan goals, interventions, and rationales must relate to the first 8 hours post ward admission (500 words)\

Nursing assessments

  • Patient report of dyspnea and fatigue on doing any activity and shortness of breath on walking
  • Patient report sleep disturbance resulting from breathlessness.
  • Presence of edema in the extremities
  • Difficulty in performing activities of daily living
  • The patient report reports a feeling of powerlessness due to the condition
  • Patient report of forgetting taking the drugs at times as prescribed.

Nursing diagnosis

  • Anxiety related feeling of breathlessness as evidenced by patient report of shortness of breath lack of quality sleep (Ponikowski et al., 2016).
  • Activity intolerance and fatigue relating to the decrease in cardiac output which is evidenced by the patient reporting difficulty in performing activities of daily living and fatigue when they walk.
  • Excess fluid volume related to the congestive cardiac failure as evidenced by presences of edema in the extremities.
  • Powerlessness which is related to the chronic illness and patient hospitalization as evidenced by the patient report on powerlessness due to the condition
  • Ineffective drug regiment management related to lack of knowledge of drug importance as evidenced by patient report forgetting taking the drugs.

Nursing planning and goals

  • To promote activity and reduce fatigue within the hospital stay
  • To relieve the fluid congestion symptoms within the hospital stay
  • Decreasing anxiety within the hospital stay
  • Reducing the feeling of powerlessness

Nursing interventions

Controlling anxiety

             Provision of physical and psychological support to promote comfort to the patient, encourage the family members to visit the clients regularly along with reassuring the patient that her condition will improve (Ponikowski et al., 2016). The patient is also taught on ways to control anxiety and the use of relaxation techniques to foster comfort.

Promoting activity tolerance

            Physical activity of at least 30 minutes a day should be encouraged. Though temporary bed rest should be indicated in patients with acute illnesses. Physical exercise decreases dyspnea and increases the functional capacity of the individual (Cox, 2017). A good regime of at least five minutes of warm should be practiced every day before the actual activity of 30 minutes, and all this should be under the prescribed intensity level to the client

            In addition to the 30 minutes exercise the patient is also encouraged to walk daily. It is also essential to alternate a period of exercise with rest and avoiding activities that require high energy from the patient. Ensure the patient can talk during the activity and the exercise is scheduled at least 2 hours after eating, however in case of pain and shortness of breath the practice should be stopped. If the patient tolerates well to the activities will be necessary to develop short and long term goals.

Management of fluid volume

            Administration of diuretics such as the furosemide that the patient receives should be administered during the morning to avoid interference during the night. It is, therefore, necessary to discuss the timing of medication with the patient (Rogers & Bush, 2015). Monitoring of the patient fluid status is also essential, measuring of the daily patient weight and helping the client to adhere to a diet low in sodium (Jurgens, 2015). If the patient is put on fluid restriction, planning of fluid intake during the day is also. It is also necessary to assess for skin breakdown due to the chances of development of pressure ulcers in the edematous areas, encourage the patient to turn regularly. Leg exercises are also necessary.

Reduction the feeling of powerlessness

            Teach the patient that she should not feel powerless, and they can influence the way they want to spend their life and even the way they get their treatment. Assessing the patient to understand more about the factors that make her feel powerless and giving the appropriate intervention as needed (Scott & Winters, 2015). Encourage patient to express themselves and ask questions, and also providing the patient with the opportunity to make their own decisions. It is also essential to help the patient to understand those things which they can be able to control or not.

References

Adrogué, H. J. (2017). Hyponatremia in Heart Failure. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal, 13(1), 40.

Benotti, P. N., Wood, G. C., Carey, D. J., Mehra, V. C., Mirshahi, T., Lent, M. R., ... & Hirsch, A. G. (2017). Gastric bypass surgery produces a durable reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors and reduces the long‐term risks of congestive heart failure. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(5), e005126.

Bezalel, S., Mahlab-Guri, K., Asher, I., Werner, B., & Sthoeger, Z. M. (2015). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema. The American journal of medicine, 128(2), 120-125.

Cox, S. (2017). Congestive heart failure. Hospice and Palliative Care for Companion Animals: Principles and Practice, 109-114.

Buck, H. G., Harkness, K., Wion, R., Carroll, S. L., Cosman, T., Kaasalainen, S., ... & Strachan, P. H. (2015). Caregivers’ contributions to heart failure self-care: a systematic review. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 14(1), 79-89.

e Silva, A. C. S., & Teixeira, M. M. (2016). ACE inhibition, ACE2 and angiotensin-(1⿿ 7) axis in kidney and cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. Pharmacological research, 107, 154-162.

Fitchett, D., Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J. M., Hantel, S., Salsali, A., ... & Inzucchi, S. E. (2016). Heart failure outcomes with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial. European heart journal, 37(19), 1526-1534.

Hasanpour-Dehkordi, A., Khaledi-Far, A., Khaledi-Far, B., & Salehi-Tali, S. (2016). The effect of family training and support on the quality of life and cost of hospital readmissions in congestive heart failure patients in Iran. Applied Nursing Research, 31, 165-169.

Jurgens, C. Y., Goodlin, S., Dolansky, M., Ahmed, A., Fonarow, G. C., Boxer, R., ... & Fleg, J. L. (2015). Heart failure management in skilled nursing facilities: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation: Heart Failure, 8(3), 655-687.

