The aspect of slavery

The desire to be free individuals in America is all about feeling safe and being able to stand the chance of a happy life. According to Fredrick, slavery is a step that no one knows how to get out of. Slavery is the cause of many tribulations, death, and lack of a future for the blacks. For anyone to be free and be able to continue with life freedom is of benefit but freedom without an idea about how to make life comfortable is worthless (Foner 216). Education must be attained by the blacks in order to reduce the chances of being viewed as a needy and uncontrollable society. Education will ensure that the blacks are social, legally and economically stable. The rules of the highland simply signify the conditions and the responsibilities of the black society living in the highlands and what they must do to survive. Marrying and associating with the Negroes is something that was required for the blacks. The plantations offered no chances for failure and every person working in the lands must be accountable for their actions to the rules defined by the highlands.

Fugitives of slavery were very much unwelcome to the white lands and the whites made it sure that the slaves were returned to slavery (Foner 220). Many of them who managed to leave the hostile lands and become fugitives in their own country moved northwards to places they felt safe. The letter indicates the happiness and the aspect of freedom that the Taper family and the fugitive slaves enjoy. The queen had brought justice and help to their rescue and this is something that was welcomed by every slave on the run. This is social justice subjected to the slaves for the sake of their well being.

Works cited

Foner, Eric. Voices of Freedom: A Documentary History. , 2014. Print.

Antebellum Reform and Abolition

Fredrick was formerly a slave and who became a hero through fighting against slavery of the Black Americans during the period of antebellum. At the time of civil war, he worked every way he could to ensure that the more than 4 million Black Americans who were subjected to slavery were liberated. After the civil war, Fredrick was identified as the bravest person and a Black man and a leader in the nation (White 79). During the 19th century, the speech that he delivered in July of 1852 is regarded as one of most powerful and greatest speech that was ever made in history.

Black Americans were tired of being viewed by the whites as though they were not human beings. Being used as slaves by the whites was something that was going to be stopped in all the ways possible. The reform was done in order to make sure that the constitution recognizes the black Americans as human beings and not as slaves (White 76). The blacks wanted the abolition of slavery which had gone on for many decades but time to liberate the slaves had finally come. The fourth of July was a special day since it was a day to celebrate humanity and enjoy a free life. It was a day for the celebration of the black’s political freedom in America. Black Americans were now safe from slavery and the nation was as young as a small baby and people needed to enjoy their freedom. Freedom did not come out of lack of sacrifice since many people were subjected to the civil war and others killed during slavery. Reforming the constitution was the best way of ensuring that the blacks are safe in America.

Works cited

White, Elisa J. Modernity, Freedom, and the African Diaspora: Dublin, New Orleans, Paris.             Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012. Print.

Henri labrouste

Henri Labrouste was born on 11th May 1801 in Paris, France and died on the 24th of June 1875 in Fontainebleau (Merwood-Salisbury, 2014). He was a famous French-based architect from the well-established Ecole des Beaux-Arts architecture school. After living for about six years in Rome Henri Labrouste developed an architectural training workspace which within no time became very popular for rationalism (Merwood-Salisbury, 2014). He was well known for his utilization of iron frame building and was among the first individuals to establish and experience the significance of its utilization. Henri Labrouste in his schooling in Paris won Prix de Rome in regard to his familiarity with architecture in 1824 and it is after that period that he spent several years in Italy after which his focus became more centered and he established a studio in Paris and his popularity heightened even further (Merwood-Salisbury, 2014).

Henri Labrouste is particularly remembered in regard to his two primary partisan libraries that he designed. His skills very evident in the construction and uniqueness that is yet to be matched. He believed that the best design is the one that adheres to simplicity so that it can attract those with its interest and those that lacks knowledge of art and designing. The Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve library which is one of his sole designs was constructed amid the year 1843 up to 1850 (Merwood-Salisbury, 2014). The library is still admired till today for the intense attraction and limitation of its decorations in addition to the delicate utilization of exposed iron mechanical components both for pillars and arches. Henri Labrouste has also remained relevant due to his second library initiative well known as the Reading Room constructed amid 1860 and 1867 of the national Bibliotheque (Merwood-Salisbury, 2014). The roofing of this project consists of nine different decorated metal domes that are fully reinforced by thinner cast-iron pillars. Despite his skills, he maintained simplicity in all that he did not only to win the hearts of those following him but also as a means of creating a more firm foundation.

Methodology

Henri Labrouste utilized a functionalist approach (Labrouste et al., 2012). The issue-based theory is the approach that the firm will utilize for the library project. This involves developing architectural solutions to an existing issue through the utilization of design. This will be achieved by comparing designs as created by Henri Labrouste as a way of borrowing thoughts to solving the issues. The project will mainly begin by addressing the issue of library designs in the proposed sites particularly those that involve designs and to be addressed through the use of constructive design (Hanser, 2006). This will not mainly be grounded on the sites but to address the current design problem that makes the construction to be less appealing to the users. In order for solutions to be developed comparison amid the existing ideas from our client will be borrowed to satisfactory which will be placing more assertion on the need for sensitivity and simplicity while using iron elements in constructions as demonstrated by Henri Labrouste (Merwood-Salisbury, 2014).

Unique Qualifications

The firm is petitioning qualifications from architectural designers for the purpose of offering architectural services for a proposed project. The firm is in need of consultant services providers. The scope of the needed services of the Architect record is based on comprehensive architectural and engineering design services that incorporate master development and programming for a project that is to be designed on a location in France that is currently owned by the client. The needed team will be qualified based on their previous experience in construction of a library project. The design team will thus be required to offer more detailed samples of the completed projects to be reviewed by the selection board including a list of the involved clients, completion date, and the location. Given that this is a major project there is a need to select the most qualified and experienced team to bring innovativeness and creativity for the library construction. The knowledge related to iron elements construction is necessary for the purposes of the project to be achieved (Labrouste et al., 2012).

Henri Labrouste Libraries Projects

Bibliotheque Nationale de France also was known as the National Library of France is accounted as the most important library in France is one of the oldest in the global context and is situated in Paris (Raizman & Gorman, 2007). Around 1838 up to 1850 the design for the Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve library was developed and was constructed under the guidance of Labrouste as the architect (Raizman & Gorman, 2007). He was offered the project back in 1938 but the building never started until five years later and it was completed in seven years. The iron and glass study room is described by most as fascinating and the building on its own has seminal different workpieces in regard to the development of the modern library as the primary knowledge sanctuary and a huge space for observation. Henri Labrouste proved his functionalist approach after taking close to seven years of construction of both of his projects (Raizman & Gorman, 2007).

The Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve library was constructed amid 1943 and 1950 (Raizman & Gorman, 2007). The design of this li bray, unlike all others, is plain when compared to all other interior attraction in regard to masonry and iron construction which is an influence of Labrouste’s simplified design (Raizman & Gorman, 2007). Due to his outstanding potential to utilize iron with caution and sensitivity in construction this building is considered to be one of the revolutionary. It is his design that has been utilized as the base for most of the contemporary designs today and more. He almost convinced the modern designs that simplicity and sensitivity was the vital tool for developing the most unique and appealing designs without fail. Labrouste’s Library designs projects were particularly created in selected and reductively seemingly flexible manner with his own style that was revolutionary and has grown to be the modern paradigm theory for the current interior and exterior building architectural designers. The display of both projects is displayed in a manner that requires no reasonable explanation thus making it even easier for the users to connect at ease in general (Webb, 2004).

