Industrialization, Freedom, and Equality between 1800 and 1837

The beginning of industrialization in the United States came in with the establishment of American society and the development of equality issues because of the open mistreatment of the blacks. However, the story of the famous jumper can provide an overview of the American social structure and the relationship that was present between workmen master, subsistence farmers, and apprentices. Besides, there are various issues to do with leisure and religion and how they should be, which then provides a highlight on the overall culture of the American people. This paper will discuss the impact of industrialization on institutions of freedom and equality in the United States and the response of the middle-class individuals to it.

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, the times of Sam Smith, it was a period of change to industrialization from its previous agricultural production state. This was promoted by Alexander Hamilton's. Therefore, the dependency that was put on the production of agriculture was decreasing with the rise in the manufacturing process (Pace 32). Additionally, during the period, there were sensitive issues that came to affect the social groups that were present in America at that time. This is because of the removal of the Native Americans in the south, which resulted in an increased base of rights for Americans of color. Besides, classes were also created, which significantly relied on the type of wages each of them received. This shows the kind of inequality that was there, and that served as a great foundation of the industrial revolution and its developments.

           Also, the civil war that was experienced during that time resulted in increased freedom of black Americans. This was realized after several amendments have been passed that resulted in releasing of the people of color from slavery. Besides, this occurred because the law considered the black people as Americans, which then considered them to enjoy their rights as other citizens. However, even after the law had been passed to consider the blacks as American people, discrimination in the south continues, which then affects their freedom (Beckert). This was witnessed in the situations where the white people were seen to have large portions of lands where the blacks were forced to work tirelessly on them only to get food. Furthermore, the economic and political aspects during the period were majorly controlled by the whites, which then undermined the people of color.

           Between 1800 and 1837, growth and development were witnessed through the industrialization and establishment of large markets, which were aided technical advancements. This thus enabled the American people, especially the middle-class, to enjoy the good fruits that accompanied by industrialization. Besides, the evolution of the communication styles and product market was witnessed during the period with individuals selling their products not only in America but also in Europe and Trans-Atlantic (Bulliet 72). Additionally, the raw materials for these products were from agriculture, which then created a market for the farm produce in America, thus creating a positive change for the middle-class. There were also improvements and expansion in the transportation sector, which then was able to accommodate the increasing number of users, among them, were slaves who were brought to work in the farms.

           In conclusion, industrialization came in with changes in freedom and equality among American people during the period of Sam Patch. Although there were positive impacts on the growth and development, mainly in the middle-class, it increased the number of slaves who were brought to work on the farms.

Works cited

Beckert, Sven. “The New History of American Capitalism.” HBS Working Knowledge, 22 Feb. 2018, https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/the-new-history-of-american-capitalism.

Bulliet, Richard, et al. The earth and its peoples: A global history. Nelson Education, 2014.

Pace, Daniel. "The Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures: Class and Political Economy in the Early Republic." (2015).

Maritime Exploration

Sir Francis Drake and Ferdinand Magellan are considered the first two individuals who were able to circumnavigate all around the world. Although they sailed all over, it was not an easy task for them due to the challenges they came across during the period. Besides, they were not aware of what they were likely to encounter through the journey, but they followed their plans to meet their different goals. The Magellan’s voyage occurred between 1519 and 1522, and on the other hand, Sir Francis Drake’s sailed during 1580, and they made many discoveries (Cachón 2). This paper will provide a comparison of their journeys, experiences, and the role it played in the spread of Christianity.

Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480 and later worked as the Queen’s page. As he grew older, he became more educated and interested in issues about navigation. Magellan also believed that it could be possible to reach the Spice Islands by sailing west, but the then Portugal king did not support this theory (Pretty 1). However, he managed to persuade King Charles V, who later sponsored it, and that is where the journey that took three years started.

 Magellan and his crew initiated the journey and took with them five ships which were named The Trinidad, The Conception, The Santiago, The Conception, and The Victoria. They sailed to the West of Spain, and they landed first in South America. However, due to weather condition, they sailed to Rio Gallegos, Argentina, where they stayed during the winter until spring when the climate was more favorable (Pretty 1). On the other hand, Sir Francis Drake’s famous voyage started its journey in the year 1577 and just the same way Magellan did, they also took five ships (Oliver 1). They departed from Plymouth heading to Alexandria, but unfortunately, the weather was not favorable, and they were forced to rest at Falmouth Haven, in Cornwall.

The Victoria was able to voyage from Spain to the Philippines and later returned, and through the journey, various discoveries were made in different areas. For examples, the spices which were used to preserve, add flavor to food and masking of the taste of meat that had already spoiled. Some of the species include clove, cinnamon, black pepper, and nutmeg (Meyer 13). Similarly, Drake also discovered spices along the coast of Spain, which helped them in improving the test of their food. Magellan voyage also led to the discovery of the famous Strait which served to help more captains including his crew.

Furthermore, the Magellan discovery of the Strait which is today named after him, he went ahead with his crew and dropped an anchor at the island of Cebu in Philippine.  They stayed there for several weeks, and during this time, he was able to meet the chief of the island who later converted to Christianity together with other individuals on the island (Meyer 15). Magellan in the period had converted more than 2200 locals to Christianity, and this includes leaders from there surrounding islands (Cachón 12). However, the people of Mactan resisted the conversion led by their leader Lapu-Lapu.

The chief later persuaded them to help him in conquering a rival tribe on another Island called Mactan. Unfortunately, Magellan became a victim of the war where his crew and the Humabon’s tribe were defeated. The individuals of the enemy tribe killed him through a struck in the head He was able to spread the gospel to other individuals who were not aware of the religion and played a crucial role in the provision of knowledge to the people (Cachón 13). Similarly, Francis Drake, through his voyage and his secret mission to discover the Northwest Passage, he had a mission of spreading the gospel of Christ across the new world natives.

Besides, Drake was to lead an expedition through the Straits of Magellan and around South America, but there were conflicts of command between him and the other two men. Due to this and alleged mutiny, he leads the arrest and beheading of one of the men (Thomas Doughty) when they reached Argentina’s coast (Oliver 4). After that, Drake stopped in several Spanish ports along South America’s west coast of then made decisions to head north to a search of a passage to the Atlantic. He managed to travel a long distance towards the north until he was parallel to today’s Vancouver, Canada, but he was forced to return due to adverse weather conditions.

Magellan and his crew also faced similar problems, for example, harsh weather condition and mutiny. The fight for control of the ships reached an extent that Magellan loosed three of its vessels. However, it resulted in a conflict which later led to the death of one of the opponents and others were beheaded or marooned (Nowell 7). Other conspirators of lower levels were forced to do hard jobs in chains though they were finally freed.

Since knowledge of geography was not widely understood, Magellan thought the journey to Asia from the pacific would take some days. Unfortunately, it took many days than expected, and they ran out of essential supplies such as water and food. This resulted in the death of about thirty men, mostly due to scurvy (Nowell 8). This was a big challenge for them because they were not initially aware of the best way to address it.

On the other hand, the drake voyage that had returned due to unfavorable weather conditions stopped in the area around the current San Francisco and claimed the land which surrounded it (Oliver 6). The land was referred to Albion, and it was for Queen Elizabeth. The voyage also discovered Tierra del Fuego as a group of islands which then proved that it was possible to sail between the Pacific and the Atlantic located towards the bottom of South America (Oliver 5). Unlike Magellan’s voyage, they fought and captured other ships which enabled them to recover gold, silver including other spices.

During the journey, they also faced challenges like the Magellan’s team, for example, loss of ships in the rough and stormy sea. The weather was also not conducive (cold) as they sailed towards the west coast of North America looking for the Northern Passage. He lost some of his men to storm and others to the fights with other individuals during their journey (Nowell 10 ). For both of them, the challenges, especially concerning the weather, were inevitable during specific periods, and they were forced to stop or change course at some points.