Kurmani, S., & Squire, I. (2017). Acute heart failure: definition, classification and epidemiology. Current heart failure reports, 14(5), 385-392.

Kupper, N., Bonhof, C., Westerhuis, B., Widdershoven, J., & Denollet, J. (2016). Determinants of dyspnea in chronic heart failure. Journal of cardiac failure, 22(3), 201-209.

Ponikowski, P., Voors, A. A., Anker, S. D., Bueno, H., Cleland, J. G., Coats, A. J., ... & Jessup, M. (2016). 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European journal of heart failure, 18(8), 891-975.

Rogers, C., & Bush, N. (2015). Heart failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis, medical treatment guidelines, and nursing management. Nursing Clinics, 50(4), 787-799.

Roy, B., Woo, M. A., Wang, D. J., Fonarow, G. C., Harper, R. M., & Kumar, R. (2017). Reduced regional cerebral blood flow in patients with heart failure. European journal of heart failure, 19(10), 1294-1302.

Scott, M. C., & Winters, M. E. (2015). Congestive heart failure. Emergency Medicine Clinics, 33(3), 553-562.

Ziaeian, B., & Fonarow, G. C. (2016). Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 13(6), 368.         

 

 

2308 Words  8 Pages

 Reasons why birth control pills should not be sold over the counter or without prescription

 

 

Introduction

            Birth control pills are drugs used to prevent conception among women of reproductive age. They mainly help to prevent cases of unwanted pregnancy incase of unprotected sexual intercourse. This idea of using the birth control pills containing synthetic female hormones to regulate ovulation and prevent conception was first introduced in 1920s and it was approved in 1960s by the Food and Drug Administration of United States of America. The practice of using these drugs over counter is dangerous as there can be many risks associated with the practice health risks being one of them. Therefore, selling these pills without prescription or over the counter should be avoided. One should access them from a health facility or get a doctor’s prescription in order to avoid the risks associated with them.

            One of the reasons why selling the birth control pills over the counter should be avoided is to prevent the health risks associated with the usage. These pills causes increased rate of blood clotting in the circulatory system. The clots eventually complicate to stroke and heart attack, conditions mainly seen in women above 40 years (Zonderman et al., 2006). The risk is greatly increased with cigarette smoking women.  It is therefore recommended that one should get prescription before purchasing the control birth pills as they can be contraindicating to the health.

Increase of irresponsible sexual behaviors is another reason why over the counter drug usage of the birth control pills should be discouraged. The increase in these behaviors has led to increase in spread of sexually transmitted diseases. A coalition of conservative lawmakers led by Republican Dave Weldon claimed that the easier access to the pills has increased the cases of unsafe sex especially among teenagers (Harrison, 2015). The fact that the teenagers are in the position to easily access the birth control pills, they ended up being involved in sexual behaviors recklessly having in mind that they are already protected.  They end up contracting other sexually transmitted diseases unconsciously. Due to this reason, the usage of over the counter birth control pills should be avoided especially among the teenagers.

            Finally, the reason as to why the usage of birth control pills over the counter should be discouraged is because majority of the users might lack the knowledge on their mechanism of action (White 2009). The fact that the pills are used to prevent pregnancy, they can however lead to unintended abortions if used after fertilization has occurred. In many cases when the pills are taken after fertilization, they end up interfering with the fertilized ova in the reproductive system resulting into abortion as the integrants formed by the endometrial lining undergoes changes making it more difficult for the unborn child to implant. The current data of microscopic, macroscopic and immunological level strongly supports that the over the counter drugs causes early abortion hence the usage of over the counter pills should be avoided.

Conclusion

            Selling of birth control pills over the counter should be avoided as it is associated with various effects like blood clotting which eventually complicates to life threatening conditions like stroke and deep venous thrombosis. There are also increased cases of early abortion due to knowledge deficiency on their mechanism of action of the pills among the users. There are also many cases of irresponsible sexual behaviors among the teenagers due to the ability to access the drugs easily over the counter. It is therefore recommended that selling of birth control pills over the counter or without the prescription should be avoided.

 

 

Reference

Maisto, S. A., Galizio, M., & Connors, G. J. (2011). Drug use and abuse. Belmont, CA:   Wadsworth.

Zonderman, J., Shader, L., & Triggle, D. J. (2006). Birth control pills. New York: Chelsea           House.

 White, J. E. (2009). Contemporary moral problems. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth.

Harrison-Woolrych, M. (2015). Medicines For Women. Cham : Springer International Publishing            : Imprint: Adis

659 Words  2 Pages

Annotated Bibliography

 TOPIC: ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY

 Research question:  Does animal-assisted therapy reduce anxiety, stress, and depression?

 Thesis:  animals have a special role in the health care setting as they reduce psychological distress and improve mental health through the animal-human bond to patients with emotional hardships such as depression and anxiety. 

