Nature is basically described as the pre-wiring that is influenced by the genetic inheritance among other biological factors. On the other side, nurture, in general, is the influence of external factors soon such as the surrounding environment that results in exposure, experience, and personal learning soon after conception. Development of a person is both influenced by both nature and nurture. However, the participation of genetics, as well as the environment, is an important component influencing growth.
Nature to a certain extent is responsible for creating a personality rather than nurture. Genes are responsible for determining the core character traits such as the social proficiency and the capability to be taught rather than the way we are raised by our parents. However, the outside factors are most probable to take part in a bigger role in raising the character of a person than the genes inherited from the parents. It is thus important to note that genes are inefficient in the development of a person’s personality (Vialle ET AL 2005).
Human behavior largely relies on both the nature and nurture factors. For instance, in my growing up, I had problems in my walking behavior which is determined by the genome. My genetic makeup determined the age range at which I began walking. While the environmental factors determined how late within that range of age I began walking since I grew up in an environment where I did not practice walking.
One of the major arguments in this debate is that nature is not that important as it may be stated that if nature was that significant in our lives, the personality traits would definitely form in the early age hence changing of these traits later in life would be difficult.
However, nurture is important as it argues out that the unshared environmental effects have a large impact on the variation in personality traits is basically nonsystematic, accidental and random and we do not inherit personality in a fixed way. Therefore it is clear that nature and nurture work together to develop the personality trait as none is sufficient on its own.
References
Vialle, W., Lysaght, P., & Verenikina, I. (2005). Psychology for educators. Southbank, Victoria: Thomson Australia.
Nitrate is a vital plant nutrient that is absorbed by plants from the soil in large quantities and serve as primary source of nitrogen. Nitrate is found naturally in all fruits, vegetables and cereals but its highest concentration is found in the organs of green plants like spinach leaves (White, 1975; Anonymous, 1992 and 1998b). The content of nitrates in plants is increased by both mineral and organic fertilizers (Greenwood and Hunt, 1986) and there exist a dramatic increase in the concentration in case the growth of the plants happens in little light. (Roorda Van Eysinga, 1984). The content level in produce of the “northern” horticulture are therefore very high.
Most of the consumed nitrates, more so in a vegetarian diet can be found in fresh vegetables (76-85%; Anonymous, 1992; Gangolli el al., 1994). The highest level is mostly contained in leafy vegetables that are green (~318mg/kg (5.12 mmoles/kg), in the root vegetables grown in UK like potatoes ((-140 mg/kg (2.25 mmoles/kg). However, though, they contain lower nitrate levels, have more contribution of nitrate in diet because of the amount consumed (Anonymous, 1992 and 1998b). The vegetables have very low levels of nitrate. Therefore, the amount of nitrate the vegetables contribute is very small. The contribution of fish and cured meat towards the nitrate and its intake is quite substantial. For over 3,000 years, many civilizations have used nitrate and /or sodium nitrate during the treatment fish and meat (Binkerd and Kolari, 1975). The level of nitrite and nitrate is determined by the amount added in the curing process. For instance, the range contained in UK bacon is 1.4 to 440 mg/kg (with a mean of 62mg/kg), or 0.02 moles /kg to 7.1 mmoles/kg, (with a mean of 1 mmole/kg) for nitrate. The levels of nitrite content range from 0.2 to 120 mg/kg (with a mean of 24 mg/kg) or 0.004 mmoles /kg to 2.61 mmoles/kg (with a mean of 0.52 mmoles/kg) (Anonymous, 1988d). The levels indicate a steady decrease over the past years as result of change in manufacturing practice (Anonymous, 1978, 1992 and 1988d). As a matter of fact the levels of nitrite and nitrate in USA cured meat declined between 1925 and 1981 by 75% (Howson et al., 1986).
Different regions, land use or seasons influence differently the amount of nitrate gotten from drinking water. The drinking water from surface found in most parts of Europe rarely has nitrate content levels exceeding 10mg/1 (0.161 mmoles/1; Gangolli et al., 1994). Most of the drinking water supplied in UK observe the EC Directive 80/778/EEC, that puts limitation on concentration of nitrate to 50 mg/1 (0.8 mmoles/1) with nitrite limits being 0.1 mg/1(0.0002 mmoles/1) (Anonymous,1992). Though water supplied to about 2.4 people exceed the set limit, non goes beyond 100mg/1 (1.6 mmoles/1) of nitrate (Anonymous, 1988). All exposure to nitrite and nitrate cannot be considered as dietary. The demonstration by Green et al. (1981) showed that endogenous production by normal adults is 0.69 to 0.89 mmoles nitrate/day which doubles the estimation of non-vegetarian intake in UK adults. Endogenous nitrate means the stable nitric oxide’s end product, produced by inducible and constitutive synthase of nitric oxide from arginine (reviewed by Moncada et al., 1991). This rises significantly in the time of infection (Dykhuizen et al., 1996a) as a result of synthase of inducible nitric oxide being stimulated by cytokine (Hibbs et al., 1992). 80 % of swallowed nitrite, representing the majority, is obtained endogenously after salivary nitrate is orally reduced (Forman et al., 1985), and therefore various significantly based on the intake of nitrate.