Labrouste even in his two major libraries projects achievements might not be a recognizable title to most but he has made a huge influence on the modern architectural design (Webb, 2004). For the library projects that he guided he acquired administration from the post and contemporary artists based on his innovative based concept that involved embracing fresh technology such as cast iron in addition to glass. Both of his projects are accounted to be among the largest that was developed during that period based on the creativity that he utilized and the fact that his functionalist approach that adhered to the needs of the users was never abandoned (Webb, 2004).

 Image: The Bibliotheque Sainte-Geneveive

References

Hanser, D. A. (2006). Architecture of France: Reference guides to national architecture. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Greenwood Press.

Joanna Merwood-Salisbury (2014) Exhibition: ‘Henri Labrouste: Structure Brought to Light’, The Journal of Architecture, 19:1, 156-159, DOI: 10.1080/13602365.2014.886387

Labrouste, H., Bélier, C., Bergdoll, B., Le, C. M., Bressani, M., Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine (Paris, France). Bibliothèque nationale de France. (2012). Henri Labrouste: Structure brought to light. New York: Museum of Modern Art.

Raizman, D. S., & Gorman, C. (2007). Objects, audiences and literatures: Alternative narratives in the history of design. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.

Webb, T. (2004). Building libraries for the 21st century: The shape of information. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co.

France and immigration

Introduction

The history of immigration in France is deep and extensive. Immigrants began to flow in France during the 18th and the 19th century due to the rise of industrialization and the decline of the country’s reproduction rate leading to labor shortage[1]. With the need for high production in the industries, it was evident that the country would not offer the needed labor thus recruiting foreigners for more cheap and enormous labor. Majority of other countries that were industrializing proved to be unsuitable given that their birth rate was higher thus offering sources for immigration such as Germany.  The aware amid France and German in addition to the First World War affected labor supplies since most people lost their lives and reproduction decreased drastically thus causing the labor shortage in the economic sector to become worse. Unlike most countries in the European region, France is highly attractive to immigrants due to its strategic position and legislation which tends to guard the rights of the immigrants thus encouraging more to move into the country[2].

Most of the immigrants living in France are from the European region comprising of 80 percent of this population. In that, most of them are mainly from Portugal, Britain, Spain, and Germany[3]. As per the current situation close to twenty percent of the country’s population is made of immigrants. Close to 15 percent are from the Asian states with less than five percent being from the African descents. The primary reasons as for the increased immigration into France is working opportunities. In that France was involved in an economic reform that after the Second World War that facilitated authoritative economic development and extension. In the quest for maintaining the desire appealing economic practices, the government along with the private sector are particularly committed to expanding the labor force for high productions. The country has policies and controls that have primarily played part in supporting immigration. This has not only resulted in the highest immigration number but also contributed to the economic expansion as the high number of immigrants plays a significant role in the modeling of the contemporary social and economic values[4].

France unlike the competing states such as Britain has been dragged behind economically and it has not dropped its quest for a more stable economy in general. With the need to set high economic trend the country is particularly persuasive in regard to immigrants as its policies are not only fair but accommodative as well. With better living and working conditions, immigrants find it easy to relocate to France than any other country within the same region[5]. In that, the other states based on their developed economic conditions are less accommodative of immigrants and their policies are severe an approach that seeks to discourage their movement to the region. This pace was set centuries ago since unlike most of these state France is more objected at creating a balance amid the economic and social living in general through intensifying its economic generation which it cannot support without the assistance offered by immigrants.

Most individuals coming from the neighboring states are skilled laborers and are often attracted by the pleasing opportunities in the country[6]. The immigration state is mainly powered up to today by the gift of expansionism of the previous periods and the extensive practices instilled by the rulers from different centuries focusing on recruiting workers from the outside countries. In general, there has been a consistent rise in regard to immigration within the last decades and this has impacted the country’s society greatly[7]. Despite the fact that immigration has been branded as a successful subject in France it has proved to be one of the leading controversies for the last few years as it is categorized as the root cause of social-based issues[8]. In that most perceive immigrants as opportunist who are there to harvest all that France and its population has struggled to build. For some of the pressing issues such as ethnic conflicts and unemployment is blamed on immigrants a matter that has been existence for years. While it is true that a significant number migrate to France in search of education most of them end up securing employment in the same state thus minimizing the chances for the residents.

It is such issues that have resulted in the incorporation of policies in the most recent years being shifted towards addressing the outcry of the public in general which has in some way affected the socio-economic balance[9]. In addition, the immigration laws have consequently adopted rising restrictive measures in the country that seeks to minimize immigration in general. Similarly to other countries in the European region, there is a growing effort to control immigration in general with the objective of heightening the benefits towards development economically[10]. However, this adoption is affected by the general need to admit as well as incorporate seconding and third generation immigrants that depict the highest population due to globalization which has made this trend to be on the peak.

The immigration pattern is irregular since it is fueled by different reasons such as education, refugee, and employment. France has the most affordable education in the region which adheres to quality, convenience, and affordability for all. Healthcare is also very inclusive an aspect that plays part in the wellness of the general populace as well as the economy. Most of those coming from the African states are mainly in search of better living and livelihood for their families[11]. However, despite the contributions that have been made by the immigrant's populace it is accounted that most of them live in rather poor conditions with unemployment being one of their primary challenges. Employment opportunities mainly seek to rescue those from the France origin while the rest must apply more effort be to succeed[12]. Those that are employed are not safe either since low payment is norm due to the perception that immigrants are supposed to provide enormous labor with cheaper costs to facilitate the sector to grow. Despite the fact that most of these people live in the cities their living state is rather not pleasing since they are forced to survive with less payment despite the high needs to sustain their families.

In conclusion, it is apparent from the analysis above that France has for the longest period been attractive to immigrants due to working, learning and development opportunities. Even though immigrants offers labor that is essential in supporting the economic desires of the state certain policies have been developed to respond to the rising social issues due to the high number of immigrants. Most of the immigrants are from the Europe region despite the fact that France hosts people from across the globe. The living state of this populace is not favorable despite the opportunities.

References

Schain, Martin. 2008. The politics of immigration in France, Britain, and the United States: a comparative study. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=455407.

Thomas, Elaine R. 2011. Immigration, Islam, and the politics of belonging in France: a comparative framework. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3441713.

Toro-Morn, Maura I. 2004. Migration and immigration: a global view. Westwood, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press.

Taub, Amanda. 2017. A Small French Town Infused With Us-vs.-Them Politics. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/20/world/europe/a-small-french-town-infused-with-us-vs-them-politics.html

[1] Schain, Martin. 2008. The politics of immigration in France, Britain, and the United States: a comparative study. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

[2] Toro-Morn, Maura I. 2004. Migration and immigration: a global view. Westwood, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press.

[3] Toro-Morn, Maura I. 2004. Migration and immigration: a global view. Westwood, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press.

[4] Schain, Martin. 2008. The politics of immigration in France, Britain, and the United States: a comparative study. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

[5] Toro-Morn, Maura I. 2004. Migration and immigration: a global view. Westwood, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press.

[6] Schain, Martin. 2008. The politics of immigration in France, Britain, and the United States: a comparative study. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

[7] Toro-Morn, Maura I. 2004. Migration and immigration: a global view. Westwood, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press.

[8] Taub, Amanda. 2017. A Small French Town Infused With Us-vs.-Them Politics. New York Times.

[9] Taub, Amanda. 2017. A Small French Town Infused With Us-vs.-Them Politics. New York Times.

[10] Toro-Morn, Maura I. 2004. Migration and immigration: a global view. Westwood, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press.

[11] Toro-Morn, Maura I. 2004. Migration and immigration: a global view. Westwood, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press.

[12] Taub, Amanda. 2017. A Small French Town Infused With Us-vs.-Them Politics. New York Times.

