Veteran’s experience one become a better citizen

Being in the military is one of the toughest choices in one’s life because it entails a change of character as well as personality, it also means being away from family, friends and everything that one considers as home. It can be challenging but it is also a great learning opportunity. Being in the military gives one a chance to leave their comfort zone and face the rough world where you learn to be self- disciplined, orderly,  punctual, respectful and at the same time loyal. All this lessons and experiences are important and they are what make a better citizen.

A good citizen is one who understands what law is and one who is ready to do what is expected of him or her and a veteran understands this better than anyone. When you join the military, the first thing you are enrolled to is tough training, this means waking up early in the morning, always ensuring that you are at the right place at the right time and learning how to treat one another with respect. One becomes conditioned to behave in a certain way and so as a normal citizen, these disciplined nature still prevail. One understands the need to work hard in their jobs, the need to behave responsibly and the importance of helping other people.

 The military gives one a chance to interact with people from different backgrounds, ethnicities and personality.  This helps one to understand the importance of respecting every individual irrespective of their backgrounds which is very important for a citizen to help reduce the issue of racism. One understands that these are the people that you expect to always have your back when you are most vulnerable. A veteran is a better citizen because one learns to appreciate the need for every individual within the society which helps people to live in harmony.  A veteran experience helps one to learn the importance of loyalty and respect for others, it helps one understand that every individual has their worth which is an important attribute for a good citizen.

One major element in the military life is discipline, the element of self-discipline is instilled right from the time one joins the army. Someone who has had this experience basically understands the need to do what is right without being pushed around because this is a trait that they have learnt to live with. As a citizen, this is an individual that will rarely be found breaking the law because they understand that it is wrong and it makes them very responsible citizens.

When one has been in the military, they learn to appreciate life and the beautiful chances that it offers. Veteran experiences can be traumatising, one gets to face the worst fear in life which is death on a daily basis. Such experiences can greatly change the way that one looks at life, prompting them to work hard; at the same time love and care for every person that is in their life. A veteran understands what it means to have and to lack thus greatly appreciating every life opportunity like a good citizen would.

The way that an individual looks at life is greatly dependent on his or her life experiences. The experiences of a veteran mould them to become much better citizens because they understand the need to look at life in a positive motivating manner.

Kennan’s Long Telegram during the Cold War.

Introduction

            The Containment policy was important as it stopped the expansion of the communism and solved many problems. Containment has defended many nations from communist pressure and autocratic rule.  The objectives on containment were to address the division that was brought by the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War. The Containment policy was the cold war military and economic strategy developed by the U.S to stop the spread of communism, limit its power over other countries and promote peace. The Long Kenna’s Telegram developed the containment policy and the enabled the U.S to promote its values, raise its hegemony, promote democracy, defeat the military regimes and increase collaboration with other democratic institutions.

 Kennan, who was the American ambassador in Moscow was against the Communism leadership due to its destruction of the rival powers in the West. The Soviet Union was interested in expanding its power to the world and to prevent this, Kennan wrote aggressive speeches and used military and economic power to deal with the Soviets (Sempa, 1).  He wanted to form a ‘strong resistance' and advised the senior policymakers in the U.S to make a non-adversary relationship with the rivals.  The foreign policy of containment brought remarkable changes since after challenging the Soviet Union and putting the Western powers in action, there was a notion of cooperation (Sempa, 1).

 On March 5, 1959, a meeting was held to discuss the courses of actions that were to be implemented in addressing the Berlin crisis. The president was against the Germany Democratic Republic and urged the United Nations to take positive action to fight the crisis (Eisenhower, 1).  The Berlin crisis created enmity between the U.S and the Soviet Union and the conflict led to the creation of the Berlin Wall.  Although there were capitalism, communism, and economic differences prior to the creation of the Berlin wall, the tension and conflict intensified since the Berlin wall  Russians the power to drive away the western Allies (Eisenhower, 1). The Kennan's Long Telegram and the U.S foreign policy served a significant role as it prevented the third world war. Kennan advised the U.S and its allies to be patient and aid Western Europe in rebuilding its economies.

 Another factor that influenced the United State in enforcing the containment policy is the Cuban Missile Crisis.   Both the U.S and the Soviet Union were powerful countries with different views since the US was democratic whereas the Society Union was a communist.    The Soviet Union believed that U.S would destroy the world whereas the U.S believed that the Soviet Union would take over the world. Due to these differences, they brought the Cuban Missile Crisis which could bring negative consequences such as loss of life if no effective measures were taken (Allison, 619). This event forced the U.S to establish strategic terms to prevent the Soviet Union from causing virtual destruction.  The U.S was required to come up with a local superiority and for this case, President Kennedy selected an Executive the senior administration officials who were assigned the task of researching the possible dangers and the effective courses of action to reduce the U.S vulnerability to missiles in Cuba (Allison, 621).

 The third factor that influenced the U.S in enforcing the containment policy was the Vietnam War. The cold war did not only bring enmity between the U.S and the Soviet Union but the U.S experienced a divisive conflict with North Vietnam. The Vietnam War brought devastating effects since many of the Americans were killed and others were injured (Library of Congress, 1). However, America focused on building a lasting peace with the Soviet Union through peaceful negotiation. The U.S established the ‘containment policy' for the purpose of stopping communist governments in the Soviet domain. Soviet Union was a potential enmity to the U.S and the role of the containment policy was to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding its communism (Library of Congress, 1). Despite the significant role of the containment, the policy failed in Vietnam and for this reason, America finds it hard to maintain the balance of power in Asia.

 Conclusion

The containment policy during the cold war prevented the Soviet Union and the West from developing the third world war.  Kenann focused on developing a coherent strategy that would stop the expansion of communism and the major part of the strategy was aiding Europe in its economic recovery. The containment policy brought new ways of life since through providing economic and political power to many countries and building strong ties with the countries, the communism was diminished and freedom, peace, and justice were promoted.

Reference

Library of Congress.   Experiencing War. 2011. Retrieved from: http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp-stories/loc.natlib.afc2001001.03512/

 Allison T Graham. Conceptual; Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The American Political Science Review  1969. Retrieved from:  http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~lorenzo/Allison%20Conceptual%20Models.pdf

Eisenhower D. S. John.  MEMORANDUM OF CONFERENCE WITH THE PRESIDENT. March 5, 1959. Retrieved from:  https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/1959-03-05.pdf

Sempa P. Francis.  George Kennan’s Other Long Telegram-About the Far East. 2017.  The Diplomat. Retrieved from: https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/george-kennans-other-long-telegram-about-the-far-east/

Research on al-Qaeda

History of al-Qaida

The origin of al-Qaeda can be traced to the group’s logistical network during the Afghan War where it supported the Muslims in their fight against the occupying Soviet Union.  The members of the group had been recruited across the Islamic World. In 1989, the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan and the members of the organization dispersed while still opposing Islamic regimes they considered corrupt and the United States presence in their lands (Chaliand & Blin, 2016). Led by Osama Bin Laden and his associates, the group resolved to capitalize on their already established network to expand their activities – Jihad war globally.  The vision of Bin Laden involved the creation of a squad of elite fighters to lead the Jihad and to join other such smaller groups fighting against their regimes into one group. The al-Qaida group initially had their basis in Sudan during the early 1990s but later moved to Afghanistan in 1996 supported by the Taliban militia (Chaliand & Blin, 2016.

