Short summary

As I would like to participate in the SMU Cos MSA Program, the immediate career goals are to improve my accounting ability. The knowledge and projects that I completed in the program will enrich my knowledge and improve the understanding towards accounting, and the important role of accounting in modern business. After finishing the program, I would like to take the exams of Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). CPA is one of the most popular accounting certificates in China as the certified public accountant is the only one which has signing authority. Therefore, the exam is very essential for working in China. For the ACCA, it is an international accounting exam, this exam is difficult, but the gold content of this certificate is very high. Passing the exam and obtaining these two certificates are important short goals for me.

This program will offer great value to my career as I pursue excellence in the field of accounting by enabling me to become a more competent professional. The program will also impart on me multi-faceted experience whose focus is on both technical and non-technical development of skills. A major benefit in earning this qualification is that it will help me to gain the knowledge given for breaking into the accounting field regardless of the education that I had acquired previously. This will offer many great options to fulfill my desire to be an expert in financial sector of both private and public organizations. The previous education when combined with this advanced qualification in accounting will prepare me transit into a financial adviser in the financial sectors. This program also grants one the various exceptional credentials which deliver innovative and market oriented skills while at the same time assisting me in passing the previously stated CPA and ACCA exams (Southern Methodist University, 2017). These credentials are important ingredients for anyone who wants to be among the qualified public accountants in the employment market. Hence, a qualification in Masters of Science in Accountancy will help in the achievement of my long-term goal of being a fully credited and experienced public accountant.

Reference

Southern Methodist University, (2017). Launch Your Career in Accounting. Retrieved from: http://www.smu.edu/Cox/FutureStudents/MasterOfScienceDegrees/MSinAccounting

Results Description

            Data Analysis

A point correlation   bi-serial was   utilized in running the examination of the existing relationship amid the independent and variables that are quasi-independent.  This  was the  incorporation of  the LSI-R general  sub scores and entire  scores  in  the  inclusion of scores  for  depression,  anxiety, features  of  borderline  as well as  not  supporting scores scales.  The categorical dependent variables that were utilized in the research were conducted to establish whether the person was arrested after two years.  A chi- square was additionally run in this research as an examination of the existing relationship amid all the categorical variables (DeCoster, 2004).  This was  done  in  order  to establish whether  the utilized  subject held  domestic  abuse  history  or any  other history  that relates  to  sexual assault.  The dependent variables were a representation of whether the female offenders got arrested within two years after being released from prison into the community.

Descriptive quantitative study’s statistics was used in the study which was obtained from meta-analysis.  Meta-analysis was useful in generating maximum data that was necessary for the justification of the research (DeCoster, 2004).  The utilization of  meta-analysis as a design  study  helped in retrieving data  in regard to  the female  offenders  from  the  existing  national  and federal  databases and the  recent cases that  have been  conducted in  the verification of  LSI-R reliability  and accuracy  in the prediction  of  female offenders  risk.  His analysis was conducted for all the offenders that were established through the databases in order to increase the efficiency of the study.  In order to determine the particular profiles of all the offenders, the study utilized a multivariate analysis in order to determine the general variation (DeCoster, 2004).   After  the scores correlations were calculated the  study utilized  sequential regression  analysis  design  as a tool  of  prediction on the accuracy and reliability  of LSI-R assessment  in  the prediction  of female  offenders  scores.  The analysis utilized  age as a major study control  variable  which helped  in controlling  the  result  and increasing the  general efficiency of the  study.

The LSI-R accuracy was determined to be higher with the use of a designed approach as companies to the utilization of a mixed gender approach. This is because a mixed approach influences the generation of increased data thus increasing the probability of losing reliability and accuracy.  It was thus established that LSI-R is not  always accurate in  predicting female  offenders risk  mainly because in most cases it utilizes a mixed  approach  for both genders as well as  increased  sentences range  thus  decreasing its  ability (DeCoster, 2004).

