Dissociative personality disorder (DID) can be described as a disorder caused by a multiple of factors such as childhood maltreatment inclusive of emotional, physical and sexual abuse which were repetitive in nature (Brown &Barlow, 2011). The disorder is thought to be a psychological condition which is complex in nature such that people believe it does not even exist. The condition seems to exist since Wendy was diagnosed with the condition which had led to her living a stressful life since the doctors did not fully recognize her condition thereby giving her the wrong medications and treatments. She was diagnosed with various illnesses before the doctors realized what she was suffering off since her organization had become tired paying the bills. The condition causes disconnection of the victim from the people since the victim suffers from multiple emotional stresses thus does not associate with the rest of the people (Brown &Barlow, 2011). In the case of Wendy, she hurt herself and was regularly taken to the hospital since it happened in the absence of people.
The condition ensures that the persona totally dissociate themselves with the condition thus such people with the condition become violent and even hurt themselves just like in the case of Wendy who was severally hospitalized because of hurting herself. People have wondered whether the disorder is real even the medical experts since they tend to associate the condition with other disorders. The disorder is as a result of two or more personalities that often overcome the behavior of the victim thus such victims are forgetful in nature and cannot remember crucial personal details and information (Brown &Barlow, 2011). Personality in the victims controls their behavior and they behave abnormally in the way they speak and address issue since their mind is being controlled by the personality at the moment. Wendy’s condition was regularly mistaken to be Schizophrenia since the too disorders tend to share similar symptoms. Schizophrenia however is quite different since it is a mental illness which is recurrent in nature which causes hallucinations and dilutions to the victims unlike DID which causes multiple personalities to the victims. People suffering from Schizophrenia have no multiple personalities compared to victims of DID which cannot recognize their personalities since it shifts with time (Brown &Barlow, 2011).
Suicidal thoughts are regularly seen in patients suffering from DID, in the case of Wendy she was under doctors supervision since she had suicidal symptoms thus could not be discharged from the hospital at first. She could not recognize herself since the condition brings back bad memories from the past which makes the victim become violent and tend to commit suicide. Wendy had undergone so much in life and was emotionally stressed which caused her depression and finally led to her having multiple personalities, she tried to overcome her past memories but the memories overcame her and she ended up being violent and hurting herself since she could not control the situation.
Therefore DID is a real disorder and people need to avoid depression which can end up causing these multiple personalities (Brown &Barlow, 2011). People should not abuse children at their early days since the abused people are at a great risk of developing this disorder when the memories come back to them. The disorder is rated through therapy just like Wendy had to undergo therapy and in this case, long term therapy in order to ensure the memories fade away with time. Symptoms such as anxiety and depression should however be treated with the correct medicine and if long term therapy is added just like in the case of Wendy the condition can be controlled and treated.
Cognitive development refers to the child’s development in relation processing, language learning, intangible resources, perceptual skills and brain development. Neurological development in adolescent shows an interesting pattern of the brain to achieve break taking milestones. It tends to establish how culture influences brain structures which in return affect the influence of the culture interpretation. Numerous prolonged developmental transformations in tardy teenage years transpire within neural circuitry from and to the PFC (Iselin, Coster & Salekin, 2008). PFC amplifies steadily with age which later decreases and it is considered to be an indication of connectivity within the circuit that is more focused and refined. PCF is unswervingly accountable to cognitive control abilities that include inhibition, awareness, and memory. The cognitive skills such as executive functioning and intelligence relate to psychosocial maturity which is defined by problem behavior, work orientation, self-reliance and identity (Iselin, Coster & Salekin, 2008).
The dual process theory founded on cognitive psychology conceptualizes on two distinct processes where an individual chooses whether the information is relevant in order to be processed further and abandon the irrelevant information in the current situation. This enhances reasoning that helps the individual to overcome obstacles as they have better reasoning power (Iselin, Coster & Salekin, 2008). Criminal maturity is related directly to perceive the cues without necessarily engaging in a number of cognitive resources as there is no mental maintenance required. This enhances decision making which is mostly required for the criminally adult actions that seeks the capability to conclude successful suggestions in a given circumstance. Distancing maturity enables specific information about the way to intervene and interact with the individual offenders. Maturity model indicates that criminal offenders with a high criminal adulthood skills and low prosocial skills can be considered to be an individual who possesses some level of suitable maturity skills (Iselin, Coster & Salekin, 2008).
Reference
Iselin, A.,Coster, J.,& Salekin, R. (2008). Maturity in Adolescent and Young Adults Offenders: The Role of Cognitive Control. Springer
In developed countries, cigarette smoking is the leading cause of illnesses such as lung diseases, cancer, vascular pathologies, heart disease and more. The diseases are causing a high rate of death in both adults and teenagers. Smoking causes serious harms to the body and the immediate health effects leads to negative health consequences. The important thing to note is that quitting smoking reduces the smoking-related diseases and people prolongs their days of living. Cigarette smoking is an issue of concern as it is affecting health and economy. A study done in U.S in years 2015 reported that in annually basis, the estimated economic cost of cigarette is more that %300 billion. Out of the amount, $170billion is spent for health care costs and %156billion is spent in dealing with premature death and secondhand smoke. Generally, in every year, about 480,000 young American people die as a result of cigarette smoking and 42,000 out of the total number die as a result of secondhand smoke. This is an issue which requires a great concern and implementation of policies in order to reduce deaths, save lives and money. In combating the issue of cigarette smoking, Cigarettes should be more expensive, increase sales tax and cigarettes tax in order to reduce the buyers.