Some of the ways that the voyagers would have handled the challenges include stocking enough food and water supplies because of the uncertainty of the whole journey. They should have also avoided conflicts with other individuals, for example, in the case of Magellan who was killed during a battle (Nowell 10). Other measures that should have been in place were elaborate roles to minimize internal conflicts, avoidance of harsh weather conditions, and making decisions based on knowledge other than assumptions.

Although the journeys were different, both Drake and Magellan made a considerable contribution to their countries. They were able to have good control of the crew though there were some challenges, they managed to resolve the disputes (Cachón 14). The two made a significant change in voyaging, and without them, circumnavigation might have been unachievable. Most of the spices that they discovered have also been spread to other parts of the world which might have never used if not for them.

Conclusively, Sir Francis Drake and Ferdinand Magellan made a significant role in leading the group that showed an exemplary spirit of exploration in the sea. Their strength and perseverance of the harsh weather conditions and challenges they faced all through the journey resulted in various discoveries, including passages, spices, straits, and Islands that were not well explored before. Furthermore, their voyages created good interaction with other people which promoted the spread of Christianity and conversion of other native individuals who were not aware of its presence. However, some of the interactions that were encountered were not welcoming, and it resulted in negative consequences, for example, the death of Ferdinand Magellan. The two voyages had a great determination, and although not all ships were able to reach the destination, some were able to accomplish the mission and gave a better understanding of the see.

Work cited

Cachón, I. Rodríguez. "Two voyages, two ways of recounting the trip round the world: Antonio Pigafetta, Richard Hakluyt and The World Encompassed." (2019).

Meyer, Susan. Ferdinand Magellan: First Circumnavigator of the Earth. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2016.

Nowell, Charles Edward. Magellan’s Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts. Pickle Partners Publishing, 2018.

Oliver. “Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage Round the World, 1519-1522”

Pretty, Francis. "Sir Francis Drake's Famous Voyage Round The World, 1580."

Frida Kahlo

Frida Kahlo was an eminent artist in 20^th century. Many people thought of her as a feminist although they were still controversial about it since she exposed angular exceptional thoughts ahead of her time. She was born on July 6, 1907 in Mexico City where she also died on July 13, 1954. From the age of six Frida suffered poliomyelitis and at the age of eighteen she was involved in a bus accident which resulted to several injuries that caused serious constant pain and infertility in her life.

Frida Kahlo Art work was revealed during the Overwhelming and Realist Autobiographical movie “Friday” released in October 2002, directed by Julie Tomato. It was a realistic portrait of the Mexican painter Friday Kohl’s life as well as her bitterness she passed through in marriage life with her husband Diego Riviera as well as political believes (Kettenmann & Andrea 45). Due to the pain she passed through in the marriage life her artwork motives basically resulted to be in self-portraits. Her personality in the artwork projected to be passionate, liberal, strong, a charming woman and independent.

Nevertheless, her strength made her replace her long time agony with art. Her mom gave her a mirror to see herself while she was in bed for recovery. Therefore, Frida Kahlo’s sensibility and pain can be felt through her paintings. For instance, one of her paintings portraits “The Broken Columns” (figure 1) shows her dressed in a metal corset (Zavala 78). The portrait painting demonstrated a surrealistic way since it brought her being naked and her body full of mails. Through the crying in the picture one might imagine the level of pain of which it is only her who would tell its cause.   

With this in mind we can testify to the fact that Frida Kahlo’s art was carefully snarled to the difficulties and the challenges from her health and marriage life. This shows that their marriage relationship with Diego Rivera was rocky and unconventional since they both lacked fidelity. It is believed that Kahlo reacted in a vengeance manner since Diego was a well-known womanizer. Due to this struggle there were a lot of battles that occurred when the two married. Her art work was recognized as her special talent. She was more moved by drawing her own self-portraits.

The issues of her health took place in the theme of art work while her husband as well carried a common part of the theme. Due to this reasons Frida was able to depict her life struggles and physical pain with graphic drawings of self-portraits. With this fact Frida always captured attention of the viewer in passing the message by locating a story influence straight through her self-portrait (Zavala 65).  For example in the course of bus crash a metal pole pierced her torso exiting over her vagina in which the course broke her pelvis. This experience left her with a very painful struggle after wards. Through her portrait paintings, she demonstrated the incident and her physical being by painting “The Broken Column” (figure 1) portrait which shown her unclothed chest baring pins through the body with and open torso to express a split pillar. In the portrait the broken column of her spine was represented by the cracked pillar. Due to this incident she was shocked when the doctors told her that she might never carry pregnancy for a full term. Inappropriately, she painted Henry Ford Hospital (figure 2) after she experienced one of her miscarriages. The painting depicted a nude Kahlo lying on a bloody hospital bed. The painting was so scary which many funs of her art work would cry after seeing it, it shown her crying with pelvis and baby images. Several surgeries didn’t clear hence she couldn’t bear children. This called her to paint the “Tree of Hope” (figure 3) after losing faith in medicine. The portrait assumed her lying bleeding on a gurney and cut up as another Kahlo holds a back brace in wearing a traditional dress. The portraits demonstrated the process of the pain she experienced.

Conclusion

Frida Kahlo’s art work involved fear to the viewers as they express a real life of a woman passing through life challenges and pain not only through health status but also marriage. In conclusion we can depict that her nakedness and blood can be felt strongly by the viewers. Her art work demands for an extra feel and a direct stare from the viewer. Through her portrait paintings Frida become recognized all over the world for the unique artwork.

fig 1.fig 2. fig 3.

Work cited

Kettenmann, Andrea. Frida Kahlo, 1907-1954: Pain and Passion. Benedikt Taschen, 2003.         Print.

Zavala, Adriana. Becoming Modern, Becoming Tradition: Women, Gender, and Representation   in Mexican Art. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State UP, 2010. Print.

Figure 1. The Broken Column.  Retrieved from: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-          broken-column/EgGMbMFBQrAe3Q

Figure 2. Henry Ford Hospital Retrieved from:        https://www.fridakahlo.org/images/paintings/henry-ford-hospital.jpg

Figure 3. Tree of Hope. Retrieved from: https://www.fridakahlo.org/tree-of-hope.jsp

Question 1

 After the end of slavery the African Americans desired their full freedom. The aspirations for full freedom was derailed Whites who wanted the former control they had exercised over the African Americans. In 1877, Whites in the South banded together under a common banner that was called White supremacy and came up with a new system to use against the Blacks living there.  The Jim Crow system  that enforced laws that demanded a complete separation of Blacks and Whites in places such as workplaces and learning institutions such as schools. This system was sanctified by the federal government in 1896 (Gaines, n.p). Slavery had ended but the Jim Crow law denied the Black the freedom they sought. This law went ahead and eliminated the Blacks from the Political Arena when the southerners decided to amend their constitution in order to deny the Blacks the right they had to vote, a right that had been given to them by the Fifth Amendment in 1870.  After the abolishment of slavery the Jim Crow Law continued to marginalize the African Americans.

 This shift of racial ideology from slavery to Jim Crow had it impact on house segregation.  Separate housing had to be accorded to the Black and White since the Whites believed that they could not live in the same neighborhoods as the Black. Segregation was everywhere even in the offices the Whites could not share the same waiting area with the Black and White kids could not go to school with Black kids. As part of the segregation of keeping Blacks away from Whites some cities instituted zoning laws that prohibited Blacks and their families from living or moving into White dominant blocks. However, the Supreme Court was against the zones and tried to make Amendments but using loopholes in that ruling in the 1920 a federal zoning committee was created with intentions of making local boards come up with laws that will prevent families that earn low from moving into neighborhoods that are of middle class earners this effort was made with the intentions of targeting Black families in order to keep them away from White neighborhoods (Gaines, n.p).  This law further went ahead and barred mixed marriages of the Black and White.  