Results Description

Means and standard deviations on the LSI-R general and sub-scores for all the normative groups were provided.  Community offenders in the elements scored more as compared to custodial and community in the association of custodial offenders (Lowenkamp, Bechtel, 2007). This was particularly higher  in  sub scores  of LSI-R such as  criminal history, accommodation, finances  drug issues that were mainly  based  o  community  offenses  conducted  by the female offenders. This was an inclusion of the total LSI-R score for the female offenders. For all the female offenders the differences can thus be termed to be very apparent particularly in the sub-scores scales of drug issues, attitudes or orientation, criminal history, employment, and education as well as the whole LSI-R scores.

The variance of analyses was essential in demonstrating that LSI-R general score does not hold any sex differences in all the indications.  However, even with these results, there were crucial sentences order distinctions that were established.  The analysis of the study thus established that female community offenders scored significantly less as compared to custodial offenders and the association of both custodial community offenders. Multivariate variance analysis  on the subscales  of LSI-R helped in  the  indication of  the primary  implications   differences  in LSI-R risk  prediction  in  regard to both   genders (Lowenkamp, Bechtel, 2007).  In addition, this revealed a difference in sentences orders in the context of history criminal, employment, and companions.  The analysis thus made the indication that  community female  offenders scored a bit  lower  than those  under the  grounds of  custodial  in combination  of  community offenses.

Bivariate  correlations were  utilized  in  the  examination of the association  of reoffending  to the  general score  of LSI-R and the  subscales of sentences  order  as well as gender.  The apparent  result was that there was  a significant different  in  the context of  re-offenses  and age  correlations  for the  female offenders particularly as well as  male offenders  across the scores and  as well as the order of sentences.  This was visible  in total   LSI-R scores  and  correlation of  repeating offenses which held  the  highest coefficients of correlations  that occurred  for  female offenders  custodial  being represented by  r= 20 and  that of  male   offenders with the inclusion of  female community  offenders being  depicted by  Rs =18. V repeating offenses  and  subscales  correlations  established that  the criminal history  sub-score  was   responsible for the production of  the highest  correlations with  the repeat of offenses  being apparent  across  the whole  gender distinction  and orders  offenders  sentencing.   In the close follow-up was the subscale of education   as well as employment. This was then followed by companions, accommodation and the issues of the drug for the female offenders in general.  For the  female,  the  occurrence of  the LSI-R sub-scores  did not  end  here  as  the highest  coefficient were yielded  by the  scale of orientation and attitude with  leisure and finance  closing the scales  which was  a representation of the community  in  the combination of custodial and custodial  offenses  in  their  personal  representation.

From the result, it is clear that LSI-R is not accurate in the general prediction of female offender’s risk. LSI-R scores rise is also linked   to increased female likelihood of repeating particular offenses.  With the replacement of LSI-R general score with LSI-R sub-scores,  the  subscale  of LSI-R that is criminal  history  was indicated to be a very constant  predictor  of the occurrence of  repeating offenses  in the context of  sentences  order  and  gender  with a predictive high  score  of an increased likelihood of  reoffending.  The LSI-R sub score  of education and employment  was established  to be a major  predictive  in  offenses repeat for  all the involved  male offenders with  leisure and accommodation  being the major predictive  for custodial  as well as community  female  offenders in general.   Based on  the study  custodial  and community offenders  established  the  company and drugs issue scales  in  the respective nature   as  the reoffending  predictive (Lowenkamp, Bechtel, 2007).  Employment  subscale was thus established   to be an apparent  risk  predictor of  females  risks  and the occurrence  of  e offending by the female  offenders.  Female’s   offenders  under the  custodial   area apparent  predictive  were education and in other cases,  accommodation, as well as companions scales,  were utilized  as  community  offenders  predictive.

            References

DeCoster, J. (2004). Meta-Analysis Notes. Retrieved August 5, 2009 from http://www.stat-            help.com/notes.html

Lowenkamp, C.T., Bechtel, K. (2007). The predictive Validity of the LSI-R on a Sample of Offenders Drawn from the Records of the Iowa Department of Corrections Data Management System. Federal Probation. 71.3.