Clift (2004) asserts that in worldwide, 1.1billion people are cigarette smokers and a study on cigarette smoking show that by 2025, the number will increase by 1.6 billion. In developed countries, the total number of people who smoke cigarettes has been declined while the number has been rising up in developing countries. In both developing and developed countries, smoking has caused two major health effects. First, the fact is that cigarette contains poisonous compound knows as nicotine and many smokers becomes addicted to the nicotine which acts a stimulant. Secondly, smoking causes fatal illnesses such as cancer, respiratory disease among others (Clift, 2004). The addiction and smoking affects the nonsmokers such as infants and this is an additional risk and high rates of deaths to adults and children. The author asserts that the risk increases the cost of smoking. However, many smokers from developing countries do not put concern on the risk associated with smoking. They believe that smoking has no effect on their health. In developed countries, smokers are unable to make sound judgment on the actions and so they end up spending large amount of money in buying cigarettes. In trying to reduce the purchasing power as well as illnesses associated with cigarettes, there is evidence from countries with high and low income levels that the only effective way of reducing cigarettes demand is raising the sales of cigarettes (Clift, 2004). Higher taxes make large number of smokers to stop smoking and also reduce the number of people who plans to engage in smoking behaviors. For example, a modeling assumption assert that if the one pack of cigarette is raised by 10%, the demand will go down by 4% in developed countries and 8% in developing countries (Clift, 2004). In addition, the rise of tax by 10% will make about 40 million people to stop smoking and this means that about 1million people will save their lives from cigarette related illnesses. Since this is just a modeling assumptions, the amount of tax to be imposed on cigarettes should be estimated by evaluating the per capita incomes from empirical data and consider societal values (Clift, 2004).
Other important point to note is that increasing cigarettes sales will reduce the demand and this indicates that tobacco growers will be affected as a result of domestic sales decline. The reduction of tobacco domestic sales will also decrease tobacco revenue and increase the economic benefits. Given that tobacco growers will be adversely affected, it means that the farmers will find other alternatives in order to get income and sustain their families (Redhead & Burrows). In others words, there will be crop substitution and cultivate other products which has limited restriction from the government taxation. The point is that price strategy is an effective method of ensuring g that the demand of cigarette is reduced as smokers cannot afford the higher amount in purchasing. Price elasticity should be put in tobacco industry with an aim of changing the price and decision behaviors. In increasing tax, the FDA should be in the frontline to ensure economic welfare in the production of cigarettes. FDA has the role of controlling the manufacturing as well as the marketing of products such as tobacco (Redhead & Burrows). In manufacturing, FDA is responsible in implementing rules and regulations in ensuring that harmful products which affect the public are not manufactured. In marketing, FDA has the role to ensure that manufactures use labels and warnings to show that tobacco ruins the health. Given that they have roles and responsibiility of regulating tobacco products, FDA should use the pricing strategy and this is an effective way of reducing the demand of cigarette consumption (Redhead & Burrows). FDA should impose a high tax on output so that the industries can get less amount of revenue. They can do so by regulating advertising and manufacturers’ user fees. If the firms are given restrictions on advertising, firms will reduce illegal sales (Redhead & Burrows). The firms will also spend a large amount of money in complying with new regulations. They will have to impose users’ fees and increase prices of tobacco and the higher prices will affect the purchasing power of buyers. The consumption will be reduced among adults and teenagers as they will not afford the higher amount (Redhead & Burrows).
Kaestner & Callison (2014), assert that raising cigarette tax will have a positive impact on economy and people’s health in that an increase in price will reduce the rate of consumption. The article show that if the cigarette tax is increased by 1%, the rate of consumption will go down by 0.3 to 0.7 %. The overall reduction will be related with reduction of current smokers and reduction in number of cigarettes. The higher imposition will not only reduce the cost of health care but also it will save lives (Kaestner & Callison, 2014). Marr and Huang in their article assert that higher taxes will decrease tobacco revenues, increase government revenue and at the same time improve the health. Tobacco taxes are an effective method of controlling the rate of consumption. A reduction in rates of smoking will reduce the higher rates of death in that low-income smokers will improve their health through regressing from tobacco taxes. The article asserts that by imposing tax, the government will increase revenue and the higher revenue will be used to provide low-income children will education. This means that reduction in smoking will improve the economy through educating people and spending revenue in other meaningful activities (Marr & Huang 2014). The article assert that according to 100international studies, tobacco taxes play a significant role of controlling tobacco consumption thereby extending lives and maintaining peoples’ health. From the article, the president proposed that the cigarette tax per pack in 2015 should be raised from $1.01 to $195. The empirical data show that in 2012, $1 per pack will decrease the number of smokers aged 18-24 by 8%. In addition, only 4% smokers will die as a result of smoking-related diseases (Marr & Huang 2014). In 2021, out the total number of smoker in world, only 2.6million aged 18years will be smokers if only the tax is raised by $1-per pack. The overall outcome will lead to productive lives and a floursing economy. Other important point to note is that an increase in tax will decrease the cigarette revenue since many smokers will quit. Only few smokers will afford money to purchase cigarette and the tax paid will benefit the government in meeting the national needs and creating a strong future economy (Marr & Huang 2014).
According to World Health Organization, the most effective policy of tobacco smoking is raising taxes. The article asserts that the price of tobacco should be increase so that it can be sold at a higher cost and make it less affordable (World Health Organization, 2014). According to WHO, raising tobacco price by 10%, high-income countries will reduce the consumption by 4% and low income countries will reduce by 5%. Price increase will not only reduce consumption but it will also lead to health benefits particularly on young people. A study on tax increase in 2010 reported that a price increase by 10% would eliminate the tobacco consumption by 18%. Given that tobacco is the leading cause of death among teenagers and adults in U.S, an increase in price will also be a cost-effective method in health cost and preventive measures by the government (World Health Organization, 2014). In addition, an increase in price will reduce the affordability thereby reducing the consumption rate and eliminate diseases as well as death. According to WHO 2012 data, the rate of consumption of tobacco can be reduced by 49% and the rate of death can be reduced by 11million if only countries can increase the tax of cigarettes per pack by 50%. This means that tax imposition will result to half reduction of smokers and half reduction of tobacco usage (World Health Organization, 2014).
On the governmental side, raising sales tax will brings benefits to the government through an increase in revenue. Excise taxes will help the government to meet its health objectives through raising prices (Marr & Huang 2014). Tobacco industries will find it difficult to manage the higher amount of tax imposed on the goods and service. For government to ensure that it does not lose the revenue, it should stabilize the tax rate of cigarette and other tobacco products. This is important because smokers may quit and shift to other tobacco products. Other point is that the government can also use other option of increasing tax revenue by implementing cost-effective measures of cigarette smuggling. Measures such as enforcement efforts, strict laws, high-tech tax stamps and more will reduce the sales of tobacco as well as consumption rate (Marr & Huang 2014). An increase in tax and increase in government revenue will have a positive impact on the federal budget in that the government health care programs such as Medicare, Health Benefit Programs, health insurance and other programs will be conducted effectively (Marr & Huang 2014).