By 1996 time, Bin Laden aim was to reorient the whole group and place it focus on United States, which he considered as the enemy supporting other local regimes. In 1998, the leader issued a Fatwah, which stated that it all Muslims, duty to kill the Americans and any of their allies consisting of military and civilians. The Fatwah seems to have offered religious justification for their atrocities and marked the beginning of planning for the bombing of United State Embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998.  Earlier in the Year the group had issued another Fatwah for the Crusaders and the Jews.  The 9/11 attack on US soil was a high point for the organization, an action that shook the entire world. Over the next one decade, the terrorist group experienced expansion in their activities but also suffered disasters and setbacks (Chaliand & Blin, 2016). The 9/11 attack almost ruined the organization, since world leaders now clearly understood the terrorism dangers to their countries , and had to work with United States or risk its wrath. Many countries especially those that had been engaged with counterterrorism embarked on monitoring, arresting or even disrupting the suspect. The occupation of Iraq by U.S somehow rescued the group ideologically and operationally since the position and message of Bin Laden was said to have been vindicated. The notion that U.S. wanted to control the entire Islamic World served as a motivation for new generation of Jihadists to go to Iraq (Chaliand & Blin, 2016).

 The increased intelligence made it even harder for al-Qaida to carry out their activities.  The group was later to be associated with attacks in various parts in countries such as Jordan, Indonesia, Israel, United Kingdom and Algeria. Moreover, the group increasingly used the internet as a platform for communication and even recruiting new members. The groups also suffered a big loss when bin Laden was killed in 2011 by the U.S forces after being located by intelligence in Abbottabad, Pakistan (Chaliand & Blin, 2016). However, after receiving support from the Iraqis turned against the civilians, the organization was not able to turn its violence against them into heroism. The emergence of Arab Spring posed a new challenge to the group as many Arabs tired with dictatorial and corrupt regimes, which did not involve violence, reduced their support for al-Qaida even with the help of Western powers(Chaliand & Blin, 2016).  This, together with the death of Bin Laden was a great loss to the group.

Mission

The major aim of the group is to eliminate United States and its influence from the Muslims countries more so in Saudi Arabia and to destroy the State of Israel in the region. The leadership under Bin Laden had also said that he wanted to bring together all the Muslim together even if by use of force, and form an Islamic country that clearly adheres to first Caliphs rule (Rosenau, Powell & Faber, 2017). 

Al-Qaida leadership and structure

Al-Qaida’s size in terms of membership and operations has not been constant overtime. Over the recent years, it has been estimated that the group has less than 1,000 active members and most of them remain hidden in remote areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan. However, the group is still united even though the operations of United States against it leaders have needed a frequent replenishment of the tops ranks.  The group’s leader is also the theological figure, but the organization is run by a group of associates. Below the leader is a top advisor (Rosenau, Powell & Faber, 2017). The leadership supervises various networks of cells that are loosely organized, whose members are recruited mainly from radicals across the Islamic countries and other parts of the world. The infrastructure of the group is mobile, small but decentralized. The operations of every cell are done independently and the members do not know the identity of similar cells. This means that the local operatives are likely not to know the people in the high rank of the group’s hierarchy (Rosenau, Powell & Faber, 2017). The group’s operations can be seen as a franchise.

Location and training

The al-Qaida group has traditionally been based on Afghanistan even through it was largely dislodged from these areas in 2002 (Hayes, Brunner, & Rowen, 2005). The group has managed to reconstitute itself and found a place in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan where other threat groups have been operating from.  There parts of the al-Qaida group that have found safe haven and consequently found sanctuaries in FATA areas of Pakistan. The group’s recruitment has taken place in many parts of Middle East, where its ideology can garner adherents from varying backgrounds. Some local insurgents in North Africa have also found the label of al-Qaida as being attracting more membership due to the perceived worldwide revolutionary agenda (Gunaratna & Nielsen, 2008). Hence, the operations of the organization have been embraced by groups such as Al-Shabab in Somalia and Boko-Haram in Nigeria.  The organization has also sought recruits from societies that are marginalized in Europe including the European prison system. However, the group still carries out its major training activities in Afghanistan and in 2015; a major training camp was found in Kandahar province, in areas that are sparsely populated. They also include southern Afghanistan areas that border Pakistan. These facilities had been known to exist over a year.

Al-Qaida techniques and tactics

The al-Qaida group uses many tactics to accomplish its mission which include assassination of high profile individuals including government personalities especially the military and political leaders. The group may also apply biological weapons in a given population center and the later Bin Laden declared the use of biological weapon as part of their “holy duty” (Venzke & Ibrahim, 2002).  The bombings including Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and other military ammunitions have been a major tactic for the group driven by the knowledge that such weapons can lead to a mass casualty incident or even the destruction of certain facility. These devices can use remote triggers, timers and even sensors. The group can also stage a cyber-based strike against various important infrastructure targets of a country with an aim of closing down the systems, planting false information or even maliciously manipulate these systems (Hedges & Karasik, 2010).  The other tactic involves hijacking of cruise ships plans or even large crafts with an aim of taking hostages in using the planes as a projectile in their suicide operations. The later indicates how the group utilized an aircraft to achieve their intended impact on 9-11. Taking of hostage may involve an attempt by the terrorists to have their demands met or to obtain media coverage and then kill the hostages through various means like explosive devices (Hedges & Karasik, 2010).  Many of the weapons used by the group are employed after extensive training with some volunteers undertaking to carry out suicide bombings at the targeted people or places.

Funding

During the stages, the group major financing was Bin Laden, but the group later started relying on donations or turned to extortion to fund their activities. After the 9/11 attacks, CIA reported that various organizations including non-governmental organizations , mosques , charities and even banks were helping the terrorist group with finances.  Currently, the group receives financial backing from various sources including private donations, state sponsors, various Islamic foundations and charities and some illegal activities associated with drug trafficking, staging robberies and even taking hostages.  The kidnappings and drug trafficking have formed a large source of the groups finances.  The financing has enabled the group to carry out past operations.

References

Chaliand, G., & Blin, A. (Eds.). (2016). The history of terrorism: From antiquity to ISIS. Univ of California Press.

Gunaratna, R., & Nielsen, A. (2008). Al Qaeda in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan and beyond. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(9), 775-807.

Hayes, L., Brunner, B., & Rowen, B. (2005). Al-Qaeda: Osama Bin Laden's network of terror. Infoplease, All the knowledge you need.

Venzke, B. N., & Ibrahim, A. (2002). al-Qaeda Tactic/Target Brief. Version, 1(8), 35.

Hedges, M., & Karasik, T. (2010). Evolving Terrorist Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) Migration Across South Asia, Caucasus, and the Middle East. Institute of Near East and Gulf Military Analysis.

Rosenau, W., Powell, A., & Faber, P. G. (2017). Al-Qaeda Core: A Case Study (No. DIM-2017-U-016117-2Rev). Center for Naval Analyses Arlington United States.

History

Introduction

 The World War I was majorly caused by increased nationalism, military alliance and imperialism as countries tried to assert their power. The growth of Pan-Slav nationalism was a major triggering factor which drove the military alliances that sacked all European powers into the conflict.  The attack of American interest by Germany in the sea was the major reason that made it to enter into the War. President Wilson’s efforts to have American join the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations failed but formed the basis of nation’s diplomatic actions in the Northern Hemisphere.

Causes of World War 1

International military alliance at the onset of the 20^th century that includes major nations against Boxer Rebellion in China served as an example of issues that led to the rise of World War 1. The murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a major aspect that made imperialism, alliances, nationalism and militarism come into play (Hamilton & Herwig, 2003). The assassination of the leader was in protest of Austria-Hungary control of the Bosnia region which Serbia wanted to take over. Russia had an alliance with Serbia, and thus, began mobilizing and the resulting declaration of war on Russia by Germany started the expansion of war. All the nations that were involved in mutual defense pacts were included in the war.   Nationalism among the Slavic peoples across Herzegovina and Bosnia who wanted to part from Austria Hungary and be included in Serbia was therefore, a major cause of the war. France aimed at taking back Alsce Lorraine from Germany that it had taken during the Franco-Prussian war of 1871(Hamilton & Herwig, 2003).

