Promoting healthy diets and manageable lifestyle is the ultimate goal of many US people. The level of noncommunicable disease affecting over half of the population is very alarming. If the people and concerned organization same as government agencies diversify in agriculture, then there would be abundant food stuffs in our home and consequently lower malnutrition problems. Production of high quality and more fundamentally healthier food in abundance is a major problem we face in The United States for a while now. The ever rising growth in population presents intense challenges in feeding them besides poor diet brings malnutrition and consequentially diseases. Technological approach in terms of applied science would boost the Quality food which meets consumer’s expectations and demands. Correspondingly, what makes the food more appealing is the assurance of safety eating in terms of maintained chemical contamination and other prevailing factors. For improved the quality food, agriculture offers the perfect solution. Agriculture has no doubt made the life of many Americans a lot better since food direct from the farm has more chance of quality food.
The backbone of food production is indeed agriculture and so to the economy, farmers feed us every day and for them to do so they have to be well equipped. They should have access to better agricultural methods, fertilizers, crops and other amenities not forgetting the vitality of soil quality in connection to what is to be planned. For many of us, the food in our houses, school, shops, and restaurants have foremost influences us and thus make quality and healthy eating a challenge. They might be filled with calories and other unnecessary fats which end up ruining our body rather than making us feel virtuous and healthier. This will see us through when it comes to having a better and nutritious meal for all Americans, however, the stakeholders in this sector ought to encourage more Americans to invest in farming by offering some incentives.
Auxiliary investments in technology and structure enable food fortification. Commitment to ensure quality food has to be backed by basic and applied a science which ensures safe food whilst ensuring the demand for food is made. One thing for sure is a better prevention of bad food than trying to fix the aftermath and this involves data collection, thorough research and analysis all aimed for quality food delivery (Espi, 2106). The embracement of technology has seen tremendous efforts towards the achievement, the interested stakeholders ought to make regulations and guidelines to ensure all hazards are taken care. Actually, the set up for science-based implementation alongside the farm-to-table chain has to be a continual process. However, for the realization of such immense intervention our country has to consider vigilance scientifically on development hazards so as to address food quality issue swiftly.
Solidifying controlling systems in our food industry will also help us in ensuring quality food is in supply to either home consumption or restaurants alike. This will amass the knowledge and techniques which farmers need to utilize and stick to whilst feeding the nation. This would also spread to the private operators who are linked with food industry for proper managing food safety hazards (Espi, 2106). In conclusion, making food safety has all to do with better system approach involving interested partners in the sector. The chain can be introduced anywhere as the vulnerabilities must be managed right from the farm right to the table. Staying up to date with the change of technology and climate condition is very important so as to counter check prevailing conditions which might temper the food quality.
Reference
Espi neira, M. (2016). Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and Technologies. Elsevier Science.
What is your assessment of Primedic? Why has this venture attracted so much interest from Endeavor and IGNIA? I think Primedic as a great idea since it has made Mexico extraordinary trying to provide healthcare for over one hundred million citizens. The company is able to ensure that healthcare in the State comes in at least three different distinct diversities such as the government institutions as well as the private sector. Pridemic is a best example of how entrepreneurs take part in generating the healthcare in Mexico. Premedic has attracted much interest from Endeavor and IGNIA since it is easily able to provide unlimited access to high quality plus affordable healthcare services. The company’s aim in Mexico is provision of affordable health services especially for the urban poor (Richard, Regina & Lauren 25). Endavor and IGNIA understand that corporation has got its share of drawbacks in various conditions thereby, Decanini idea of creating Primedic was the last thing they need for operation. According to the founder of Premedic Decanini, the Mexican health care system exists on the baseline of assumption about when to make decision plus when to produce better decisions. Primedic in a health care is determined on which decision we make especially if it is relevant to a unified fashion. S.A is a nation full of investors and entrepreneurs, a nation that takes the responsibility of caring for fellow citizens. Despite the difficulties the nation faces over health facilities, the citizens needs full health care and quality of care varies widely thus leading to unsustainable health care spending (Richard, Regina & Lauren 6).
What is your assessment of the changes Pablo Salazar made to Primedic’s business model in 2010? I think Salazar made changes after his estimation of the 25% of those who would join the company failed whereby; the competition with other private companies such as Farmacias Similares increased. According to research it was clear that individuals were not ready to join the Primedic thus; they went to the Primedic’s main competitors. Population based various societies should aim at making a difference in the community way of life, the altitude, awareness practices as well as behaviors. Health conditions in Mexico are determined by various community practices. In various States health conditions of a community are based on its organization on ruling practices plus its power structure. Salazar ensured that his concern was majored on the issues considering health conditions but it was logical in determining the various steps of setting community health status. It was difficult for determining community health status due to lifestyle changes which might lead to reduction of morbidity plus mortality rate. Despite the difficulties the nation faces over health facilities, the citizens needs full health care and quality of care varies widely thus leading to unsustainable health care spending (Richard, Regina & Lauren 13).