Question 2

The Great migration was the migration of more than six million slaves that took place between 1916 to 1970. These African Americans were leaving the South headed to other cities in the North and Midwest. (History Editors, n.p). These people were driven from their homes by the harsh segregation laws that had been enforced to marginalize them. Many of these African Americans were headed for the North in search for industrial work that had been created by the First World War. This migration gave African Americans the chance to begin life a new in other places while still campaigning against racial prejudice and economic prejudice that they were still facing.

            This migration is also referred to as the Black migration it has also been regarded as one of the largest mass internal movement in the history of America. This migration took place in two phases where about 1.6 million African Americans moved from the south to the north between the periods 1916 to 1940.  The second phase of this migration saw about 5 million African Americans move to the west and North between the periods 1940 to 1970.  The causes of this great migration was the segregation that these people encountered in the North, the increase of racist ideology, the wide spread of extrajudicial killing that happened in public that the African Americans faced. Lastly, lack of social and economic opportunities in the south also made these people migrate (History Editors, n.p).

Question 3

Segregation greatly impacts poverty, the first way segregation impacts poverty has been evidenced by the difference in the lives of the Whites and Blacks. Whites who are in the middle class families build their lives in middle class residential areas, their children attend expensive learning institutions while many Black families are in poor neighborhoods and their children attend schools in the same neighborhood (Quillian, Lincoln, n.p). Segregation only means that this child living in a poor neighborhood will not attend an expensive middle school and thus when the child grows up and the same cycle of poverty will continue. Segregation only makes sure the vicious cycle of poverty does not end.

Secondly segregation with no doubts happens to be one of poverty traps. High density poverty and segregation are intertwined. In highly segregated neighborhoods, unemployment is very persistent. This effect is very much evident by the fact that the Black are highly unemployed while their White counterparts experience low levels of unemployment despite that fact that the education gap that existed between the Whites and Black has been narrowed.  In cities such as Washington D.C and Chicago where segregation is high finding a job is a struggle for the minority and in this case the Blacks. As the percentage of unemployed Blacks increases so does the level of residential segregation increase (Quillian, Lincoln, n.p). Segregation is responsible for creating unemployment which is one of the causes of poverty.

Question 4

The Urban underclass is made up of poor minorities that are living in metropolitan areas, these minorities are often subject to discrimination in private and in public eyes.  The economic status of the urban underclass is defined by high levels of poverty.  Members of the urban underclass are below the annual income of $10,890 (Sidhu, n.p). There is no criteria that is used to vet which race falls under the urban underclass. Mostly the urban underclass in America is composed of Caucasians but the larger percentage of the underclass is the African Americans. 65% of the about 2.4 million ghettos that are poor are populated by the Black (Sidhu, n.p).

            The urban underclass is still subject to discrimination in private and in the public eye.  Historic discrimination the holds the description of how the urban underclass was created in reference to the history of the African Americans. The racial suppression these people faced made them fall under the underclass level. The economic advancement that later took place in the country and failed to favor them cemented their place as the majority urban underclass.  The culture of these people is defined by misappropriate interactions with the criminal justice system and mass incarnations (Sidhu, n.p).

Question 5

            The nature of work has changed drastically in the United States and other countries.  With change in economy a new model had to be created, this model is the creative class.  Florida (61), suggested that for cities to be able to be viable and make sure they grow in the future the development must be guided by the set guidelines, Florida also proposed that the creative capital model is the best to follow since other models have become outdated as a result of a shift in the economy. According to Darchen and Tremblay (256) creative capital is the “complementary approach to the human model”.  The creative capital thesis happens to be one of the theories that can help to bring growth in urban areas.

 Creative class has been held responsible for attracting growth in industrialized countries since these creative countries have a high tendency of attracting foreigners with high capabilities than the less developed countries. The creative capital theory is founded on the concept of existence of individuals and the contribution these individuals are making.  The creative class is divided into two; those individuals who are super creative and those who fall below them, the creative. These two groups relate when creating  Florida, (68). For development urban leaders are taking seriously this theory such as opening a diverse and open space that maintained in order to attract and retain younger generation of workers.

Question 6

A ghetto is part of a city that has been set aside and acts as a slum and is occupied by people who are under urban underclass who are mostly the minority group.  There are two kinds of Ghetto the institutional ghettos and the jobless ghettos.  Jobless Ghettos are defined by the high level of unemployed individuals living in these ghettos while institutionalized ghettos are ghettos that have created as a result of segregation or as a result of spatial confinement (Xie, n.p)

Over time the ghettos have changed. Most of African American Ghettos started out when they were a little well off economically and mostly in the mid west. These ghettos were built by people who held manufacturing jobs and received high wages. In New York the housing of the ghettos was also quite good and the houses in the ghetto in Harlem were state of the art apartments. However, segregation of people that were foreign born rose for reasons such as the ones that caused the great migration (Xie, n.p). Segregation continued to rise and the Black continued to be concentrated in this neighborhoods. Initially, ghettos existed because legal restrictions that required certain minorities to live in certain segregated areas, today ghettos exist as a result of economic factors (Small, n.p).  The fact that segregation has made a lot of Black people jobless and are under the urban underclass makes ghettos continue existing.

Works Cited

Darchen, Sebastien, and Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay. "What attracts and retains knowledge workers/students: The quality of place or career opportunities? The cases of Montreal and Ottawa." Cities 27.4 (2010): 225-233.

Dawinder S. Sidhu.,The Unconstitutionality of Urban Poverty-II. The Urban Underclass. n.d. retrived from;https://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1656:unconstitutionalityurbanpoverty&catid=56&Itemid=179&showall=&limitstart=1

Richard, Florida,  The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life. 2002. New York: Basic.

Kevin. K. Gaines, Racial Uplift Ideology in the “Era of the Negro Problem”. Retrieved from; http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1865-1917/essays/racialuplift.htm

History Editors. "Great Migration", 2010. retrieved from; https://www.history.com/topics/Black-history/great-migration.Accessed 6 Aug 2019.

Liyi Xie., Exploring the Concept of Ghetto. Social Sciences. 2016. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, pp. 32-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20160502.15., Exploring the Concept of Ghetto. 2016 Social Sciences. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, pp. 32-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20160502.15

Mario L. Small. American Ghetto. 2016. Retrieved from;  https://www.chronicle.com/article/American-Ghetto/236181

Quillian, Lincoln. "Segregation and poverty concentration: The role of three segregations." American Sociological Review77.3 (2012): 354-379.

History

Is Slavery the Real Cause of the Civil War?

Slavery in the U.S began in 1619 when the Dutch ships transported African slaves in the British colony. During this period, the British North Americans, and the white settlers used African slaves as slave labor (DOI, 2014). They worked on tobacco, rice, and indigo plantation. The British colonies benefited from slavery since Africans could meet their demand for labor.  However, during the American Revolution in 1775, the revolutionaries focused on the ‘liberty of the slaves' and they were committed to bringing freedom and equality to slaves (DOI, 2014). The Northern States were against the legitimacy of slaves and they chased away the slaves but the South maintained their slaves since there were needed to work as slave labor in the cotton plantation. In 1787, the U.S constitution was written but slavery in the Constitution was ignored or in other words, the constitution failed to prohibit slavery especially in the new territories or the newly formed states (DOI, 2014).  The status of slavery in the new lands led to an anti-slavery movement that was created to end slavery especially in the new territories

 The Republican Party was formed to support the eradication of slavery. On the other hand, the Democratic Party which existed since the 1850s employed the principle of popular sovereignty and argued that the territories have the power to decide whether to permit slavery or not.  During the presidential election of 1860, Lincoln gained majority votes from the Northern and Western States and none from the South. The Southern States felt that their peculiar institution will be destroyed and they formed a separate government which was ruled by Jefferson David (DOI, 2014).  In 1861, Lincoln decided to find a peaceful solution and he sent the U.S army troop and volunteers from States such as North Carolina and Arkansas to solve the differences with the Confederacy. This is was the beginning of the civil war.  Therefore, slavery caused the civil war between the Confederate States (11 southern states) and the United States of America (DOI, 2014). The war emerged as a result of a difference of opinion regarding the institution of slavery.