Nationalism in the other nations in Europe and the military alliance not only started but expanded the war throughout Europe.  Nationalism gave countries hope that they would aggressively win the war and this came with wanting more land.  This led to imperialism where powerful nations ruled and exploited the smaller nations as their colonies. Nations were fighting for these colonies especially in Africa, and this led to the rise of militarism as the race for arms and naval powerful ranged (Sammis, 2002).  Military expansion was also accelerated by deteriorating diplomatic relations which saw Germany, France and Britain increase their standing forces.  The increased military rivalry especially between Britain and Germany at sea led to more cooperation among nations in the same camp. Due to armaments race, every European power was ready to go to war by 1914 (Sammis, 2002).

 Nationalism in European countries arose from Enlightenment thinking among the people regarding equality and freedom, and related political revolution and reforms through which people who had been excluded in the past gained a voice. The growth of nationalism among Slav in Balkans was a major aspect that led to more tension in the European region. The Slav nationalism and Pan-Slavist ideas raised the concerns of policy makers in Russia which had a long-standing defense alliance with Serbia, and called for stern action against Austria-Hungary (Bew, John. 2015).  The end of the resulting 1912-1913 Balkan Wars came with more attention being paid to Austria-Hungary actions by Russian leaders. The annexation of Bosnia by Austria-Hungary instigated the Serbs anger, and this possibly le to building of a crisis between the nations which in reality did not exist.  There was an escalation of nationalism on both sides which resulted to creation of potential crisis which finally came after Franz Ferdinand was assassinated as aforesaid.  The nationalism in Serb Slavic people played an important role on the ensuing violence (Bew, John. 2015).  The people who perpetrated the action were driven by the desire for more Serbian greatness in this region. The military alliances in the region came into play at this moment, more so German’s pact with Austria-Hungary that gave permission for carrying out retaliatory attacks against Serbia. The Russian support for Serbia increased the tensions and established the situations that encouraged the break out of war.  That major powers feared the expansion of military might in the region served as a major for the rise of the war (Ertl, 2008).

As war was ranging in Europe, the United States under President Woodrow Wilson leadership adopted a neutrality policy, a move that was welcomed by many Americans.   The presidents called for the people to remain “impartial in thought as well as in actions” (Dudley, 1998). A significant number of American citizens emigrated from European countries or their parents were immigrants from Europe and abstaining from the conflict was a relief to many.  Wilson’s hope of staying out of the conflict as an impartial party was comparison by Germany’s attempt to quarantine the British Isles, but Britain was a close trading partner with Britain (Dudley, 1998).  Britain, having the best navy force in the world, blockaded German’ ports which reduced the US trade with other central nations to almost none in 1916 from about $170 million in 1914.  The allies on other hand were in need of United States manufactured goods and since Britain could control the sea, it would access them (Dudley, 1998). 

In 1915, Germany announced warfare against any ship whether neutral or not if it entered war zones near Britain. A month later, William P. Frye, an American vessel transporting goods to England was sunk by German Cruiser which infuriated President Wilson but German apologized for the attack calling it unfortunate mistake (Dudley, 1998).   However, the attack on Lusitania vessel on May 1915 killing 1,201 passengers including 128 nationals under the claim of ferrying war munitions and the sinking of U-boat alongside 27 Americans started changing public opinion In US against Germany. Another sinking of U.S. ships lead to declaration of War by the Senate which was endorsed by the House of Representatives, and American entered WWI (Dudley, 1998). In addition, the financial assistance to the allies in forms of credit made America to be more entwined in the alliances which drew them closer joining the war.  The trade relations with Britain made many Americans and President Wilson more sympathetic with the allies and U.S. new that it would have to join them or separately fight against German in future. Wilson thought that Britain was fighting on behalf of Americans (Dudley, 1998).

The American’s contribution to the war was in terms of ammunitions and fresh solders which helped to counter Germany’s special advantage, and the Germans were demoralized. The presence of fresh solders also allowed France and Great Britain’s to carry offensive operations needed in expulsion of German forces from occupied regions (Kennedy, 2004).  The war ended with creation of Treaty of Versailles that was signed on June 18, 1919, through which the Allied nations reassigned German boundaries reparations liability. Many questions arising from the treaty regarding war propaganda led to increasing dissent. President Wilson’s presented the treaty to the Senate where it was defeated which was followed by political isolationism (Kennedy, 2004). As the War came to an end, Wilson presented a plan for peace and outlined fourteen points aimed at having a safer world.  His proposal for League of Nations meaning an International Organization consisting of nations from all over the world did not see light of day as some in Senate saw the idea as limiting American determination of its affairs. However, throughout 1920s and early 1930s, American advanced diplomatic mission to gain limited disarmament and thus, maintain peace across nations. Due to debts issues, the U.S. remained active regard to affairs of Western Hemisphere (Kennedy, 2004).

Conclusion

Nationalism was the major factor that led to military alliance and imperialism as each nation set to assert its power and identity. American’s entrance into WWI was drive by threat to its own interests, but the step led to earlier defeat of German by the allies and thus, the end of war.

References

Hamilton, R. F., & Herwig, H. H. (2003). The origins of World War I. 16-20

Ertl, A. W. (2008). Toward an understanding of Europe: A political economic précis of continental integration. Boca Raton, Fla: Universal Publishers.

Bew, John. 2015. Realpolitik: a history.61-69

Dudley, W. (1998). World War I: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego, Calif: Greenhaven Press. 60-67

Kennedy, D. M. (2004). Over Here: The First World War and American Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA.

Sammis, K. (2002). The twentieth century. Portland, Me: J. Weston Walch. 17-25

Cesare Beccaria was the eldest child in a family of individuals who were considered to be influential in the society and was taught at a Jesuit school which were the most prestigious schools at that time. In his mid-twenties, Beccaria in the midst of making bonds and relationships he ended up getting close with his known companions; Pietro and Alessandro Verri, These two close friends were also siblings who created a scholarly circle called "The Academy of Fists" which concentrated on changing the criminal framework in relation to justice. Through this gathering Beccaria ended up getting more and more familiar with French and British political rationalists, for example, Montesquieu, and Hume. At the support of Pietro, Beccaria composed On Crimes and Punishments in the year 1764 which has come to be among the most notable writing that he did in his lifetime (Allen, 2017). Some foundation data was given by Pietro, who was writing content on the historical outlook of torment, and Alessandro was an authority at a Milan jail had direct involvement of the jail's horrifying conditions. The short work was influential and it constantly challenged the torment or torture that was happening in order to get admissions, mystery allegations, the irregularity and disparity of condemning, utilizing individual associations with get a lighter sentence and the utilization of the death penalty for genuine and even minor offenses. Very quickly the work of Beccaria was noticed and it did spread widely, the work was converted into French and English and experienced a few releases. Scholars of the time hailed it, and a few European sovereigns promised to tail it. With awesome faltering, Beccaria followed up on a solicitation to Paris to meet the considerable scholars of the day. A constantly modest individual, Beccaria established a poor connection at Paris and came back to Milan within a span of twenty one days. Beccaria kept on increasing authority acknowledgment and held a few ostensible political positions in Italy (Zorzi, 1996). Isolated from the precious contribution from his companions he evidently was not able to deliver another content of equivalent significance. Outside Italy, an unwarranted myth developed that Beccaria's scholarly hush owed to confinements on free articulation in Italy at that particular time.