Should IGNIA make a new investment of capital in Primedic? Why or why not? Investing in the healthcare education and other fundamental institutes is a genuine and profitable business. However, it is important for IGNIA to invest in Premedic as the best idea of venturing it capital resources for commercial viabilities. Partnership with Primedic is essential being given the opportunity to control fund channel thereby; the investment opts in representing an introduced, robust organization model with a fixed ability in generating sufficient cash flow. IGNIA’s investment shows an equity investment in Primedic’s income in the based fund organization. Primedic is able to provide it services to most destitute individuals through innovative partnership. IGNIA comprehend that establishment has got its share of drawbacks in various conditions thereby, Decanini idea of creating Primedic was the last thing they need for operation. IGNIA generated its confidence in joining Primedic since Mexico accepts more work in the health care thus, it ensure they are paid more for drastic changes in the market forces. For better balance of the market forces the government of U.S. ensures that the fragmentation of care is reduced for spread of high quality health care to everyone thus, sustaining the health- care facial model (Richard, Regina & Lauren 25).
Work Cited
Richard Hamermesh, Regina Garcia- Cuellar and Lauren Margulies. Pridemic- Providing Primary Care in Mexico. Harvard Business School, 2016 print.
Human development refers to the process of expanding the freedom and opportunities of human beings while making improvements on their well being. It involves the real freedom of common people in deciding whom their want to be, what they want to do and how to lead their lives. Human development Index was developed with an aim of emphasizing that the eventual criteria for carrying out the evaluation of development of a country should be more than economic growth to include people and their personal capabilities (Deneulin & Shahani, (2009). This index is used to measure the average accomplishment in major dimensions of human progress that includes a health and long life, having a living standard that is considered standard and being knowledgeable. The human development index is therefore the geometric mean of the three aspects’ mention indices. The health dimension is normally evaluated by a person’s life expectancy at birth while the education dimension is assessed by a mean of schooling years for the adult with 25 years of age and above and mean of expected schooling years for the children who have reached schooling age. The assessment of living standard is done by use of gross national income per capita (Deneulin & Shahani, 2009).
The emergence of human development index is traced back to the Human Development Report in 1990, and which was the first one, which incorporated a new approach in the advancement of wellbeing of human beings. This approach of human development was about the expansion of human life richness instead of just the richness of an economy in which people live. The approach was focused on people, their opportunities and choices. The approach of human development was created by Mahbub Ul Haq who framed it on whether human beings can manage to be and carry out desirable things in their personal lives. Another influencing factor was the ideas on the connection between the growth and development of an economy in the 20th century (Deneulin & Shahani, 2009). Growth Domestic Product and the growth in an economy became the major sign of countries’ national progress but were not aimed at measuring the wellbeing of people. The development debate in 1970s and 1980s considered the use of alternative focuses to extend beyond GDP. Such focus involved more weight on employment, distribution and growth and whether people would access basic needs. The focus on these ideas paved the way for emergency of the approach of human development and its assessment. On that reasoning, United Nations Development Program changed the basis of development hypothesis, policy and measurement while it introduced Human Development Index. This index emphasized the necessity of ends over means. This HDI has also become the centerpiece of Human Development Reports for more than two decades and has been used to rank countries in the world (Stanton, 2007).
The measurement of Human Development Index’s three dimensions that include the education, health and living standards is normalized through a formula. Health is connoted as life expectancy (LE) and education in form of literacy (LIT). The school enrollment (ENR) and literacy indices are normally put together to be weighted average in form of education index (E). Y is used to represent living standard by GDP per capita (Stanton, 2007). Each of these components’s value is changed into an index by use of a normalization formula where a comparison of real value is done with a stylized array of various values over the countries as shown below.
Calculation of dimension index
Dimension index = actual value – minimum value
Maximum value – minimum value
Calculation of HDI index for income
Dimension Index = In (actual value) – In (minimum value)
In (maximum value) – In (minimum value)
HDI aggregation formula
HDI =√ Ihealth Ieducation I income
The Human Development Index and the GDP have various differences which involve the extent to which each delivers results of real measurement of individuals’ wellbeing. GDP assesses the national progress in economic growth by evaluating how a control has been fairing economically. It is just an indicator of the monetary value of the goods and services that an economy of a country produces including public and private consumption, investments and government outlays. It assesses the health of a country economically and its living standards. However, the Human Development index measures various aspects that indicate the wellbeing of people in a given country. It extends beyond the economic aspect of a country to include a comprehensive calculation of income component (Deneulin & Shahani, 2009). However, HDI has been considered by many economists as having various weaknesses. They have considered it as empirically unsound and weak conceptually. That way it has data that is of poor quality due to lack of a thorough collection method and errors arising from the frequency of measurement. Infrequency in the census data collection as well as possible reporting inaccuracies and incomplete countries’ coverage are part of its weakness. Other critiques view the Human Development Index as missing important wellbeing indicators related to political and civil liberties, natural resources access, environmental impacts and further measures of education including stocks and flows (Stanton, 2007).
References
Deneulin, S., & Shahani, L. (2009). An introduction to the human development and capability approach: Freedom and agency. London: Earthscan.
Individuals take drugs for different reasons and while not every individual is exposed to a particular set of factors attains the dependency of drugs substances. Based on research most individual who develop drug dependency are mainly influenced by both internal and external factors (Burroughs, 2014). External factors that result into drug dependency are also regarded as environmental risks. The external factors of substance dependency include peer pressure, social transformations, drugs availability, cultural attitudes towards issues such as drugs, employment kind and employment status (Singer, 2006). In the context of the young individual, the major influencing factors are peer pressure and family conflict.