Research Methodology

Methodology

LSI-R assessments archival from 2010 to 2016 were involved in the current study.  The data was retrieved from the management system of   offender’s information database from all the licensed departments within the state.  This was useful in increasing the required data for the study in general as information was sourced from the different databases in the context of female offenders. This utilized two significant criterion’s in the determination of whether LSI-R assessments has been involved in the studies.  This was conducted to ensure that the generated information was not characterized by biases or was not accurate (Stohr, Walsh, & Hemmens, 2012).  First, the offenders were identified to be serving  the community which implies that they were either  female  offenders on  probation or  on community services, custodial which is a representation of jail  and parole of the  general combination  of custodial  and  community  orders.  The second procedure was for the cases where the female offenders held more than single LSI-R evaluations every year, which for this study on the first LSI-R evaluation was being utilized for every offender that was being utilized.  This helped in ensuring  that there was no  occurrence of  overrepresentation of any score  or the occurrence  of a push  in the direction  of a specific mean driven by  offenders  who held more  than LSI-R evaluations  for each year as compared to others.  These criteria resulted in the development of a total of seventy thousand scores that were retrieved.  The  female offender's  age mean  by  their sentences order  amounted  to 30.9 years  with a standard deviation  that equaled  t 10.5 for the  female  community  offenders the number  representation being  40,000 and  years  deviation  being 33 years.   For the custodial offenders, they were represented by 10,000 with 25 years and a standard deviation of 8.5. For those that were serving both custodial and community offenses, the number was being represented by 20, 000, years deviation being 33 years. 

From the data that was acquired, it was clear that a huge range of offender’s conviction was very evident. With the  gender  close  combinations  and  orders  of sentences  for the  offenders  it was established that  the  most common  offenses  were  fraud.  This was thus represented by arranging of 38.5 and 70.7 percent from all the gathered cases.  This was followed  by  theft  which was represented  by  15 to 30 percent,  and  drug  possessions represented  by 10  to 12%  the possession of drugs  held the  least  percentage  as this offense is  bound to be much higher in male gender as  compared to females.

Measures

LSI-R is utilized   by the offend management department in the determination of the supervision level for all the individual offenders. LSI-R assessment results  additionally  offer support  to  the  federal and state  courts  as  a section of the advice  departmental  program  and a review of  critical offenders.  These  reports are thus useful  in  the provision of the  general mean  of determining  the  appropriate  treatment  of the specific  groups of female  and male offenders.  LSI-R is described as the integral section of   standard offenses assessment procedure with every consumer holding at least a single and a complete LSI-R in their offense file.

LSI-R is mainly  made up  of  ten different  subscales  these are education,  finance,  family, accommodation,  leisure, companions , alcohol or drugs issues,  personal  issues, attitudes, and  management  supervision.   This is connected to the obvious challenge that is mainly linked to definitions. First,  if  the female offender  repeats an offense In a much  different  location  this  occurrence is  not likely to be captured by  the  organization .  second  any existence of data  that  relates to fresh convictions  as  well  as  sentences  for instance  unsupervised bonds and fines  cannot  be captured  fully by the  search.  Re-offenses  was  assessed based  on  the initial  sentence registration  after  the completion of  all the existing  orders.  Across the general sample, the mean time data that was being utilized was as a range of 7 and 10 months.

Research Setting

The research opted to work on sentences on prison database setting based on the relation of the setting to offenses.  This setting thus provided a good opportunity for research through a thorough investigation in the prediction of the effectiveness LSI-R assesses nets in the predicted risk in female offenders.

Procedure

LSI-R protocols  were  completed  by  qualified  personals for instance  psychologists and parole officers who had previously  received adequate  training  and the access  to LSI-R modules.  The completed LSI-R evaluations  were  then  inspected  by the upper  supervisors  who held the position of agreeing  with  the existing  risk  rating  decision.  The   current  sample held the indication that  female offenders  across  all the assessed  sentences orders   had been overridden  at  a percent rate  of  between 13 and 16 percent  as  compared to the  male  offenders  who  were overused with a percent   that is  generally amid 12 a 15 percent.