Conclusion
Tax increase on sales tax and cigarettes tax is an effective method of reducing cigarettes smokers, reducing smoking-relating diseases, death, maintaining health and increasing government revenues. On the users’ side, price increase will affect their purchasing power. For the most part, the middle-class smokers will not afford the higher amount of money to purchase the produce. On the same note, the product will be unaffordable since the wholesalers and retailers will not afford the product to bring to the end user. This is an effective way of reducing deaths and illnesses. The government will also increase the revenue and utilize it to meet the national needs. Though tobacco farmers will be adversely affected, the few people who will produce will pay high tax which the government will use to develop the economy.
Reference
World Health Organization (2014). Raising Tax On Tobacco. What you need to Know.
Antibiotics are known to be antimicrobial drugs that fight disease caused by bacteria both in human and animals. The antibiotics work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth or multiplication. According to wandering planet, there are at least 2 million people who are infected as a result of the drug-resistant superbugs (Planet, 2016). This has been a global concern that has made many stakeholders come together in order to change the used of the antibiotics as well as come up with different antibiotics that the bacteria will not be resistant to. Antibiotic resistant has been brought about by many factors such as abuse by the patients that do not complete the prescribed dosage as they stop taking them when they feel better and keep the remaining amount for the next time when they are sick. Doctors have also increased more reliance on the antibiotics that make the patients prefer the same antibiotic from time to time resulting in resistance (Planet, 2016). Half of the total number of the antibiotics used in the United State is either inappropriate or unnecessary. This has led to more than 23,000 deaths of patients as the bacteria have become strong to be treated using the same conventional antibiotics.
The trends are worrying as there is the emergence of a new kind of generation superbugs that the current antibiotics cannot combat. Despite the worrying trends, major drugs companies have been reluctant to develop new antibiotics that will help in suppressing the multiplication of the bacteria and offer possible treatment to patients due to the portfolio management decisions (Planet, 2016). The use of antibacterial soap in the institution such as nursing homes and hospitals has been considered to helpful in controlling the multiplication of the bacteria (Planet, 2016). However, the continued use of the antibacterial agents has also promoted antibiotics resistance hence increased awareness of countermeasures that can address the issue.
There have been robust measures but in place by the government and different stakeholders in order to address the issue of bacteria resistance to the antibiotics. One of the greatest measures that will assist in the reducing the overreliance of the antibiotics and abuse is by policy implementation that will restrict the use of antibiotics (Laxminarayan et al, 2010). This implies that antibiotics should be the last resort. This process can be aided by the general preventive measures proper public hygiene and health. Alternative treatment such as vaccines has its own advantages but it is difficult to develop and at times it may fail despite the many years and the resources dedicated to it.
One of the important tools in reducing overreliance of antibiotics is using bacteriophages that are a naturally occurring virus that affects specific bacteria that have been considered to be resistance. By developing these bacteria smaller molecule antibiotics can be administered rendering effectiveness compared to the large molecule administered resulting in resistance. More use of the phages to treat bacterial infections is a more beneficial way (Laxminarayan et al, 2010). Overreliance of the antibiotics results to abuse of antibiotics. When the doctors reduce antibiotics prescription patients will have a minimal change of abusing the antibiotics. As a result administering another form of medication the bacteria causing infection will be weaker as their resistance will be exploited by the other form of medication reducing the resistance levels leading to effective treatment (Laxminarayan et al, 2010). It is, therefore, important to administer antibiotics when it is necessary rather than they are convenient.
Reference
Laxminarayan, R., Malani, A., Howard, D., & Smith, D.,.(2010). Extending the Cure: Policy Responses to the Growing Threat Of Antibiotics Resistance. Routledge
Planet, W. (2016). Hunting the nightmare bacteria. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gE4VzFz9PPo
Alcohol is a drug that contains hydroxyl function group which is a volatile flammable liquid that is colorless. This topic is important to study and understand because it is assisting college students to improve their success as well as well being. Alcohol drinking is harmful for the reason that it is underrating college students’ significant public health which is intellectual to social lives in United State. According to national survey, they have estimated that 60% of college students who drink alcohol in United State are between the ages of 18 to 22 which are very effective into their success of study. This paper will cover and focus on cognitive, emotional, social and physical developmental domains.
Cognitive Development Domain
Cognitive development is a process of growth in mental abilities to students’ thinking, reasoning and understanding. Alcohol has positive and negative effects into the student’s success. On the positive side, when a student drink alcohol he or she has a high possibility to forget things that might be stressing his or her minds. Drinking alcohol has a positive impact on college student’s beliefs because heavy consumption of alcohol stimulates return to education which reduces human capital accumulation therefore making an alcoholism student to have positive beliefs. On the negative side of alcohol on college student, it lowers the gaining of knowledge to the student. Alcohol makes a student to lowers his or her knowledge because of high consumption of alcohol which make a student to miss a class hence lower the knowledge gaining. Students thinking capacity will be lowered by consumption of alcohol. Consumption of alcohol will lower hours of studying and attending of classes because of hang over which make a student’s thinking capacity to lower. Attention maintenance is a negative cognitive developmental domain effect of alcohol consumption. Alcoholism students have a high possibility of triggering attention maintenance of a student in safe regulatory skills that are related with learning.
Emotional development domain
Alcohol is has most negative effects basing on emotional development domains. Alcohol causes negative consequences not only to the person who is addicted to alcohol but also to the whole society. Mental health is an emotional development domain that has broadly analyzed to the people who depends to alcohol. A person who drinks alcohol they are at a high risk of depression problem as it is compare to non-alcoholic person. With depression it makes people who drink alcohol to feel helpless hence tend the patient to have persistence sadness making the central nervous system (CNS) to reduce its activity in the brains. Anxiety is another emotional development domain caused by drinking of alcohol. Alcohol has a high possibility of reducing the anxiety to the alcoholism but with time it can worsen with addiction whereby by anxiety disorder may be caused. Anxiety creates disorder to the people who drink alcohol leading to uncontrollable worry which can tend alcoholism to end suffering with psychological disorder (Swegan, & Chesnut, 2011).