Reference

U.S Department of the Interior. (DOI). (2014). Slavery: Cause and Catalyst of the Civil War: What Caused the Civil War? CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform,

1^st World War helped strengthen the establishment of Labour Movements

The First World War conflict began just as the United States was struggling with economic collapse in the year 1914; it was hence seen as a chance for the country to solve its economic crisis (Taillon, 2017). The entry of America into the war meant creation of jobs for many people in U.S. because war industries like Ship building, shipping and lumber among many others required more workforces. This was indeed true, World War 1 created many jobs for both men and women which helped the nation to deal with its recession issue through increased production.

The many orders for mass-produced goods for the war from the foreign countries in the dawn of the year 1914 and the mass migration of Europeans into America greatly helped tighten the American labor market. The war gave United States a chance to expend its foreign markets and also to compete for its place in both the political and economic influence (Archer, 2018). With increased jobs in the US, the labor unions also increased as they tried to push for good working conditions for the workers. Before the First World War, union movements had already started to emerge in most regions of the world. The main reason for their emergence was to fight for a democratic society controlled by workers and not tied to just the interests of businesses (Taillon, 2017). Most of the movements for social change that were in existence during this period were based on labor rights.

As the war advanced there were growing objections in reaction to the state’s determination to maximize manufacture, organizational changes in businesses, diminishing real pays, security and also living situations over the progression of the war. The effort by the US to increase labor productivity led to unfair working conditions in the labour industry, workers were forced to work for more hours and children were introduced into the labour market (Archer, 2018). This led to many misunderstandings between employers and their employees, and it affected production of war requirements. The national policy makers recognized that the magnitude of deployment that was essential for the war needed the workers and the unions to be on their side which led to the power of the labour unions. The labour movements advocated against child labour, better working conditions and for better wages (Archer, 2018). Employers required reliable labour force to help ensure that there is continued progress during this period and they hence exploited the workers to work overtime and for less pay which was very inhumane. Such unfairness was one of the reasons the labour unions increased as they tried to fight for fair working conditions for these workers. The unions helped to give the workers much greater leverage and a stronger voice that they had ever had during the poor economic times in the United States.

The war greatly increased state involvement in labor relations, and it led to a tightening alliance between Wilson’s government and the Democratic Party. This association helped to strengthen labor union’s presence in America as it encouraged more workers and employers to be members of the unions (Taillon, 2017). The political realities and the intensifying labor conflicts fetched by the war imparted economy greatly motivated Wilson to accommodate the labour unions. The labour unions that were created at this time took advantage of the effects of the war on labour market to push for more recognition. The tight labor markets and the intensifying price of living prompted the employees to change jobs with cumulative occurrence. The pursuit for higher salaries and better working situations motivated many of the people to be members of the labor movements (Kindig, 2008). The unions created regulations that governed the workers to ensure that everything was running smoothly in regards to production of goods and services that were required for the war. One example of the regulations agreed upon by the unions is the not to strike pledges which would have greatly affected the efforts of the war. The US government at the time, created the National War Labor Board which helped to ensure that employers and employees related well with each other.

Most of the labour unions were in support of the war, because this is what helped to strengthen their presence in the society. There was hence strong criticism for the unions that were against the war and their leaders even got jailed. The war opposing unions reasoned that the war even though it led to prosperity in the US society, would lead to more conflicts in the class system (Archer, 2018). Such unions were then regarded as un-American for having anti-war views because the war was looked at as the saviour for the American economy.  The strike wave that happened between 1915 and 1916 further pushed the federal administration into labor organization associations, and this further helped to strengthen the presence of the unions where basic parameters of labour policies were established (Kindig, 2008). This led to formation of the United States Commission on Industrial Relations. The commission investigated the causes of the industrial conflicts and industrial violence lading to the strikes to come up with a solution to the issue. The verdict of the commission argued against wealth inequality, in humane working environments and redundancy (Archer, 2018). This argument greatly supported and strengthened the presence of labour unions. The commission encouraged the federal government to create policies that support and ensure the wellbeing of workers. The commission argued that giving the workers a voice through the unions motivated their production and this helped achieve the goal of industrial democracy.

As war was ending, it was a troubling time for the labour unions which were not willing to give up the gains they had during the war (Archer, 2018). This greatly affected the economy which started to fluctuate as worker strikes became common, with workers fighting to have their wages increased and for better working conditions.  Most people looked at the unions as a threat to the American way of life given that they were seen to be the cause of the chaos. This led to the creation of National War Labour Board (NWLB) in 1918 which consisted of representatives from the employers and the labour unions and co-chairs representatives from the public, which investigated the cases in various firms (Taillon, 2017). The co-chair Frank Walsh argued that workers should only work for eight hours a day and that they should be given fair salaries. He also argued that collective bargaining was an effective strategy for workers and their employers to come to agreement on work issues (Taillon, 2017). His argument won and workers were able to get higher wages, shorter working hours and the principle of collective bargaining.

 Wilson’s administration approach greatly fostered growth of unions; participation of workers in the unions increased by 70% in the years 1917 and 1920 (Taillon, 2017). A good illustration of this is the indirect control of the government in coal mining, which helped the United Mine Workers to have more than five hundred members leading it to be one of the major unions in the United States at the time.

References

Archer, R. (2018). Liberty and Loyalty: The Great War and Labour’s Conscription Dilemma.

Australian Journal of Politics & History, 64(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12460

Kindig, J. (2008). Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (USA). Retrieved from

https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/labour_movements_trade_unions_and_strikes_usa

Taillon, P. M. (2017). Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (USA). Retrieved from

https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/labour_movements_trade_unions_and_strikes_usa

Primary Source Analysis of ‘The Court of Louis XIV’

This article is adopted from the memoirs of the Duke de Saint-Simon that were written between the years 1675-1755 a period that was known as the Early Modern period[1]. The Early Modern period in Europe is an era that was defined by the rise of capitalism and creation of the nation states that are present today[2]. This article is a translation of the memoirs into English that was done by Francis Arkwright who was a British gentry and later published by 1918 by Brentano in New York. The article reflects on the life of Louis XIV, many decades after his death has come to be an important history resource for modern Europe history beginner level classes.

The article which is more of a biography discusses the character of Louis XIV, his strengths and weakness, and the way that he utilized them in his renowned monarchical leadership.  The audience for this article is people who are starting to learn about the history of France and also people interested in understanding types of leadership most especially matters dealing with monarchical type of leadership. This is a type of leadership that was common in many nations during the early modern period for instance in France, Belgium, Spain and United Kingdom among others[3]. The main purpose of this article is to shed light on monarchical type of leadership and to help show how it affects various aspects of life in the society. The reflects on the life of Louis XIV who is one of the most remembered kings of France, because his reign was the longest of any monarch of a sovereign country in the European history[4]. The king is also greatly remembered because of building the Palace of Versailles which he wisely used to help consolidate a system of absolute monarchical rule that endured until the French revolution of the year 1789[5]. The fact that this article was written before the France revolution and is now used in the contemporary educational institutions as a resource is important. This is because it creates a chance for people to compare and understand the differences that are there between a monarchical leadership and other forms of leaderships like semi-presidential form of leadership that is commonly used today in France and other countries.