Design and Method Analysis

The utilized normative information was generally made up of descriptive quantitative statistics due to the utility of meta-analysis study design.  This was conducted for   all the offenders on the organization of sentences orders as well as gender.  In the   determination of the specific profile needs the current study utilized multivariate analysis (Stohr, Walsh, & Hemmens, 2013).  The female offenders, sentences orders, and LSI-R scores correlations were mainly calculated with the utilization of point correlations bi-serials.  This was then followed by a logistic sequential regression in the investigation of LSI-R predictive utilization.  With the general  use  of the technique,  the initial step of the  multivariate  analysis  that  was used in  this study generated a method that  was essential in illustrating whether the variables  to control  were effective in  predicting  the  general  outcome which is female offenders risk (Ehrgott, Figueira, & Greco, 2010).  The study utilized the age was selected to act as a variable control in the study.  The second study analysis  involved LSI-R general  score  hat was included  in  the  generated model  through  utilization  of  the  original  research  variables (Ehrgott, Figueira, & Greco, 2010).  This was  additionally to  ascertain  on whether  the fresh variables  could in a significant   mode  assist in  adding to  the  predictions  which  had  thus been  developed  by the initial  study model (Harcourt, 2007). LSI-R subscores were utilized in the third level of multivariate analysis in the replacement of the LSI-R general scores in the determination of whether LSI-R predicts female’s offender's risk accurately.

This section covered the investigation part of the present study.  This is the section that was involved in the provision of solutions to the research question. Quantitative analysis reviews were utilized in order to increase efficiency and reliability of the research (Ehrgott, Figueira, & Greco, 2010). In addition, this method helped in acquiring increased data thus increasing the study’s credibility.

            References

Stohr, M. K., Walsh, A., & Hemmens, C. (2013). Corrections: A text/reader. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Harcourt, B. E. (2007). Against prediction: Profiling, policing, and punishing in an actuarial age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Stohr, M. K., Walsh, A., & Hemmens, C. (2012). Corrections: A text/reader.

Ehrgott, M., Figueira, J., & Greco, S. (2010). Trends in multiple criteria decision analysis. New York: Springer.

High education

 I think that my experience in Mandir can relate to the class in three different ways. First of all, it reminds me about the power of hegemony. My stereotype in Indian somehow was caused by hegemony.  Dominant classes tend to show their reality and other cultures are marginalized when they tend to present their own world views (Hratmann, 91). The supremacy is clearly demonstrated through moral leadership and intellectual and both are bounded by force and consent. According to class, the first major premise of hegemony is the “spontaneous” consent which demonstrates the cultural leadership in social relations. Like I mentioned in the first paragraph, I think that it’s wired to see Indian people still wearing costumes; normal people should wear more modernized clothes. I was deeply influenced by the society where I grew up. Therefore, when I saw Indian woman wearing Sari (a traditional Indian costume) I considered that as strange. It is hard for us to accept people who are different because we all have unconscious belief about what is normal and what is not. To understand different cultures, we have to raise awareness about hegemony and to escape the hegemony; we have to think outside of the box (Hratmann, 91).

 Secondly, my cultural plunge experience shows the importance of religious freedom. There is homogenisation which creates social interaction and society inclusion (Hratmann, 96). In class, professor taught us about the first Amendment rights to religious freedom. Indian people are guaranteed the right to practice their religion without government interference. I asked them whether it was difficult or not to establish the temple in United States. They said it was not hard, and the government allowed them to do so legally. Since the government didn’t prohibit or interfering their individual religious beliefs, the establishment clause was well enforced in this situation. I’m glad that different people can practice their own religions in United States (Hratmann, 96). Especially India is a very religious country, and religion is important for them no matter where they are.