Beccaria was the child of a Milanese high-standing individual in the. Since Beccaria was a young lad he showed the fundamental characteristics of his character that eventually ended up making him the great man he has come to be known as today. A profoundly unstable personality brought about times of excitement that were followed by sadness and idleness. He was an introvert and to some degree distant in his social contacts yet set extraordinary incentive on his own and family connections. At eight years old he was sent to the Jesuit school in Parma. Beccaria later portrayed the training he got there as "over the top" and smothering to the advancement of human emotions (Keel, 2007).  Although he was out-rightly a clever individual there is minimal data from his understudy days that gave a sign of the wonderful scholarly accomplishments that were soon to take after. In 1758 he graduated from the University of Pavia with an elaborate degree in Law. Soon after getting done with school he met a teenager by the name Teresa Blasco and was evidently willing to marry her so he proposed, but experienced the willful restriction of his dad. The next year the marriage occurred without parental assent, and the youthful couple started their coexistence in neediness. The distance created by the unwarranted marriage  was at last repaired, and Beccaria and his better half were acknowledged by the family and thereafter they lived a normal life having three kids with the first being a daughter. It was not just in marriage where Beccaria would break with convention rule of how things are done. Not long after his arrival to Milan, he and two companions framed the Academy of Fists, a notable group formed by scholars that was aimed at demonstrating the problems that were occurring at that particular time (Maestro, 1974). Some of the problem included financial turmoil that the country was going through, bureaucratic trivial oppression, and religious bias and scholarly sophistry.' The trio inquired about and composed articles over different subjects concerning financial aspects, law and different zones inclined to contemporary civil argument.

As per Beccaria in ''Crimes and Punishments'' the first writing that he did with his two friends; every individual have three essential things: unrestrained choice, the capacity to be rational and self-intrigued thought. Beccaria asserted what made individuals who carry out wrongdoings have evidently decided that their actions conflict with the interests of society. Huge numbers of these criminal occurrences can be anticipated, and in this way it became society role to control those criminal acts by sanctioning disciplines sufficiently high to dissuade individuals from carrying out such wrongdoings (Beccaria, 1764). His first distributed the paper 'On Crimes and Punishments' secretly which was done with a lot of secrecy eventually came to light and not only did the community embrace it , but also the scholarly world all through Europe during that particular time . He did this in light of the fact that the work studied a few existing practices in the eighteenth century, notwithstanding laying out a few hypotheses reevaluating the very premise of equity and correctional codes. Simply after the ruling administration acknowledged the work did Beccaria let his role be known as the writer of the book with assistance of his two friends (Beccaria, 1764).

The article was generally perused in Europe in scholarly circles and also by certain leaders of state, such acceptance from the most elite in the community actually is what ended up earning him worldwide recognition. So famous did Beccaria's exposition turned into that he was welcomed to visit Paris by the scholarly elite who lived there. Beccaria acknowledged the trip, but he did not stay for long because being an introvert he was not able to make bonds easily with the scholarly elite (Beccaria, 1764). The calm Beccaria immediately picked up notoriety in France as being youthful and an imbecile, but in reality that was not the case. Expressions of Beccaria's content take after two unmistakable courses of action of the material: that by Beccaria himself, and that by French interpreter Andre Morellet who forced a more deliberate request to Beccaria's unique content. Beccaria opens his work depicting the immense requirement for change in the criminal equity framework, and he watches what a limited number of scholarly writing that are regarding the matter of such change. All through his work, Beccaria builds up his position by speaking to two key philosophical hypotheses: social contract and utility. Concerning the social contract, Beccaria contends that discipline is supported just to protect the social contract and to guarantee that everybody will be inspired to maintain it (Beccaria, 1764). Concerning utility, Beccaria contends that the strategy for discipline ought to be what serves the society. Contemporary political rationalists recognize two standard speculations of advocating discipline. To start with, the retributive approach keeps up that discipline ought to be equivalent to the mischief done, either actually tit for tat, or all the more metaphorically which takes into account elective types of remuneration. The retributive approach has a tendency to be retaliatory and retaliation situations (Phillipson, 1973). The second approach is utilitarian which keeps up that discipline should expand the aggregate sum of bliss on the planet. This frequently includes discipline as a methods for transforming the criminal, crippling him from rehashing his wrongdoing, and stopping others. Beccaria obviously takes an utilitarian position, stating that the motivation behind discipline is to make a superior society, not exactly bringing retribution. Discipline serves to stop others from carrying out violations, and to keep the criminal from rehashing his wrongdoing (Roshier, 1989).

Beccaria contends that punishment ought to be quick since this has the best prevention esteem. He protects his view about the quickness of discipline by speaking to the hypothesis of the relationship of thoughts. As indicated on the off chance that we know the principles by which the psyche interfaces together two unique thoughts, at that point we can reinforce their affiliation (Beccaria, 1764). For Beccaria when a discipline rapidly takes after a wrongdoing, at that point the two thoughts of will be all the more immediately related in a man's brain. Additionally, the connection between a wrongdoing and a discipline is more grounded if the discipline is by one means or another identified with the wrongdoing. Given the way that the quickness of discipline has the best effect on deflecting others, Beccaria contends that there is no support for extreme disciplines. He states that in time he normally becomes acclimated to increments in seriousness of discipline, and, in this way, the underlying increment in seriousness will lose its impact. There are limits both to how much torment we can go through and furthermore the amount we can deliver (Beccaria, 1762). Beccaria addresses a variety of criminal works on, suggesting change. Example of this include: Laws against suicide are insufficient, and in this way ought to be dispensed with, leaving discipline of suicide to God. Beccaria contends that laws ought to be clear in characterizing wrongdoings with the goal that judges don't translate the law, however must choose whether a law has been broken. Disciplines ought to be in degree to the seriousness of the wrongdoing. Treachery is the most noticeably bad wrongdoing since it hurts the social contract. This is trailed by savagery against a man or his property, and, at long last, by open disturbance. Wrongdoings against property ought to be rebuffed by fines. The most ideal approaches to counteract violations are to authorize clear and basic laws, remunerate uprightness, and enhance training.

Beccaria presents one of the primary maintained investigations of the utilization of the death penalty. Quickly, his position is that death penalty isn't an effective system to deter wrongdoing, but long haul detainment on the other hand is a more effective impediment since execution is transient. He begins by portraying the association between the social contract and our entitlement to life.  Beccaria trusts that, in the social circles we produce just the insignificant number of rights important to achieve peace. Hence, individuals clutch their entitlement to life, and don't hand this over to people (Allen, 2017). Beccaria history demonstrates that death penalty neglects to prevent decided lawbreakers. What we think about human instinct additionally recommends that it has negligible prevention esteem. An unfaltering case over a drawn out stretch of time is more successful in making moral propensities than is a solitary stunning case of an execution. Beccaria contends that interminable subjection is a more compelling hindrance than the death penalty. Since we ought to pick the minimum serious discipline which fulfills our motivation, at that point ceaseless subjection is the favored method of discipline for the most exceedingly terrible wrongdoings. From the observer's point of view, watching unending servitude will have a more enduring impression than the death penalty. Unending bondage will likewise appear to be more ghastly from the vantage of the observer, than from the criminal himself (Beccaria, 1764). Beccaria clarifies the brain research of the criminal who wishes to come back to the condition of nature in perspective of the gross imbalance between the rich and poor people. Once more, never-ending bondage is the best prevention against this inspiration.  Albeit the death penalty is used in many nations, it is as yet a mistake which in time will wind up noticeably uncommon. He encourages rulers to accept his position against the death penalty, and predicts that this will give them an enduring notoriety as peacemakers.