The article helps to show the tactics that were utilized the Louis XIV to help ensure that his ministers and generals respected his rule and followed his authority without any questions. There are two arguments that are made in this article about leadership; one is that control is an important element in leadership because it helps keep every person under the rule in control which greatly helps to avoid cases of resistance. Louis XIV is defined to have been the longest serving king within Europe and this all because he understood the concept of order and regularity[6]. As is illustrated in this article, Louis XIV treated everyone fairly and ensured that he knew everything that was happening in the society, which led many people around him to like him. Knowing what was happening around him, helped him to eliminate traitors and deal with any form of resistance that could negatively impact his leadership[7]. The other argument presented in the article is that of a leader’s weakness, which can be taken advantage of by his followers and ultimately lead to his downfall. As is illustrated in the article, Louis XIV loved being flattered a lot which caused his ministers, generals and other people around him to take advantage of him[8].  His advisers preferred to flatter him with lies on his character even on serious matters just to be in favour with him which is very unethical. Louis XIV believed that he was superior to everyone; he built the palace Versailles to help control his ministers and ensure their loyalty to him[9]. This form of leadership forced the society around him to follow his authority blindly for fear of being cast out of his court which was very unfair.

This article is important because it helps to shed light on the sought of leadership that France had before the revolution in 1789. A leadership where the king had all the authority and every other person was obligated to follow his command. The ministers that were supposed to ensure that the king served the people well were too scared and their main interest was to only please the king[10]. This in the end affected the rest of the people because their needs as the primary citizens were not well represented. Monarchical type of governance encourages discrimination based on social classes in the society. It creates a sense of fear in the people within the society such that they are not able to rebuke any wrong doings by their leaders because doing so will cause them to be discriminated against by these leaders in matters of resource distribution. The article helps to show that monarchical governance is unfair and it only benefits the few who are the governance level at the expense of the multitudes at the low levels of the social class.

Bibliography

Bell, Kelly. “The Glory of the Sun King.” .2017.Military History 34 (3): 62–69.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=124105613&site=ehost-live.

Kettering, Sharon. “Patronage, Language, and Political Culture: Patronage in Early

Modern France” .1992. French Historical Studies 17 (4): 839–62. doi:10.2307/286830.

Modern History Sourcebook: Duc de Saint-Simon: The Court of Louis XIV. (n.d.). Retrieved

            June 5, 2019, from https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/17stsimon.asp

[1] Bell, Kelly. “The Glory of the Sun King.

[2] Modern History Sourcebook: Duc de Saint-Simon: The Court of Louis XIV

[3] Ibid

[4] Bell, Kelly. “The Glory of the Sun King

[5] Bell, Kelly. “The Glory of the Sun King

[6] Modern History Sourcebook: Duc de Saint-Simon: The Court of Louis XIV

[7] Ibid

[8] Ibid

[9] Modern History Sourcebook: Duc de Saint-Simon: The Court of Louis XIV

[10] Ibid

Roles of Women Change In American Society between 1790- And 1860

The role of women during this period changed significantly with domestic and communal life being the most affected. The cult of domesticity which is also referred to cult of Trust Womanhood significantly changed the roles of women from the Republican motherhood by bringing in and facilitating the domestic life of a woman. There was also influence from the women suffrage of the life s of the women in the United States from the republican motherhood to attain the women rights to vote and achievement of political status.

The second great awakening occurred in 1790, and it was a protestant religious revival. The movement become famous by 1800 and later it achieved rapid growth in the number of members in its congregation both in Methodist and Baptist churches which during the time, they were led by the preachers (Editors, 2009). The second awakening considered romanticism which was characterized by emotions, enthusiasm, and appeal to the supernatural and widespread conversion of individuals. It made emphasis on personal devotion to God over theology and schooling. Women wanted more freedom during the time and it resulted to democracy in religion and also denominations increased.

In 1850, young female workers were also employed. They were involved in an innovative system of labor in textile mills (Craven, 2018). During the period, employment of women was taken as revolutionary due because it had never been observed in other areas. This was widely admired due to the excellent housing of the women in a safe and culturally accepted environment. The women were able to earn wages other than working on the family farm. This was considered a great move since most the women were able to gain some independence from the family.

The abolitionist movement was also introduced, and it involved social and political push to end slavery, racial discrimination, and segregation. Women during this period raised money for the movement. The world’s anti-slavery convention was famous for the inspiration of American women right’s movements (Editors, 2009). The movement advocated for the emancipation of slavery. There were also changes in 1792 involving matrimonial republican where men and women were considered equal. Marriage was regarded as a partnership, and thus it was not mandatory for a woman to obey a man.

Furthermore, women’s suffrage convention was also present to advocate for the rights of men to vote and also to run for office. It also involved changes in the declaration for Independence too include men and women and sentiments which stated that men and women were created equally (Editors, 2009).

 In 1848, there was a group of abolitionist which mainly comprised of women and some men who grouped at Seneca Falls to talk about the challenges concerning the rights of women. It was then agreed that American women were able to make their own decisions and therefore, they deserved their political identities (Editors, 2009). Women’s rights movement aimed at presenting the moves but they were cut short when the civil war began. After the civil war, there was an introduction of amendments which recognized men as citizens and another one which guaranteed black men right to vote. Some women-suffrage advocates refused to support one the amendments, there was later formation of an organization to fight for the rights women rights to vote, and a woman Elizabeth Cady Stanton led this.

Work cited

Craven, Jackie. “Exploring the Architecture of Balloons and Tents.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 9 Mar. 2018, www.thoughtco.com/lowell-mill-girls-177333.

Editors, History.com. “Women's Suffrage.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/womens-history/the-fight-for-womens-suffrage.

Roles African Women Played In Ancient African Civilizations

Introduction

The book entitled ‘African Woman the original guardian angel’ is a group of literary works on the role black women play within the community and especially world civilization. This particular writing presents forth acknowledged evidence on the central role African women embody in the world of the living (Barashango, 21). For instance, as per the book, the African woman developed agricultural knowledge, invented alphabets, mathematics, and devised ways of writing manuscripts and erected the basic framework for scholastic and communal systems. In essence, the African woman was the divine motivation beneath some of the most notable technical research in the ancient society. Furthermore, the black woman was the original constructor of houses, cities, and legislator of rules and regulations meant for administering the society and the inventor of marketplace. In fact, all aspects of civilization that human beings hold dear began at the doorsteps of the African women. That is the reason the book equates her to an angel in the world of Antiquity. This paper seeks to explore the works of the African woman in ancient civilization and her impact to the world.

 Role of African woman in medicine

As stated earlier, African women played varied yet crucial roles in to the societies. As early as 10000 BC, African women participated in religious, political, and economic progress of the communities (Foley 45). In medicine, women were movers and shakers and discovered safe ways of giving birth and healing wounds. Their motherly roles helped them to easily transition into healing role in the community. Traditional doctors gave a vital link between the rural individuals of African and crucial healthiness s care. For instance, in ancient Egypt, social dignity was not dependent on gender but rather on societal ranks. This implies that women occupied numerous influential ranks in ancient Egypt and characteristically relished several of the lawful and commercial privileges bestowed to them by male counterparts.

During the early past of Africa, there existed an estimated 100 notable female professionals documented in each sector of medicine. These ladies were informed and highly skilled in matters concerning medicine specialization. Amongst the greatest authoritative female doctors, was an Egyptian named Peseshet (Joyce 102). As demonstrated in ancient Egyptian carvings, located in tombs of the ancient Egyptian kingdom, Pesehet was an ‘administrator of expert’ and directed other female doctors on matters pertaining medicine. Another remarkable doctor from old ancient Egyptian history was Merit Ptah who was the first medic to practice pharmaceutical evidence. In this particular context, she studied pharmacy thousands of years ago and in her grave, her child curved the words ‘best medic’.

Apart from the Egyptians, in other parts of Africa some women were mid wives and took care of pregnant women. Somehow, these mid wives had skills and knowledge of how to handle a woman who is about to give birth and knew the position and nutrient intake necessary for the child and the mother (Joyce 134). When the time came for the woman to give birth, the midwives would make use of warm water, herbs and then they would be able to deliver the child safely. More so, after giving birth, women cater to the needs of the infant. For example, the mother of the child would treat the infant in case of an injury, sickness and provide the infant with nutritious food. In the process of nurturing a child, the woman would acquire medicinal skills, which would in turn affect the entire community. In summary, Women aided different medical positions in African society (Lovejoy 232). Their most crucial role was midwife. At an expert level, female medics were not that many but their presence was recognizable due to their persistence and discoveries.