   My experience helped me to value the importance of multicultural education since this is the source of freedom.  It is important to understand that hegemony as described by Antonio Gramsci is socially constructed and in higher education, it has a negative effective since it provides dominant thoughts which control the popular culture and the way of life (Hratmann, 97). Hegemony in the society has social formations and it creates a barrier between the society and culture. Traditional culture plays role in shaping hegemony and the practices which it introduces hinders cultural development. It is important to eliminate the hegemony in education in order to strengthen the multicultural education (Hratmann, 91). Note that hegemony in higher education creates a cultural dynamic where there is as gap between social life. Since there is a higher level of racism in American institution, the only to eliminate racism and hegemony is to reinforce culture diversity. Racism is associated with hegemony in that people tend to view themselves more significant than others. Thus, elimination of racism will reduce hegemony in higher education and help student value the importance of diversity in education.

 Finally, interacting with Indian people reminds me about the importance of five dimensions of multicultural education. Specifically, I want to connect my experience with empowering school culture and prejudice reduction. Empowering school culture can help diverse students create mutual respect and value diversity. When students learn more about different cultures, they could accept different cultures so that different culture group can co-exist in society (Tatum, 4). For example, because I grew in China that everyone has similar culture background, it was hard for me to appreciate different cultures, that why I didn’t understand Indian culture at beginning. The prejudice reduction dimension can create positive attitude regarding other racial. After talking to Indian people, I realized that they all hope American society could have more positive attitudes about them (Tatum, 4). Prejudice could be avoided once people don’t consider themselves as better ones. If I didn’t ask to do this cultural plunge activity, I probably would never have the chance to step in Hinduism temple and interact with them. Before attending college, I never taught anything that intended to reduce prejudice; I had my own prejudice even without knowing it.

           Overall, my experience in Hinduism temple and the interaction with Indian people was an unforgettable memory for me. It reminded me the importance to pay attention to different cultures group living in society, and taught me to reduce stereotype about people because the stereotype is usually not true. Just like how Tatum defines prejudice, “Stereotypes and exclusions are the root causes of prejudice (Tatum, 5). We have to think outside the box, and look everyone, every group equally, because no one is better than others, just like how Hinduisms believe. It was hard for me to step my own comfort zone at first, and it was hard for me to understand Indian culture without any stereotype. However, this experience changed my way of thinking, and I’m glad that I chose to go there for my cultural plunge activity. I will always remind myself to accept people who are different from me, and to always respect others.

Work cited

Tatum D. Beverly. Defining Racism “Can We Talk”.2000

Hratmann Eva. The Educational Dimension of Global Hegemony.2015

More and More College Students Use Drugs and Go to Raves

Abstract

The growing utility of illegal drugs and raves attendance by most students has raised a major concern mainly because of the   development of low performance, high level of in toxicity as well as mortality.  There is more evidence that supports that there is a rise in the number of students who are going to rave and consuming drugs which are influenced by availability.  Courses presents so much pressure to the students thus influencing the student’s ability to handle school and personal matters.  In order to get rid of the pressure, students prefer to engage in drugs and get attainment from raves.

Observation and Models

Observation

Recently the percentage of students attending raves and consuming illegal drugs is on the rise.  The most commonly utilized   drugs include ecstasy, Adderall, and marijuana.  This event and activities are now utilized by students as a mode of dealing with   stress that is subjected to course work.  There is a growing need of studying more in order to gain adequate skills and knowledge (NYU, 2015). However, this concept is rarely embraced by students as it is viewed as a form of punishment. In addition course, work is currently characterized by complex and numerous materials which require more effort.  This tendency has   been associated with a low performance that is demonstrated by most students.  This is because   the consumption of illegal drugs alters the judgment and intellectual capability of the students.  The rise of this issue is mainly influenced by peer pressure which is the need for the individuals to fit in the different peer groups, family structures as well as course pressure (NYU, 2015).