1.2.1 Dietary Nitrate/Nitrite Intake
In 1985, the estimation of UK intake of nitrate for non-vegetarian adults stood at 54 mg/person/day (or 0.87 mmoles/person/day) and 2.98-3.13 mmoles/person/day (185 to 194 mg/person/day) for vegetarians (demi-, lacto-ovo and vegan) in 1978 (Anonymous, 1992). A study on total diet done in 1997 ( Anonymous,1998b), that used many groups of food, estimated the intake of nitrate as being 88 mg/person/day (88 mg/person/day) for average adult consumer, and an adult consumer in the upper range as being 2.19 mmoles/person/day (136 mg/person/day). Estimation on dietary intake of nitrate for vegetarians was found be the same ; a mean of 1.14 mmoles/person/day (70.5 mg/person/day) and upper 2.66 mmoles/person/day (165 mg/person/day) (Anonymous,1988c). All the levels were lower than daily intake expectation fixed by EU: 3.53 mmoles/day (219 mg/day) for a person weighing 60 kg. (Anonynous, 1998b).
1.2.2 Health risks
Various studies done over the last 20-50 years indicates the risk of cancers and infantile methaemoglobinaemia associated with taking high quantity of nitrate as a result of N-nitrosamines production (Anonymous, 1992). Due to restrictions by legislation on the levels nitrate in drinking water and foods and curing of meat using nitrite and nitrate salts, this has also been introduced in a lot of countries. It is also the intention of European Union to limit amount of nitrate in vegetables (Gangolli et al., 1994). Together with a limit of 50 mg/1 on drinking water already in place, this is raising alarm to vegetable producers and water companies in Northern Europe countries (Anonymous, 1994 a and b; Monckton, 1996).
1.2.2.2 Formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines
N-nitrosamines formation, from ancillary amines or nitrite inside someone’s stomach is another concern for public health regarding a dietary intake that is high. (E.g. Sen et al., 1969; Tannenbaum et al., 1974; Ohshima and Bartsch, 1981). There has been restriction on nitrite and nitrate in food products due to this (Tannenbaum, 1983; Anonymous, 1992; Gangolli et al., 1994). There has been , however , a contradiction about a weak relationship that exist between dietary nitrate and stomach cancer over the past 20-30 years meaning that are confounding factors that are major. In fact, Forman et al. (1985) showed that there is little connection between the risk of stomach cancer, nitrite levels as well as salivary nitrate. Moreover, most of epidemiological studies done recently regard nitrate as not being one of gastric cancer’s risk factors (e.g. Buiatti et al., 1990; Gonzalez et al, 1994; Hansson et al., 1994a; Pobel et al., 1995). The studies have all been on controlled cases but the one study done prospectively has shown nitrate as not being a risk factor (van Loon et al., 1998). This appears to be applicable for other cancers, notably colon and oesophageal cancers (Hubbard et al., 1994).
The evidence linking nitrate to stomach cancer also causes contradiction. Gonzalez et al. (1994) and Buiatti et al. (1990) found out that there is a high gastric cancer risk related to consumption of nitrite. A study by BuIatti et al. (1990) found a reduction of the risk after intake was adjusted to allow inclusion of other nutrients. Moreover, as previously noted, a demonstration by Forman et al. (1985) showed substantial negative link between the levels of salivary nitrite and risk for gastric cancer and findings by Loon et al.(1988) indicated no increased gastric cancer risk posed by nitrite. Therefore, the epidemiological evidence can be considered inconclusive or holds dietary nitrate as averting cancer regardless of the possibility of nitrosamines formation, and to prove that in experimental animals, some nitrosamines are carcinogenic (Sander et al., 1971). In fact, it is high time for a formal systematic review of the evidence associating nitrite/nitrate with cancer.
Most (80-90%) of dietary diet is derived from vegetables, specifically the ones that are green and leafy. Since the vegetarians’ intake of nitrate is generally high (Anonymous, 1992 and 1998b and c), there should be a high gastric cancer risk for them were nitrate to be a critical factor. Various epidemiological studies, however, show the contrary. Several long-term studies show standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for vegetarians’ deaths resulting from cancer in comparison with non-vegetarians (Thorogood, 1995). The rate of cancer deaths in vegetarian groups reduce to 40 %. Since the basis of these studies is voluntary statistics, they are prone proof bias. The Norwegian Adventist study that used data collected indiscriminately (Fonnebo, 1994) indicated the same mortality ratios for vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Jointly, these data demonstrate that there is no increased risk of cancer development linked to intake of high nitrate levels from vegetables and may in fact be protective.
Nitrosamine formation is subdued by reducing agents like ascorbic acid that is normally found in fruits and vegetables (Tannenbaum et al., 1991; Hansson et al., 1994a) ; a possible description of why intake of vegetable high in nitrate is not harmful. Furthermore, a study by Boeing (1991) indicated that there is a steady negative relationship that exist between gastric cancer and consuming raw vegetables, but consuming cooked vegetables where protective antioxidants like vitamin C are partly lost, does not decrease cancer development. McKnight et al. (1997a) demonstrated a rise in nitric oxide gas concentration in the stomach at 60 minutes to 90ppm (mean), after a solution of 2mmoles nitrate is ingested , while gastric nitrite concentration continued being low (105 pmoles/1). Therefore, it appears that there is a rapid conversion of nitrite getting into the stomach that is normally acidic, to nitrogen oxides which usually do not lead to formation of N-nitroso particles that are carcinogenic. In accordance with research by Perciballi et al. (1989), most of nitrosoproline (NPRO) found in the ferrets urine that had been fed on meats cured with nitrite was attributed to NPRO that had been formed before and only an insignificant attributed to formation of intragastric.