Social development domain
Alcohol can bring the breakage of relationships between an alcoholism and family. Every person has responsibilities to play to his or her family but with alcohol it has cause family relation breakage since of no playing roles in the family. Highly consumption of alcohol has a high possibility to lower the population in the society hence giving society negative social impact. On social culture, drinking of alcohol is highly valued in festive rituals. In United State alcohol is a symbol used to neutralize elements of normal life which is highly associated with celebrations (Holt, 2006).
Psychological development domain
On the positive side of drinking alcohol, is that alcohol reduces the risk of death that caused by diseases for instance heart attacks, cardiovascular causes and even stroke. Drinking of alcohol lowers the cholesterol in the body and lowers the risk of blood pressure as well. With moderate consumption of alcohol brain blood vessels are protected hence decreasing the risk for dementia. On the contrary alcohol consumption has negative effects on health which can cause liver diseases for instance, inflammation of the liver and scaring liver. High drinking of alcohol can damage the heart muscle which can increase the level of blood pressure and also can cause cancers like breast, colon, mouth and liver cancer. Alcohol may lead to depression which can make a person who drinks alcohol weak that he or she can lead committing suicide (Bowling, & Ebrahim, 2005).
Conclusion
Alcohol is a very dangerous drug but it is legal in the society. Consumption of alcohol can cause cognitive development domain for instance can trigger thinking, reasoning and understanding. Emotional development domain is caused by consumption of alcohol which formulates to mental health of alcoholism. Alcohol in social development domain is good because it is used in cultural society in festival rituals. Alcohol has advantage and disadvantages on alcoholism health because it can reduce heart diseases and on other hand it can cause cancers.
References
Swegan, W. E., & Chesnut, G. F. (2011). The psychology of alcoholism. Bloomington, IN: IUniverse Inc.
Bowling, A., & Ebrahim, S. (2005). Handbook of health research methods: Investigation, measurement and analysis. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Holt, M. P. (2006). Alcohol: A social and cultural history. Oxford [u.a.: Berg.
Donovan, D. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (2008). Assessment of addictive behaviors. New York: Guilford.
The understanding of the common principles causes of deadliest disease is the twenty-first century is very sophisticated. However despite the advancement of knowledge and technological medicine the common principles causes of the leading deadliest diseases continuous to take the course (Cook, 23). Presently the world is characterized by deadliest diseases which are the major causes of death. In America, the leading cause of death is heart disease which has mainly been influenced by lifestyle changes. Individuals only have a single heart which when faced with complications can result in death. Currently, American is faced with an obesity epidemic which results in diseases such as diabetes, heart and liver disease. The second leading deadliest disease is cancer which basically affects all ages and requires immediate care (O'Shei, 7). Due to the common principles, the diseases which would have been eradicated years ago are still taking the lives of individuals (Cook, 24). The study will, therefore, seek to establish the common principles that are tied to the deadliest disease. This will help in bringing the existing study gap where the causes of the deadliest diseases have been studied extensively but the common principals cause amid the disease have not be researched thoroughly.
Heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and stroke are the leading deadliest diseases. The common principle deadliest diseases cause has been linked to conditions that are described as chronic inflammation, excess weight and high fats levels in the body (O'Shei, 8). This can directly be referred as unhealthy living which results in fatal disorders growth. Inflammation can be termed as the natural response of the body to external irritation as well as injury. This, therefore, implies that when the irritants fail in letting up based on diets that are characterized with higher fats diets, smoking as well as increased body fats the body system of immune gets into a spiral which cannot be controlled thus increasing the risk of the diseases. According to experts when the development of inflammation results heart valves damages, strokes trigger, brain cells damaged and the body additionally develops the complication of resisting insulin. This conditions, therefore, results in the development of Alzheimer’s due to the failure of the brain cells, diabetes due to insulin resistance, and stroke and heart illness due to heart valves damages. This is additionally linked to the occurrence of cancer (O'Shei, 8).
Chronic inflammation previous studies research have mainly focused on fighting the occurrence using drugs which are aimed at lowering the level of cholesterol in the body (Stebbins,1). This is mainly because the increased fats levels in the body result in the development of heart disease which is mainly caused by the occurrence of obesity. Currently, from the conducted studies a growing research body has revealed that abdominal fat, as well as the conduct of unhealthy eating, is the major causes of inflammation. In this several scientists are conducting tests to establish how different foods components may help in solving the growing issue of fats presence. It has thus been established the inflammation condition can be solved through the use of dietary fibers which helps in protecting the body against gaining excess fats. The dietary fibers help in protecting the whole body against inflammation which plays a significant role according to studies that were conducted recently. In addition, it has been established that dairy foods consumption are not linked to the rise of inflammation and it may, therefore, reduce the risks of attaining inflammation (Stebbins, 1).
Chronic inflammation can be termed as the most common principle that leads to the development of deadliest diseases. This condition is best understood in relation to heart disease, diabetes, and cancer (Landro, 1). This, therefore, shows the commonness of the deadliest diseases. The condition results in the crashing of the white blood cells based on the fact that the arteries density is reduced. The high levels of cholesterol result in of diabetes as well as obesity. This damages the arteries which lead to the occurrence of a heart illness as well as stroke. In this process, the brain is additionally affected. Inflammation is highly required when one acquires a wood but when the arteries density is low these results in the occurrence of different complications (Landro, 1).
Most of the deadliest diseases in American and across the world mainly affect individuals who share the same unhealthy conducts. This is because the lifestyle changes in regard to eating and living results in health complications which are associated with the deadliest diseases. For instance, there is an existing relation between several kinds of cancer, chronic illness, stroke and smoking (Stebbins, 1). This has been established scientifically. The unhealthy living is some of the independent risk factors that result to decreased life expectancy. The deadliest diseases are additionally understood to be genetically caused which are associated with different behavioral risk causes. According to experts, Alzheimer’s causes can be prevented via the modification of certain risk factors which includes pressure, physical activities as well as the unhealthy living. This is the same case for diabetes, heart disease and several types of cancer in which evidence suggests that they can be avoided through healthy living. In addition the abuse of alcohol results to developed types of cancer, liver disease as well as cirrhosis. Most of the deadliest diseases are directly connected and the development of one can result in the occurrence of the other. This is for instance kidney illness is one of the leading deadliest diseases in American which is primarily caused by the failure of the liver as well as the occurrence of heart which are additional death leading illnesses currently. In addition, the occurrence of diabetes results in the development of additional diseases in that diabetes alone is a rare cause of death by it results to heart, liver and kidney disease which results in death (Stebbins, 1).