Beetz, A. M. (2017). Theories and possible processes of action in animal assisted

Interventions. Applied Developmental Science, 21(2), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2016.1262263

This article is very helpful as it uses a theoretical framework that describes the biological, and psychological processes that influence the positive effects of animal-assisted therapy (AAT).  Beetz (2017) argue that animals enhance cognitive and emotional learning in people with emotional disorders, sensory disabilities, and other mental disabilities. However, there is no a theoretical framework that helps to understand the AAT interventions or rather the several processes that are involved in the AAT. In the research, the author focuses on theories such as biophilia, anthropomorphism, motivation theory, neurobiological theory, attachment theory, and others. I will use this article in my research to discuss the theories and processes, and the mechanism in which animals help individuals solve mental challenges and promote well-being.  Even though the article offers a framework that helps understand the processes in which the goal of animal-assisted therapy is achieved, there is a limitation since there is no empirical evidence. The article only presents theories and concepts but it lacks scientific evidence from direct and indirect observation. The author suggests that in future, it is important to use both theories and empirical research to confirm the viability. The source is related  to other sources as it discusses the topic on AAT using a theoretical framework to help the mental health practitioner, children and parents understand the mechanism in which animal provide support.

 

Engelman, S. R. (2013). Palliative Care and Use of Animal-Assisted Therapy. Omega:

Journal of Death & Dying, 67(1/2), 63–67. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.67.1-2.g

Engelman (2013) review animal-assisted therapy in palliative care and asserts that today, research and clinical reports are supporting the use of animal-assisted therapy in medical settings but there is limited research on the effect of AAT in palliative care settings.  Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study whether AAT has benefits to patients of all ages who are in palliative care.  In conducting the study,  the article observes  a small  dog offering therapeutic supports to palliative care patients in both in-patient and out-patient settings.  The results show that animal-assisted therapy reduces pain. However, this article has a limitation in that there were no empirical measures but the evidence was derived from phenomenological experiences and staff observations. Thus, it is important to use experimentation, empirical research, and clinical documentation to gain empirical evidence rather than relying on anecdotal evidence as it is associated with potential weaknesses. I will use this source in my research to show that animal-assisted therapy is used in many areas in the clinical setting including the palliative care setting. This article supports other articles by showing that AAT is a trans-disciplinary intervention that serves many roles in clinical settings.

 

Hartwig, E. K., & Smelser, Q. K. (2018). Practitioner Perspectives on Animal-Assisted

Counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 40(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.40.1.04

In this article, Hartwig & Smelser (2018) review the topic on animal-assisted therapy and state that there is a progression in the field counseling but, there is limited research concerning the practice and experiences needed by mental health practitioners for them to effectively provide the clients with animal-assisted counseling (CAA). The authors conducted research to explore the mental health practitioners' perceptions of animal-assisted counseling in clinical settings. The participants in the study were the mental health practitioners and the study used a researcher-developed survey. The participants reported that clients aged 4 to 66 years who suffer from abuse, depression, and grief would benefit from CAA. The main limitation in the study is the diversity of the sample. The study used respondents with different level of education from a different field. In the future, it is important to use respondents with the same level of education, and the same field of study and allow them to offer different perspectives. In conducting the research, I will use this source and it will play a significant role since it will help in introducing the animal-assisted therapy topic and how the health care professional perceive it.  This source relates to other sources as it shows the positive perspectives the mental health practitioners regarding the topic.

 

 

Jones, M. G., Rice, S. M., & Cotton, S. M. (2019). Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in

mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted

psychotherapy. PLoS ONE, 14(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210761

In this article, Jones, Rice & Cotton (2019) explores the issue of youth mental health to investigate the effects of animal-assisted therapy in adolescents aged 10-19 with the mental   disorder.  Their research focus on canine assisted psychotherapy since a number of studies report  that children and young people with interpersonal and functional problems such as ASD and ADHD reduced symptomatology,  PTSD symptoms,  avoidance and dissociation, distress and depression,  and other negative symptoms while they received both inpatient and outpatient services in a hospital. These studies also add that the presence of canines helped the patients reduce symptomatology, they also improve the therapeutic processes, improves the patients' well-being, interpersonal socialization and functioning. The article uses a database search to examine the goal of Canine assisted therapy, the interventions, and the role of the facilitators, the therapeutic process and on how CAP helps adolescents with mental issues. In conducting the research, I will include this source to discuss the use of animal-assisted therapy and in specific the canine in adolescents’ mental health treatment. The article relates with other sources in that it addresses the topic of AAT in the area of adolescents whereas the other sources address other related areas.

 

Le Roux, M. C., & Kemp, R. (2009). Effect of a companion dog on depression and anxiety levels of elderly residents in a long-term care facility. Psychogeriatrics, 9(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00268.x

Roux & Kemp (2009) review the effect of a companion dog on senior or elderly people with depression and anxiety who live in the assisted living facilities. The authors state that the elderly in the nursing home experience loneliness which leads to depression and anxiety. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether animal-assisted therapy reduces loneliness, depression, and anxiety in the elderly who are in long-term care. In conducting the study, the author set a larger project in a long-term facility and recruited participants who were 65 years and above who suffered from depression, and anxiety. The participants interacted with the dog for 30 minutes once a week in a period of six weeks. The results showed that elderly reduced depression, anxiety, increased social interaction and created pleasant memories. The major limitation of the study is that small groups were used and they reported non-significant anxiety and depression scores. In future, it is important to use large groups and involve both dog owners and non-dog owners to produce positive qualitative results. I will use this source in my search to discuss the effect of animal-assisted therapy in an elderly care facility. This source supports other sources by exploring the effectiveness of AAT in the elderly with depression.