The past century has seen a fast decrease in the gastric cancer incidence in USA (Howson et al., 1986) and majority of other developed nations, but not in several countries found in far eastern like Korea and Japan or developing countries (Boring et al., 1993). The gastric cancer incidence in Far East which has been persistent has been linked to consumption of particular foods like Korean Kimchi (a dish of fermented cabbage) (Lee et al., 1995) and some methods of food preparation , for instance , meat broiling, salting and traditional salad preparation style in Japan (Kato et al., 1992). High content of salt in these foods is seen as leading to the high risk (Lee et al., 1995) and /or big amount of nitrosoamines that has been pre-formed (Zou et al., 1994) and similar mutagens (Chu and Li, 1994)
Moreover, Hwang et al. (1994) attributes the reduced cases of gastric cancer in developing countries is because of better hygiene , increased raw vegetable intake containing a lot of antioxidants , improved methods of preparing food , which result in low incidents of infection by Helicobacter pylori. Several other researchers have also demonstrated a relationship between gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection (e.g. Bolin et al., 1995; Correa, 1995; Wu et al., 1998). Incidence of gastric cancer has also been attributed to Smoking of tobacco (Hansson et al., 1994b), consumption of salt Joossens et al., 1996) and poverty (Hansson et al., 1994c)
How meaningful is the concept of environment management to you? This was the ground breaking hypothesis for a discussion with Mr. Smith who is an operational manager in an agricultural farm. As a member of the SEI, I was targeting to see how much knowledge he has concerning the environment management and the outcome of the interview was indeed amazing. Mr. Smith had a shallow idea of environment management and he has a perception that environment management is an outdated activity. According to him, environment conservation was the responsibility of the county council and therefore he had no role to play in the management. Mr. Smith also lacks the knowledge of what exactly should be done in order to manage the environment and therefore my aim was to insight him to consider his responsibility in environment management.
Basing on the transparency of the matter that he has little knowledge about environment, I would like to recommend him some few tips that will guide him to embrace the systematic work environment management (Feng, Zhao & Su, 2014). This strategy of conserving environment systematizes everyone in the organization to establish an ill-health free working environment. I would recommend him to review the work environmental policy and procedure so that he can deduce the expectations of the management, employees and all the stakeholders in his organization. If the company does not have a documented policy and procedures, I would recommend him to draw up the work environment policy and document everything. Managers should have all the required knowledge about the risks and consequences of ignoring the work environment management so that a clear plan is done to prevent their occurrence (Feng, Zhao & Su, 2014). I would therefore recommend Mr. Smith to research on environment conservation so as to gain the full knowledge of the subject matter.
Part 2
Q1 &2
The most prominent ancient management trend was that of globalization. It started in the 19th century and its progress is seen. Globalization was widely used in organizations to increase the interconnectedness by melting the communication and other barriers across different nations in the world (IBT STAFF, 2011). For instance, globalization was used by organizations after the World War II to facilitate trading in world merchandised exports. The trade rapidly expanded due to globalization in 1990. The globalization trend was adopted because organizations needed to increase the integration of trade, capital cash flows and the distribution and movement of labor (IBT STAFF, 2011). This trend has been the most established trend that has been the motivating factor for inventions and innovation. The globalization trend has made remarkable marks of industrial advancement.
One of the most prominent current management trends is that of sustainability and corporate social responsibility. This trend has been used by many organizations through the application of management principles in solving complex community issues like environmental sustainability (IBT STAFF, 2011). For instance, the Pepsi Company has started a project called the Pepsi Refresh Project that is encouraging the Pepsi users to submit projects that aim at social impact and the river cleaning. Generally, I think this trend has been adopted majorly to increase the interdisciplinary interaction of the business management in establishing social and environmental sustainability. The growing engagements are enough evidences of how the trend has cherished. The numbers of companies that engage in social activities have greatly increased and therefore the morale for the engagements is there (IBT STAFF, 2011).
Q3
There are however other management trends that never progressed including the appointment of chief digital officer (CDO). The strategy was targeting at centralizing and running all the digital dealings. It would hold all the digital decisions and in many cases it would run all the digital businesses. The management trend failed because the mere idea of having a centralized power in the digital era was antithetical to the companies which needed to excel in the networked economy (IBT STAFF, 2011).
References
Feng, T., Zhao, G., & Su, K. (2014). The fit between environmental management systems and organisational learning orientation. International Journal Of Production Research, 52(10), 2901-2914. doi:10.1080/00207543.2013.857055
The hydrogen, atomic and neutron bombs are mostly thermonuclear weapons that involves or two stages of development, and their explosive energy is derived from the combination of nuclear and fission or fusion power (Union of concerned scientists, 1).
For the atomic bomb nuclear fission, the nuclei of the atom is used in its development. The nuclei of an atom normally has two different particles; protons which are positively charged particles and neutrons that are not electrically charge. It is possible for nuclei of various radioactive elements to split – fission – if they are bombarded with neutrons that are fast moving. The result of the fission are two nuclei that are light, one or more neutrons that are free and energy that is produced in the form of light or heat. Some radioactive elements’ isotopes – this refers to the same element varying with distinct numbers of neutrons present in the nucleus – such as uranium-235 or plutonium- 239 can lead to production of two neutrons after the fission. These resulting neutrons then come into collision with the nuclei that are nearby, making them to release two additional neutrons. Each of these fission reactions makes the number of neutrons and energy released to double, leading to a reaction chain. After a few microseconds, the reaction chain can cause an explosion that is comparable to large quantity- in thousands – loads of TNT. The out-put of atomic bombs can be boosted significantly by adding a small amount of fusion fuel inside the hollow sphere, which normally consist of tritium and deuterium, hydrogen’s two heavy isotopes(Union of concerned scientists, 1).