Augustine Confessions

  Introduction

St. Augustine was born in 354 AD in Thagaste by his parents Monica (Christian) and Patricius (Pagan). Since he was a talented boy, his parents supported him in gaining education and joined schools which were located at Madauros and Carthage. Augustine’s Confession serve an important purpose in our daily lives as it helps Christians live a spiritual life and gain moral growth. Augustine gives accounts of his sinful life, conversion and the God’s saving grace.  In the Confessions, he makes a call to abandon the material reality and create a communion with God where human beings will find peace. He also touches things on the universe, the human nature, the cause of evil and more. He says that human being live in a material world and they will return back to the spiritual home through Jesus Christ. Confessions offer profound understanding and has helped many people find happiness. The Confession is not an intellect experience but rather it glorifies God for sustaining him and directing him toward the light.

Infancy and Boyhood

The Confessions begin by “Great art thou, O Lord” where Augustine reveals the pilgrimage of grace and on powerful grace which lord has provided (Sheed, 4). He is so much grateful to God for his mighty deeds since infancy to adulthood.   In this book, he reveals the sinful nature of human being and that the nature separates human beings from God.  In the Confession, he focuses on two key words namely ‘restlessness and peace’ and states that the soul needs peace but it is hard to gain the peace unless the soul is connected with God (Sheed, 4). Augustine presents his prayer to God and in the prayer; he reveals the problems with human beings. In praying, Augustine states that the purpose of prayer is to ask God put love in our hearts so that we as human beings can live Godly life. Since human beings live in a sinful world, the purpose of prayer should be focused on asking for eternal damnation and salvation (Sheed, 6). Augustine reflects on his infancy and acknowledged the mother-child harmonies relationship that is created by God. However, the natural order from God is destructed by the infant’s behaviors   where the child commits sins though it is an inevitable consequence   since human beings live in a sinful nature.  For example, Augustine looks back to the past and acknowledges his faults and says “And yet I sinned my Lord God” (Sheed, 17). He had a choice between good and bad he decided to choose pleasure and frivolous literature. Even though he acted against the command of his parents, his teachers were accountable for teaching him illicit passages and these actions weakened his moral development. In other words, the education system acted against the moral law. He gives praises to God for saving him from evil ways. He goes on to prayer that God may deliver him from Satan snares and use the positive things he learned in childhood to serve God.

Adolescence

Augustine reflects on the past and remembers the past wickedness and the wicked ways during adolescence. Augustine says that he connected himself with worldly things and his actions pleased men rather than God.  He was guided by the flesh and he could not distinguish between God’s will and unholy desire (Sheed, 20).  At childhood, he was not accountable for his sins since he was unconscious of sinful acts but during adolescence, he consciously decided to violate the moral law and for this reason, he faced a great penalty.  He ignored the ordered love which the soul demand and followed the disordered love of lust. Since there was no one to advise him, he   remained into his depravity and illicit behaviors. Augustine says that in adolescent years, he engaged in all kind of sins such as sexual behaviors and theft (Sheed, 20). Generally, he reveals his   sinful life and how the grace of God liberated him from the sinful   behaviors. In this Confession, Augustine asks God to grant him a perfect rest where he will enjoy the Job of the Lord.

Carthage

            Augustine gives an account of his school life in Carthage. During 371-374, he went to Carthage to further his studied on rhetoric and in this city, he experienced all sort of sins such as casual relationships and unfriendly friendships with young men (Sheed, 30). He desired   to love and the enjoyment of the body, and this made him foul and unclean. He was engaged in excessive vanity and finally he never met   a true lover. While in the dissipations, he came across a positive experience as he read the Hortensius by Cicero where he learnt the philosophy and the true happiness’s. After reading the work by Cicero, he decided to conduct person research to discover the truth (Sheed, 32). He was not satisfied by the Cicero work as he argued that it lacked reference with respect to the scripture and Christ. After being converted into Cicero’s philosophy, Augustine was converted into Manichaeism which focused on ‘heroic humanism’.  The latter means that human being could avoid sins and overcome temptation by having the willingness. For example, Augustine could refrain from sexual behaviors through making personal decisions. Manichaeism religion believes that light and darkness existed in the world where the light presented the soul while dark presented the body (Sheed, 37). In addition, there was a war between light and darkness or else God and evil. In order to attain salvation and live a spiritual life, human beings should deny the worldly things. These beliefs helped Augustine understand that the worldly things or the flesh forced him commit sin. However, his mother did support the Manicheans belief and adviced him to return back to Catholicism (Sheed, 41).

Approaching Maturity

 Augustine confesses that he engaged himself in lustful projects where he deceived people, taught liberal arts and rhetorical skills. He formed a common-law relationship and bore a child in 372. Though he did not marry the woman, he lived in a faithful relationship with her for 15years (Augustine, & Albert, 46). Later, he realized that God created marital covenant but he engaged in common-law relationship.  In Carthage, Augustine had the desires to gain wisdom in the field of astrology and after the study;   he gained knowledge that  he is not accountable for his faults simply because Venus, Saturn or Mars are full of sinful natures (Augustine, & Albert, 48).  However, a friend to Augustine told him the truth that; Astrology was a pseudo-science full of deceptions.  Later, Augustine met a tragedy when his friend died and he becomes devastated.   In explaining the love for his friend, he says that people should show the ordered love from God to their friends. If he loved his friend with this kind of love, he would have understood that his friend is with God.  Augustine wrote ‘The Beauteous and the Fitting” but he did not succeed as he was against money (Augustine, & Albert, 52). Later, he conducted research on the nature of reality through metaphysical speculations. Rather than finding the reality from the scripture, he uses his own ideas which confront the nature of God.   Augustine confesses his sins and asks God to defend, support and provide stability (Augustine, & Albert, 60).

Rome and Milan

In year 383, Augustine moved to Rome and here, he taught Manichaeism and maintained his dualist views. Later, he embraced the Plato’s Academy where learned new beliefs on doubting on everything. With this knowledge and Manichean metaphysics, be believes that God is a finite being (Augustine, & Albert, 60).  In Milan, he becomes the professor of Rhetoric   but he did not succeed in his teachings since Christian-Neo-Platonism was in rise during the period. The Christians-Neo-Platonism was supported by Bishop Ambrose who preached with a rhetoric style and applied intelligent doctrine. This made Augustine to change mind and realized that The Catholic faith was reasonable. For example, the Manicheans rejected the Old Testament but Bishop Ambrose convinced Augustine that the Old and New Testaments relate in that the New Testament interprets the Old Testament (Augustine, & Albert, 60). In year 382 while in Carthage, he was not satisfied with the Manichaeism since Faustus could not give solution to the religious questions presented by Augustine.

 Catholic Alternative

Augustine meets with his mother in Milan and at this point, Augustine likes the Christian virtues in her mother.  Her mother believes now that God will deliver her son from evil teachings and direct him toward the truth.  Since Augustine was a Catholic in childhood, he is willing in to return to his faith as he is influenced by Ambrose’s sermons (Augustine, & Albert, 83).  He had to make wise decisions between true faith and Manichean materialism.   Remarkable, he gains a spiritual understanding and recognizes that the Scripture states the truth as it interprets thing in allegorical manner.  He accepts Catholic faith and rejects the Manichaeism and other secular philosophies which fit only the intellectual elite. Given that he has accepted the Catholic faith at the age of 30, he realizes that in order to completely live a Christian   life, he should give up worldly pleasure (Augustine, & Albert, 95).  However, he is tempted to commit sexual sins but what compels him toward sin is the lack of humility. Again, he separated with his mistress since he decided to marry another young woman.   Waiting for the new marriage, he became a slave of lust and loves another mistress whom their enjoyed sex together.  He confesses his crooked ways and asks God to deliver him from the wretched wanderings (Augustine, & Albert, 101).