Models

College education is characterized by complexity and pressure. College students, therefore, have so much pressure from course work so they need to find a way to reduce their pressure. Due to the development modernization, the better way of reducing the coursework pressure is to achieve through illegal drugs use and raving. Illegal substances can reduce a lot of their pressure and make them feel happy when it is hitting. Therefore, there is more and more college students use an illegal substance to reduce pressure (Hanson, Venturelli, & Fleckenstein, 2006).

College students use illegal substances with the influence of peers. College can be described as one of the important institutions that provide individuals with the opportunity to gain friends. This, therefore, implies that one is required to fit a certain friends group and this forces the students to do what others are doing. When students see their friends are doing it, they normally think that it is a cool thing that offers them grounds to explore. They, therefore, try illegal substance in order to join their friends (Bautista Pérez, 2011). An illegal substance like Adderall can help students to get a higher score on their exams, therefore, more and more college students choose to use it to do better on their courses based on the existing pressure of performing well (Jacobs, 2005). The world currently has high education expectation on students and therefore everyone is required to perform well. In addition college institution and the involved professions pressures students with a number of tasks that deprives them adequate time to relax.  This, therefore, causes much pressure on the students thus requiring decreasing it through illegal entertainment.  Based on the recent finding more than 7.5% of the students in a single institution attends raves and consumes drugs on a monthly basis (White, 2009).  There is evidence that indicates that those that attends raves holds a higher possibility of engaging in drugs than those that do not.  The most utilized drugs based on research are marijuana. This is because the drug is readily and easily accessible for most college students, in addition, it is utilized in nervous relaxation.

Findings and Results

I would collect data that illustrates how coursework and peer pressure leads to the rise of student’s consumption of illegal substances and attending raves.  This experiment would be accomplished through a detailed review of the existing studies in the context of the relationship amid illegal substances utilization and college students. In addition, I would utilize a mixed methodology in getting more evidence of the issue.  In this, I would utilize both qualitative and quantitative methods with the association of a descriptive design. The qualitative method would utilize the use of interviews as well as research questionnaires that would be conducted on students as the target population.  The qualitative tools would   engage closed and open end queries would engage open and closed ended queries which would help to ensure that I obtain maximum information (Tavakoli, 2013).  The sample population would be settled through the use of a sampling approach. This is to ensure that every member of the target population holds equal opportunities of participation.  This would assist in the elimination of biases increase the reliability as well as the general accuracy of the research simultaneously (Tavakoli, 2013).  I would utilize this method in data collection because they are affordable, they  require  less  time period in gathering and analyzing  data and they  help in maintaining  accuracy since data does not tamper with.

Reference

Bautista Pérez, F. (2011). Consumption of Licit and Illicit psychoactive drugs among university students. Crea Ciencia, 6(11), 55-61.

Hanson, G., Venturelli, P. J., & Fleckenstein, A. E. (2006). Drugs and society. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Jacobs, A. (2005). The Adderall Advantage. Retrieved rom http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/31/education/edlife/the-adderall-advantage.html?_r=0

NYU. (2015). Adolescents, Drugs and Dancing. Retrieved from http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2015/may/adolescents-drugs-and-dancing.html

Tavakoli, H. (2013). A dictionary of research methodology and statistics in applied linguistics.    Tehran: Rahnamā.

White, J. E. (2009). Contemporary moral problems. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth.

Reading Reactions portfolio (Concept of STEM Education)

Rosenblatt (1984) provides an illustration of the difference between a text and a poem which at first seemed contradicting. As I started reading I had a thought that there is no difference since they are all in form of writing; however I forgot that a poem is a bit complicating since one has to consider all genre of literature.  Rosenblatt arguments encouraged me to learn more since the information he provided in the argument were realist thereby; I was able to clear my thought understanding that there is a difference between a prose and a poem. The truth is that there is a huge difference between a text and a poem whereby; prose is all about accretion and on the other hand poetry is the generation of words together to provide the truth (Rosenblatt, 1982).