On the other hand, hydrogen (thermonuclear) bombs reactions can cause much larger explosion than in fission bombs. In fact, the first explosion on hydrogen test produced about 10 megatons. The destructive energy production by these weapons result from three distinct but almost simultaneous explosions. The first is chemical explosives detonation and these explosives surround plutonium-329 made hollow sphere. The force caused by the explosive is directed inward and compresses the pit thus making its atoms to be closer together. When the density of plutonium pit increases to amount large enough to sustain a chain of fission reaction, neutrons are injected into the hollow sphere by a neutron generator so that the chain reaction can be initiated, and this initial process is called nuclear primary. This process produces enough temperatures and pressure for fusion reactions ignition in the next stage where the third explosion is produced. The chemical reaction involves hydrogen isotopes that undergo fusion. A fission primary, on its own is not enough because the platinum pit can burst before much fission of platinum-239. To decrease the plutonium, boosting of fission reaction can be done in order to a higher percentage of plutonium fissions (Union of concerned scientists, 1). For the boosted primaries is put in the centre of the pit. This hydrogen consist of tritium and deuterium isotopes, with the former having one neutron and the latter two neutrons. As is taking place, sufficient heat to make the fusion of hydrogen gas is produced, and an explosion of high-energy neutrons is released that in turn lead to inducing of more fissions inside the pit. The fusion fuel is in the form of lithium deuteride. A fission plug is found inside the fusion fuel layer, and this spark plug consists of uranium-235 or plutonium. As the fusion fuel is compressed by the primary explosion from outside, the material for spark plug fissions, and this heat the fuel from inside assisting the fusion reactions. Due to release of neutrons by fusion reactions, a layer of uranium surrounding the fusion fuel fissions, and this contribute to larger amount of explosion of the hydrogen bomb. The problem with this bomb is how to get it going. The hydrogen, tritium and deuterium are only suitable if, in a way, could be heated enough and kept very hot (Stevens, 2).
Neutron bomb development is usually aimed at releasing lethal force in the form of radiation that is very deadly rather than heat energy or a blast. It is a thermonuclear explosive that is low yielding, producing about a kiloton of explosion and which subjects the targeted area to a high degree of ionizing radiation, coming from high energy gamma rays and neutrons (William, 54). Therefore, a neutron bomb causes blast and heat whose intensity is the same as that obtained from the bombs developed from pure fissions, and also cause threat to life by ionizing radiation at a greater range. Thus explosion caused by neutron bomb releases three types of energy; heat, blast and ionizing energy. The ionizing radiation is released soon after gamma rays and neutrons, and the radiation that is remaining spreads out as radioisotopes’ fallout which then emit alpha, gamma rays and beta particles. It usually consist of a small amount of uranium or plutonium whose ignition is done by a conventional explosive, which operates as a trigger for starting the fusion explosion inside a capsule that have some grams of deuterium and tritium (William,56).
In conclusion, thermonuclear bombs – hydrogen and neutron bombs – have more powerful effects than atomic bombs. The difference in chemical reactions starts at the atomic level, with atomic bombs relying on fission while thermonuclear bombs rely on fusion to produce the explosive energy.
This refers to a phenomena that occurs naturally and it involves fluctuation in ocean temperatures of equatorial pacific. The fluctuations happen between two states, the warm phase which is El Niño and the cooler state referred to us La Nina. The El Nino can be linked to a period in which the temperatures of sea surface across the east-central and central equatorial pacific increase more than average. Conditions that are wetter than average occur in other parts and these fluctuations affect weather patterns and ocean conditions across large parts of the globe. La Nina represents periods where temperatures fall below average across east-central equatorial- pacific. The Southern-Oscillation refers to a bimodal difference in barometric pressure of sea level. It also involves the fluctuation of trade winds in terms of strength due to changes in atmospheric pressure gradient. This phenomena affects the fish industry by causing long term fluctuation in fish population (Trenberth, 7).
Question 2
During the day, the land absorb heat faster than the water body and during the night the land cools faster than water body. When the land is heated up due to warm currents, the air above also gets heated up. However, the rate of heating or cooling of the water body is relatively slower. Thus, during the day those areas near the water body largely stay cooler and their temperature remain moderate than inland parts (Ahrens, 351).
Question 3
Greenhouse gases include the carbon dioxide and the methane, nitrous oxide and the fluorinated gases. Carbon dioxide is produced through combustion of various fossil fuels like oil, coal and natural gas and solid discarded tree or wood products. Methane is usually emitted while coal, oil and natural gases are being produced or transported. The emissions also come from agricultural and livestock practices and aerobic decay of solid waste materials. Nitrous oxide is produced through manufacturing and agricultural undertakings and during burning of solid waste and fossil fuels. The fluorinated gases consist of perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. They are emitted from various industrial processes, household and commercial uses but are not produced naturally. The gas that is increasing at a high rate is carbon dioxide due to high number of industrial activity. This gas is causing the weakening of the ozone layer that shields the earth atmosphere from the sun’s ultra-violet rays (Nordhaus, Merrill, and Beaton, 20).