 From past literature works, African women always had a space to do, as they wanted, even in male dominated societies (James 180). Women medics always had attention from men as men would go to war and the women were to remain and cater to the needs of the injured. In other words, the gender role of women naturally gave them an advantage to develop medicine more than men who played numerous roles in the community.

 Spiritual role of women

The females in early Africa enjoyed countless deal of privileges. Women brought forth life and members of the community viewed them as supernatural beings. The great god isis signified the respected power of the African women (James 120). Ancient African communities depended on agricultural systems and supervised approximately all aspects of food production. Most women were traditional healers, prophets, visions, and leaders of religious faith. So, ancient African communities being spiritually focused, positioned the women at the pivotal ranks of the communities. Subsequently women became powerful and influential. Most African communities were matriarchal and females were the heads of the families, owned properties and held positions of influence in the community. As history would have it, colonialism was the only turning point for the African women as it weakened their role.

 Traditional females handled various aspects of the African society of the living. They tilled the land and prepared foodstuff hence their labor changed the entire community. Subsequently, women also controlled young ones, weaved, and directed religious activities. More so, there were females fighters in most African tribes (Coquery-Vidrovitch 178). Women in this ancient era had a strong spirit and vigor because their gender roles characteristically possessed important prowess thus giving them the power to double as warriors and to go to war and safeguard the innocent from any harm and danger.

            Some DNA specialists claim that Africans were the first inhabitants of earth. Fossils records and DNA examinations prove that this sentiments hold water. Thus, the African woman contributed a great to human civilization and was the first woman to bring forth other human being through birth. Other races of humanity gradually evolved from black Africans. This aspect explains the deep entrenched respect Africans have for women. Stearns (34), a historian explains that early humans were not aware of the connection amid sex and birth. Thus, people perceived that original life came directly from females. In other words, African saw women as divine beings, able to bring forth life and then sustain it before the linking sex to pregnancy. Thus, women were procreators and people valued them greatly for the sake of keeping peace and holding together the entire community. In summary, women were supreme beings manifesting as mortals.

 Social roles of the African women

Another vital impact of African women to the community was collecting roots, seeds, and fruits and examining how they germinate and bring forth vegetation for the community. These studies led to better farming practices (Coquery-Vidrovitch 188). More so, it was the African women who developed agriculture I the 15,000 BC. In fact, according to historians, good farming practices triggered population increase, food surplus, and societal settlements.

People do not know precisely when the part men played in reproduction came to light. However, this newfound knowledge did not stop the African women from playing their spiritual roles. War defined the role of men in the community. The rise of men did not water down the role and duties of women in the communities; rather it reinforced the standards of duality and coexistence as evidenced in creation (Coquery-Vidrovitch 118). Both males and females were complimentary to each other and in coordination were essential between the two genders for the earth to continue. Hence, it was wise to safeguard the interests of both males and females for the survival of the humanity. The respect of women affected the community and the severity and deliberation women received. For instance, in Egypt and Kush communities, children took the surnames of the mothers and mothers were the leaders of the households. In Kush, the Queen mother would select the leader. Previously, before the Muslims invaded and concurred Sahara Africa between the 12^th and 13^th centuries, the structure of succession was matrilineal. This means that the heir to the king’s thrown was the son of his sister’s son: in other words, his nephew. This is due to the fact that the wife can cheat on the king thus the advisors of the king trusted the king’s sister more than they did the wife of the king. In simpler terms the king’s women lineage. Hence matriarchal basis upon which African leadership stood on and influenced the entire fabric of the society.

Women had several roles to conduct; most of them bestowed power and influence to them and gave them a solid and loud voice in the community. The erosion of the position African female took place slowly yet expressively facilitated by quickened foreign traditions.

Political roles of women in ancient civilizations

            Before capitalist and matriarchal communities all over Africa permitted women to have some sort of authority in political spheres. For instance, in early Egyptian communities, the women would handle matters regarding real estates and livestock among other things. More so, because of the matrilineal nature of the Egyptian people, Egyptians perpetuated inheritance and descent via women influenced channels (Weitz et.al 139). Hence, Egyptians relied on societal variances on class and not sex and because of this, women were powerful and influential. One of the most notable example was the part played by the queen mother. The queen mother had many duties relating to governance and management such as legislations, levying duties, and attaining revenues. In some of the African nations such as Ghana, queen mothers had the duty of teaching and ensuring children received quality education and training within the community.

 Women political role was not a gift. In fact, early women were intelligent and had acute instincts, which made them have a powerful and lasting impact on the community members. Some historians attribute the downfall of women to their high intelligence and sharp instincts, which in turn made them a threat to their counterpart fellow men. Experts believe that while collecting seeds women linked leaving seeds in the soil and germination of plants. For a moment, these simple mechanisms of farming were solely women duties (Weitz et.al 114). Nevertheless, as human came up with new discoveries discovered in agriculture, people realized anybody can farm their field and because farming required vast amount of strength. In the end, men ventured into farming and the domineering effect of women decreased for good. In summary the roles of African earned them respect and admiration by other people within the society.

 Role of women in African culture and myths

Unlike other early traditions such as the Greek who relied on formation of myths were the females was second her male counterparts, and even more particularly, in the state of Pandora, the cause of sadness and other evil vices (Nwoko 69). The Africans had a more unbiased perspective where human beings and not necessarily men, came from gods, formed from water and earth. They then placed women as the center of gods’ creation and in the end, people respected women as part and parcel of God’s creation. In the end, most Africans formed traditions around the role of women such as procreation and nurturing. In simpler terms the formation of myths elevated the position of women in the community and revealed their potential and capabilities. For instance, among the kikuyu community of Kenya women were land owners and abusing them was a taboo  hence there was a need to protect and preserve the role of women due to cultural perception build around the African women.

In summary, Africa has the oldest documentation of human technical accomplishments. Some of the tools reflect the role of women in preserving and discovering culture. Women held high positions and helped develop the medical world during old civilizations. Moreover, they fought wars hence men considered them for political leaderships. In the end, they contributed more to the ancient community than people in the current world could imagine.

References

 Barashango, Ishakamusa. 2001. Afrikan woman, the original guardian angel: a collection of writings on the Black woman's creation of and on-going contribution to world civilization.

Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. African women: A modern history. Routledge, 2018.

Foley, Helene. Reflections of women in antiquity. Routledge, 2013.

James, Sharon L., and Sheila Dillon, eds. A companion to women in the ancient world. Vol. 95. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

Joyce, Rosemary A., and Lynn M. Meskell. Embodied Lives:: Figuring Ancient Maya and Egyptian Experience. Routledge, 2014.

Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa. Vol. 117. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Nwoko, Kenneth Chukwuemeka. "Female Husbands in Igbo Land: Southeast Nigeria." The Journal of Pan African Studies 5, no. 1 (2012): 69-82.

Stearns, Peter N., Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc Jason Gilbert. "World civilizations." In The Global. 2011.

Weitz, Rose, and R. Weitz. "A history of women’s bodies." (2015).

History of Labor Movements

            In the United States, the labor movement began to address the need of protecting the common issues affecting workers. In the industries and also the factories, the focus of the labor union was to ensure that there was favorable working conditions, a safe environment and the workers received better pay for the work they do. In addition, there was also involvement in the fight against hiring of children (Dubofsky & McCartin, 2017). There was also push to have health benefits for all the worker and the union also involved itself in supporting its members who get injuries at work and helping those who retire and requiring help that needs the union attention.

            The labor unions on the other hand have been blamed for undeforming industries and partnering with crimes which are organized for a long time but on the other way, they have been related to the economical, political and cultural fabric of United States (Chase, 2017). The influence they have contributed significantly in the development of the economy.