Encounter with Neo-Platonism

 After making serious efforts to follow the Catholic faith, he holds on personal knowledge and questions the Scripture on some issues. Though he does not comprise the word of God using Manichean beliefs, he believes that God is not omnipotent since he cannot remove the evil from the goodness (Puchner, 323). For this reason, Augustine   finds the cause of evil and concludes that evil comes from free will. In finding the cause of evil, he enters in Neo-Platonism school of thought to learn about the human existence.  However, he argues that Platonists books focus on powers of reason and ignores the faith in Christ.  Even though the books do not touch things to do with salvation and redemption, Augustine derives something important based on Paul.  The writings of Paul express the Scripture truth and present the glory of God (Puchner, 335).

 Moral Conversion

 After reading the writing of Platonists and St. Paul, he accepts the existence of God but he is confused on how to handle the intellectual certainty and moral stability.  The latter needs accepting   the healing power and abandoning the moral autonomy (Puchner, 345).  He is advised by Simplicianus to follow the foot step of a man known as Victorinus who was a pagan but decided to abandon the Worldly things and follow Christ by being baptized and becoming a church member.  Augustine also believes that Victorinus and Paul have similar traits in that both rejected the pride, self-autonomy and self-reliance and followed Christ (Puchner, 358). However, Augustine is still held back to the old sinful ways and he is compelled by the theory of ‘divided will’.  He fails to commit himself to the law of God   and this hindered him from overcoming the divided will.  He confesses that God may help him refrain from the lustful actions (Puchner, 376).  

Conclusion

Augustine’s’ Confessions was written in 397-401 AD, and the title ‘Confessions” was rooted from Augustine’s conversion. In Confessions, Augustine reflects back on his past life, confesses his faults and proclaims God’s mercy. Confessions are also presented as a polemical work-which means he presents arguments on opponents’ opinions.  In Confessions,   St. Augustine talks more about the love God  and his relationship with God.  He says by meeting the love of god, he came across a positive experience. Many people in the material world get love from money and wealth but St. Augustine found the real love from God. To gain the true happiness, people need to be connected with God.

Work cited

Puchner, Martin. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. , 2013. Print.

Sheed, Frank J. Confessions of Saint Augustine. London: Continuum International Pub. Group, 1944.

Internet resource.

Augustine, , and Albert C. Outler. The Confessions of St. Augustine. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications,

2002. Print.

Terracotta Lekythos (the oil flask)

Lekythos in the ancient Greece was defined a boarder meaning when compared to the archeological term ‘Lekythos’ in the modern art. It was used as a common word of referencing terracotta of diverse forms depending on its mythical purpose. Used for oil storage, the flask was mythically accepted not only in Athens but also in other parts of the Greek world.  The shape of the vases through the ancient Greek was not specified because lekythos was considered as just an oil urn. However, the shapes and representation of the terracotta vases in the classical period were significantly differentiated in accordance by a variety of mythical perspectives. For instance, the distinctions of the vases tend to depend on aspects such as the appropriateness of the terracotta to delivering its mythological function. While White-figured lekythoi reined the ancient Greek by the mythical orientations, the red-figure terracotta as well played a very important role across the land in the classical period.

The Terracotta lekythos in particular the oil flask was used in the ancient period by the Greek Persians to store olive oil. The word lekythos (in plural form lekythoi) was used to mean any small oil flask. The flask was ceramic; it had a narrow neck connecting the mouth of the flask to the holding body and one handle that is attached to the neck and the body. The flask is similar to the modern flower vase only that it had a handle for holding purposes and pouring out the contents of the flask, the oil flask was just as fragile just as the modern vase. The oil flask was used in the mid-4^th century B.C. to early 5^th century B.C. The vase had been painted on the outside to depict a different significance.

The red-figure Phiale

The mythical meaning of the Attic vases continues to be deepened from one generation to another in accordance with the painters responsible for their decorations. Athenian red-figured vases played a very vital role to the presentation of mythical reasoning. The red-figure Phiale was specifically a ritual vessel in the classical period around 440 B.C. The vessel is considered to be an exception among other classical arts because it was rarely painted, an aspect that gains Phiale painter much superiority in Athens and also in the Greek world. Made of fired clay, the classical vases were made in diverse shapes. Also, the sizes differed from one vase to another in accordance by the intended function. For instance, the red figure terracotta by the Phiale painter was a vessel vase that was commonly used for storage purposes. The oil flask had a height of 44.3 centimeters and a diameter of 13.6 cm with a thin neck, a key characteristic that facilitated to its storage functions. The `vase encompasses a revolutionary of paintings and myths hence the need to analyze the lekythos by its origin.

Phiale Painter

The Phiale Painter was named after his distinct painting of a red-figure Phiale, which was commonly used for the storage oil among the Greece as a mythical. He is presumed to be a student and a main partner of the Achilles Painter. The painter is noted for his significant contributions to the style of Attic red-figure within the period of 450-425 B.C.  However, the painter’s legacy is recognized through a variety of vases in the line of red-figured lekythoi although his artistic skills were represented in a range of diverse shapes. On the other hand, Phiale painter is as well honored for a few ‘white lekythoi’ prior to the termination of his career within 440 to 430 B.C. The examples of the white lekythoi associated with him significantly denote some of the personal and outstanding images on his stopovers to the grave known. The few known artistic presentations tend to bring significant complexity among the archeologists when defining him as the painter of the red-figure lekythoi over white lekythoi. He is as well regarded for the decoration of two calyx-kraters characteristics in the white-ground, which was an uncommon shape through this technique.

Most of the archeological studies within the classical history stipulate that utmost 200 vases of his decorations have survived. Despite some of his works in the white lekythoi, the vase-painter primarily majored in the painting red-figure to both lekythoi and amphorae. Important to note is that the painter’s decorations were commonly represented through narrative scenes, which commonly delivered information in accordance by the orientations of normal life occurrences among the Greece. The legend of the Greek art is associated with a variety of decorations, although, the red-figure Phiale highly influences the painter’s superiority in the classical period owing to its mythical significance.

The free style, around 450-420 B.C

The free style era can be regarded as the origin of major transformations in the Athenian state. The period availed a broad environment with a variety of significant resources with affluent development potential. The Athenian state and the entire Greek experienced much developmental activities including building operations through the period of free style. On the other hand, the free style era was of much influence in regards to the historical transformation of the Greek art.  The period continues to be characterized as the era of great activity owing to the still transformation capability that was evidenced on the presentation of Greek art.  For instance, the Vase painters turned in the decoration field through the free style with works that reflected the spirits and mythic perspectives on particular but diverse life situations. Importantly, all artistic paintings were oriented to announce the Greek’s mythical considerations despite the limited censorships on artistic representations; the artistic freedom that was majorly facilitated by the free style.

The Greek Beliefs

Like the black-figured lekythoi in the ancient period, the red-figure vases were used during the classical period to signify the mythical themes of the Greeks. The vases included themes of time-honored Greece legends from various orientations including the religious gods. As characterized by the free style, the Greek art was characterized by partial involvement of expansive censorships during the classical period despite the fact that the encompassed works were regulated to present both life and natural occurrences across Greek. This affirms that art in the Greek world was set as an appropriate mechanism of symbolizing the normal life conditions such as moral aspirations and other life guiding principles. The skills of art were not enveloped to particular alienations so long as the works were enacted in accordance by mythological scenes on a variety of considerations. Therefore, it can be deduced that the vases were used in the classical era to preserve the mythical experiences regarding the Greek life by presenting the historical information in more imaginative orientations.