Based on the recent studies it is clear that friends and peers hold the greatest influence on most people and especially the adolescents (Singer, 2006). Based on research when an individual begins to take drugs at an early age this, therefore, means that the likelihood of the individuals becoming drugs addicts is very high. When children are given too much freedom to make their individual choices in regard to choosing friends this may result in a stray off the path and it becomes very challenging for the parents to refrain their behaviors. Peer pressure may appear from different angles as children want to try new things (Burroughs, 2014).
It is normally stated that teens utilize drugs if their friends are engaged in the use (Singer, 2006). The utilization of drugs, therefore, helps the teenagers to fit in the circles that have been drawn by their peers which allow them to easily blend with those crowds. This provides something for the teenagers to engage in when their days becomes long. On the other hand, adults also have the opportunity of being influenced by the persons that surround them this is for instance spouses who can be a source of pressure to utilize drugs (Singer, 2006).
For most individuals school offers the first opportunity of beginning drugs taking. This is mainly because in the particular environment one is away from those that they know well (Singer, 2006). The thrust of tasting the unknown is particularly high and this results in the interest of attaining companionship which may, in turn, lead most individuals to dangerous styles of living. This is the period through which individuals undergo through self-discovery procedure and since most individuals allow desire to guide them, loss of trucks occurs and getting back is not an option in most cases (Burroughs, 2014).
Media is another external factor that increases substance abuse and addiction risk in the society today. This is mainly because the media continuously portrays drugs as well as the utilization of alcohol as an entertainment that is accepted by relating the good times that can be achieved from this. The pressure of experimentation is thus increased and it is believed that once one is engaged in the addiction they can never turn back (Singer, 2006).Family conflict is another influence that drives individual to engage in drugs. Family relationship plays a great role in this environment, in turn, develops stress. For instance, if children are raised in a family that is full of arguments and where parents take drugs as well as alcohol these children are at an increased risk of developing addiction issue. The acceleration of taking drugs is mainly influenced by determining social behaviors and development (Hüsler, & Plancherel, 2006).
In addition, social structure and cultural can increase the likelihood of abuse. For instance poverty and the employment status affect social generations based on limited access to basic social needs and adequate knowledge of the effects of drugs (Hüsler, & Plancherel, 2006). An exposure to all these aspects earlier in existence results in moving to different paths which can be challenging to recover from. Drug availability implies that individual can easily access drugs without much hustle which increases their abuse thus resulting in addiction (Hüsler, & Plancherel, 2006).
After reading the books and gaining a better understanding of the contributing factors to substance abuse and addiction my attitude towards addicts has been transformed. This is mainly because I no longer view addiction and substance abuse as a personal choice but a circumstantial impact. Through the reading of the book I gained adequate knowledge in that those that are involved in substance abuse are mainly influenced by environmental and internal factors such as social status and mental illness.
It is, however, crucial to note that individuals are responsible for the choices they make in life whether they are good and bad. Everyone should be fully committed to their wellness. However, in certain circumstances, it is very difficult to resist pressure (Hüsler, & Plancherel, 2006). For instance individual from a poor background and from those cultures that hold a positive attitude towards drugs have a higher likelihood of engaging in drugs. This individual lacks education which implies that their knowledge in the context of drugs implications is very low in general. They, therefore, opt for drugs because their situations expose them to stressors and the only way that they can run from this and survive the harsh life is through taking drugs. Unemployment is not a personal choice and when most persons are caged in this situation their wellness is no longer important because they are generally deprived the opportunity of developing their lives (Delgadillo, Böhnke, Hughes, & Gilbody, 2016).
When one is brought up in a family that is characterized by drugs usage and conflict their development is based on this ground and therefore changing their perception may be challenging. From reading the books I now view the issue of drug abuse as an economic and social issue rather than a person issue. This is mainly because the addiction is basically influenced by environmental and social factors that one is exposed to (Delgadillo, Böhnke, Hughes, & Gilbody, 2016). This, therefore, implies that those that abuses drugs cannot be termed as bad people as they are a reflection of the environment that they were raised in. in addition, addicts to be after reading the books are not individuals who hold no morals and they are generally not weak persons. This is mainly because the individuals because morals are shaped by the society and the environment and if this surrounding is not grounded on any morals then this implies that the dependency of the individuals is basically rooted on substances (Delgadillo, Böhnke, Hughes, & Gilbody, 2016).
My impressions of addicts changed also because in the 21st century the risk factors are growing rapidly which implies that the ability to resist is very low. Everybody wants to be accepted and to fit in the society. This cannot be achieved without giving in some things in order to acquire companionship. It is unfortunate that acceptance is mainly attained through getting involved in negative conduct like the abuse of drugs. I now understand full that substance abuse and addiction is a critical illness that has resulted by different issues in the society and it can be solved with the utilization of adequate measures.
References
Burroughs, A. (2014). Dry: A memoir. New York: Picador.