Question 4
The conditions that favour hurricane development include the sea-surface temperatures that are warm, high light winds and rotation of air waves. The cyclones that lead to hurricanes depend on heat energy building up in the atmosphere above them so as to develop and grow. Increase in these winds cause tilting of tropical cyclone vertical structure and do not allow this system to continue being staked in the troposphere. Dry air and low winds will inhibit the hurricane from developing and growing. The change in pressure resulting and temperature as a result of these winds results to a lot of rain (Elsner, James and Kara, 8).
Question 5
The different type of faults include the slip faults, reverse faults and normal faults. Slip fault results after geological features move relatively on sides the fault plane. Normal faults results from hanging walls hanging down. Reverse faults results from the hanging moves upwards and the forces creating these faults are normally compressional and pushes the sides together. San Andreas Fault in California is a good example of slip fault.
Question 6
The movement of tectonic faults lead to creation of three kind of tectonic boundaries; convergent where the plates slip into the others, divergent due to plates moving away and transform due to plates moving sideways. The collision of plate’s landmasses makes the crust to crumple and buckle to form a mountain (Nizamuddin, 351).
Works cited
KE, Trenberth. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO): National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, US. 2013. 7.
Khan, Nizamuddin. An Introduction to Physical Geography. New Delhi: Concept, (2001). 90-95
Ahrens, C D. Essentials of Meteorology: An Invitation to the Atmosphere. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2011. Print.351
Nordhaus, William D, Stephen A. Merrill, and Paul T. Beaton. Effects of U.s. Tax Policy on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. , 2013. 20
Elsner, James B, and A B. Kara. Hurricanes of the North Atlantic: Climate and Society. New York, NY [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999. 8-9
MacNiocaill, Conall, and Paul D. Ryan. Continental Tectonics. London: Geological Society, 1999. Print. 328
This is the kind of weathering where the earth’s atmosphere acts on masses of large rocks and breaks them down into smaller sizes of the same rock material. A good example can be pieces of granite at the bottom of a granite cliff. This weathering leads to change of the rock size but does not change the kind of the rock. This process of weathering is caused by temperature change, hydro fracturing and frost wedging or by roots of trees and shrubs. Summer high temperatures cause the expansion of the rock material and low temperatures of winter makes the rock to contract. This expansion and contracting weakens the rock over the years making it to crack and break off. For hydro fracturing and frost wedging, water freezes inside tiny rock cracks, beginning from outer surface towards the inside. This freezing causes the pressure from trapped water and ice to increase and freezing of water continues deeper in the rock and thus splitting it. In addition as plants grow, they push their roots against the rocks cracks in surface, weakening and thus breaking them off (Petersen, Sack and Gabler, 373).
Part 2
Sedimentary rock is the most material that is most susceptible to physical weathering since it is more porous and water can permeate through such rocks easily and the cement it is made of is a mineral that can easily be dissolved in water. Physical weathering is most likely to happen in humid climate where there are a wide range of annual temperatures. It leads to breakup of materials and detachment of fragments thus making the rocks very unstable and these rocks becomes susceptible to external influences that may lead to landslide (Petersen et. al 373).
Part 3
A river or stream can transport materials in three different ways which include; in solution form, in suspension and in the rivers or streams bedrock. In the first case, mineral matter that are have been dissolved by water from the bedrock is transported in solution. Such common minerals consists of magnesium, calcium and bicarbonate. Most of the solution comes from the groundwater that has seeped into the stream or river. Before reaching the stream, this groundwater travels through bedrock fractures eroding the rock chemically along the way. In the suspension form, the water appears muddy since it is transporting rock materials. These materials consist of fine sand, clay and silt. Though the materials are heavier than water, they are stirred up by water turbulence, preventing them from sinking. A river or stream can also transport materials in bed load. The bed load has pebbles, sand and boulders which cannot be transported in suspension since they are too heavy. They are moved along the bed especially by floods (Stephen, 1892).
Part 4
The difference between stream competence and stream capacity is that stream capacity is applied in the measurement of the size of particles that form the sediment while capacity is applied in the measurement of the quantity of the sediments. In other words, stream competence refers maximum size of particles of a rock that a can be transported by a stream and whose measurement is done through the diameter of the particle in inches or centimetres. Stream capacity refers to the total amount of materials that a stream can transport and whose measurement is done in terms of weight per each unit time (Stephen, 1892).
Part 5
Mass movement is divided into four types namely creep, landslides, frozen ground phenomena and subsidence. Creep happens due to superficial materials of rock debris or soil moving slowly downslope and this is usually shown by accumulation of the materials at the upper slope side of trees or field boundaries by posts bending , trees’ leaning or by tuff roles. It happens after particles are displaced at right angles. The frozen ground phenomena result from inter bedding of different rocks and saturation of sediments that are fine-grained like clays cause squeezing of bigger beds that involve cambering of tree faces which are exposed in a slope and the bulging of the beds below the valley floors. Landslide involve various types of occurrences which depend on failure along a plane beneath the surface. Landslide consist of various types such as block slide, rockslide, mudslide and debris slide. Subsidence results from various causes which include mining, subsurface solution, marine erosion, ground ice melting and subsurface erosion. Settlement of the layers of the ground surface may lead to may cause sinking of the surface due to consolidation resulting from surface loading (Derbyshire, Gregory, and Hails, 64).