Significantly, most of the religious groups across Greek placed their beliefs on anthropomorphic features unlike religious beliefs of the southwest Asia that considered the power of the living creatures including humans and animals. The gods of the Greek were both male and female although they were of different personalities and field. Myths were used to give explanations on different aspects including the origin, the nature and the relationship of the Greeks to humankind. Therefore, the Greek art of both Archaic and Classical period encompasses diverse mythological episodes while incorporating significant symbolic features to enhance the identification of divinities. Different arenas of the Greek word believed in twelve main deities. However, Zeus among other gods was highly reputed in the entire land of the Greece. He was considered the father of gods and god of the heavens. According to the Greek, Zeus had two brothers namely Poseidon who controlled the underworld and Hades in reign over the sea.

            The lekythoi were usually associated with funeral rites to anoint the deceased since the Greeks believed that at the moment of death, the spirit of the dead left the body as a short breath which left their souls roaming in the underworld, they also believed that their souls were left working for the spirits after they lay dead. It was necessary that all rituals at the burial ceremony be conducted in accordingly because an omission of one ritual amounted to being an insult to the human dignity. After the body was washed during the funeral procession it was anointed with olive oil which was poured from exclusively the lekythos oil flask.

            The oil flask was also used to anoint women as a wedding gift and a ritual to women and accompanied them to their grave site meaning it was left at the grave site. Poseidon was the god of the sea and was also the god of fertility, his name in Greek means “husband”. The oil flask offered to the unmarried women to please Poseidon who they believed would help them find husbands for themselves and as a wedding gift for the married woman to be fertile in their marriage and bear children.

Conclusion

            The Terracotta Lekythos (oil flask) was significant to the people of Greek in the ancient times. In the mid-400^th BC to the early 500^th BC, as this paper suggests it helped the Greeks during the time of grieve and demise bury their dead and they felt reassured that their loved ones would not suffer serving the legion in the underworld. The oil flask also helped the Greek women to remain optimistic when finding a husband and also belief that it would help them conceive and bear children if anointed by oil from the flask. The flask remains culturally significant to date and an inheritance for the modern Greeks as a sign of pride and identity.

Why the Americans Declared Two Wars against England and How Americans Emerged Victorious In Both Occasions

Introduction

The United States professed war on England is because Britain refused to discontinue its seizing on the American ships that were engaging in trade with France which was an enemy of England in Europe. In other times, there were additional confiscations on the American mariners and these seizures were popularly regarded as impressment (Hickey, 2016). Ultimately, Britain ended the instructions that were against neutral trading post a governmental change but this act by Britain was late since America had already confirmed war. The declaration of the war by America was the largest naval authority in the global against England in a conflict that resulted in intense effects on the future of the nation. In the course of the war, the United States suffered several costly conquests in the fight against England (Hickey, 2016). Fortunately, the American troops were fully able to reject England invasions thus boosting its national confidence as well as fostering a fresh patriotism spirit but Britain views the victory as a betrayal by the United States. 

There are particularly a number of reasons that fueled America to act against England in both wars. As the relationship between the colonies and the mother country deteriorated throughout the 1760s-1770s, American unity made the revolution inevitable. The official one for the 1812 war was the impression problem that was ordered by England government against America (Hickey, 2016). On the other hand, America had felt the need to guard Britain’s colonies stating that they were not being represented adequately and that they were subjected to unfair practices based on the fact that they were being represented inadequately and thus their rights were being violated.

At the beginning of 1812 America was heading inescapably towards war resulting from numerous complaints among the two nations (Hickey, 2016). England consistently participated in impressment thus pressuring the American citizens to serve in the imperial navy. In addition, America acted on the belief that England was provoking Indian uprisings on the Northwest edge and its borderline with Canada. More so, Great Britain’s barrier against France during the Napoleonic fights acted as a steady source of these conflicts which gave America adequate justifications to get involved in the war (Hickey, 2016). Further, there was reliant who wished to overcome Canada. The impression problem is where individuals were being pressured by governments to get into military services.

I agree with the claim that, the War of 1812 marked the Second War for American Independence. At the beginning of the 19th century, England was enclosed in an extensive and painful fight with Napoleon from France (Lambert, 2012). In its trials to ensure that supplies were restricted from getting to the enemies, both parties were involved in attempting to limit America from conducting trade with other countries. England approved orders within its legislation which necessitated neutral nations to acquire trading licensing authorities prior to engaging in a deal with France and its colonies (Lambert, 2012). The imperial navy also annoyed Americans by their acts of practicing impressment or the removal of American sailors and forcing them to serve Britain. The restriction of trade among the nations based on the hostility that had been created in Europe had damaged Americans more as compared to the counter-parties such as France and Britain (Hickey, 2016). America through its congress attempted to restrict the conduction of trade with both France and England but this strategy was not successful and resulted in economic damages. A bill was passed in 1810 stating that if any of the opposing nations decided to end their restrictions against America then the trade would be resumed (Hickey, 2016).

England during the period was already engaged in a distinct fight against France with the company of Portugal and Spain and despite the fact that Britain had the largest army globally, the payment and the living state of the Mariners were particularly worse compared to that of other states (Lambert, 2012). In this context, most of them moved to the United States navies since the conditions were more improved. This irritated England and resulted in the search for those that had deserted sailing targeting even the American ships and took the members by force. America felt the need to participate not only to safeguard its pride but also to demonstrate its general capabilities as well as enhance patriotism. Britain however, viewed the act as betrayal since America acted against its wellbeing and collaborated with its enemies thus asserting that the win was never justified based since America acted based on its advantages in general (Lambert, 2012).

It is surprising that Britain lost both wars against the United States despite the fact that its army was the best in terms of training, equipment and professionalism in the globe (Holmes, 2013). Contrary the American explorers were involved in a political and economic assortment and the states were particularly disunited and economically the government was not competent with poor supplies, inadequate training, and unsteady pays. Nevertheless, with most advantages being won by the Britain government America won the wars (Holmes, 2013). The primary reason to why Americans emerged winners was based on their practicality. Britain lost the war against Americans because it lacked the adequate understanding of what it was required to do in general in regard to military services so that the war would be won. The government mainly decided to settle the issue using military confrontations against the American colonies even though a political solution would have proven to be more efficient and less expensive in regard to the use of resources and retaining its loyalty of all the American colonials (Lambert, 2012).

Britain failed to account for some of the proposals that were mainly counseling respect and reunion with the colonies based on the projected outcomes which hindered the prevention of the war (Holmes, 2013). After the rising of the war, England was required to overpower as well as restore supremacy and in order for that to be accomplished, it was required to fight against the

American troops and acquire at least obedience from the higher popular of the Americans.

Britain was faced with several challenges that led to its loss. To begin with, its army was divided to participate in fighting in distinct frontiers and thus it was not substantial to occupy the large territories occupied by Americans (Holmes, 2013). Location was the advantage held by Americans rebel based on distance. In that, the rebels had the advantage of being at home while Britain was required to sustain extensive supplies. Further, the American spirit worked for the benefit of the victory (Holmes, 2013). In that as far as the Americans were fully focused on resisting the British had a challenging time. This is because they were required to first fight against the Americans unity so that it can make it particularly damaging to waver the continued revolt. Even though Britain had the best opportunities in winning the wars it lost due to the lack of strategic understanding (Lambert, 2012).

In conclusion, based on the above analysis America declared war against Britain based on a number of reasons such as continuous suppression, economic damages and the need to relieve colonies from unfair treatments. This victory was mainly contributed by the fact that Americans were advantaged by location, strategic movement, and unity. Americans were able to conquer the invasions by Britain thus boosting its national confidence as well as fostering a fresh patriotism spirit but Britain views the victory as a betrayal by the United States. 