Delgadillo, J., Böhnke, J. R., Hughes, E., & Gilbody, S. (2016). Disentangling psychopathology, substance use and dependence: a factor analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 161-10. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0988-1
Hüsler, G., & Plancherel, B. (2006). A gender specific model of substance use. Addiction Research & Theory, 14(4), 399-412. doi:10.1080/16066350500521741
Singer, M. (2006). The face of social suffering: The life history of a street drug addict. Long Grove, Ill: Waveland Press.
UMUC Family Clinic is owned by Dr. Martin who has acquired the information that the last year of participating in incentive programs of Medicare is the year 2014 and will later begin the following year. The clinic is portrayed with so much inefficiency which is generated by time wastage and information duplication a misplacement which requires the patients to take more time in the clinic. Dr. Martin is required to act fast because he is clearly running out of time based on his clinic’s situation and the confusion of the Medicare program incentive. Based on the recommendation of a fellow Dr. Martin has acquired a contract with an independent consultant of HER who has no connection to any vendor. The purpose of the consultant contraction was to provide the doctor with advice throughout the general procedure.
As portrayed in the case study Dr. Martin holds different strategic objectives which he provides in the consultation. First the doctor would wish to see his medical practice operating in a more efficient mode in order to maximize his financial gains. This profit would provide him with the opportunity of expanding and upgrading the clinic through investment (Moon, & Galea, 2016). he also wants to invest some funds in renovating both the waiting sections and the examinations room. In addition he wishes to rent the neighboring apartment which would allow him to expand his clinic further and be able to offer more services and serve an extended consumer base.
Moreover he has the goal of renting enough space that would cater for physical therapy services which would ensure that he generate additional income. These goals are very big as they generally require knowledge skills and expertise and that is why he hired a consultant. He hired the consultant after the realization that he was highly required to adopt EHR in order to utilize fully the incentives that are provided by the program. This is now the strategic clinic goal for the doctor.
Through the implementation of EHR it is easy to gain the capability of fulfilling the goal of developing IT awareness level among the clinic’s employees (Tan, Payton, & Tan, 2010). In addition he wants to utilize technological advancement in developing care, decision and safety quality in his practice and at the same time meeting all the regulatory and legal necessities for the healthcare system.
UMC Family Clinic Process Model
Yes
No - wait
EHR Process Model
Conclusion
In Dr. Martin’s clinic EHR can be described as the best option in the field of health. This is mainly because the system is associated with many benefits and it would help the doctor in achieving all his objectives within a shorter time period. The system is cheap as compared to others and it if effective in generating efficiency in any setting. In addition the system is associated with an increased level of data protection and security. For the UMUC Family Clinic the EHR is the best approach to implement.
References
Moon, J. D., & Galea, M. P. (2016). Improving health management through clinical decision support systems.
Tan, J. K. H., Payton, F. C., & Tan, J. K. H. (2010). Adaptive health management information systems: Concepts, cases, and practical applications. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
There are three important issues to consider regarding the mother decision on health care. First, one has to think about if a dying person ever talks. Look upon on mother’s verdict on joining the health club it is significant to value her decision because she talks about her desire at the end of life. Secondly, an individual has to think about mother’s expression. In view of the expression of the mother, it is important to know her opinion and about how somebody of her age was being treated. Thirdly, is to identify her value in life. Bearing in mind, it is an important issue to give a mother the meaning of life because being alive is the important thing (Crane, & Marshall, 2006).
Regarding on daughter or son response, it shows disrespect when he or she says “really, aerobic, yoga weightlifting” because of mother decision. Important issues to consider regarding on daughter’s/son’s decision is first are to take the mother's decision personally. It is important to focus on the significant rather than expressing her relentlessly. Second is to demand respect. Given that the mother is old it is important to show her respect probably on her decision (Bateman, & Fonagy, 2016).
2, a
Social factor that maybe influencing this person understands what is like to be over 70 is the attitude. The person has negative mind-set towards the old mother. The information I can share to this individual about depression and dementia among folk over 70 is that no depressed of demented person can make a decision regarding on health (Parrish, 2014).
3, a
It would be helpful for this family to know about therapy is attempted remediation of health problem. Also, the family has to know that treatment for old adults is significant in the range of psychological therapies. Perception is a social factor that influences this person perspective (Parrish, 2014).
References
Crane, D. R., & Marshall, E. S. (2006). Handbook of families & health: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders: A practical guide.
Parrish, M. (2014). Social work perspectives on human behavior. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press, McGraw-Hill Education
The health care sector is an area of critical infrastructure and hospitals are an asset to it. The hospitals add value to our community through the services they offer. This includes quality healthcare services to all the patients as well as advising the patients on various ways to stay healthy. The community at times fails to protect the success of the healthcare system in Las Vegas by failing to follow the instructions given which can be explained by the high levels of obesity in children and tobacco-related diseases which are caused by the nature of the city (Irvine & Armstrong, 2003). They also jeopardize the quality of the asset by failing to seek treatment from the right hospitals especially when the income levels are low and the hospital insurance cover cannot cover the entire cost that makes the affected individual seek other subsidized health care. This possesses a great threat to the members of the community as a result of the expensive health care risking poor quality services exposing the asset to improper criticism (Irvine & Armstrong, 2003).