 

Silva, N. B., & Osório, F. L. (2018). Impact of an animal-assisted therapy programme on

physiological and psychosocial variables of paediatric oncology patients. PLoS

ONE, 13(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194731

 In this article, Silva & Osoria supports animal-assisted therapy and suggest an animal-assisted therapy programme that would help mental health practitioners employ safety helping children who need oncological treatment. Animal-assisted therapy is widely used by mental health practitioners in the clinical setting to establish a human-animal bond and promote human health.  In this article, the researchers focus on assessing 24 children who were at oncology hospital and who were diagnosed with a solid tumor, and lymphoid leukemia. These children had depressive symptoms, stress, anxiety, mental confusion, and tension. The main purpose of the study was to implement the AAT programme and care protocols in children undergoing treatment.   I will use this source in my research not only to discuss the effect of ATT in children undergoing oncological treatment but also to discuss a specific protocol and animal-assisted interventions that the technician team should follow. This source is related to other sources as it addresses the issue of ATT but in the area of children undergoing oncological treatment and are experiencing mental problems. The main limitation of the article is that there is no control group, it uses a small sample and there was insufficient follow-up period. The authors suggest that in the future, it is important to conduct more studied to come up with robust evidence.

 

Zafra-Tanaka, J. H., Pacheco-Barrios, K., Tellez, W. A., & Taype-Rondan, A. (2019).

Effects of dog-assisted therapy in adults with dementia: a systematic review and

meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-2009-z

Zafra-Tanaka et al (2019) review the effects of animal-assisted therapy in patients with dementia.  The authors use a systematic review or in other words, they perform a systematic search published in March 2018 to find the evidence on the effect of Dog-assisted therapy in adults with dementia. In the article, the authors offer a counter-argument from the randomized controlled trials. Various studies and researches have confirmed that Dog-assisted therapies (DAT) are effective in treating psychiatric interactive activities. To prove the effectiveness, the authors used a systematic framework and included controlled studies that used randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental. They found that there was a potential beneficial effect of Dog-assisted therapy in depression.  The main limitation of this study is that the meta-analysis provided insufficient details since the studies had a small sample size and bias.  The authors suggest that in the future, it is important to use more randomized controlled trials to minimize the bias, compare both benefits and risks and provide competing evidence. In conducting my research, this article will not be the basis of my research but it will serve a significant argument against the use of animal-assisted therapy in a clinical setting. As other articles support the use of AAT, this source will offer a counter argument and help understand the topic in a deeper way.

 

 

Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011). Pet in the therapy room: An

attachment perspective on Animal-Assisted Therapy. Attachment & Human

Development, 13(6), 541–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2011.608987

Zilcha-Mano, Mikulincer & Shaver (2011) review the animal-assisted therapy using a theoretical approach of attachment theory that explains the unique role of a pet in the therapy room.  They state that pet is unique attachment figures and they play attachment functions in therapeutic settings. The author conducts a literature review and empirical findings to support the attachment theory. For example, other studies and researches affirm that human-animal interaction is more rewarding than interpersonal relationships since pets are safe, give unconditional love, and create interpersonal attachments. Empirical findings also support that   human beings find attachment relationship from pet, they find support and comfort, they feel emotionally close and they enjoy the closeness. However, the authors are not contented with these personal impressions and non-experimental designs which give inconclusive findings but they apply the attachment theory to show that pet acts as attachment figures during therapy sessions.  They focus on providing systematic research to show the mechanism in which pets offer psychological functions during therapy sessions. I will use this article in my research to apply the attachment theory to show how pets offer a security-enhancing attachment and safety-enhancing attachment in therapeutic settings. This source is related with other sources in that it supports the use of animal-assisted therapy and the role of pets in creating attachment between the client and therapists. However, the article has a limitation in that it uses theatrical literature and lacks empirical evidence. The author suggests that in the future, it is important to use empirical evidence to support the attachment-related mechanism.

 

 

 

2017 Words  7 Pages

Planned Change

 

Inefficiency in the unit

In the medical inpatient unit, there is the presence of poor communication between the nurses and the physicians. These problems have aroused because the nurse and the physicians do not record at certain times what they have done to the patient. There is also miscommunication on the patient condition, and the failure of the care providers to read the patient medical records before they provide care to the clients which have resulted in harm to the health of the patient, and also prolonged patient stay in the hospital.

Planned changes to be made

 It is, therefore, necessary to make sure every care provider who will be involved in taking care of the patient, has the right information of the patient. This can be done through the encouragement of the care providers to participate in the multidisciplinary ward rounds, this will enable them to discuss clearly on the patient plan of care, setting up of the daily goals and know any plans that might be done to the patients such as the discharge or even transfers to other facilities. Attendance of the multidisciplinary round fosters patient-centered care.

            Introduction of team huddles will also be appropriate. This is brief interdisciplinary meeting at the beginning of shift, and the members are involved in the discussion of a patient who might need complex care like those with urinary catheters, the members also will discuss issues that may affect the functioning of the unit such as the functioning of equipment and those that require maintenance. The members can also exchange information on patients who will be discharged or transferred to other units and other issues that will affect good performance (Johnson, 2018). For example, common errors in charting during documentation and also the staff can get general information which might have come from the hospital or the nursing administration.

             Implementation of the situational briefing is also essential to give a solution to poor communication. It will help the care providers to discuss patient health and the developments that will require attention this is done through, for example, understanding the situation by knowing the current clinical status of the client, taking proper history of the event, analyzing the assessment with understanding of the current diagnosis and lastly giving recommendation on the treatment (St et al., 2016). This ensures that all the team members have the same information concerning the patient and will follow the same approach when offering treatment to the patient.