References

Hickey, D. (2016). An American Perspective on the War of 1812. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/

Holmes, R. (2013). The American War of Independence: The Rebels and the Redcoats. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/rebels_redcoats_01.shtml

Lambert, A. D. (2012). The challenge: America, Britain and the War of 1812. London: Faber and Faber.

History question

The emancipation of European Jews that had started with Roman Empire continued into the 19^th century as empires in the region became state-nations. In many areas, feeling of anti-Semitism was rife in the societies as various social and economic problems that came with industrialization and capitalism were attributed to the Jews.  Such sentiments were expressed through placing social barriers and in print especially among the Western Europe emerging middle calls who become the major advocates of anti -Semitic ideas.  The Jews were also facing the danger of being annihilated in Eastern Europe as the new states sponsored destruction and murder of their members which was very overwhelming for them. 

In many cases, the general laws relating to aliens could not be applied to Jews and some by-laws had to be made to deal with the issue. In other cases, the changes being wrought by translation to nationhood saw Jews being used as political scapegoats, but some took active roles in politics acting as spies (ÉMILE, 1898).  Some Jews were also took-up roles of advocating for their rights and were even ready to incriminate unlawfully. This was in agitation for Jews to perceive as humans.

As the industrial age was progressing and there was increased need for all citizens to be afforded human rights as an important condition in the modernizing societies. Granting of Jew’s rights was being done in some western countries like Switzerland, a process that had begun in Paris. In the mid 19^th century,  some nationalist wrestled with the idea of how to categorize Jews in Europe and a call for creation of a Jewish state – Zion were being by Jews such as Leo Pinsker (LEO PINSKER,1882).

Reference

LEO PINSKER AUTO-­‐EMANCIPATION: A RUSSIAN ZIONIST MAKES THE CASE FOR A JEWISH HOMELAND (1882).1

 ÉMILE ZOLA .“J’ACCUSE” THE FRENCH ARMY (1898)

Neiburg states that there should be combined effort from the locals and the national government to build museum exhibits and hold conferences in commemoration of the world war one victims. If this is already done, the anniversaries should not go unnoticed. Combined efforts from the local and the national government will ensures that there is funding from both levels of government It also makes the effort holistic and inclusive in the study of the war. Inclusivity and consistency is key while studying world war one, an event that occurred a hundred years ago and makes it more memorable and meaningful than just building museums, memorials and statues whose message fade with time. In spite of the combined effort one of the worries is, does keeping the world war one memories alive good enough to help avert the same scenario in the unforeseen future? (Neiberg, 2016). 

Studying of the world war one turns the event into a political topic that gains traction and adapts into the domestic context of any country, as its effects were vast, therefore it remains relevant as a topic of discussion. The sentiments above are correct and can shape the world politics to be tolerable to diplomatic ways of solving issues in the today’s politics. Although today’s politics have their own bearing making them different  from history, human character remains constant and the question still remains, can world war one be used to dictate today’s political views? (Neiberg, 2016). 

Studying the war, gives the chance to not only remember the brave men who fought in the war but also the chance to revisit   the true purpose of the war and not just the presented purpose version. While studying the war, different viewpoints usually arise, which allows for further discussion and research and the details that come out in the open are subject to scrutiny. The details can explain how different countries were affected by the war than others and explain their attitude and international relations with in other countries. Information from this war can change the attitude people may have towards both the victims and the perceived perpetrators of the war and encourage a more policy driven agenda that will change foreign policies. Although it sound doubtful, can the laws and policies be generated from world war one be neutral and fair? (Neiberg, 2016). 

REFERENCEs

 Neiberg, M. S. (2016). The path to war: How the First World War created modern America.

American Nazi Discourse Community

Bell, Leland V. In Hitler's shadow: The Anatomy Of American Nazism. Kennikat Press, 1974.

Leland V. Bell, Associate Professor of History, provides the detailed information on the attempts of the American Nazi to influence the politics of the US and interfere with the Nazi ideology. The American Nazi Party (ANP) is considered to be the first large political party in the USA adhering to Nazi ideology. It was founded on March 8, 1959, by the veteran of World War II and the Korean War, the sea pilot, the lieutenant colonel George Lincoln Rockwell. After the precise examination of Hitler’s works, Rockwell accepted the Nazi point of view, denied the Holocaust. Moreover, he considered that America in the twentieth century was under Jewish control. Analyzing the values and actions of the American Nazi Party, Professor Bell allocates the reasons of their failure. The principal slogan of American Nazi was the same as the appeal of members of the Ku Klux Klan - “to clean America from blacks”. They regarded the racial purity as the primary value. The author adds that Nazism created a ‘world stronghold of democracy’ by addressing challenges associated with racial, religion and national tolerance. Religious intolerance and nationalisms was catastrophic but the Nazi party addressed these issues and created a democratic world.

 Bell, Leland V. “The Failure of Nazism in America: The German American Bund, 1936-1941.” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 85, no. 4, 1970, pp. 585–599. The Academy of Political Science, doi:10.2307/2147597. Accessed 24 Sept. 2017.

The Failure of Nazism in America by Leland Bell is another well-developed piece that explains the Nazist activity and its consequences. Bell explains that Nazism is often presented as an exclusively German phenomenon. However, the author notices that racism and anti-Semitism had a western origin and even partially North American roots. The racist “scientific” doctrines and also political and legal practice of the USA were of high interest to the German Nazis. The American adherents of eugenics and racism inspired Hitler. Henry Ford is highly congratulated by the Third Reich figures for the good work of supporting Nazi parties in this publication. Also, active development of eugenics in America was often explained by presence the presence of the "black" population that forced white people improvement of race systematically.

 Moreover, as the bell assumes, the tradition of "legal designing" of races is characteristic of the US. Owing to the historical reasons, connected including with traditions of slavery, the United States became the only state which was officially applying in own territory the racial classification as a basis for granting the civil rights. The American experience gives fine an opportunity to return to the analysis of the Nazism sources rooting in the history of Modern times and also unrecognized continuity between it and nearby political the practicing western – including democratic – societies. This source clearly explains the historical processes connected with German and American racism and its influence on the American Nazi Party activity.

Bernstein, Arnie. Swastika Nation: Fritz Kuhn and the Rise and Fall of the German-American Bund. St. Martin’s Press, 2013.

The author in this book explains that American Nazi Party, as the separate extremist community, legally conducted the meetings and congresses, hired the new members and expressed the radical opinion according to the solution of the racial question on pages of newspapers and magazines. The authorities of the United States did not hurry to take the reciprocal actions in spite of the fact that the similar organizations support very extreme views considering such views, dreaming about the Swastika Nation.

The author states that many people thought that American could not address the challenges related with racial prejudice. Remarkably, U.S has used strategies to address these challenges to an extent of selected a black President. However, it did not mean the long-awaited unity of the three-hundred-fourteen-million American nation.   As Arnie Bernstein notes in his own research, such unity was not accomplished due to several historical factors. American Nazi Party was the community which forced the racial issues to be transformed and has got the very interesting forms. The word “racism” in the US country generally was understood as the imposed psychological postulate on domination of white race over black people. It is extremely difficult to allocate other manifestations of similar intolerance and hostility. Such situation inevitably generated the next surge of activity of the ultra-nationalistic organizations of in the United States.

Clark, Charles S. “An American Nazi Rise And fall.” American History, vol. 40, no. 6, 2006, pp. 60–66. EBSCOhost, Accessed 24 Sept. 2017.

In an American Nazi Rise And fall Charles S. Clark explains the main reasons of American Nazi Party (ANP) failure as a community and its further development after the George Rockwell death.  The book provides important information to the reader that after Rockwell’s murder, in ranks of the party, there was a split. Then, National Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP) was left by Frank Collin who framed in the 1970th year of National Socialist Party of America and professor of the Oregon University William Luther Pierce, who wrote the ledger of the American Nazis - the novel “Turner's Diaries”. Later, he founded National alliance.