Part 2
Protection refers to shielding someone against harm or injury. Resiliency refers to the ability to overcome challenges. Concepts and actions are taken as measures of achieving protection and resilience. Each measure has its own definition goal that is supported differently in order to achieve its objective (Steiner, 2014). This is because some of the measures cannot work in some areas where others may not yield much of a positive report. The professionals that claim that the concept of protection and resilience cannot be solved are wrong. This is because when we look at Homeland Security it has incorporated different mechanism in various places that tend to reduce the vulnerability of America to terrorism as well as minimizing attacks that do occur (Steiner, 2014). The concepts vary depending on the area and the level of threat in order to achieve the main objective which is to protect and be resilient to attacks.
Reference
Irvine, C., & Armstrong, H. (2003). Security Education and Critical Infrastructures: IFIP TC11. Boston, MA: Springer US.
Steiner, J. E. (2014). Homeland Security Intelligence. Washington DC: CQ Press
The article has shocking revelations about how Ebola has evolved with time to become the worst enemy in Africa. I am worried about the trend the epidemic that has torn many West African countries as it has claimed over 11,000 lives than any other previous outbreak. It is worrying as the number of the deaths is contributed by some factors that that can be avoided. These factors include collapsing health care facilities, mobile population, neglect by officials and perilous burial practices by the communities (Zimmer, 2016). These factors can be avoided and facilities such as the public health can be made improved in order to reduce the number of deaths. It is saddening that a new research conducted shows that the Ebola virus has advanced into a new weapon that seals its self against human hosts. The genetic mutation of the virus has made it more deadly as it has improved its ability to find its way in the human cells (Zimmer, 2016).
The revelation by this article has changed my perception about the current heath policy that there is much that needs to be done. Officials in charge of the healthcare facilities seem to neglect their duties resulting in more deaths (Zimmer, 2016). There is no enough collaboration between the governments of the affected African countries in order to develop policies that will see every nation educate its citizen on how they can prevent themselves from contracting the virus as well as educating them on the advantages of adopting modern burial practices that will minimize the spread of the dangerous disease. These means that the policies put in place are not sufficient to contain the deadly virus (Zimmer, 2016). Drastic measures should be taken in order to keep the virus at a distance.
Reference
Zimmer, C. (2016). Ebola evolved into deadlier enemy during the African epidemic. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/04/science/ebola-evolution-african-epidemic.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FEbola
For many decades that have passed, the human skin color has occasionally been considered as the definition of race. The technology including science has found a way of relating the skin color and the immediate environment humanity thrives. In the Equatorial Africa, ancient human lost the hair covering the body and went into the open lands where the skin had to adapt to the new environment in order to reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation. Melanin is a term that is used to define a group of natural pigments which can be located in most organisms’, especially human skin. Melanin is a product that is obtained from the oxidation of what is known as the amino acid tyrosine and the polymerization. Amino acids are chemicals that are of importance biologically which are organic compounds in nature containing amine and carboxyl functional groups. Key elements for these organic compounds known as amino acids are hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen although the side chains of amino acids contain the other elements. Amino acids are large in number and can be categorized in many other ways. Polymerization, on the other hand, is combining monomer particles together through a compound reaction to form a three-dimensional system also known as the polymer.
There are basically two types of melanin which are known as the eumelanin and the pheomelanin. The eumelanin is categorized into two types which are the black and the brown eumelanin whereas the pheomelanin is of a single type that is the red color polymer. The benzothiazine contained in the pheomelanin are basically the ones responsible for the red in color hair in pigmentation. In the skin, the melanogenesis immediately appears after exposing the skin to the ultraviolet radiation which causes the skin to darken thereby reducing the sun effects. Melanin in its nature is very much effective when it comes to absorbing the light where dissipation by the pigments is about a hundred percent ultraviolet radiation absorption. Melanin is also very effective in reducing the occurrence of skin cancer.
Carolus Linnaeus was one of Swedish physician, botanist and a zoologist who involved himself much in naming organisms which are known as binomial nomenclature. According to the book races and the people of the world, the hypothesis between the human skin color and the sunlight is that the skin evolved in many different forms in order to reduce the effects of sunlight. Eventually, the skin had its adaptation and the production of vitamin D begun where the skin benefited from the sunlight. The environment of rift valley 5 million years ago involved a flat, region that was homogenous and covered in tropical forest. The savannah climatic conditions forced the hominins to adapt life on the ground from the trees by having to walk on two feet. The lakes around were fresh and which were mostly used by the ancient humans as a source of water. The vegetation and climatic conditions in rift valley regions were mostly filled with trees and tall grass but eventually as savannah climatic conditions formed, mountainous and deep waters were developed. During the Turkana Bay times, the land had already pulled apart from the North American parts and forced the creation of mountains and ridges. The tall trees had already vanished and the area was now occupied by the savannah grassland conditions that forced the hominins to adapt living on the grounds rather than on trees.
Due to the harsh cold climatic conditions in East Africa, the body of hominins was covered with fur and the color of the skin was brown. This is because the hominins had evolved mind-wise and also they adapted to using tools therefore no longer lived on trees. The change in skin color occurred since the climatic conditions forced the disappearance of fur to soft short hair. Australia receives one of the highest levels of ultraviolet radiation in the whole world. Skin cancer in Australia is highly caused by the fair-haired skin which is mostly associated with lack of melanin in the body. The direct sunlight hits the bear skin and the skin has no or less melanin, therefore, causing skin cancer on the individual. Skin cancer has been caused by the direct exposure of bare skin to the sun and this is highly caused by lack of enough melanin in the skin, therefore, skin evolution could not have been caused by skin cancer as the sunburns will affect immediately but through direct longer periods exposure.