Beccaria’s legacy is one that will not be forgotten by many that actually have got too understand the importance of the justice that he craved to teach the society. His work is cherished with each coming years and he did not live to see the good it brought out in the whole world. Beccaria neglected to coordinate the cosmic level of progress he had accomplished before in the criminal field. Beccaria's imperfections was that he was a peaceful and free individual, who truly didn't talk what he needed to, which drove him to not being associated with the French and Italian governments and being judged (Allen, 2017). Notwithstanding his interest to criminal equity, he was as yet attracted to the field of finance and economics. At an older age Beccaria was assailed by family troubles and issues of wellbeing. He obviously did not savor the part of being identified as a scholar elite during his time.  His better half kicked the bucket in 1774 after a time of declining state of health, some months later he married again. Problems over distribution of his wealth started by his two siblings and sister brought about more trouble to his declining health and never took time to better himself (Roshier, 1989). Beccaria's last months were disheartening with the occurrences that were brought about by the French Revolution eagerly; he was stunned by the abundances of the turmoil and quickly condemned it. Beccaria's soundness, adaptability, and emphasis on the solidarity of learning were commonplace of the scholarly existence of his opportunity. His treatise, the most critical volume at any point composed on criminal equity, is still beneficially counseled two centuries after its first appearance.

             Beccaria relates his theory with organized crime activities by asserting that people make rational choices and weighs both benefits and costs of an action.  Before engaging in criminal activities, criminals make goals and find the means of achieving the goals.  Beccaria points out that individuals make a rational assessment and if the benefits outweigh the risk, they decide to commit the crime.  For example, when criminal is planning to rob a home, they will assess things like arrest, punishment, opportunity costs, money and psychological pleasure (Beccaria, 1764). After conducting the assessment on both positive and negative consequences, they make rational decisions of committing the crime.

 Focusing on organized crime, factors such as government corruption, government misconduct, lack of the rule of law, cooperation with government officials, bribery, abuse of power and lack of sanctions influences the organized crime (Beccaria, 1764).  In other words, these factors influences the criminals in making rational choices and committing serious crimes. These factors give the organized crime groups an opportunity to make significant investments in many areas. Many organized crime groups have a connection with political and economic systems and these factors increase their existence in the global environment.

 In deterring the organized crime, policies should be made from pleasure-pain principle. In other words, the punishment toward a particular crime should outweigh the pleasure experienced by the criminals.  This is because criminals organize and commit a crime after making risk and rewards assessment. Criminals may also choose not to commit a crime since the risk outweighs the benefits. Thus, he adds that the criminal justice system should not deter crime by focusing on the effect of crime on the victim but by focusing on the impact on the society (Beccaria, 1764).  The criminal justice system should provide a harsh and immediate penalty to dissuade criminals from making evil choices.  Also, the law enforcement officials should ensure that the punishment fits a particular type of crime.  In other words, the punishment should fit the organized crime such as the provision of illicit goods and abuse of legitimate business.

Reference

Allen, A. (2017). Cesare, Marchese di Beccaria Bonesana. Italian Criminologist. Accessed on 04.10.2017. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cesare-Beccaria

Beccaria, C. (1764) .On Crimes and Punishments. (David Young, trans.) Hackett Pub Co Inc. ISBN 0915145979

Beccaria, C. (1762). Del Disordine e dei rimedi delle Monete.

Keel, R. (2007) Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory Retrieved December 20, 2007.

Maestro, T. (1974). Cesare Beccaria and the Origins of Penal Reform. Temple University Press. ISBN 0877220247

Phillipson, C. (1973). Three Criminal Law Reformers: Beccaria, Bentham, Romilly. Patterson Smith. ISBN 0875851134

Roshier, B. (1989). Controlling Crime: The Classical Perspective in Criminology. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 0335158749

Zorzi, R. (1996). Cesare Beccaria: Il dramma della giustizia. Mondadori. ISBN 8804410582

Unit 2 journal

 The American Indian perception of land ownership enabled the European to settle down and amass huge chunks of land leading to the development of European colonies in North America. The belief among the American Indian that no person could own land and that it could be used by anyone contrasted with Europeans who viewed land ownership as a very important measure of wealth and political power[1].  The Europeans who arrived in North America discovered that no one laid claim to the lands and saw an opportunity to improve their lives. England companies offered land to those willing to cross the Atlantic and the Indians allowed them to clear and cultivate the lands which finally lead to development of the colonies[2].  The increasing number of settlers was changing land ownership so that Indians no longer had control of their land.

Reference

Tucker, Spencer C., ed. The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. Abc-Clio, 2011.

[1] Tucker, Spencer C., ed. The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. Abc-Clio, 2011.

[2] Tucker, Spencer C., ed. The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. Abc-Clio, 2011.

History of the United States After 1865

Introduction

            The world war began at the mid-40s up to late 80s, and the reason it was referred to as cold war is that at the moment there existed no war between United States of America and Soviet Union. The reason being the two nation feared nuclear escalation. What causes the cold war to begin right after world war ll is the Soviet Union that wanted people to embrace the ideology which was against the Americans who believed in democracy. Both the countries feared clash of war given that America had atomic weapons which made Soviets fear.  Also, the United States questioned why the Soviet get involved and controlled Eastern Europe region[1].

            The America president did not like the leader of Soviet who was called Josef Stalin and Soviets had the fear that Western Europe will be used by America as a reason to attack them. The ideological difference causes the cold world war between the two countries. The two nations had two different kinds of system government, for instance, United States individuals were elected through free election compared to Soviet[2]. The political parties were establishment by people to address their political grievances.  Economic was also another reason where the United States motivated people to do trading all over the world while the Soviet Union advocated having its market in the international commerce. These translated to lousy relationship and hatred between the two countries.

            Also, there was power rivalry after the Second World War when Europe declined.  There was sharing of power between the two countries and conflict started because both wanted to take Control of the other. The immediate cause of Cold war after the second war was caused by the dispute between the United States and Soviet Union which started during the time of peace-time conferences. The conflict began when President Truman advocated for Truman Doctrine and launched the Marshall Plan in the year 1947. Also Russian extended its influence in Europe and even before the decline of war Soviet started influencing Europe. At the end of the war in the year 1945, Soviet quickly takes control over Europe.  The army of Soviet began by changing the post-war elections, however, the non- communists still have fewer followers though most people voted for communist. Therefore the communist became more popular and power in Italy and France in the year 1946 since they were voted in by many people.

            Truman doctrine was issued by President Harry S. Truman in the year 1947 to help fight self-communism. Greece and Turkey were the two countries which were affected by communism during the Second World War, and the United States provided aid to them.  Communism is referred to where a one-party controls production to create classes in the community. President Truman wanted to stop communism before it spread all over and he believed that it is essential to advocate for the Truman doctrine. Truman viewed that with no time communism will spread even to the third world countries and it will equalize individuals making them have a permanent government. The goal of Truman Doctrine was to help Turkey and Greece since they were the most affected by communism during the war period. The containment policy is defined as a process of preventing the spread of hostile power or ideology. This policy was introduced by the United States with the aim of stopping communism and controlling the Soviet Union by using several strategies such as economic, military and diplomatic[3]. The policy was put in place in the year 1946 and George Kennan who was a diplomat conceived for it after the Second World War. The Second World War led to changes in the government system policies, and these changes were influenced by George Marshall, Dean Acheson, and John Foster Dulles. The primary role of this containment policy was to combat the spread of hostile ideas of communists to other countries.