            The establishment of the labor unions formed in the formative period of the United States, when a labor market which was free developed in the artisan trades towards the end of colonization period, one of the oldest strike that was recorded occurred some of the New York tailors made a protest against reduction of their wages, it occurred in 1768 (Dubofsky & McCartin, 2017). Federal Society of Journeymen was later created in the year 1794 and it became the first and pave way for the establishment of other labor unions in the United States.

            From this time, local craft unions were established, there was also formation of structural elements which made a key American trade unionism. Mechanics Union of Trade Association which was established and together with the International Typographical Union which was formed when the central bodies come together under the craft union. During this period, the creation of the factory system was in place but unfortunately, the workers did not play a significant in its development in the initial phase. The trade unionism in the 19^th century was considered as a union only for workers with skills.

          Some of the early labor movement played a crucial role not only to serve the job interest of the workers but to see the value of a just society, this was drawn from the Ricardian labor theory of value and also from the American ideal considered to facilitate social equality, relied on independent, celebrated honest labor including citizen with good moral values (Dubofsky & McCartin, 2017). The industrial development in capitalism resulted into formation of two difference groups of the rich and the poor. There were also serious of reforms which spread through the 19^th century. Some of the main one’s that were formed are the National Labor union and the Knights of Labor. The reforms movements’ might have seemed odd to some of the individuals but for others they took it as bundle of a single union which had the same working class constituency and also shared a common leadership to some extent. They are taken as operationally different but functionally distinct.

          The need for improved working condition resulted to shift of workers to the Knight of Labor this is because the workers had hope in it and thus workers opted to join it, this occurred in 1800. The knights of labor carried out strikes and along with the industrial lines (Chase, 2017). The national trade unions wanted the Knights of Labor to stick to their professional which did not work out. They were then forced to create American Federation of Labor. This later made the reforms not useful and resulted in the failure of the Knight of Labor. This occurred as the industrialization matured.

          Marxism made it clear that the trade unionism was appropriate tool for the preparation of revolution of the working class and therefore the founders of the America federation of labor Samuel Gompers considered it as rule for a simple and pure union. Self-organization and job-consciousness was important in setting the freedom of workers from the employers (Heron, 2012). Therefore, it was a good move by the union.

          The was also the declaration by the American Federation of Labor to create and make a policy that could made it possible to accommodate all the individuals irrespective of the gender, the skills that the individual have, religious beliefs and the place of origin. Some of the trade national trade unions moved toward the industrial structure as there was changes in the technology (Heron, 2012). The American Federation of Labor aim to comprise all the workers was not successful and later in 1895 it chartered International Association of Machinist for whites only.

          Toward the political realm there was formation of Federation of Organized Trade and Labor Union which was established to function as the labor entry way in Washington. Partly due to the progressive legislation on labor, there was increase in the political activity, this was seen in the American Federation of Labor campaigning for their friends and seeking defeat for their enemies.

          The craft unions caused obstruction of the American Federation of Labor efforts and that led to the separation of United Mine Workers who were led by John L. Lewis in 1935. They formed the Committee for Industrial Organization that helped the unions that were being formed such as in the rubber and auto (Dubofsky & McCartin, 2017). This organization was created formally in 1938 as the Congress of Industrial Organization. It grew and at the end of the war in 1945, it has gained 12 million members and there was also introduction of the collective bargaining which made a huge impact in the industrial economy

          In politics, the power of the union on the policy of nonpartisanship, the union drifted on the Democratic Party with the basis of ethnocultural and support of the immigrant working class. On the other hand the Committee for Industrial Organization took seriously the individual and also the union which expressed support for the progressive party presidency (Dubofsky & McCartin, 2017). There was also the formation of the Committee for Industrial Organization and American Federation of Labor in 1955 with the main interest to make a better and more member oriented interest in job and economic advancements for union members.

          The collective bargaining did well following the end of the fights in the war, it raised three times the earnings normally for a week in the production occurring from 1945 to the year 1970. This gave the member securities in illness, old age and incase of unemployment and also strengthening their rights to fair treatment.

          The Committee for Industrial Organization and American Federation of Labor did some of most important activities in fight for the civil rights legislation. The legislation were directed against trade union practices that were discriminative. However the important part of the labor started to lose strength and additionally the political capability decreased. From the year 1970, other competitive forces come in as a result of the  changes in transport and communication which come in due to restructuring of the industries.

          The labor unions have been greatly affected by the swift changes in the industrial sector with today being diverse and broad-based. The number of workers have also declined. In United States the number of worker in the labor union were just 12 million. It is therefore clear that today labor unions have loosed popularity.

References

Chase, M. (2017). Early trade unionism: fraternity, skill and the politics of labour. Routledge.

Dubofsky, M., & McCartin, J. A. (2017). Labor in America: A history. John Wiley & Sons.

Heron, C. (2012). The Canadian labour movement: A short history. James Lorimer & Company.

Introduction

From the age of modernization to the close of the 19^th century, America experienced a financial alteration highlighted via the growing industrial economy, the speedy growth of huge business initiatives, the progress of significant agriculture, and the upsurge of state employment unions and industrial conflict. This paper will explore industries of United States’ industrial Revolution after the civil war period; elements, which made industrial leaders successful backgrounds and development of labor unions and the accomplishment of labor unions.

Industries Emerging From American Industrial Revolution after the Civil War

After the civil war, America materialized as a manufacturing giant or a force to reckon with. Ancient industries rebranded and new emerging ones inclusive of petroleum and electrical power grew in number (Cowan, 2018). Railroads developed widely connecting remote locations to urban areas hence creating a national and reliable economy.

 Industrial growth changed America community for the better. It generated wealthy industrialists and affluent middle class citizens consequently more blue-collar jobs increased significantly (Cowan, 2018). The labor force, which supported industrialization, comprised of numerous immigrants and migrants from rural American regions hence the culture became diverse.

 Full-blown industrialization took place after a few textile factories familiarized themselves with textile engineering in the 1790s (Cowan, 2018). In fact, Massachusetts was vital for American industrial revolution due to the presence of textile mills, which contributed largely to the industrial revolution.

 Things, Which Made Industrial Leaders Successful

In the year 1790, Samuel Slater constructed the first manufacturing industry in United States based on the textile industrial ideas learnt from England. Samuel built a cotton-spinning mill driven by moving water. Over the next couple of years, textile activities increased tremendously hence numerous companies emerged from the textile manufacturing industries. In other words, American leaders depended on already tested and confirmed methods to bring about successful industrial revolution in America (Barca, 2011). On other hand, iron industry located in Pennsylvania, furnaces and systematic mills were renovated to run at a faster pace than usual thus produced more items for the market. At the beginning of 1804, Oliver Evans created a high pressures system steam machine, which served many purposes in the industrial sector. In other words, American industrialists improved on issues other industrialists did hence an impeccable result in their end rather than test and errors.

Origins and Growth of Labor Unions

 Labor unions took many forms in American societies since the laying the foundation of the country. One of the purposes the unions serve is protection of working populace against unsafe working environs and other areas (Barca, 2011). On the downside, people point an accusing finger at unions for disabling industries and aligning themselves with criminal organizations over the past years. Nevertheless, either way, labor unions have influenced political, commercial, and traditional fabric of Unite States and their functions has enabled development of the nations in many ways.

Accomplishment of Labor Unions

 In summary, through their functional duty of ensuring safety working conditions for employees, safeguarded the interests of personnel in America (Barca, 2011). For people in the industrial sector, labor unions championed for better wages, sensible working durations, and improving and safe working surroundings that does not harm their health. When a worker retires the firm has to pay the worker retirement benefits. The origin of labor unions lies in the developmental period of the American period when free wage employment and artisan trades lasting through the colonial era.

Reference

Barca, S. (2011). Energy, property, and the industrial revolution narrative. Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1309-1315.

Cowan, R. S. (2018). The “Industrial Revolution” in the home: household technology and social change in the twentieth century. In The Routledge Companion to Modernity, Space and Gender (pp. 81-97). Routledge.