References
James Petersen, Dorothy Sack, Robert E. Gabler. Fundamentals of Physical Geography: Cengage Learning.2. (2014).373-374
Butz, Stephen D. Science of Earth Systems. Australia: Delmar Learning, 2004. 188-195
Derbyshire, E, K J. Gregory, and J R. Hails. Geomorphological Processes. 1981. Internet resource.64-65
Climate change can be described as the average change in weather patterns over a given period of time. Normally scientists argue that this changing weather patterns are as a result of both human and natural activities. Human activities have been said to be the most contributing factors to the changing weather conditions which keep on changing within time. Climate has been changing since long ago but due to accelerated human activities such as increased industrialization, agriculture and poor dumping of wastes climate change has accelerated in the 20th century. Global warming is associated with climate change since the earth is warming as a result of the change in weather patterns mostly caused by increased human activities. Scientists are studying the fate of climate through observing the past climate patterns and thus predicting future climate patterns. Climate change comes along with various consequences most of which happen to be negative consequences. Rise in sea level, melting of glaciers, increased forest fires are some of the negative consequences as a result of climate change. All these consequences affect the people in a negative way since rise in sea level causes floods thus leading to deaths and destruction of property. Forest fires destroy habitats for wildlife thereby leading to conflicts between wildlife and the community. From the research carried out Green house gases are the key causes of climate change and have contributed to damage of the ozone in turn leading to global warming. As a result of this climate change being a gradual process is intensified because of unavoidable human and natural activities. This paper will describe consequences climate change has on the environment and how the problem can be confronted.
Consequences of climate change
Rise in sea level
Climate change has resulted to increase in amount of water in the seas. Glaciers are exposed to this extreme heat and as a result they melt (IOAN, 259). Due to the melting of glaciers in the mountains water in the seas has increased and this has negative consequences on the environment. Increase in water caused by increasing global temperatures has resulted to flooding especially in the lowlands and coastal areas. Floods affect people negatively since they result to death and properties are destroyed in the process. Agriculture is also affected by floods and thus after famine usually occurs after floods since crops have been destroyed (IOAN, 259). This affects developing countries more compared to developed countries where control flooding mechanisms have been put in place in order to solve flooding problems. This technology is yet to be implemented in developing countries and thus they suffer much due to climate change compared to developed countries yet developed countries contribute much to climate change. Due to increased industrialization in developed countries, the ozone layer gets depleted since it is exposed to green house gases and as a result extreme temperatures are experienced on earth thus causing suffering to the inhabitants.
Climate change related illnesses
Climate change has a bad impact on the health of people since some chronic diseases that affect people are consequences of the changing climate. Due to the extreme changes in temperature much heat is experienced on earth which results to deaths. There are many and increasing deaths reported in most countries as a result of heat waves. Many people also die due to being exposed to extreme cold which is brought about by the changing climate (Romeo et al, 9). The ozone has been depleted and thus people are being exposed to harmful rays of the sun and because of this, people suffer from diseases such as skin cancer. Due to the increasing floods, water is polluted and people suffer from water borne illnesses and eventually die (Romeo et al, 9). In developing countries the drainage systems are poor and because of this problem, contamination of water affects many people and deaths related to this problem are increasingly being reported. Developing countries suffer this problem of spread of water borne diseases compared to developed countries (Romeo et al, 13). In addition developed countries suffer most from heat waves and extreme cold compared to developing countries since most are located on the tropics. Thus climate change causes deaths to the people due to illnesses associated with increasing and decreasing temperatures.
Risks to wildlife
Climate change is affecting wildlife negatively. For instance due to unpredicted climate patterns, animals are facing food shortages. Due to little or no rains grazers and browsers lack food to eat and a result die. Many plant species die too since the rainfall is not enough to sustain and maintain their growth and because of this problem wild animals move to search for food in people farms. This is happening in most countries globally where animals visit peoples farms in search of food and in the process destroy crops thus farmers end up suffering huge looses. These human to animal conflicts have seen deaths of many animals since people end up killing animals which are a threat to them. Due to rising in temperatures some plants and animals have died since they cannot cope in such extreme conditions. Some animals have died too because they are being exposed to extreme cold conditions. This exposure has caused deaths to different animal and plant species and thus is a major contributing factor to loss of biodiversity. Due to forest fires resulted by increased extreme temperatures the habitats of wildlife are being destroyed (Lineman et al, 13). Destruction of territories results to deaths of wildlife since they are left homeless and with nothing to feed on. This will definitely affect the tourism industry and aesthetic value forests have to the environment.
Alteration of the natural habitats
Due to increasing overall temperatures ecosystems are suffering such as oceanic ecosystems. Coral in the oceans have been affected much by the increasing water levels and temperatures in the oceans. The excess heat is a threat to the coral reefs since the algae that nourishes the reefs is destroyed thus causing to deaths of the corals in a process well known as bleaching. Corals have nothing to eat and as a result their aesthetic value is destroyed and they end up dying in the process (Howard et al, 152). Increase in temperature results to acidity in the oceans which affects the balance of calcium in the oceans thereby affecting the corals and other aquatic life negatively. Forests are part of the natural ecosystem and have been affected due to the increasing temperatures. Long summers and mild winters enable survival of insects that harm trees. The long dry spells affect the trees by weakening them since they have low water levels which they would have used as defense mechanisms. This unpredicted changing weather patterns have caused deaths of many forests in mountains since they are not able to cope with the extreme conditions. Animals which depend on ice for survival such as polar bears have been affected greatly since the ice is melting. The animals now lack habitats and have been placed in the list of becoming endangered since they cannot survive in conditions that do not favor their existence.