An additional common principle cause of the deadliest disease includes increased blood pressure, smoking and higher levels of cholesterol (Landro, 1). Based on the studies conducted in relation to cancer, stroke, diabetes and high diseases high blood pressure has been a common cause. This is there for cause by lack of physical activities, unhealthy diets. This issue can thus be solved through the utilization of good nutrition’s, weight control strategies and regular physical exercises. This, therefore, illustrates that the most common ad the primary causes of the deadliest diseases is unhealthy living which has been caused by distinct styles of living. Brain cells damages are the major causes of deadliest illnesses such as Alzheimer, stroke, and diabetes. This is mainly caused by the presence of increased body facts which results in breathing issues as well as inner functioning. Bacteria’s and virus are the other additionally established common causes of deadliest diseases (Landro, 1). Environment toxins cause the occurrence of cancer as well as diabetes. This is mainly because the toxins affect the body functions thus developing a weak immune that is not completely able of resisting infections. Bacteria’s and virus attacks the body’s immune system thus developing an immune deficiency. This, therefore, implies that the individual can be affected by different diseases based on the fact that their bodies hold fewer capabilities infections. Bacteria cause infections which are transmitted through viruses as well as bacteria’s. These infections are spread from the environmental toxins which involve food and water. This, therefore, results in by poor sanitary situations in particular environment. Lung conditions are caused by bacteria referred mycobacterium. This mainly affects individuals who fail to observe sanitary measures or live in areas which are characterized by high levels of poor sanitary (Landro, 1).
The fastest developing common cause principle of deadliest disease in America and across the world can be termed as unhealthy living. This, therefore, results in the development of health complications based on the fact that the health wellbeing of the particular person is affected generally. The outcomes of unhealthy living kill the body resistance capability in resisting infections. When the body is not well this, therefore, means that the development of the deadliest disease potential is higher at the particular moment (Weatherspoon, 1).
There is a significant research gap in reference to the deadliest disease common principles causes. This is mainly because most research has been conducted to establish the causes of the deadliest diseases. This, therefore, shows that the principle causes have not be evaluated and researched adequately. This study will, therefore, prevent the basis in which research can be conducted on the grounds that it has established the major common principles causes of deadliest diseases in America as well as across the world. Future research should be conducted on the findings of this research to establish the rationale behind unhealthy living and increased body facts being the major cause of deadliest diseases in the present living.
In summary, it is thus clear that the common deadliest disease causes principles are chronic inflammation, high levels of fats and unhealthy living. This is mainly because of the occurrence of obesity or when the brain experiences damage these results in Alzheimer’s and stroke. On the other hand increased body fats and unhealthy living and eating may thus results in different kinds of cancer, stroke, kidney disease, lung disease as well as heart disease. This is caused by the increased inward pressure which prevents the body functioning from being accomplished effectively. From this, it is recommended that individuals should engage in healthy living by avoiding activities such as smoking which may result in cancer, Stroke, and liver illness. Individuals should, therefore, engage in continuous physical activities which protect the body from building high levels of fats. Consuming the dietary diets might help in solving issues of cholesterol.
Work Cited
Cook, Logan. The Low Fat Diet Hoax. AuthorHouse, 2004.
Landro, Laura. The New Science behind America's Deadliest Diseases. 2012. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303612804577531092453590070
Stebbins, Samuel. America’s 10 Deadliest Diseases. 2016. Retrieved from http://247wallst.com/special-report/2016/04/15/top-causes-of-death-in-america/
Weatherspoon, Deborah. The Most Dangerous Epidemics in U.S. History. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health/worst-disease-outbreaks-history#Overview1
Hitchens in his article about the topic of cancer describes how he discovered he had cancer and how he was in denial for some time since he could not believe the disease that ended the life of his father would end his life too. He shares his experience on how he fell in but he would not imagine he would be suffering from the deadly disease. He shows how people who know they are suffering from cancer discover it when it is in it is already in its late stages (Hitchens, 1). He is an example of how people suffer after they discover they have cancer since people tend to imagine it is their end since the disease has no cure and has claimed lives of so many people. In his case, his dad died of cancer at the age of 79 while he got cancer at the age of 61 indicating he might have inherited the disease from his father (Hitchens, 2). He imagined he would die too regardless of the treatment administered to him by doctors.
The cancer patients have to undergo through various treatments such as chemotherapy and surgery which have effects on the body of the victim. Such effects include weight loss, lack of appetite and hair loss which Hitchens suffered and almost though he would die such early (Hitchens, 3). Hitchens shows that cancer patients face depression from within but if encouraged by people finally learn how to cope up with their situation and accept living with that condition peacefully. The tone of this article is sorrowful since cancer is a killer disease which patients have to bear dealing and living with it. His audience would be the public especially patients suffering from cancer since he is encouraging them to learn how to accept living with cancer and getting the right treatment.
The issue of vaccination has been debatable for many years as some people accept and others reject with respect to own beliefs. Since we are living in a developed world, there is a high outbreak of measles because people are misled and misinformed (Mom, 1). It is important to understand that vaccines are safe and they are proved by FDA. In addition, since the period in which vaccination was introduced, it has improved the health of children and reduced the number of deaths. For example, Vaccination has saved the lives of many in U.S from the most –feared disease called Polio. Every parent wants to provide the best for their children and to enjoy the parenthood right. But can people achieve this if they are not interested in saving the life of children? It is important to put the issue of vaccination into consideration and protect the children from deadly diseases. Vaccination is proved to be effective by scientists and professionals and concluded that it prevents serious disease such as yellow fever, meningitis, measles and more (Mom, 1). It is important to create a strong foundation for children by preventing them from disabilities which may affect their education and future life. As a parent, the goal of parenthood is to ensure that children live a healthy life. Vaccination is the best choice to ensure that children are prevented from unnecessary illnesses, community is prevented from vulnerable diseases and there are not deadly diseases worldwide (Mom, 1). It is important to note the vaccination will not only protect children in today’s world but it will also protect the future generation. By eliminating killer diseases, there will be no harm in future generation. Other important point is that vaccination not only saves live but also money. The amount of money which could be used to treat a disease is larger than the cost of preventing. Let’s arise, take action, prevent outbreak of diseases and protect our children (Mom, 1).