Effects of change on hospital mission, values, and professional standards

            The changes will offer a lot of benefits to the patients, the nurses and also other staff members, working in this kind of collaborative environments will help in setting up of goals which are beneficial to the patient and also reduces the stress that may occur when providing care to the client. It also inspires the members of the team to work in collaboration to come up with interventions which will suit the patient and care delivery.

            Through making the changes the unit will be able to provide quality care to the patient which will then reduce the length of patient stay in the hospital, this helps the hospital to achieve its mission of provision of quality care to all its customers as well as cost-effectively giving this care. The service to meet the community needs through the provision of care as need by the members of the community will also be achieved. It will also foster the trust between the members of the public and the hospital in that, the better the quality of care provided through the development of patient-centered care, resulting from quality communication, gives quality outcomes appreciated by the public.

            Furthermore, care providers will deliver professionalism to the client. The members can meet the expectations of the client and on the other hand preserve the dignity of the individual. The changes will improve the professional standards of provision of quality care and promoting patient safety. It will also result in quality improvement in care delivery to the clients and will result in the prioritization of patient care as well as professional collaboration and respecting the professional contribution of each in the team

The change model

            This is a planned incremental change, and therefore it requires collaboration from the members of the unit, and on the other hand, it works for the betterment of service delivery to the patients in the unit. Lewin’s phases of planned change are simplistic, and it gives a right direction on how change can be implemented in the hospital which is first unfreezing then moving and the last one being refreezing (Hayes, 2018). This is a three-step which, during the first step the individuals who will be affected by the change are prepared. In the moving phase the changes are introduced and the third, these changes are cemented and stabilized. Effecting changes are dynamic and so the model which makes this appropriate for this.

Steps in implementing the change

            The changes are communicated to all the nurses, physicians, and other staff members, and this makes sure that all the individuals who will be affected by the change are aware that a planned change is coming (Hayes, 2018). Teaching the health care staff on the importance of the change and how it will result in better clinical outcomes and promote the satisfaction of all the patients in the unit as well as the providers themselves. They are also informed on how the change aligns with the health care mission and values which they all need the organization to achieve at all levels during their services. The best motivation should be obtained to improve the need for change by the members and thus through proper explanation and provision of necessary information they may need is a good strategy.

            After the need for change has been created and embraced by the staff, the changes are introduced into the unit. The changes are presented in a slow phase one after the other, and training is administered to promote understanding and how it will be done. All the staff members are informed about the information they will have received during all the changes that have been introduced (Scott et al., 2018). All the three proposals are implemented, and any resistance to change must be dealt with immediately to facilitate the change implementation process.

            The last phase is cementing this changes that have already been introduced to the unit, and thus stabilization of these changes is appropriate. Proper coaching will make the changes acceptable to all the staff members and will make them be taken as the new norms in the unit. The providers will be comfortable when the amendments have been adopted and will make routines to meet the change needs.

Change facilitation

            The nurse manager will be involved in the introduction of the change and its implementation in the unit. The nurse manager should provide the necessary education and proper communication concerning the change including the time and the areas where the change will occur and also allows for participation to encourage total cooperation, and this will reduce the chances of resistance (Kumah, Ankomah & Antwi, 2016). The manager also should provide enough resources and conducive environment to implement the change; this is to make the process of implementation easy to all the care providers

            Since there must be resistance to change from the nature of human beings, the nurse manager can employ the use of force to implement the change needed to improve service delivery. Use of manipulation and co-optation might also be necessary to facilitate the change implementation.

References

Johnson, I. (2018). Communication Huddles: The Secret of Team Success. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 49(10), 451-453.

Hayes, J. (2018). The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave.

Kumah, E., Ankomah, S. E., & Antwi, F. (2016). The role of first-line managers in healthcare change management: a Ghanaian context. International Journal of Biosciences, Healthcare Technology and Management, 6(3), 20.

Pucher, P. H., & Aggarwal, R. (2016). Improving Ward-based Patient Care: Prioritizing the Ward Round in Training and Practice. Annals of surgery, 263(6), 1075-1076.

St, M. P., Breuer, G., Strembski, D., Schmitt, C., & Lütcke, B. (2016). Briefing improves the management of a difficult mask ventilation in infants: Simulator study using Web-based decision support. Der Anaesthesist, 65(9), 681-689.

Scott, T., Mannion, R., Davies, H., & Marshall, M. (2018). Healthcare performance and organisational culture. CRC Press.

           

 

 

1403 Words  5 Pages

 

Quality Measures and their Documentation in Healthcare

 

Introduction

Provision of quality and adequate care to patients is a continuous process and measures are put in place to ensure that the care provided is of high quality and appropriate to the patient. Data about these measures are collected after a certain period to assess their effectiveness and the outcome to the patient care. Health care staff perform different roles in care provision, and they do this while ensuring that they meet their professional and ethical standards. Nurse leaders should, therefore, have the necessary skills to offer good leadership and ensure there is improved quality of care in the health facility.

Quality measures

            Patient safety can be a great consent to both the hospital and its staff in all health care; thus it matters in the quality of care provided by the hospital (DiCuccio, 2015). Some of the patient safety measures which have been put in place are the patient identification, to enhance safety and avoiding patient identification errors, it is essential to confirm the details of the patient before giving any service to the client, for example, verifying the name of the patient, their date of birth and verification of their medical record number.