            The containment policy was used in the Korean by the United States during the war. The United States assisted South Korea not to be invaded by North Korea who was communist. The US viewed that by using a rollback it will stop communist from attacking and it used its army to go to the 38th parallel. This translated to Chinese to come in and assist North Koreans to fight UN army in since they have crossed the 38th parallel. The United States did not like the idea of Korea becoming a communist since it will affect its interest in Japan and Philippines. The success of rollback used by the US will indicate that the Soviet Union is not active in East countries while the failure of Korea will have a contrary impact in countries like Japan. Also, the policy was used in Cuba during the decline of Batista dictatorial regime. Cuba was under communism power led by Fidel Castrol. The United States forced a naval blockade and said that if there will be any missile issued by Cuba, then they will fight them back. The Vietnam War which occurred in 1953 to 1975 is an example where the containment policy was employed by the United States.  The US helped Southern Vietnamese against being attacked by North Vietnamese. The United States believed that being involved in the war, it will stop North Vietnam from invading the South and hinder communist rule in Indochina.  The battle led the communist to take control over the Vietnam and US departure from the nation. It translated that the communist started influencing their immediate neighbors like Cambodia and Laos.

            The role of Americans according to the comments of former CIA Station Chief John Stockwell is that they believed that they must assist the third countries and help them with arms and also get involved in battles. They supported states not to be invaded by communism countries such as the Soviet Union. Also, it was American role to fight communism and attacks those countries with ideologies of communism. According to John Stockwell, the CIA was working for national security which is known as a secret war which only benefited the United States. They did not gather intelligence as CIA but they funded terrorists, mercenaries with weapons and it was illegal. John reported that they disrupted the daily activities of the victim countries such as democratic functioning.  In my opinion, it was evil of war because so many people lost their lives in the process[4].

            Powerful nations such as the United States wants to take control over weak countries in order prove that they have the authority, power and to gain control over these weak nations. Such nations believe that the vulnerable countries are not able to handle their issues. Therefore, they bring their ideologies on them. If a fragile state tries to go against their will, the United States will attack them back. Stephen Kinzer who is the author tells how Americans used various means to overthrow the foreign government. Kinzer said that the campaign and ideology against communism made the people of America to believe that it is right and their obligation to influence and use forces against those who are of injustice[5] .The foreign government was also overthrown when their interest in economic matches with that of their ideologies.  The United States applied various means to influence other countries to perform its binding. For instances, it uses time-honored tactics of diplomacy by rewarding the nations that support their ideologies and threatening the nations that go against their will. Other time it supports regimes which are friendly against those that are the uprising. For example, in the world war, it helped to do away with old authority and advocated for new ones.

            In conclusion, the containment policy was successful for the Americans. The decline of communism and the USSR made United State to be the only global superpower. However being successful created new issues. For instance, United States was left the only superpower and it becomes more committed to matters of democratic nations of Eastern Europe and other countries. The United States continued to assist anti-communists army in Afghanistan which caused the establishment of Taliban and Qaeda. Due to this establishment, United State was more committed to international affairs, and these new issues made the United States be in debt. China and India are emerging powers who are involved in more international relations compared to the US.  It will be of critical if United State will change the long-standing containment and replace it with a new one that is focused more in world affairs to keep its status as a global superpower.

REFERENCES

Kinzer, Stephen. 2007. Overthrow / America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. New York: Henry Holt & Company.

Leffler, Melvyn P., and Odd Arne Westad. 2010. The Cambridge history of the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Masuda, Hajimu. 2015. Cold War crucible: the Korean Conflict and the postwar world.

Stockwell, John. 1997. In search of enimies [sic]: a CIA story. Bridgewater, NJ: Replica Books.

Zarembka, Paul. 2008. The Hidden History of 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press. http://www.myilibrary.com?id=264843.

[1] Masuda, Hajimu. 2015. Cold War crucible: the Korean Conflict and the postwar world.

[2] Leffler, Melvyn P., and Odd Arne Westad. 2010. The Cambridge history of the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[3] Zarembka, Paul. 2008. The Hidden History of 9-11. New York: Seven Stories Press. http://www.myilibrary.com?id=264843.

[4] Stockwell, John. 1997. In search of enimies [sic]: a CIA story. Bridgewater, NJ: Replica Books.

[5] Kinzer, Stephen. 2007. Overthrow / America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. New York: Henry Holt & Company.

A Simple Heart

Written in 1877, a simple heart by Gustave Flaubert’s depicts the realism of a normal person.  The author gives an account about a person’s life almost as if it was his personal study of his life. It is important to note that A Simple Heart is outstanding from other works of this century. In his narration, he uses straightforward themes. This is because he aims at talking about an individual’s life rather than one of the specific parts used to embellish a darker side. The work is thus about an apparently meaningful life illustrated in the characterization of Felicite’s life. Gustave therefore works hard at illustrating the character’s life as meaningful.

However, her life is unexciting. It is a representation the untainted humanity environment where man usually struggles to survive. The author’s writing is that of a normal and miserable life of Felicite. His writing pursues the character’s series of hardship.from the onset of the narration, she survived through a miserable childhood but afterward found a job. She focuses so much on her children who within a short time leave the house. Later her nephew passed on and this added to her misfortunes. What is to be saluted about Gustave’s writing is his capacity to describe the narration in a realistic manner.

This narration is thus an example of a sensible account that holds tight to realism. As a result, the sensible retelling of the story allows it to transcend on various main themes such as, middle class satire and a saint’s legacy through giving birth to a new-fangled manner of visualizing and contemplating on life. This, therefore, allows for a new attitude about life.  

 History

Introduction

            The American history is all over though it is easy to remember people and the events that have brought the American nation to where it is now. So many things have happened in the past from politics to science and technology that has dramatically impacted the twentieth century. The article analyses the domestic and international policies, the impact of 9/11 on constitutional issues and the conservative and liberal resurgences of the 1980 and 1990s.

            After Reagan was elected as the president, he tackled the issues of economy immediately by following the advice of Nixon the first six months in the office. His plans for the economy were grounded on the theory of supply-side economics which he viewed that over taxation has led to economic struggling. Big companies were hindered to invest in the capital since most of the money was going to taxes. Reagan started by cutting the taxes thus enabling big companies to invest in the capital which after benefited the employees (Crouse, 2013). In 1981 he created a budget plan which reduced the budget by $40 billion. Peace through strength is a phrase that helped the United States to win the cold war and a phrase that safeguarded them from the calamity which was caused by nuclear war. Northern Ireland region was long-contested by the United Kingdom. It experiences conflicts between years 1960s -1990s where about 3500 people lost their lives. There was the power-sharing government in the year 1998 that comprised political forces united with armed groups. After some years an agreement referred to Good Friday agreement was established which ended most of the violence (Jackson, 2010).

            The 9/11 and the constitution is divided into two parts; the first part shows how the president, courts, and the congress how there are supposed to respond to the matters of threats to national security. The second part contains several topics which have been in the past and will continue to be about the constitutional law of national security. The 9/11 has affected the constitutional laws through liberty, government accountability, and security. In the fifth anniversary 9/11 has stimulated strong reflection on how Americans are supposed to respond to murderous attacks such as Iraq and Afghanistan invasion and how America should prepare for a future terrorist attack. Also, the 9/11 has affected the American law mostly the constitutional law which is the spinal cord of the American values and government which govern the country as whole. The problem is still out there where anniversaries are passed without the full knowledge of people (James & Paquin 2014).