Work cited
Mom T. Blue Sky Parent. How To Win a Vaccination Debate. Sunday, January 19, 2014
The article is highlighting the issue of Ebola outbreak that was experienced in West Africa in March twenty fourteen. The outbreak was rapidly reported as the worst occurrence ever since it was discovered in nineteen seventy six. The outbreak was the deadliest because it cost the lives of people five times more than the rest known outbreaks of Ebola put together. According to the article, the epidemic was the worst as it claimed the lives of eleven thousand, three hundred and fifteen people. This was experienced in a period of over twenty one months and the first case was discovered on the twenty third of March two thousand and fourteen. The deaths occurred in six countries which are the United States of America, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria. Approximately twenty nine thousand cases had been reported in two thousand and fourteen. On January two thousand and sixteen Liberia was declared Ebola free by the World Health Organization. The Ebola outbreak is a public health issue because it is spread to people by wild animals and then from human to human. It is a severe and a fatal disease brought about by the Ebola virus and the symptoms show between two days and three weeks. These signs are sore throat, headaches, fever and muscular pain during the early stage and later diarrhea, rash and vomiting. The internal organs such as the kidney and the liver are affected as they decrease their function and therefore cause internal and external bleeding. It is a public health issue it risks death by killing twenty five to ninety percent of the people with the illness.
One of the causes of the current 2015 to 2016 issue is air pollution which is on the rise and is causing deaths of many people. A study carried out in 2015 showed that six million people die every year in China due to cases of air pollution. The issue is severe as it causes breathing problems and blocks the lungs which then cause deaths. The people who are mostly affected are men who smoke because this leads to poor quality of the air. It may cause the deaths of twenty percent male adults who smoke (Quammen, 2014). This issue is poorer in the United Arab Emirates as the pollutants in their air consist of eighty micrograms per cubic meter which is the highest. The World Health Organization should be prepared and plan on how to deal with the increase of the respiratory and the related health issues. The other cause is the shortage of health workers and statistics show that there is a shortage of seven million nurses, doctors and midwives in the whole world. This issue is serious because most patients suffer and die in some cases because there are no medical staffs to attend to them. This issue need to be addressed by most countries who should work together to meet their targets which are health related. This means that they should form a stronger health work force that will be distributed equally around the world. They should also have access to improved technology (Quammen, 2014).
One of the public health agencies who are involved with this issue is the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention which is headquartered in Beijing. The agency is addressing the issue of Air pollution by giving information about the dangers of smog and smoking. It creates awareness especially to the men who smoke in order for them to know the dangers involved with smoking (Sande, 2015). It is also endorses the health of people affected by partnering with other organizations. It deals mostly with preventing diseases and controlling environmental health and other issues in China Republic. The other agency is the World Health Organization which is dealing with the worldwide shortage of medical staff. The agency is dealing with sustain the development goals and involving more countries. It is helping them to work towards covering the universal health in order to meet their targets. The agency is helping them to build a wide and extra evenly distributed medical staff also involving community health workers. They are also ensuring access technology worldwide and also an approach to take care to the ones in need. The agency is also introducing a worldwide strategy to achieve this (Sande, 2015).
The world health organization intervened to take care of the epidemic in West Africa and on January 2016, it declared the countries free from it. Doctors were sent from other Countries to handle the case and assist the local ones. This relates with the interventions discussed in 345 course readings because it ensures that people have quality hygiene levels and good nutrition (Novick, 2008).
Conclusion
My recommendation is that the World Health Organization should be more alert before such epidemic takes place. They should cooperate with the people concerned with the animals who may cause the virus. This is to ensure that the animals are properly vaccinated and kept away from human beings. They should also come up with proper measures to deal with the epidemics as soon as they occur in order to prevent it from spreading as fast as this case.
Quammen, D. (2014). Ebola: The natural and human history.
Sande, P. (2015). Quick reference to cobra compliance: 2015-2016edition. Place of publication not identified: Wolters Kluwer Law & Bus.
Novick, L. F., Morrow, C. B., & Mays, G. P. (2008). Public health administration: Principles for population-based management. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Pub.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was discovered in America during early 1969. People think and believe that the virus came from one individual who then spread the disease to other people. Many infection cases were realized in most parts of American cities between late 1970s and early 1980s (Cecchine, Moore & United States, 2006). Men were diagnosed with a certain rare type of skin cancer known as Kaposi’s sarcoma especially in New York and Los Angeles. Many of the people or men suffering from this rare cancer were gay people thus people refereed to the cancer as the gay cancer. However this was only one of symptoms of the virus since doctors discovered that people with the disease had some other rare disorders. A certain pneumonia caused by fungal infection was common in the patients suffering from the disease. The disease with these rare symptoms was named Gay Related Immune Deficiency (GRID). People had a notion from the name that the disease was a result of someone being gay and thus people feared being homosexuals in order to avoid this rare disease. Most people believed that having unprotected anal sex was the cause of spread of the disease (Cecchine, Moore & United States, 2006). From the research conducted by researchers, doctors and scientists further indicated that the disease was not for the gay people only as the public believed. The list of people getting the disease included those that had undergone a blood transfusion, drug users who shared sharp objects such as needles, newborn babies and people who had unprotected sex.
AVERT Group and their Work
During the year 1982 CDC centre for disease control and prevention named the disease AIDS instead of the former GRID (Gostin & Kirby, 2004). AIDS is the short form for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome since it was discovered that the disease was not for the gay but acquired by all people included the newborns. It was further discovered that what caused the disease was a virus known as HIV (Human immunodeficiency Virus). The main way the virus is spread from one person to another is through coming into contact with contaminated blood. This was well evidenced during the early eighties and late seventies where many people died as a result of blood contact with already infected people especially through blood transfusions, delivery and sexual intercourse. During those days people who suffered from hemophilia all tested HIV positive since their bloods got contaminated because needles were shared during injections (Gostin & Kirby, 2004). It was unlucky for these people since if the disease had been discovered early and the course of the diseases identified, prevention measures would have been put in place. Currently in America, the number of people suffering from HIV is over one million with the number rising annually instead of declining as expected.