            Other measures are infection control  which is also a critical measure to  prevent transmission of infections from one client to another through proper infection control practices such as hand hygiene before attending to the needs of any client, this also applies to patient visitors at convenient locations in the hospital, wearing of personal protective equipment is also important (Graban, 2016). Staff members should also practice sterile techniques at all time when delivering care to the clients

Data collection

            The health informatics play a vital role in the provision of data which can be used in the analysis of patient safety and thus help in quality improvement in health care (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2015). Hand hygiene is a simple and effective way of preventing infections and can be performed with alcohol hand rubs or by hand washing, and other practices performed play a key role in ensuring patient safety in the health care set up.

            Before delivering care to any client it is essential to double check the client to reduces the incidences of giving out the wrong medication with the wrong dosage or performing procedures which were meant for another patient, these activities together with infection control are incorporated to the nursing and providers documentation by ensuring everything done to the client is documented. This will help improve the quality of care and will enable the facility to implement the risk reduction interventions and therefore reduce transmission of nosocomial infections. It’s always important to acknowledge that, documentation is the only evidence that care was provided or to show what has already been done to the patient and failure to do this might result to confusion and might thus limit effective care delivery to patients.

            The process of care measures usually reflect the health care facility ability to deliver and comply with recommended practice of proper patient care, and therefore it is very vital to collect information on the measures the health facility has put in place to ensure patient safety is not compromised while they receive treatment in the facility (Douglas et al., 2016). Data will be collected in all facility information systems including observation of activities of the health care as they deliver the services to the clients.

            Some of the critical information that should be collected include the prevalence of nosocomial infections. The source of disease which can be the person, the patients or even the inanimate environment. On the other hand, the route of transmission which can be by direct contact or indirect, in air or transmitted by vectors, incidences of giving wrong medications to wrong patients or performing wrong procedures to wrong patients, occurrences of providing false information about the client, frequencies of transmission of infections to staff and other health workers in the hospital.

            In the provision of the data, the presence of incidences will show there infection control measures are not being practiced adequately or the patient identification system is not followed correctly. The data from the informatics might show the incidences and the no of people who might have developed infections during their stay in the hospital; thus they play an important role in analyzing clinical statistics. This data will, therefore, be useful in judging the quality improvement in the hospital in care delivery, it will enable the facility to initiate other proper measures may be to meet requirements of the health regulators and to ensure that the gap that may be present has been fixed to endure quality and effective care delivery.

Roles of the advanced registered nurse in data collection

            Advanced practice nurses used to encompass the certified nurse-midwife, registered nurse anesthetist, the clinical nurse specialist, and also the nurse practitioner, they have a key role in ensuring the patient safety and improved quality care is delivered to the patients effectively (McDonnell et al., 2015). The advanced nurse practitioner also acts as a primary patient caregiver and thus will provide essential information on patient safety.

            Furthermore, most of the cases such as patient identification and proper use of infection controls are done by them. Thus data collection on the practices and incidences of providing care to the wrong patients is better known by them, and their role is to provide quality and accurate data concerning the safety of the patient on the keys measures, that is the infection control and patient identification. Other members who take part in providing care to the patient are also involved to ensure that enough information is gathered including the consumers of the health services in the hospital.

Professional, ethics and regulatory standards

            Provision of care in health in health involves ethics which are usually considered on all aspects of care provision. It is always necessary to ensure that the attention of all the individuals is viewed as a priority and respect of their dignity is also essential (Rowe, 2017). Confidentiality of the client is maintained at all the times by respecting their right, informing them about all the activities being done and seek consent before implementing the plan unless it is done in line with the law.

            Collaboration with those individuals and responding to their preference is also crucial in making the plan. Meet communication needs and sharing of information in a way they can understand. Working with others to protect clients is also of great importance to their safety for example sharing of crucial information with other colleagues will help in fostering better care. Staff members must also be willing to share their skills and experience to others as well as take advice from colleagues .it is also necessary to treat each member of the team fairly and with respect with no discrimination.

            However, it must be considered that patient autonomy is regarded, and the care or the result of the implementation should not breach the patient right to independence. Furthermore, all the care given to the patient or information provided must not bring harm of any kind to the patient. All individuals must be treated fairly (Harrison, 2018). It is also essential to act fast in the case where you consider that someone has been put on risk.

            It is also necessary to inform the manager of any experiences that might prevent you from working under the code or the agreed standards and providing high standards of practice and care all the time through ensuring you update knowledge and skills to ensure safe practice even if you are alone.

            Keeping of clear records and accurate records concerning the data collected or care provided, this can be done through recording as soon as you get the information or giving care, avoiding tampering with original records and clearly stating the date and signing in case you make any entries in the file (Rowe, 2017). All the activities done in the facility must be recorded including all assessments.

            Besides, be honest, open and act with integrity and maintain the reputation of the profession, stick to the laws of the country, avoiding false coursework or clinical assessments. Other people should also be protected from harm through seeking help from the authority when the need arises, also seek help when people complain that they are unhappy about the care and treatment they are being given

Means of communication

            Communication is very critical in health care in the provision of high quality and safe care to the patient. Any communications that might be needed can be done through verbal communication, through internal memos, written or even interpersonal communication, as long the relevant messages reach the intended persons (Fischer, 2016). This mainly depend on the agency of the plan changes, the time the message is intended to reach the stakeholders, availability of the means and the requirements of the facility itself or the methods the facility considered the most appropriate for communications.