            In 1980s and 1990s there were individuals who wanted to the rise of conversation in America. Reverend Jerry Falwell who was a conservative Christian leader in the year 1979 he co-founded an organization referred to moral majority. The moral majority organization main agenda is that the people of America wanted to transform social issues that many thought were damaging the traditional values of the Americans. The organization contained pro-traditional issues, pro-life and pro- America and its conservative politics were blended with religious beliefs. Moral majority and Falwell were lucky since they had sponsors and people who supported the organization’s agenda. In the 1980s the moral majority group had significant political rallies to promote its agenda. The organization succeeded by Campaigning the Ronald Reagan for presidential election and other potential candidates. Moral majority continued to support Ronald until he completed his two-term in 1989 (Levitsky &Roberts, 2011). There was a significant political change in the 1980s when Ronald Reagan was elected to be the president. He was the Republican president who advocated for rising conservative in the political movement. Reagan was supported by those people who had a similar idea and he promised the Americans in his term taxes he will reduced government involvement in the business and American values will be restored. During the Reagan administration, the heritage foundation was active in promoting the rise of conservative of public policies. The rise of conservatives was also impacted by Phyllis Schlafly. She was a lawyer and author. In 1970s she became the leader of the conservative movement. She was in charge of STOP ERA which campaigned for the stop massage of Equal Rights Amendments. Phyllis was also the founder of the Eagle forum organization which built and promoted public policy grounded with beliefs of the conservative.

                In conclusion, the legal legacy of 9/11 remains divided, in one side the country involved itself and adjusted its heritage to a more difficult task. On the other hand, the state is less free, less safe and less democratic. It is clear that Reagan revolution shaped the Republican Party politics and advocated for Democrats of rights economically. Today Americans live in the shadow of the Reagan revolution. Just as conservatives successfully won the office, they impacted the policies, and they have made sure that the liberals are silent. Reagan created many regulatory rules, advocated for tax reforms bills which resulted in significant economic failure and foreign lenders financed most of the debt.

References

Crouse, E. R. (2013). The Cross and Reaganomics: Conservative Christians Defending Ronald Reagan. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.

Jackson, A. (2010). Ireland: 1798-1998: War, Peace and Beyond. Hoboken: Wiley.

James, P., & Paquin, J. (2014). Game changer: The impact of 9/11 on North American security. Vancouver: UBC Press.

 Levitsky, S., Roberts, K. M., & Levitsky, S. (2011). The resurgence of the Latin American left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Women Sold In the Slave Trade

Introduction

            Women and young girls from developing countries are more vulnerable to sex slave where most of them are promised good jobs, marriages and enjoyable life. They usually live they home hoping that there will get a greener pasture. The victims disclose that there are given fake travel documents and later linked to a travel network which will take them to their destiny. Other women are sold into sex slavery by their boyfriends, friends, and parents. In these countries, they are forced into sexual slavery and kept in poor conditions, and there are not supposed to talk to anyone about the matter, or they will be killed. Also, the victims are not allowed to go outside the building.

              Trafficking and sex trade are known to be worst forms of violation where the human being rights are exploited. Victims of sexual slavery suffer from physical pain and sexual abuses such as rape and all these bad things are committed against their will. The victims are at high risk of getting STD, AIDS, and HIV (Chin, 2013). In the society, women and girls are less valued compared to men this leads to the violence of all kind, neglect, fewer opportunities and poor medical attention. The authors in the half the sky focused much on the women in the developing countries where they face sex trafficking, maternal mortality, and violence. The authors noted that sex trafficking is not well recognized and that many people are not aware of the problem. The neglect of the sex trafficking is caused by the misogyny, political agendas and the nature of the journalism(Kristof, & WuDunn ,2009).They viewed that most journalist will be likely to cover stories such as attacks by terrorists and political affairs compared to other issues that happen every day. For example every day a number of girls are sold into slavery, raping and these issues go unnoticed and no one cares about them. According to the author's gender equality is not a big concern in many countries. Sexism and misogyny have resulted in hatred of women, this leads to oppression of girls and women. In the society, women are considered less compared to men and therefore their issues are not taken seriously. Justice of women and young girls can only be achieved only when women will be treated equally with men. In half the sky women oppression takes place at many different levels for example government do not value women, women do not appreciate other women and men also do not value women. The problem of the devaluation can only be tackled by the law by modernizing the behavior of the men. Cultures across the world have created misogynistic thinking and the authors suggested that more effort and sacrifice will be made in order to fight oppression of women. This will help people and leaders to recognize the problem and be able to prevent it (Kristof, & WuDunn, 2009)

              Abraham Maslow theory was concerned with human motivations that are in a hierarchy needs. According to Maslow women cannot naturally express their dominance behavior freely like men, women get their training on how to do things from the culture which they grow up in and this affects them in their future. There are those social, traditional rules that show how women should act and behave in a given community, for example, they are trained how to cook, how to catch a man and keep him, how to dress and how to behave. However, they were not taught that a responsible woman should go for careers, further their education or vie for a political seat (Motta, 2011).

            According to Maslow's theory, women are the minority group in the community. In the society, the minority group is discriminated and mistreated because of their cultural and physical characteristics. He viewed women as weak, and there are exploited and discriminated in the community. He noted that in the expression of dominance by sexual violence such as rape women are viewed as objects and men as dominant. However, Maslow failed to notice that over the year’s women violence have been common all over the world. In the past and the modern society, there is still violence against women, prostitution, sex trafficking and slavery (Rutledge, 2008). According to traditional, cultural and social norms, women were taught to respect and not to fight their men, and this limits them. Also, sexual potency proves domination for the man.

              In conclusion, sex trade has long-term effects on the victims such as emotional stress which can lead to suicidal thoughts. Using multi-dimensional approaches such as creating awareness can help to fight sex trafficking of women and girls. The government should come up with laws and enforcement to punish the criminals who engage in the business of trafficking women and girls. Well-wishers and government should provide the victims with the resources and programs this will help them to improve their standard of living for themselves and their families.

References

 Chin, C. B. N. (2013). Cosmopolitan sex workers: Women and migration in a global city. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kristof, N. D., & WuDunn, S. (2009). Half the sky: Turning oppression into opportunity for women worldwide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

 Motta, S. C. (2011). Hispanic women seeking higher leadership roles in business. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris.

 Rutledge, L. S. (2008). Motivation and the professional African American woman. Bloomington, IN: Author House.

Marx and weber

Introduction

History is simply studying past events. The events are usually unique with specific activities, making them stand out. Various concepts can change the course of history as times passes by. Major events, can cause historical change. However, in this essay will dwell on historical change in relation to Marx and Weber. Weber does not have an intention or aim of pursuing a path of determinism, instead he seeks to know and acquire the knowledge of capitalism within the historical situation or contexts. In terms of their historical frameworks, both try to focus on diachronic evaluations of history therefore, they both facilitate its change. They try to understand the link between modern capitalism and historical situations

 Weber is a history sociologist writer. He conceptualizes that cultural values and norms led to the advancement and development of modern capitalism. He traces ethics back into the 18^th century when exemplified by use of numbers, ethics stripped off its link to salvation, and the struggle for finances became more common. In Weber modern times, capitalism was manifesting into a compulsory system that was deeply and socially rooted in the society. No one   could escape from its jaws (Weber, p 14).According to Weber; a man with finances had total control over other people. Moreover, the less fortunate relied on him to earn a living. The situation was not likely to change in the near future. In fact, the off spring of the rich will multiply the previous wealth they inherited from their ancestors (Weber, p 15).