Neocolonialism and The New International Division Of Labor, Globalization And Neoliberalism, And Industrial Colonialism

Introduction

Most of the literature on globalization accepts that America and other developed or entrepreneurial nations are major enablers of globalization. In the meantime, despite the non-aligned and communist nations’ historical assertions on internationalism, experts frequently presented underdeveloped nations as submissive victims of globalization and communist nations as self-sufficient hence separated from the rest of the nations all over the world until the 1990s (Bockman, 2015). Both supporters and opponents of globalization likened fiscal globalization with entrepreneurship and particularly neoliberal entrepreneurship.

Capitalist or entrepreneurial growths take place haphazardly- spatially, in sections and temporally thus creating various amounts of industrialization and fluctuating replicas and stages of incorporation into the world’s economy (Bockman, 2015). Since the 1970s, nevertheless, the existence of extensive acknowledgement of basic renovation commonly referred to as globalization. Globalization takes place due to capitalist buildup and growth of capital on a universal scale. This essay will elaborately discuss three growth stages: neocolonialism and new international division of labor, globalization, and neoliberalism and industrial colonialism and the how the growth phases affected first and second world nations. Secondly, the paper will dwell on major features of Rio and its association to metropolitan sections. Thirdly, the essay will explain Freetown, Sierra Leone’s colonial capital city and its entire characteristics and the features of Harare as a capital city and Jakarta Indonesia.

How the three developmental stages impacted urban, both developed and developing nations

 In terms of globalization and neoliberal modifications, the two aspects are vital political standards in the contemporary world. The extensive acceptance of capitalism and differentiation between ‘developed nations’ and ‘less developed nations’ dictates political spheres all over the world (Bockman, 2015). Theories associated with globalization have the ability to influence both power and impact governmental, societal and commercial progression in all nations all over the world. It is vital to note that globalization and neoliberal improvements affect both the country and its occupants. In most cases, individuals cannot directly control their own fates hence they are at the mercy of the condition their countries offers.

 The World Bank is a powerful institution that loans finances to poverty-stricken nations. Since the late 1990s, World Bank claimed its focus was eradication of poverty and triggering development, among other issues (Gwynne, & Cristobal, 2014). Financing developing nations influenced the acquisition of resources, political stability, and education, which later caused the growth of urban areas in most developing countries all over the world.

 Urbanization involves three-dimensional, communal, and time-based elements hence needs a holistic perspective. Such a perspective could, definitely include historical, geographical, demographics, finances, political science, construction and town preparation (Gwynne, & Cristobal, 2014). The interdisciplinary investigation of urbanization merits highlighting due to the fact that past researches carried out with differing guidelines over the past two decades contradict the facts on the ground hence uneven findings which cannot hold water on the long run. People must not complicate ideals of urbanization with transformation, even though to differentiate between transformation and urbanization can be make matters complicated.

 Therefore, urbanization and urban arrangement are accurate and spatial terms of communal procedures of urbanization that alters with time (Gwynne, & Cristobal, 2014). Accordingly, experts need to simplify the manner in which researchers perceive, comprehend, and infer the theories of urbanization.

            On the other hand, industrialization cannot take place without urbanization. Cities play major role in industrialization. Many historians and economists argue European phenomena triggered Industrial revolution hence the need to couple together industrial revolution with Europe in order to reveal in depth factors (Gwynne, & Cristobal, 2014). All efforts to explore Industrial sectors without factoring the contribution of Europeans may fail. Hence, people need to study industrial revolution based on Europeans aspects. For illustration, examination of industries through national such as America and Canada as an extension of Europe is fruitless.

 Throughout the colonial era, majority of the people took part in agriculture activities. More so, expansion of agriculture to some extent caused development tools, which later aided in the construction of industries (Murray, & Overton, 2014). The massive agricultural products directly facilitated development of ships, which later played major part in colonial industrialization.

Key Features of Rio

 In terms of locality and geographical disposition, the city has Tijuca Park to its north and mountains, and hills within the bay area. Rio situated in the thin belt of coastal plains amongst a bay and an Ocean (Murray, & Overton, 2014). More so, steep hills cover a vast area of the city and extend to the shores of Guanabara Bay hence insulating the city from extreme weather and ocean waves. In other words, in terms of landscape, the city consists of bodies of water, huge mountains, and natural forests. This geographical variety increases its aesthetic beauty hence endearing it to foreigners and even the locals who are day to day residents of the area. Even though Rio is a metro town, the area most developed areas of the city are near the Tijuca forest, which is one of the largest forest found in any urban setting. The temperature of the city is 22degrees, and it is the capital city of Brazil. The Atlantic Ocean is found on the Southside of the city and on the eastside of the city lies the Guanabara Bay while the western side covered with Sepetiba Bay. More than 17 cities integrate to form the Metropolitan.

 Role of Rio

            The urbans structures are instantaneously shaped by the size, location of the city and spatial orientation that permits trading of commercial items and service, marketplace and technical data in the city. Rio Urban system depends on classified sets and necessity of trajectories. In fact, the urbanization process in Brazil took off after increment in vitality during the 19^th century (Murray, & Overton, 2014). Cities acquired more recognition due to regional organization hence facilitating social equality. One of the major roles is the city is home to millions of people live and earn their living from the city. The city also thrives on its natural aspects, which gives it a unique perspective over the rest of the cities. The importance of the city varies greatly. At the local level, the city has academic institutions, medical institutions and high institutions of learning such as colleges and universities. The ability to meet all basic needs of its people and at the same time provides employment for its people. In addition, the city is a  has an effective transportation hub that moves people and goods from one place to another consequently bringing about growth and increased economic activity.

            At state level, the city is vital as it host headquarters of most organizations, which set shop in Brazil. For example, mining firms and telecommunication companies. Thus, Rio is a crucial city specializing in manufacturing of clothes in the textile industries, dispensing foods, and drugs (Sadorsky, 2013). In addition, the city helps in conducting university researches and gives people through its numerous research laboratories located all over the city. At the international level, the city hosted Olympics game in the year 2016 and Paralympic games in the year 2014. Tourists from various parts of the world come to Rio to witness are splendor and landscape.

Free Town Administrative Features

 It is a simple town with enough resources to sustain residents and enable normal running of businesses by authoritative systems put in place. Freetown is the capital city of Sierra Leone and has a vital harbor on the Atlantic Ocean (Brenner, 2013). Freetown is pivotal for administrative duties, monetary matters, scholastic issues, communication infrastructure, customary and economical elements. Freetown founded in 1787 by British colonialists to cater to the needs of slaves set free from their masters after slave protests in the United States.

Features of Jakarta, Indonesia

            Jarkarta is the capital city of Indonesia and keeps and located in the coastal lands of Java along the Ciliwung River (Brenner, 2013). The metropolitan city lies on plain land with swampy land all over the place hence is lacks sufficient clean water. The city has enough resources to cater to the needs of its residents; International companies have their headquarters at the city hence contributing to the gross domestic product of the city.

 In summary cities, serve numerous functions such as economic hubs, availing employment opportunities, and health services to the large number of populations in these areas. Metropolitan cities decentralizes duties to other regions and give people an operational yet planned setting through which they can conduct their daily activities be it business or recreational purposes.

References

Bockman, J. (2015). Socialist Globalization against Capitalist Neocolonialism: The Economic Ideas behind the New International Economic Order. Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 6(1), 109-128.

Brenner, N. (2013). Theses on urbanization. Public culture, 25(1 (69)), 85-114.

Gwynne, R. N., & Cristobal, K. A. Y. (2014). Latin America transformed: globalization and modernity. Routledge.

Murray, W. E., & Overton, J. (2014). Geographies of globalization. Routledge.

Sadorsky, P. (2013). Do urbanization and industrialization affect energy intensity in developing countries?. Energy Economics, 37, 52-59.