The two forms of infrared energy are the infrared energy A and infrared energy B. Infrared energy A has the longest wave and can penetrate deeper into the skin. Vitamin D is essential in the formation of bones and in the absorption of calcium in the body. Ultraviolet radiation B reaches the skin and therefore a major source of vitamin D. Rickets is a disease that is caused by the lack of enough vitamin D in the body. The oils given in the 1920’s to cure rickets was the cod liver oil. In North America, the climatic conditions are very low during winter and the dark skinned ancestors could never survive due to lack of vitamin D. the large numbers of melanin in the dark skinned people is adaptive for the hot regions and therefore further from the equator will cause the death of any dark-skinned people due to lack of vitamin D. different individuals have been known to develop different adaptations and according to how many melanin is present in the body and thus the very dark individuals can never be classified as the white individuals as they develop different adaptations. Skin pigmentation is tough and the idea of practically doing it is impossible since different individuals have developed different skin colors over time.
People with disability are oppressed in different ways. The author asserts that disabled people are wronged (people act unjustly toward them) through two types of acts. They are either wronged through disability-related acts and non-disability related acts (Andrew, 2001). The latter action means that people with disability are cheated or else they may be given false information the same way other people may be treated. The formed action means that people with disability are discriminated in terms disparate treatment. When discriminating them, there is a division between people with disability and those who are physically fit. The author asserts that disabled people are wronged through discrimination and oppression (Andrew, 2001). He asserts that they are oppressed in labor processes, in culture life and in political and economic structures. In culture imperialism, the culture of disabled people is diminished and devalued. Particularly in socioeconomic, political and cultural issues, disabled people are undervalued simply because they belong to a certain social group. In political structure, they are viewed as social group that has similar political views. The domination and subordination structures create the concepts of oppression to the disabled people (Andrew, 2001). Apart from oppression in sociopolitical and cultural structures, the author asserts that people with disability are oppressed in employment opportunities. Such people are relegated the economic hierarch and they are separated from other workers through creating their disability programs. On economic issues, disabled people have a higher level of poverty and the evidence is demonstrated by 1995 data which show that 38.3% disabled adults live a poverty life (Andrew, 2001).
I believe that society treats disabled people in paternalistic ways because there is no policy for preventing oppression. The failure to implement progressive policy gives the wrongdoers the freedom to treat disabled people in an oppressive way. For example, architects were designing inaccessible buildings which disabled people could not access (Andrew, 2001). However, the Act on Americans with Disabilities was implemented and architects were given a legal duty to plan accessible buildings. This shows that people discriminate and oppress the disabled people because there is no law which protects them. I believe that their disability is viewed through a negative lens and they are defined as people who cannot bring perfection and effectiveness. For example, in work place, disabled people are viewed as a problem and people who are different from others in duty performance (Andrew, 2001). Lack of policy for oppression creates the negative attitude that disabled people are oppressed minority. The best strategic way of eliminating oppression is by implementing policies and programs as well and develops anti-paternalism movement.
Whereas Batavia (2001) asserts that people with disability are oppressed and discriminated in different ways, Okobokekeimei (2013) asserts that people with disability should be supported since they are important in the society. He asserts that disabled people have the ability and competency of carrying out duties effectively than people who are not disabled. They play a significant role of building a strong society through following ethical standards in project completion. Disability helps them to support themselves so that the community can recognize them. While Batavia (2001) introduces the ‘The New Paternalism’ this article asserts that there is a shift from social outcasts to social recognition since disabled people have the ability to perform activities the same way like physically fit people if only they are respected, given self-esteem and concern. He asserts that people should motivate the disabled people and accept them so that they can achieve their goals.
The article relates the ‘culturally grounded social work practices’ in the text book with important elements which disabled people need in their situation. First, disabled people need respect and assistance. They also need motivation so that they can create self-worthy and value their life. People need to show concern to their situation. They need to be empowered in order to help them reach their destination. It is important to create a strong relationship and trust, share ideas and their interests as well (Okobokekeimei, 2013). These elements relate with the key concepts of culturally grounded social work approaches in the textbook. According g to Marsigli and Kulis (2015), in order to eliminate oppression, accept diversity and implement change, it is important to value the race, the ability of disabled person, social class as the key concepts. Respect, concern and motivation related with the social factors in that the factors need to be valued so that the disabled people can have self-worth and social change (Marsigli & Kulis, 2015). Social workers must understand that people with disable people are separated from other people and they create their social class. The social class is defined as incompetent and their ability status are devalued. Their culture is weakened and their voice is not heard. Thus, it is important to consider the social factors in order to respect and show concern. Through understanding the intersectionality, the social worker will be in a position to practices the culturally grounded approaches, eliminate oppression and encourage diversity (Marsigli & Kulis, 2015). The social worker will develop appropriate intervention in implementing social change.