Clark offers an account of Matt Koel and his role in the American Nazi Party by stating that he was an iconic figure of Nazi party of the USA who held the post of the head of NSWPP.   In the book, the reader will gain a comprehensive understanding of how he managed to inhale the new life in the American far-right movements and to attract new supporters: members of the Ku Klux Klan and also citizens with extreme views, both the left and right direction. The Nazi party had widely branched civil networks, and it guaranteed their existence throughout more half a century. Matt Koel renamed the organization and moved it to Wisconsin. In the 2000th years on the basis of European American Education Association ANP was restored.

Obermayer, Herman J. American Nazi Party in Arlington, Virginia, 1958-1984. Herman J. Obermayer, 2012.

Herman J. Obermayer in the book American Nazi Party in Arlington, Virginia, 1958-1984 presents the information about the foundation of the American Nazi Party (ANP) and pays attention to the development of the Nazism in America and its roots. Obermayer also explains that the American Nazi Party is an extreme right wing of the anti-Semitic racist group which was diligently imitating Fascist party of Germany of the period of World War II. According to their own promotion, the American Nazi Party was the legal political and educational organization caring for maintaining the white race and its purity, the Aryan republic and Western European cultural heritage. The author also provides the clear historical background and details about the American Nazi Party location.  He gives a special analysis based on its headquarters and the structure. This source is the example of the unbiased point of view considering the existing of the ANP in the context of the US political system of the twentieth century.

Simonelli, Frederick J. American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell And The American Nazi Party. University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Frederick Simonelli is famous for his thorough work considering the George Lincoln Rockwell personality. Simonelli provides detailed information about ANP founder’s life.  He states that in spite of the successful military career, Rockwell was dismissed in US Navies after the creation of the party.  The reader is introduced to the political impulse apparent in modem history.  The author says that the political impulse is represented by fascism and Nazism and the problems the pose modern societies.  Generally, the book offers a historical connection and the connection between his role in American racism movement and racism themes in modern society. The author provides verve and a clarity information in offering Rockwell’s subject.

Further, the author says that on January 1, 1967, George Rockwell proclaimed the new stage in the party development. He changed the official name to National Socialist White People's Party. The provocative slogan “Sieg Heil” was changed to “White Power”. The strategy of the organization focused on the universal white nationalism. On August 5, 1967, the leader of NSWPP died. The former party member, John Patler, shot from K-96 Mauser twice at a windshield of Chevrolet which was driven by Rockwell. One of the bullets broke off the main arteries of the heart, and Rockwell died in a couple of minutes. Rockwell’s murder has exited America. One has apprehended this message with pleasure, others with chagrin. However, politicians of the US understood that with Rockwell’s death the Nazi movement would not stop the existence.

Simonelli, Frederick J. “The American Nazi Party, 1958–1967.” The Historian, vol. 57, no. 3, 1995, pp. 553–566. University of Nevada, www.jstor.org/stable/24451464. Accessed 24 Sept. 2017.

According to Simonelli, the American Nazi Party helped the Ku Klux Klan, but after their way dispersed. Rockwell considered that the Ku Klux Klan is too conservative in the actions and is incapable of fighting in modern conditions. Recently, some quite specific American organizations and lineal heirs of the Ku Klux Klan such as “White American knights”, “The Aryan nations” and also the National Socialist Movement received the new impulses for the activity. Methods of work of these movements are based on the fundamental principles of racism in the most open form

Simonelli shows that the American Nazi Party was a supporter of eugenics captivated by Nazi rhetoric concerning of “racial hygiene”. It was the influential group of the different people who have not moderated the enthusiasm according to the issue. Studying of the relations between the members of American Nazi Party community allows the author to reveal the numerous aspects of use of the American eugenics achievements, in particular, the effective immigration policy combining the ethnic and eugenic principles of selection and also progress of the American eugenics movement in pushing through of the laws allowing violent sterilization.

Works Cited

Bell, Leland V. In Hitler's shadow: The Anatomy Of American Nazism. Kennikat Press, 1974.

Bell, Leland V. “The Failure of Nazism in America: The German American Bund, 1936-1941.” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 85, no. 4, 1970, pp. 585–599. The Academy of Political Science, doi:10.2307/2147597. Accessed 24 Sept. 2017.

Bernstein, Arnie. Swastika Nation: Fritz Kuhn and the Rise and Fall of the German-American Bund. St. Martin’s Press, 2013.

Clark, Charles S. “An American Nazi Rise And fall.” American History, vol. 40, no. 6, 2006, pp. 60–66. EBSCOhost, Accessed 24 Sept. 2017.

Obermayer, Herman J. American Nazi Party in Arlington, Virginia, 1958-1984. Herman J. Obermayer, 2012.

Simonelli, Frederick J. American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell And The American Nazi Party. University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Simonelli, Frederick J. “The American Nazi Party, 1958–1967.” The Historian, vol. 57, no. 3, 1995, pp. 553–566. University of Nevada, www.jstor.org/stable/24451464. Accessed 24 Sept. 2017.

            History of disability

            Summary

The Rise of the Institutions 1800 – 1950

The living stated for the disabled populace in the ancient 20th century was horrible particularly in the industrial regions. Individuals who were economically and the disabled ones were subjected to poor housing but the richer ones had the tendency of retaining the disabled secretly at home to avoid the shame and negative perceptions of that period (MGCDD, 2017). The disabled persons were regarded as divergent and most people rejected them on the notion that besides being a curse they were a total burden that would drain the community socio-economically. Such people would be transferred to other towns to eradicate such negativity. Around the early 19th century most individuals were existing in excess poverty and it was the developments based on industries, medicine, and science that pressured most individuals to voice their concerns regarding the condition of the disabled persons as well as other minority groups which had been particularly deserted (MGCDD, 2017). By the midcentury, most individuals were completely aware of the disabled and abandoned persons and were striving to create social reforms which led to perception change and inclusion.

The Reawakening 1950 -1980

During the mid-20th century, the rebirth of expectation and likelihoods occurred particularly for individuals existing with disability (MGCDD, 2017). For the longest period parents of this particular group had existed in frustration and anguish based on the presence of undeserving conditions as well as the absence of community welfare which pressured parents to participate in movements in the quest of demanding for more qualified services (MGCDD, 2017). The efforts of the small groups spread nationally leading to the development of authoritative forces. The parent’s organizations were mainly dedicated to improving national institutions, developing community welfares, learning as well as working opportunities while fighting the notion that the disabled persons were not capable. This inspired more families to rise and offer support along with creating public debates that never existed prior. The presser from the organizations never lowered as they fought further for the recognition of the disabled rights (MGCDD, 2017). The cooperative efforts of these parents led to the substantial transformation in regard to perception, treatment and social welfare for the disabled persons.

A Place to Learn

Tests began in 1904 to establish whether disabled kids should be placed in separate classes from those of normal children (MGCDD, 2017). The examinations established that if any disabled children had no capability to acquire learning advantages from the basic classes should then be placed on special learning. It is through this development that the general number of special classes began to develop to accommodate the increasing population. However, the occurrence of the Great Depression slowed the process further and the average disabled were forced to remain at home while others attended the normal schools where they acquired no assistance. In 1950s several groups were created that only offered to teach to the special students and parents who were concerned in regard to education began to mainly participate in legislative processes with the attempt to improve the children’s learning in general (MGCDD, 2017). The court later declared that education is a privilege that should be offered on a fair basis to every person.