Burden to the people and entire community
The change in climatic patterns has affected people negatively since it interferes with the economic and social infrastructure in many countries. Agriculture is the most affected sector because of climate change. Farmers in all parts of the world have to struggle and strain due to changing extreme weather patterns. Planting seasons have changed since water is not enough and raining seasons have changed with time. Crops planted have to struggle since weeds that are favored by the extreme weather condition attack the plant thereby being a major contributing factor to the problem of food shortages globally. The yield of crops is affected negatively by climate change since water to support growth of plants is insufficient and conditions for weeds to grow are favorable. In addition polluted and warm air affects people negatively by interfering with the health of people who are great resources since without people to work, the economic condition of countries will be affected negatively. Warm water is the best water for bacteria to grow and from this growth water becomes contaminated and affects the health of the people. Floods and other extreme changing weather conditions have led to destruction of infrastructure such as roads thereby interfering with travelling patterns (Trask, 121). Repairing such damaged infrastructure is expensive thereby indicating loses to the economy of affected countries. This shows that climate change is a major global problem and has affected lives of people in a negative manner and there is need for it to be solved.
Climate change confrontation
Climate change, being a global concern has been discussed and from the research people have come up with solutions as discussed below:
Remaining vegetarian
Remaining vegetarian implies that people have to eat wise and smart by avoiding non organic foods which require much energy to produce. People are advised to eat and plant vegetables which require no fertilizers, refrigeration and heat to cook. From the research carried out by students of Chicago University, people who consume meat contribute to more pollution since harmful gases are generated in the process compared to those who consume vegetables (IOAN, 251). Much land and energy is required to support livestock growth while if that land was used in growth of humans crops, less energy and land would be used thereby getting more land to plant more trees.
Impact on earth’s water system
During the emission of heat due to human activities, like burning of fossil fuels in the formation of energy causes heat up on the atmosphere. As a result of this atmospheric heating, rapid changes in the water system are realized for instance frozen water melts at a faster rate. The melting contributes to the rise in the sea level and the dark ocean waters are also exposed absorbing more sunlight as compared to the ice hence heating the ocean more. Also, it leads extreme in weather of all kinds due to evaporation of waters which exacerbate extreme events of weather. Rising sea levels also causes increase in the rate of coastal flooding most especially in arid areas and dry regions. It may also make the oceans get hotter, expand and become more acidic due to the excess heat soaked up in the atmosphere making the oceans to expand leading to a rise in the sea levels. Water acidity is triggered by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide which makes it more acidic than usual.
Alter in water and land natural habitats
A shift in the climatic patterns makes the water and land habitats to change due to the inhospitality that makes some to creep up and take over. Sometimes it puts the entire ecosystem at risk of collapsing. Some of the changes affect the following; coral and shellfish in the oceans are always sensitive to any slight changes that occur. These changes make the algae to leave and the corals are left to starve. The normal calcium balance is normally affected which causes growth failure to creatures which depend on calcium to grow.
The population put on burden
The shift in the climatic patterns is also a threat to human life. Foods that rely on the normal climate patterns for their growth eventually become uncertain. The shift in the weather conditions makes the life of the farmers unpredictable which makes them compete with unexpected diseases, weeds and pests which affect the overall crop yield. Additionally there is an increased pressure on the health, economy and the infrastructure; unsafe air normally polluted affects the health of human. A warm atmosphere causes chemical reactions that form smog. Smog is a ground level ozone, lung irritant that triggers asthma attacks. Finally, it puts transportation and infrastructure at risk; extreme weather events like flooding and hot weather damage the infrastructure. Electrical supplies are heavy burdened hence travelling and communication is disrupted.
Use of renewable sources of energy
People should use renewable sources of energy in transport since the transport segment has been known to be the most contributing factor to generation of dangerous gases. People should avoid using non renewable fuels since when burnt they contribute greatly to the amount of carbon generated which is a major factor in enhancing global warming (IOAN, 254). People should go green thus using green and clean energies such as solar, wind, hydro power and biogas for purposes of cooking. Renewable energy is useful and important in controlling amount of harmful gases and through use of this; climate change will be controlled through reduced release of the harmful gases to the atmosphere.
Creation of awareness
Some important environmental agencies have come up in order to educate the public on importance of regulating the global climate. Such organizations include the Environmental Protection Agency based in America, United Nations Framework to Combat Climate Change (Howard et al, 149), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and many others (Howard et al, 149). The organizations have resulted to several approaches that nations should put in place order to combat climate change. It is import mat for the public to be taught the dangers of climate change and what they are expected to do in order to fight this problem. The organizations therefore provide funds which ensure the issue of continuous alteration in the climate is discussed in the media since it is a worldwide problem and affects all people regardless of the country.
Controlling amount of wastes
Much production of wastes is a general concern globally since people are known to consume more. Wastes generated is either buried in the landfills or put in dumping sites. The wastes lead to production of injurious methane gas which is harmful and contributes much to climate change (IOAN, 261). Thus people are urged to consume less and buy products that are not heavily packaged. Producers are advised to shun consuming products from companies which manufacture heavily packaged products since they use more energy in producing those products and at the end of it all the wastes become a threat to the global climate.
Supporting organizations that deal with climate change
People should support by donating money so that information regarding climate change can reach all people globally. People should also involve themselves by spreading information on climate change to friends and other people (Howard et al, 150). People should not ignore the issue since climate is changing and is affecting all people regardless of the location. The internet and other media are involving themselves in discussing climate change and therefore people should follow such important topics as they come up with more solutions on how to solve the major worldwide problem.