Marx applied his dialect philosophy concepts for understanding the modern community in addition, used it to evaluate and examine social alterations within the society. He believed that there are various differences   that operated as dynamic forces   in the procedure of social advancement .He connected his concepts to the evolution of modern societies, which assisted him to come up with a specific contradiction between human and nature and capitalistic labor that is, alienation. Marx believed that labor was no longer creative but was isolated from human nature under capitalism. Employees no, longer worked to fend for themselves but they worked for the capitalists who have employed them. The workers also had to pay for the products they had played a part to produce in the farms (Marx and Engel, p 17).

Weber ideology of social process of modernity is rational social activities. Weber claimed that social systems and historical alterations should be considered as sophisticated patterns of the subjective definitions of single actions. This means causal or explanations to the social procedures are determined by personal interpretations or understandings of their own social choices. Social actions are considered the most important concepts (Weber, p 14).

On the other hand, Marx has his own unique perspective .While He does not dwell much into historical situations, which led to the creation of capitalism, he has a perspective that takes the same angle as Weber. He tries to understand modern-day capitalism, its impacts on the society and its evolution .Marx evaluation on capitalism is historical in nature. He elaborates on the alienated state of modern day society by the study and examination of previous history materials. The experiences are key in his analysis on capitalism. Marx for instance,   comes up with two groups: works and capitalists under the capitalist system. He further explained that a capitalistic state enforces the groups mentioned above .Hence, just like weber, he puts into context the origin of modern capitalism by delineating the historical process that facilitated it into its existence in the modern society (Marx and Engel p 25).

There is an obvious distinction between the two when it comes to historical evaluation. Weber claims that culture causes or motivates economic conditions while Marx suggests that economic conditions are because of society and culture hence they manifest themselves within the society .However the two theorists’ concepts can intertwined together. The two exposed economic and culture as drivers of historical change respectively. While it is tempting to take a different perspective and claim that the two theorists were suggesting that social and economic conditions influence a society, it is also vital to recognize that both Weber and Marx consider human emotions and other characteristics in their analysis. This helped to shape both culture and capitalism (Weber 45).

Marx debated that political authority comes from the economic power of the rich or ruling upper class community, in other words form ownership and control of the means of manufacturing. He also says that social institutions are influenced or impacted by economic determinants and thus the ruling class usually have a heavy influence on these institutions .Hence this social institutions   facilitate the ruling class by providing them with the tools they need to succeed in dominating and oppressing the lower classes whom they refer as subjects (Marx and Engel, p 133).

Works cited

 Weber, M .The Protestant Ethic and the spirit of Capitalism. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.

Marx and Engel, F. The German Ideology. New York: International Publishers, 1947.

Winston Churchill

In a world where diversity dominates in all sectors, different people demonstrate varying traits that make or unmake a person’s reputation. Reputation, therefore, refers to the general opinion or judgment that is held by the public about a given person. It is a redundant and one of the false temperaments that are often received without any merit. However, it is also lost without any justification. With the passing of time, contrasting biographies of iconic historic leaders has been established. The emergence of these contrasting biographies indicates how perceptions of varying historical changes evolve with time. All reputations including those of national icons rise and fall over time. A large part of Churchill’s life has represented him as a controversial figure. With the changing perspectives on such iconic figures, a change in interpretation is often not avoided. Churchill’s personal determination and willingness is one of the major factors that led to his great reputation.

Winston Churchill is one of the most recognized leaders in the British history. His iconic leadership is illustrated through his devotion and active participation in leading British through the Second World War. This was one of the most tumultuous times in the British history. Churchill was born in 1874 from a privileged family. However, since his father was not the firstborn son, he did not bear the family title (Rothstein, 2005, 96). In spite of the fact that his father did not receive a seat at his father’s house, he was able to ascend to the highest level in the British politics. Churchill had a wide range of behaviors that made him become transformational. His charisma enhanced him to adopt a vision and focus on the bigger picture which enabled him to gain a state victory. Initially, Churchill attained a political reputation. This was largely contributed through his charisma and his great oratory power (Reynolds, 2005, 16). In most cases, the public is more likely to point out charisma to leaders when they feel a strong urge to change. They often do this when they are faced with personal or even social crisis. For instance, the British public in 1939 failed to attribute Winston Churchill as a charismatic leader. However, a year later this perception about him changed following his great vision, poise and communication skills. These qualities made the public to attribute him as charismatic given the anxieties that they experienced during and after the Dunkirk evacuation. Unfortunately, in 1945, the public started focusing on the construction of welfare rather than winning the war. As a result, they voted Churchill out of office. His charisma, in this case, failed to predict his electoral defeat (Rothstein, 2005, 96).

According to Reynolds, (2005, 16), he asserts that Winston’s executive achievements did not contribute to his reputation at that period. However, even with his controversial reputation, in 1911, he was given a role in the navy. He was assigned as the lord of the Admiralty. In one aspect of his life, Churchill met the hour where he was the most outstanding in the British History. However, in all of the other aspects, he was just another politician in the making. His great achievements came about not because of his particular character.

The myth surrounding Churchill is way too much. It is therefore important for us to fully look at the reality behind his works and life. In doing, this, a true perspective about him will be attained. In the first half of the 20th century, Churchill’s myth keeps us from making an honest interpretation of the true occurrences in our history. As from 1940-45, Churchill’s image is created. His image is falsified and romanticized. This is a huge hindrance to true understanding. His determination to fight rather than make a dialogue with Nazi Germany was out of the ordinary with the British monarchy. His reputation, therefore, did not coincide with that of the British public opinion (Heffer, 2015, 20).

The relationship between myth and history led to the construction of Churchill’s reputation. The British people thought that Churchill’s political judgment was unreliable. He was widely blamed for the Dardanelles fiasco that occurred during the First World War (Heffer, 2015, 20). This was a risky venture and people thought that Churchill failed to think through it properly. In history, politicians who often change parties usually lose the public trust. Churchill was a victim in this case as he had changed his parties not only once but twice. With such a record, a cynical optimism was blown off. The fact that people’s view differs completely from so many aspects is a reflection of the diverse personalities. Therefore one has to really get outside of oneself in order to get a truly objective view. History, on the other hand, plays a major role in building a person’s reputation. Over the years, Winston Churchill’s reputation has been strongly constructed by the myths and the history surrounding his life. The mythical stories of Churchill constructed a bad reputation for him for the better part of his life (Heffer, 2015, 21). Historians failed to compare stories so as to decide which of these stories were more credible and those that were an exaggeration. Reasonable objective accounts on Churchill have however captured the desired everyday detail of history.

As a politician, Churchill has had a share of praise and excoriation over his lifetime. As a writer, he has had an influence on the people as he has created a reputation of admiration through his writing. He has therefore been largely admired for his writing prowess depicted in his earliest publications (Reynolds, 2005, 16). However, there has been an obvious bias in much of his works. Some of the critics and historians over the years have attributed his writing success to his conduct of dictating his work. Many therefore argue that it is through this habit that he has been able to easily gained interest and sympathy from the public.

In conclusion, it is quite evident that Churchill’s personal determination and the drive was a factor that led to his great reputation in the after years. He is the man that had inherent will to survive and beat all odds. His courage and natural capacity to come up with action plans paved a way for him into attaining a national repute. As an iconic leader of the 21st century, Churchill made his bold and overt trait an important element of his leadership prowess and a symbol of his Great War effort. His stubborn unwillingness to give up on the war that would disrupt the normal life in British led to people’s admiration. British people gained confidence in him and believed in his ability to protect their state. However, his reputation was unstable and it kept on changing with time following the different views held by the British people. His image has thus been painted and interpreted as one that is controversial.

References

Reynolds, D 2005, 'Churchill the Historian', History Today, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 16-17.