Personal Reaction

It is evident that the community, in general, has fought for the creation of changes to support the less fortunate. Previous decades were mainly characterized by negative perceptions towards the disabled mainly because they believed that they were a curse and burdens. This was mainly fueled by the high rate of poverty and illiteracy level. The notion that the disabled persons are unwelcome has not been eliminated completely because most individuals tend to disassociate themselves from such challenged persons. I do believe that there is nothing more essential in the world other than life and therefore regardless of someone condition they deserve to be treated better and encouraged to embrace their differences. It is through support that the existing challenges can be overcome. The disabled persons are normally subjected too much suffering based on the condition and they need the support that they can acquire from the government as well as the community in general.

The disabled persons need support and should be incorporated in terms of laws. In that, they deserve more improved conditions in regard to health, education as well as employment. In this context, this plays part in transforming the community in that the society is much better in such conditions. Social transformation is generally about improving the general existence standard for all persons regardless of the socio-economic status. This implies that fairness and equity should be supported at all times. In this context, it is apparent that the transformation that occurred in the 19th and 20th century completely supported transformation and better existence for the disabled population more adequately.

Questions

1. Were the changes made to support the oppressed and disabled persons adequate?
2. Do the existing laws encourage education equity?

The Relationship of This Information to the Course Information Covered So Far

It is clear that the information is relevant to the course because it does not only address history regarding the country but also offers a detailed description of the manner in which different social organization played part in social transformation. The currently reforms are mainly owed to the past movements which were involved in the identification of social issues and advocating for change. The fight was not easy because it required the changing of legislative and social laws but the movements worked to ensure that everything was achieved.

Reference

The Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities. (2017). A History of Developmental Disabilities, the Rise of the Institutions 1800 – 1950, the Reawakening 1950 -1980 and A Place to Learn Retrieved from http://mn.gov/mnddc//parallels/index.html

The Discovery of the New World

The essence of Columbus as the founder of the ‘New World’ is aligned with the moments that followed the America’s discovery.  Although there were other Europeans who had visited the American land, Columbus is honored to have influenced an enduring legacy towards the discovery of the new world. The invention of America’s awareness attributed to a new world based on the aspects that it unfolded the existence of a group of new things and created a substantial base of new possibilities (Christian 49). However, it is debatable that the new world was not significant to everyone rather the beneficiaries of the accompanying opportunities depended on one's cognitive power. The new world did not deride the attributes of the former world since the old world is considered to be the determiner of what is consisted in the new world (Vera 299). For instance, the value of America after 1492 was determined by components of the former and expectations of the explorers.

Columbus like any other learner believed that the Earth was a circle and so, he intended to sail to the East from Europe through the west.  However, the landmass that rests on his way hindered him from reaching the East. His perceptions, as a result, made him believe he had landed in India, which he named "West Indies" and the people he got into contact within the land as "Indians."  Columbus had excellent thoughts concerning India in regards to what he expected from the Indies. According to his thoughts, the Indies were rich people owing to a variety of resources including gold, spices, pearls, and silver. He considered the stretch between the Arctic and the Indian Ocean as the lead to their wealth. He had expected to find people of faith, people who devalue detrimental values including hatred and greediness. To his realization, the Indians modeled a diverse culture which differed from the European system which shared a common culture (Young 51). The Indians had different cultures, and also their economies differed from one another since activities differed from one culture to another. 

Impacts of Columbus Discovery

Europe

Economic turmoil stands as the most significant impact of Columbus discovery upon the Europe. Medieval Europe considered land to be a source of its wealth considering that property owners believed in renting their land in exchange for service and a portion of the produce from the renters. Following the discovery, Europe started receiving various products including silver and gold from the New World, a trend that significantly impacted its economy by influencing price reductions. This favored the natives who had fixed payments while causing a drop of the overall returns among the renters. As a result, the countries which formerly acquired the products, for instance, Portugal started searching for new trading partners to sustain their demands in the new world. Suddenly, England, the Netherlands and France started their manufacturing plants of similar products hence grabbing the industrial power from Europe (Tibor & Ivan 226).

America

Columbus explorations posit a variety of significant impacts to the American land. The discovery was the foundation for a long-term colonization, which exemplifies the contemporary America. The Columbus breakthrough highly influenced the social and cultural structure in America (Levine 180). It is considered to have allowed the entrance of people from different parts of the world, people of various nationalities, languages, and also people with differing religious beliefs (Spielvoge 305). For instance, the Europeans introduced new technology in the American land through different types of equipment such as ships, clothes, and guns which were new to the natives. The introduced technology influenced a lot of social differences that in some circumstances led to the loss of lives among the natives. Guns, for example, encouraged the emergence of civil war developing a lot of social uneasiness.  Besides, the discovery impacted some of the cultural believes in religion owing to the introduction of Christianity by the Spanish. Nevertheless, many people from different parts of the world found their way to America during the era which brought about significant social effects. The Europeans, for example, introduced deadly diseases of various natures such as smallpox to America that killed many Americans.

The discovery had considerable environmental effects (Erikson 46). Within the discourse, farms in North America were used by the explorers to grow their crops which bequeathed the disruption of the native ecosystem. Also, the Spanish brought with them some of their domestic animals as well as cattle and goats to America which had close effects to the environment and the food chain. Nevertheless, the discovery led to the social and cultural change in America since natives were forced to adopt the new activities including farming and hunting for survival. 

Africa

The slave trade can be underlined as the primary implication that Columbus discovery had upon Africa (Bigelow 24). Slave trade influenced political, societal and economic uneasiness in different parts of Africa, especially within the Western and Central parts. The exchanges between the African splendors and the explorers; the Portuguese, for example, is one of the fueling factors to an increased number of enslaved people among the Africans. The Portuguese and other explorers that followed including the Spanish supplied items such as firearms, cotton, and liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves. As a result, the increased rate of trade left Africa as an unstable continent in regards to wealth, considering that slave trade reduced human capital in the key nations.

The slave trade also led to the wavering of both cultural and social orientations in Africa since it facilitated the emergence of internal rivalry between the African nations (Jackson 444). Significantly, civil wars weakened the social structure in Africa by spreading acts of malice in natives hence destructing the unity that formerly served as a reliable weapon against its enemies. Although there are a few who benefited from the wild activity, slave trade introduced different and unconstructive impacts in the Western and central regions of Africa.

The story about Columbus and his exploration has over long registered differing views among the learners. The variability arises in the opinion that some consider Columbus as a saint while others highlight the brutal acts through the voyages to devalue his heroism. To some extent, Columbus was a monster considering that people, especially in countries that experienced his voyages, acknowledged severe impacts on their wellbeing. For instance, he is blamed for the emergence of awful diseases, slave trade and displacement of people. On the other hand, Columbus had affluent benefits to the population of the regions he settled with his crew. Columbus was a brave man, a man who focused on his intentions throughout his journey despite his opportunistic character. Columbus was not reluctant at remodeling friend relationships between the countries, individuals and even communities he went in conflict with to accomplish the primary intentions for his journey. His faithfulness for his supporters; the Spanish King and Queen develops the basis of his brilliant character. Therefore, Columbus can be exemplified as a hero based on the significant activities that are still pictured in the contemporary world regardless the presumed negative impacts his voyages had for the people. Arguably, some of the stains were beyond his control and many others were contributed by his followers hence the need to consider him as a hero given that he was the lead to the new world that characterizes a sense of practical development.

Work Cited

Bigelow, Bill, and Bob Peterson. Rethinking Columbus: The Next 500 Years. Milwaukee, WI:      Rethinking Schools, 1998. Print.

Christian, James L. Philosophy: An Introduction to the Art of Wondering. Australia:             Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

Erikson, Kai T, and Christopher Vecsey. American Indian Environments: Ecological Issues in     Native American History. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1994. Print.