Leadership skills and project management

            Collaborative management is vital in the provision of adequate care to patient and quality improvement in the health facility. First, it is indispensable to improve on information sharing, and this will foster knowledge and in the long run enhance delivery of care to the patients. Presence of enough knowledge boost the morale of the staff members and will minimize confusion that may arise when information sharing is minimal.

            Furthermore, making vision as a team is also important, this will act as a motivation of the staff as they are part of the creation, this will make delivery of care as a responsibility of each staff member and will thus provide high-quality care to the clients.Application of critical thinking in decision making, the nurse leaders, should guide in developing their ability to make decisions on complex factors (Roche et al., 2015). Therefore, this skill is of great importance in the health care environment which has multidisciplinary collaboration, this will enable the individuals to know the cons and pros, and they will, therefore, seek solutions that are the most appropriate before choosing to initiate the plan. Increase in nurses autonomy also makes critical thinking very valuable skill for practitioners.

             Proper communications skills are also required, with the current multidisciplinary treatment in the health care, nurses arrange to attend rounds and thus to engage with different medical professionals, this engagement needs communication (Fischer, 2016). Other forms of information for example for knowledge developments can be done through various channels such as the newsletters, emails, intranet, and team meetings.

            Proper coaching and quality management are also important in collaboration to ensure the right thing is being done at the right time; all the team members also should compromise because not all battles can be fought (Roche et al., 2015). The team members should accept each other because people have so many individual differences and thus it is imperative that the team puts their differences aside and agree to work together.

   

   

References

DiCuccio, M. H. (2015). The relationship between patient safety culture and patient outcomes: a systematic review. Journal of patient safety, 11(3), 135-142.

Douglas, C., Booker, C., Fox, R., Windsor, C., Osborne, S., & Gardner, G. (2016). Nursing physical assessment for patient safety in general wards: reaching consensus on core skills. Journal of clinical nursing, 25(13-14), 1890-1900.

Fischer, S. A. (2016). Transformational leadership in nursing: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(11), 2644-2653.

Graban, M. (2016). Lean hospitals: improving quality, patient safety, and employee engagement. Productivity Press.

Harrison, P. (2018). NMC Code updated to cover delegation and associates. Gastrointestinal Nursing, 16(9), 50-50.

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (Eds.). (2015). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

McDonnell, A., Goodwin, E., Kennedy, F., Hawley, K., Gerrish, K., & Smith, C. (2015). An evaluation of the implementation of Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) roles in an acute hospital setting. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(4), 789-799.

Rowe, G. (2017). VALUES AND ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE. The Handbook for Nursing Associates and Assistant Practitioners, 20.

Roche, M. R., Duffield, C. M., Dimitrelis, S., & Frew, B. (2015). Leadership skills for nursing unit managers to decrease intention to leave.

 

 

2030 Words  7 Pages

                         Breast cancer in Florida

                   Florida is a state that contains 19% immigrants and 17% of its population is made up of blacks, breast cancer is the second prominent root of death among black women in this state (WHO mortality database, p1).

High immortality rates of Black women with Cancer in Florida

                   Black women agonize the major cancer affliction as compared to women from all the other ethnic groups most especially white and this is as a result of the complex differences in risk factors. The breast cancer mortality rate is 40% higher among the black women than in white women even though they are less likely to develop breast cancer (WHO mortality database, p1). These risk elements directly influence not just on the cancer incident but correspondingly on the access to and accessibility of early discovery and well-timed treatment. These in turn affects the aptitude to effectively battle cancer and thus impacting cancer survival.

                   The reason why this happens is because black women are less likely to get frequent health check-ups like mammograms that help to determine if they have any major health issues like breast cancer as compared to the white women (Goodwin et al., p. 23), (Patterson et al., p. 34). This means that by the time they get diagnosed with breast cancer, the disease is normally so advanced which leads to increased mortality rates for them.  Another factor that leads to increased mortality rates for the black women due to breast cancer is health insurance. The women who do not have health insurance are much less likely to get mammograms as compared to the women with health insurance (American Cancer Society, p. 1), (Rosenberg et al., p. 18).

                   A very small percentage of black women have an insurance coverage due to low income as compared to white women and this is a major reason for breast cancer disparities in Florida. Another major factor that leads to increased mortality rates among the back women is the issue of follow up. Access to follow up care after an abnormal mammogram is very low among the black women as compared to the white women and this leads their cancer to advance to late stages and hence the high mortality rates (Palmer et al, p 32), (Papa , Costantino  & Belfiore, p 27).

Stake holders that can help in dealing with the issue

                   The Florida Breast Cancer Early Detection and Treatment Referral Program were authorized by the Florida Legislature in the year 2001 and it is commonly known as Mary Brogan Program (Arthur & Katkin, p 22), (Anderson, p. 14). The program helps in providing screening sessions that offers amenities for breast cancer screening, follow up on diagnostic amenities for the abnormal screenings and aid in location of cure for the women that do not have health coverage. The main aim of this program is to increase cancer screening rates among women, to reduce breast cancer disparities and to leverage available resources through partnerships (Fang J, Madhavan  & Alderman, p. 16).  Working together with this program, it will be much easier to come up with some effective policies that can help to reduce the high mortality rates of black women from breast cancer.