Being energy proficient
People should utilize energy efficiently since using energy inefficiently is a major contributing to climate change. People should ensure they switch off lights when they are not using them. People should also switch off televisions and other electronics whenever they are not using them. People are advised to use energy saving bulbs that save energy and thus ensuring energy is used efficiently (IOAN, 261). People are advised to wash clothes using cold water and hanging them outside to ensure the sun dries them instead of using electricity especially during summer. People should assess the amount of energy they consume and look for ways of consuming energy in an efficient manner.
Greening the commute
Transportation causes a higher percentage of greenhouse gas emission. Therefore to avoid such effects, it is advisable to walk, cycle or transit if possible being free from gaseous transportation and use of fuel hence lessening environmental exposure to fuels.
Taxing highly pollution associated activities
All activities that can lead to pollution of environment should be highly taxed highly making them so expensive. This discourages many people from getting into such activities. This can be substituted by encouraging energy efficient activities that may not have a negative impact to the climate.
Proper control of animal agriculture
The world watch institute published a report that confirmed that animal agriculture is a greater contributor of green house gas emissions. This is due to the release of nitrous oxide from urine and manure of farmed animals. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate animal farming and if possible people should stop eating those products to avoid the activity.
Conclusion
From the above discussion, it is evidently proven that climate change is happening globally and affecting all people. The problem is causing by both human and natural activities some of which can be avoided. The problem has become a global concern since it affects all people and affects the environment as well. Thus many organizations have come up in order to educate the people on measures of ensuring the problem is solved. Some of the consequences that come up with climate change include increase of waters in the oceans, heath problems and destruction of not only wildlife but their habitats as well among many others. Solutions have been found in order to combat this problem. Some of the solutions are successfully being used in countries in order to fight this problem of climate change.
Annotated Bibliography
IOAN, Ildikó, And Carmen Valentina RĂDULESCU. "New Challenges For Agriculture Within The Context Of Climate Change." Theoretical & Applied Economics 22.4 (2015): 253-262. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
This article describes ways in which climate change has caused negative effects in the sector of agriculture. It discusses ways in which climate change has contributed tom the economic strain in most countries by affecting the agriculture sector therefore contributing to food shortages globally. The article describes future challenges that the agriculture sector will face in case solutions to the problems are not put in place. The paper discusses solutions to this problem which include creation of climate change information to people and providing guidelines for people to follow in the fight against climate change.
Romeo Upperman, Crystal, et al. "Frequency Of Extreme Heat Event As A Surrogate Exposure Metric For Examining The Human Health Effects Of Climate Change." Plos ONE 10.12 (2015): 1-15. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
The article discusses impacts of climate change on the health of the people. It shows health complications that arise because of climate change. The article discusses both short and long term illnesses that are associated with climate change. Human beings are the most affected by the problem of climate change since the extreme heat and cold has contributed to many deaths. This paper focuses on analyzing how climate change has affected people and how the problem can be solved. Heat waves and extreme cold conditions have resulted to loss of many lives thus solutions and mitigation measures have come up in order to solve this unending problem.
Howard-Grenville, Jennifer, et al. "Climate Change And Management." Academy of Management Journal June 2014: 615+. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
This article describes ways in which climate change will affect people in future in case the problem is not solved. Climate change enables glaciers to melt which increase waters in the oceans and temperatures as well therefore affecting creatures such as corals in the oceans. Climate change contributes to acidification in the oceans which in deed affects creatures in the water and even leads to their loss. The paper also describes how climate change causes flooding in the low areas and coastal regions as well. It shows how organizations such as Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have developed approaches which will ensure the problem of climate change is minimized.
Lineman, Maurice, et al. "Talking About Climate Change And Global Warming." Plos ONE 10.9 (2015): 1-12. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
This article describes the connection between changes in climate and global warming. Global warming is associated with climate change since the earth is warming as a result of the change in weather patterns mostly caused by increased human activities. The article shows that dangerous emitted gases are major causes of climate change and have contributed to destruction of the ozone layer therefore leading to global warming. As a result of this climate change being a gradual process is intensified because of unavoidable anthropogenic and natural activities. This paper focuses on educating the public through use of media on ways of fighting against the problem of unpredictable weather patterns.
Trask, Jeffrey A. "An Academic Approach To Climate Change Emergency Preparedness." Journal Of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 9.2 (2015): 119-128. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
This article shows how climate change has affected the economy and infrastructure of countries globally. Natural disasters such as floods and extreme changing weather conditions have led to destruction of infrastructure such as roads thereby interfering with travelling patterns. Doing repairs on damaged infrastructure is expensive thereby indicating loses to the economy of affected countries. This article shows that climate change is a major global problem and has affected lives of people in a negative manner and there is need for it to be solved.
Works Cited
Howard-Grenville, Jennifer, et al. "Climate Change And Management." Academy of Management Journal June 2014: 615+. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
IOAN, Ildikó, And Carmen Valentina RĂDULESCU. "New Challenges For Agriculture Within The Context Of Climate Change." Theoretical & Applied Economics 22.4 (2015): 253- 262. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
Lineman, Maurice, et al. "Talking About Climate Change And Global Warming." Plos ONE 10.9 (2015): 1-12. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
Romeo Upperman, Crystal, et al. "Frequency Of Extreme Heat Event As A Surrogate Exposure Metric For Examining The Human Health Effects Of Climate Change." Plos ONE 10.12 (2015): 1-15. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
Trask, Jeffrey A. "An Academic Approach To Climate Change Emergency Preparedness." Journal Of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 9.2 (2015): 119-128. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
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