Doctors and Treatment of HIV in the Eighties and Seventies
Doctors had many victims suffering from the illnesses ranging from gays to drug users who all had wired and rare symptoms. Sexually transmitted diseases were rare and were symptoms of the deadly AIDS. Before HIV was discovered doctors treated people uncommon infections such as sore throats, swollen glands, fever and other uncommon conditions (Gostin & Kirby, 2004). Many deaths were witnessed during these years since the cause of the disease had not been identified thus they were not preventive measures. People feared gay people since they thought the disease would be spread to them even through air since scientist had not realized what was spreading the virus in a very fast manner. Doctors lacked the necessary medical information on HIV and did not have the cure for the disease since they did not even know its cause. Most of the doctors read medical journals but were not able to get more information about the strange disease but scientists too did not have enough information on the cause, treatment and preventive measures. In the early nineties doctors came up with a solution that helped victims of HIV which was a therapy by the name Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) (Gostin & Kirby, 2004). During the early nineties eighties doctors watched helplessly as victims of AIDS died since there was not much they would do. The rate of deaths increased and the spread of the disease intensified since there was no cure, preventive measures and available information on how the disease was being spread. Most people and especially known social groups were wiped out by this deadly disease which was strange to both the scientists and medical doctors. Anti-HIV drugs were given to patients since 1996 where bed ridden patients were able to come back to life and continue with their normal businesses (Gostin & Kirby, 2004). The symptoms were no longer present in the patients who after taking the drugs led normal lives unlike before where the disease wasted the patients and cut their lives short especially the gay community.
How Many People Could Have Been Saved If Perception Was Different?
Large numbers of people died in the seventies and eighties since people believed that HIV only affected the gay people. This was wrong since HIV affected and spread to all people especially those drug users who shared needles. Infected mothers who went to give birth to babies also spread the disease to the newborns (Hammett & Bronson, 2016). Blood in the blood banks also increased the spread of the disease since once blood transfusion occurred with the contaminated blood, the patient would definitely acquire the virus. People feared the deadly disease which saw them burry people each day yet the cause was not yet identified. People feared the gay community and thought that the disease was for the gay people but with time both men and women died of this disease. People who suffered from the disease were thought to be gay people and the non gay people were falsely accused of being gay. People assumed that each gay person was suffering from AIDS and thus gay people were feared and were not seen as part of the society. Women who had AIDS symptoms were believed to be suffering from another strange disease since AIDS was the disease for the gay only (Hammett & Bronson, 2016). If the perception was different, many women and men would have been saved since people would not have associate the disease with gays only.
Many people died and each death was associated with the disease especially if men died. The blood test took several years before it was discovered thus people did not know whether they were infected or not. Families and friends of people suffering from AIDS did not give the patients the necessary care and support since they did not know how the disease was spread thus they feared being infected with the disease (Hammett & Bronson, 2016). A whole community of gay older men was swept away by the disease which made the younger gay people frustrated since they were left without mentors. People were afraid of the disease since they buried their loved ones within shortest periods of time. Many people would have been saved if the perception was different since families of the sick would take care of their loved ones without believing they would get infected without blood contact involved.
HIV as an Epidemic and What Could Have Been Done To Prevent It
HIV was and is still an epidemic since it not only affects the victim but the whole society as well (Dubin & Francis, 2013). Family members and friends of the victim are affected in that time is dedicated to take care of the sick person. In the seventies and eighties, HIV was the biggest epidemic since it affected the sick individual and all the society people as well most especially the family members who were burdened by their sick individual who would now depend on other people for existence. Creation of awareness regarding the disease, how it was acquired and preventive measures would have reduced the spread of the deadly disease. Doctors needed to make people aware of ways of preventing themselves from getting the disease and counseling the infected ones to ensure they lived positively and did not spread the disease to others. Sex was the main method which ensured the disease was spread thus advocating for protected sex would have been the main issue advocated for by the media, doctors and other awareness groups (Dubin & Francis, 2013). Quick research would have taken place instead of assuming the disease only affected the gay people and thus scientist and researchers failed since they consumed much time in identifying the killer disease, cause of the disease, cure and preventive measures that could control further spread of the disease.
References
Cecchine, G., Moore, M., & United States. (2006). Infectious disease and national security: Strategic information needs. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Gostin, L. O., & Kirby, M. D. (2004). The AIDS pandemic: Complacency, injustice, and unfulfilled expectations.
Hammett, T. M., & Bronson, R. T. (2016). Unrecognized “AIDS” in Monkeys, 1969– 1980: Explanations and Implications. American Journal Of Public Health, 106(6), 1015-1022.
Dubin, C., & Francis, D. (2013). Closing the circle: a thirty-year retrospective on the AIDS/blood epidemic. Transfusion, 53(10pt2), 2359-2364. doi:10.1111/trf.12374
Isabelle’s approach in addressing the topic changed with her understanding of method and theory as she became aware of the limitations that traditional methods had. After identifying the limitations, she adopted a different approach to ensure that she would not be limited when it came to making conclusions as was the case with traditional methods. Most of the traditional methods were quantitative and relied on comparison of various variables while making conclusions. Even though the information collected through these methods was relatively accurate, they relied on limited information because quantitative methods did not go into a lot of details when conducting studies. For example, the methods overlooked the issue of biography despite it playing a significant role in how managers dealt with stress (Lewis & Saunders, 2011).
In preparing her research, Isabelle developed interviewing skills and gained knowledge on other factors that determine how managers handle stress stressful situations. She used qualitative methods for her research which tend to be more personal. For them to be successful, she had to develop good interviewing skills to ensure that that interviewees were comfortable responding (Lewis & Saunders, 2011). She learnt that biographic information is not only relevant but also changes over time and this meant that stress management skills would change over time as a result. Among the issues that she could have anticipated as being problematic but not indicated by her literature review is the challenge of getting participants to cooperate. Most people are of the belief that they handle stress well and may have given inaccurate data. There are also those not willing to admit that they cannot handle stress as managers and they may have given information related to skills that they believed a manager should possess rather than giving personal responses (Lewis & Saunders, 2011).