Reference
Marsiglia, F. and Kulis, S. (2015). Diversity, oppression, and change: Culturally grounded social work 2nd
Chicago, IL: Lyceum
Andrew I. Batavia (2001). The new paternalism: Portraying people with disabilities as an
oppressed minority. Journal of Disability Policy Studies; Fall 2001; 12, 2; ABI/INFORM Complete
The disease did not well exist till the 1930’s when it was fully discovered. Many cases such as whooping cough, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis were misdiagnosed as cystic fibrosis. Due to lack of any written account of the disease, there has been the knowledge that CF is popularized in Germany, where there is the belief that a child whose forehead tastes like forehead when kissed is likely to die of the disease. The disease was discovered in the 1930’s where the doctor who discovered it called it celiac syndrome which meant that there were changes in the pancreas which mainly happened in children. According to one of the doctors who discovered the disease, it was said to be caused by lack of Vitamin A (Kanhere, Chassaing, Gewirt &Tangpricha, 2016).
The natural process of the disease involves the fact that the disease is inherited and it is featured by the makeup of sticky and thick mucus that is likely to damage the body organs. The disease most normal signs and symptoms is the liberal harm of the breathing structure and the prolonged gastric system complications. The difference is on the characteristics of the disease in that they vary from one individual to the other. Mucus is the greasy matter that greases and guards the airways coatings, the gastric structure and the procreative system and other body structures and nerves (Kanhere, Chassaing, Gewirt &Tangpricha, 2016). With those affected by the disorder, the body crops mucus that is remarkably dense and gluey. This unusual secretion blocks along the airlines and causes major complications with the inhalation and the microbial contagions in the lungs. These contagions lead to the lingering coughing, winded and swelling. Within time, the secretion causes infections that result to the enduring lung injury such as the creation of the scars in the tissues which are known as fibrosis and the cysts in the lungs (Kanhere, Chassaing, Gewirt &Tangpricha, 2016).
The disease’ emblems and indications vary contingent on the harshness of the infection. Though in that person, the signs may become worse or recover with time. Some people get the indications when they are at their adolescence or in their adulthood. Those with the disease have an upper level of saline in their fluid. Most paternities mainly flavor the saline when pecking their offspring. Most of the additional cyphers and indications of the disease distress the breathing and the digestive structure. Adults who have been diagnosed with the disease mainly have the nonconforming symptoms such as periodic spells of pancreatitis, infertility or a periodic pneumonia (Elphick & Southern, 2016).
There is no cure for the disease but there are many ways of treatments that ease the symptoms and help many people to breathe better and have fewer infections on the stomach and people are put in nutrition. The airway clearance skills are treatment ways that may help one to breathe when the mucus is cleared from the lungs. There are many ways that the airways are cleared including the postural drainage and tapping (Elphick & Southern, 2016). This helps when the chest is tapped to loosen the mucus and then help in getting rid with the cough. There are also other drugs which the patients inhale like the salt solution, steroids and antibiotics. If the pancreas is not in its normal working condition, it is advisable for the patient to take enzyme pills that will help in quick digest of proteins and the absorption of vitamins from the consumed food. Oxygen therapy is another kind of treatment where if the patient has the severe lung disease, they require inhaling oxygen through masks or prongs put in the nose (Elphick & Southern, 2016).
Reference
Elphick HE, Southern KW, 2016. Antifungal Therapies for Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis with Cystic Fibrosis. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002204.pub4
Kanhere M, ChassaingB, GewirtzAT, Tangpricha V, 2016. Role of Vitamin D on Gut Microbiata in Cystic Fibrosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. DOI 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.001
After the development of the HPV, there have been increased campaigns for women and more so the young ones to undertake it. Controversy has emerged overtime on whether these shots that protect against cervical cancer lead to increased cases of promiscuity. The thought that vaccination may lead to a change in behavior has two theoretical links. The first is that by minimizing the risk of a sexually transmitted disease, people especially the adolescents may assume that they are protected against such transmitted diseases. The other link that forms a common concern among parents is that the vaccine gives an early permission that gives them the approval to start having early sex (American Academy Pediatrics, 2014).The issue at hand is the worry that offering the vaccine may encourage sexual activity especially among the young people. Research has presented evidence contrary to this, given that having sex is a personal choice taken seriously by people especially among the teens. This shows that despite the concern arising from the use of HPV vaccine, there is no evidence to relate the use of the vaccine and increased cases of promiscuous behavior. The choice to engage in sexual behavior even at young age cannot be attributed to a single dose of vaccines, given that such individuals are informed that the vaccine does not protect against other sexually transmitted diseases. Furthermore, it is more about cervical cancer than the about sex. Research has also shown that vaccinated adolescent girls are not more likely to acquire other sexually transmitted infections than their peers who are vaccinated (The guardian, 2012). Promiscuity is a personal choice which does not depend on such a vaccination.