Comparing various Policy options that can be adopted

  1. A federal mandate for annualized mammograms in all public hospitals around Florida for women aged 25 and above.

Advantages: all women whether white or black will have the opportunity to get checked for breast cancer for free which will help in early breast cancer detection and thus reduced advanced cases that cause high mortality rates.

Disadvantages: this will encourage more women to get checked and there will hence be increased costs on the side of the government and the other groups of health providers that will be involved in this process.

  1. A federal mandate requiring all black women diagnosed with breast cancer most especially the women who come from poor backgrounds to receive free cancer treatments at specified government hospitals all over Florida.

Advantages: This will help reduce the mortality rates for black women, most of who die due to lack of enough funds to acquire treatment for their conditions.

Disadvantages: cancer treatment is quite expensive and so this will need a lot of funding in order for it to be effective.

  1. A federal mandate of health insurance for all families irrespective of their ethnicity, where all employers whether it is a big firm or small will be required to offer their employers health coverage allowances.

Advantages: This will encourage more women to access cancer treatment with the help of their insurance covers and hence reduce mortality rates.

Disadvantages: Not all hospitals will be willing to take the insurance covers and this may lead to a health crisis and it may not help reduce the mortality rates.

Recommendation and Justification

                 A breast cancer mortality rate is a matter that is greatly distressing black community, it is a problem because this is the community that has the lowest threats of developing the cancer and yet they are the ones that have the highest mortality rates. What this means is that, the few women that develop the cancer do not get the required medical care to help manage the conditions and this is mostly because of their poor social status as well as lack of knowledge on the cancer. The best way to manage this issue is to first create a way that these women can access medical care which will help them get frequent check-ups and also help in following up on the best treatment once they have been diagnosed with breast cancer. Insurance coverage in this case is the best strategy to help deal with this issue, offering of insurance covers that can be used to cover for mammograms and also for the breast cancer treatments will encourage more women to go for check-ups and also to get cancer treatments. This is something that the government can join hands with all other health programs and charities to help reduce black women mortality rates due to breast cancer at a very minimized cost.

                                               

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                Works cited

American Cancer Society. Breast cancer facts and figures 2013–2014. American Cancer

                   Society; Atlanta: 2013.

Arthur CM, Katkin ES. Making a case for the examination of ethnicity of Blackblacks in

       United States health research. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2006;17(1):25–36. [PubMed]

Anderson M. A rising share of the US Blackblack population is foreign born: 9 percent are

       immigrants; and while most are from the Caribbean, Africans drive recent growth. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center; 2015.

Fang J, Madhavan S, Alderman MH. Influence of nativity on cancer mortality among

                   Blackblack New Yorkers. Cancer. 1997;80(1):129–135. [PubMed]

Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Trudeau ME, Koo J, Madarnas Y, et al. Fasting insulin

       and outcome in early-stage breast cancer: results of a prospective cohort study. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:42–51. [PubMed]

Patterson RE, Flatt SW, Saquib N, Rock CL, Caan BJ, Parker BA, et al. Medical

       comorbidities predict mortality in women with a history of early stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;122:859–865. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Wise LA, Adams-Campbell LL. A prospective study of female

       hormone use and breast cancer among black women. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:760–765. [PubMed]

Palmer JR, Adams-Campbell LL, Boggs DA, Wise LA, Rosenberg L. A prospective study of

       body size and breast cancer in black women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2007;16:1795–1802. [PubMed]

Papa V, Costantino A, Belfiore A. Insulin receptor what role in breast cancer? Trends

                   Endocrinol Metab. 1997;8:306–312. [PubMed] World Health Organization.

WHO mortality database. [Updated 2015. Accessed February 25, 2016];WHO Health

       Statistics and Information Systems Web site. http://apps.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality/whodpms/

1278 Words  4 Pages

 

Major Depressive Disorder

 

Patient x is a 34-year-old man who was divorced two years ago. He was living with his son until last month when the son was hit by a car, and unfortunately, he lost him. Since then, he has been living alone until two weeks ago when he started feeling hopeless and sad almost every day; he feels like he has nothing to live for in this world and even wonders why he always goes to work and get paid, he says money is nothing to him. His co-worker who came with him to the health clinic reports that this has affected him because he cannot even concentrate at work or socialize freely with his colleagues.

    He also reports that he spends most of his free time just sitting outside his house and has no interest in doing anything as opposed to before when he used to do most of his daily activities, he doesn’t understand what is going on in his life at all. The patient also reports that he has lost appetite and previously he was weighing 79 kilograms and the current weight is 72 kilograms which signify weight loss.

    Report from his co-workers shows slow in making decisions. The patients look generally weak which indicates loss of energy, and he reports that he has been feeling this way almost every day. He also claims that he can’t even get some sleep even if he tries to and this has messed his life, and he can't keep on doing struggling forever; thus it is better to commit suicide to forget his useless life that has no future at all, he says this repeatedly. The patient also reports that no one in their family has experienced this before and all clinical observation doesn’t show any other medical condition and there are no signs of substance abuse

309 Words  1 Pages
  1. Effects of Rural Health and Maternity Care
  2. How to Prevent a Disease
  3. Infant Mortality
  4. Dyspnea

Page 37 of 202

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