Reference
Lewis and Saunders, (2011) “Doing research in business and management” Pearson Limited
Zika disease is also known as a mosquito-borne disease that caused by Zika virus which this virus is an asymptomatic infection. The virus of Zika disease is spread primarily by infected mosquitoes for instance Aedes species through the bite. The virus of Zika disease can also be spread through sexual transmission through semen from infected men, through pregnant to her developing child and also can be spread through tissue, cell, and blood donation from infected donor to the recipient (Musso 359-361).
The major symptoms of Zika disease are, red rashes on the skin covered with small bumps which often start on the face and spreads in the body. The infected person has red eyes and his or her joint swell mainly in the small joints of hand and feet. The infected person has a low-grade fever which ranges to 38.5 degree Celsius which cause weakness, headaches and lack of energy (Duffy et al. 2536-2543). Zika disease has no cure only that treatment aims to relieve symptoms. Nevertheless, Zika virus disease can be prevented by protecting yourself from mosquito bite at all times. Pregnant women should avoid traveling especially areas in U.S where it mosquito-borne is reported. If a woman becomes pregnant after her travel, it is recommendable to wait at least two months before she tries to conceive so as to clear the possible infection of Zika virus. When a woman gives birth after being infected with Zika disease, she can have a baby with a smaller head which this condition is Microcephaly. Microcephaly occurs because a baby’s brain has not develops properly during pregnancy because a woman has been infected by Zika virus. Microcephaly can bring other problems such as, problem with movement and balance, hearing loss, disability to the child and vision problems among others. For men, it is recommendable to avoid sex or wear a condom during sex so as to protect possible virus in his semen for 6 months travel (Mécharles et al. 644-649).
The social aspect of Zika disease
The socio-economic characteristic of those suffering from Zika disease is that virus does not pose an existential threat to large numbers of people given its mortality rate. Those who are suffering from Zika disease possibly in the outmost level of threats related to human security as it possibly impacts the emotion and economic security of families. Another socio-economic characteristic of those suffering from Zika disease is that are not posed on national or international scales. The birthrates in the society lower in a high percent due to fearful of women about the impact of the virus on their unborn babies. Dr. Lobal of Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) estimates that women infected with Zika disease during the first trimester are at about one in a hundred (Fokke et al. 33-43)
The geographical distribution of Zika disease started in Uganda where it was detected in the year 1947 in a forest in Uganda. Then the first outbreak reported in Micronesia in the year 2007 and later in the year 2013 it was reported in French Polynesia. The Zika virus has now reached Central and South America, the Singapore, Cape Verde, Caribbean and some of the island like Pacific and rapidly the viruses are spreading to the U.S and the report says it will continue spreading (Duffy et al. 2536-2543). The historic position of Zika disease started in Uganda in the year 1947 it distributed in some country such as Southeast Asia and in Africa. In the year 2007, the outbreak hit Micronesia and other Pacific Islands and more case was documented in the year 2013 where another outbreak occurred in French Polynesia. During the year 2015, the Zika disease distributed into 22 countries in south and North America and the outbreak of Zika virus is expected to spread throughout since there is no cure (Musso et al. 359-361).
The Ministry of health in Singapore has monitored the Zika virus situation and has introduced several measures so as to enhance the surveillance and prevention of disease in Singapore. Vector control is taking place in Singapore since all Singaporean take appropriate precaution so as to prevent the risk of Zika disease. The different countries affected by Zika disease can prevent it by early detection of the disease and this can help to seek medical attention before the symptoms of virus develop. Awareness of the disease is also spread by the Ministry of Health to all continents so as to prevent a large number of Zika disease. There is no comparison of the World Health Organization (WHO) prevention and treatment of Zika disease because they are similar to others (Foy et al. 880-882)
Zika is a disease caused by a mosquito infected by the Zika virus. Zika disease is distributing all over in a high rate where it is started in the forest in Uganda. Zika disease has caused the birth rate to lower since women are fearing the infection to get to their unborn babies. Zika disease has no cure but it can be prevented in various ways such as preventing yourself from being bitten by Mosquitoes. And for traveler they can avoid sex or use protection for instance condoms for about 6 months.
Work Cited
Duffy M, Tai-Ho C, Thane, W. Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated
States of Micronesia, N Engl J Med. 2009. 360:2536-43
Fokke C, van den Berg B, Drenthen J, Walgaard C, van Doorn PA, Jacobs BC.
Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria. Brain.
137(Pt 1):33-43
Foy BD, Kobylinski KC, Chilson Foy JL, Blitvich B, Travassos da Rosa A, Haddow
A, et al. Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2011. 17(5):880–2.
Mécharles S, Herrmann C, Poullain P, Tran TH, Deschamps N, Mathon G, et
Acute myelitis due to Zika virus infection. Lancet. 2016. pii: S0140-
6736(16)00644-9
Musso D, Roche C, Robin E, Nhan T, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau VM. Potential
sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015. 21 (2):359-61.
Antibiotic resistance has been brought by their overuse and misuse resulting to ineffectiveness. It is more advisable to the nurses to embrace evidence-based treatment rather than just giving the treatment to the patient as a routine or they need one (Health Affairs, 2015). This is because treatment becomes more complex as the bacteria causing infection become more resistant worsening the initial condition. With time the MRSA have become ineffective and their continued administration causing about 19,000 deaths yearly. This means that despite the much-needed want of the antibiotics there is arises a need of developing other new antibiotics that will work together in order to increase their effectiveness (Health Affairs, 2015).
In order to facilitate quality treatment to the patients, it is useful to implement the policy of GAIN. This is because there will be a comprehensive national plan of finance resulting to accountability and strengthened surveillance and increased laboratory capacity (Health Affairs, 2015). The policy will also prevent and control preventions and foster more research in the antibiotics field. This is relevant to me because I will be able to take fewer and stronger antibiotics that are more effective in my toe infection compared to the current situation.
This policy will cater for the life-threatening infections without the generic competition. This act will also be able to increase profits that will be generated from the sale of the new advanced antibiotics encouraging more development of the antibiotics (Kahn, 2016). It will also reduce the number of antibiotics take in daily by the patients thus reducing the effects it has on their body after a long time of the antibiotics administration. It is, therefore, important to reconsider the policy due to its numerous advantages (Kahn, 2016).
Reference
Health Affairs. (2015, May 21). Antibiotic Resistance. Retrieved from http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=138
Kahn, L. H. (2016). One Health and the politics of antimicrobial resistance. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press
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