American Academy Pediatrics, (2014).The HPV Series: Controversies around the HPV Vaccine – Sex and Promiscuity Issue 6: Retrieved from: http://www.mdaap.org/The%20HPV%20series-6.pdf
Smoking is an act of burning a substance and the resultant smoke is inhaled into the bloodstream. In most cases these substances are made of tobacco plant where the dry leaves from the plant is rolled to form a round cylinder that is referred to as cigarette. Smoking usually is viewed as a recreational drug use where the burning of the dried leaves produces smoke that is vaporized and is delivered actively unto the person’s bloodstream where it ultimately reaches the body tissues. Most smokers’ perceive smoking as a stimulant that offers pleasing as well as pleasurable emotions. They tend to think that it is the one that assists them to boost their mood, lessens minor depression and small outbursts of anger, boosts concentration and short memory as well and offers a modest intellect of well-being. This is attributed by the nicotine addictive element that arouses dopamine in the brain which is in charge of offering the pleasurable sensations. However, this is not the case since, more addiction on smoking results to the immune of the nerve cells towards pleasure that is brought about by cigarette smoking. This therefore encourages the smokers to increase their nicotine consumption through smoking with an aim of getting pleasurable feeling from smoking. It is however not good to smoke as it has been widely proven by health specialists that smoking comes along with adverse health effects.
Over the years I have become part of the statistics as I have continuously smoked so as to feel pleased and it has become a habit. In the beginning I started just like a joke and over the years, the quest for cigarette smoking has become increasingly resulting to more smoking.
I have ultimately graduated into being an addict and it’s evident that the body as well as the mind has become so used to the nicotine in the cigarette and I have to at least take it so as to feel normal.
Effects of smoking
There are numerous effects of smoking that are inclusive of both the short term as well as the long term. Some of the short term effects include the issue of smelly clothing as well as hair, stomach ulcers as well as weakened immune system, stained teeth and weight loss (Braun et al 2007). Some of the long-term effects include high risks on the heart and the blood vessels as it may damage the lining of the heart and the functioning of the blood vessels. This therefore increases the risk of having heart attacks, heart disease, stroke, cancer, respiratory health problems, reproductive health issues and pregnancy problems. So many people therefore end up dying even at an early stage while others suffer for so long before dying. The number of people dying due to smoking is increasing every year. Thus due to all these side effects, it is very essential to find a solution and a management strategy so as to minimize the smoking issue (Rabinoff 2007).
Issue management
The issue on smoking has raised concerns unto many organizations and this has resulted to the setting up of so many organizations whose objectives is to help the smokers to stop smoking. Some of these efforts have been regarded as successful as compared to others. However, one thing that is quite clear is the fact that giving up smoking is a hard task and thus the smokers requires much support.
A good example on some of the organizations that has helped to minimize the issue of smoking is the health organizations where the nurses, doctors as well as the pharmacists offers information, inspiration as well as steps on how to stop smoking. There are several NHS stop smoking clinics that have been set up with an aim of helping smoking addicts to stop smoking.
There are also some organizations that have helped top come up with drugs that help to increase the chances of the drug addicts to stop smoking (Day 2007). Some of these involve the nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that is usually made in the form of gums, tablets, inhalers and sprays. These medicines help in dealing with the withdrawal symptoms (Johnson 2011).
Other organizations such as the government has also made some efforts in the reduction of smoking as they mostly increase taxes on the tobacco products such as the cigarettes thus increasing the cigarette prices and this helps to reduce the intake among the addicts. There are also some online organizations that use the social media that usually sensitize on the adverse effects of alcohol and they also offer advises on how an addict can quit smoking.
It is thus evident that a lot of determination and willingness from the addict is quite essential as it is the driving force towards recovery process. Therefore the great step of recovery is acceptance where the addict first admits that they really need help and that they are having the addiction problem (McKenna et al 2016). In doing so, they are able to go through the healing process as they slowly shun away from all the things that may drive them into smoking. They are thus able to overcome the quest for smoking each day and within a short duration they are able to quit beyond what they thought that they could do.
The creative idea
The efforts that have been put in place have helped out, but they have not yet fulfilled the mission which is to stop smoking. Hence more efforts needs to be added where more comprehensive strategies ought to be made so as to ensure that it accommodates both the local as well as the global scale. Participation approach is one of the elements that need to be implemented. This will involve the involvement of the family, government and the society at large. Creation of awareness upon all the stakeholders is important as it will educate all the people on the effects of smoking. this will therefore reduce the number of people smoking as the people will be able to know of the effects at an early stage for they that had started smoking, while as for those who had not started smoking, they will be aware and thus they will avoid smoking. Creation of awareness should be done from the lowest level of education up to the highest level since the institutions composes of the highest percentage of youths who are bound to be attracted into smoking. Health officers should be distributed all over the nation so as to ensure that they offer the right information on the effects of smoking while some of the smoking addicts whom have reformed should be used in campaigns to stop smoking as they are a good example of people who overcome addiction. Thus other addicts may be inspired to quit smoking as they see others who have made it.
References
Braun, C. A., & Anderson, C. M. (2007). Pathophysiology: Functional alterations in human health. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Day, E. (2007). Clinical topics in addiction. London: RCPsych.
Johnson, B. A. (2011). Addiction medicine: Science and practice. New York: Springer.
McKenna, P., & In Neill, M. (2016). Quit smoking today without gaining weight.
Rabinoff, M. (2007). Ending the tobacco holocaust: How the tobacco industry affects our health, pocketbook, and political freedom and what we can do about it. Santa Rosa, CA: Elite Books.
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