As I was reading the transaction theory in the teaching literature I kept generating several questions in mind on why a poem has to be so contradicting in regard to Rosenblatt idea that it comes along with symbolic acts which are only generated in the reader’s mind. According to the argument poem is highly supported over a text simply because it is based as the first literary genre thereby; all type of poem have to share various features. In my understanding  of the reading a poem is not only a collection of words unlike the text but also has some rules since it appears in form of art where various content and styles such as music are characterized (Rosenblatt, 1982).

The transaction theory is able to provide various assumptions to give a clear understanding of the differences. The author suggests that a poem is generated from the act of reading unlike a text which requires deep thought. The thought aided in my understanding that for a text deep thought must be considered plus grammar, but for a poem it can be developed from sight, hearing or just a sound.  I was able to comprehend that a prose is a collection of words joined together to form sentence which are organized into paragraphs (Waugh, 2012).

In my assumption on the transaction theory poem has to be consisted of the truth and that gives the reason why it is presented in style where symbolism, mood as well as tone are implicated. Given a poem depicting pain it is easy for the reader to see the pain from the style and tone of the poem; however in a text the reader is not easily able to see the pain depicted thus making it just a collection of words which comes from the thought rather that reality.  The transaction theory suggests that literature is one of the major things to consider while writing a poem or a text thereby; I highly support this idea because poem is not only based on words but composition of literature which involves music as well as the atmosphere (Waugh, 2012).

The writer of the transaction theory breaks into detail on how a literature classroom opts to generate a corporative atmosphere while student are dealing with matters of poem and text thereby; it would be easy for them to understand the differences. He talks about how literature generates an interesting room of acknowledgement especially where the reader is able to come into a conclusion (Rosenblatt, 1982).

 The transaction theory idea is provide a genuine understanding to the readers on the difference between a prose and poetry thereby; the author suggests that the two are distinguished by the rhythm as well as the sound in the language. As a reader I was able to get the differences in to where they were both generated accuracy and simplicity. While I was reading the literature theory I noticed that in a poem the poet uses fiction to ensure that the content gives an intricate emblematic language to move the reader thought. Poem is more structured where it has to follow grammatical flow with the infliction of fantastical sand imaginary since it is meant to give everyday life ideas (Rosenblatt, 1982).

Wolfgang Iser (1978) uses the phrase ‘Literary Texts Initiate’, in his deep argument. This suggests that in literature different genres have got different roles and meaning in the field of literature. In my understanding fiction and dramatic genre aids the learners in improving their communication skills. For a poem it is essential by ensuring that readers generate an imaginative thought thus providing them with an emotional power. However, the transaction theory gives an understanding that a poem unlike a prose comes along with symbolic acts which are only generated in the reader’s mind (Rosenblatt, 1982).

According to the argument poem is highly supported over a text simply because it is based as the first literary genre thereby; all type of poem have to share various features. One of the important things is the difference of text and poem where poetry must consist of rhythm, mood plus other several types of art ornamentation. I think the best question to the class is: Which genre do you think is easier to compose pre or text? It is important for students to understand the value of a poem since it mainly reflects to daily life activities (Waugh, 2012).

References

Waugh, P. (2012). Literary theory and criticism. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press.

Rosenblatt, L. M. (1982). The literary transaction: Evocation and response. Theory into practice, 21(4), 268-277

Political Science

The book has been written in a very unique way such that the reader is able to understand the information being passed through reading the introduction. The introduction clearly depicts whatever the book entails, thus giving the reader an overview of the type of information being passed in the book. The language used is however deep and it might therefore require a person to use a dictionary in order to research on the words which have a deeper meaning (Chapter 4, 104). The arguments have been done in a very good way such that one can be able to understand the causes of the arguments because they have been backed in the best way. The book was easy to read even though it had very deep words which made it difficult for me to be able to understand their meaning.

The information presented has been synthesised from other published materials. The information has also been written in a way that it makes one to be able to understand whatever the book is talking about without having dig deeper into the book. Moreover, the information is credible due to the careful research which was conducted in order to come up with such information (Chapter 4, 106). The information in the book does not contain omissions or biases because the information presented has been carefully looked into before being written. The information contained in the book has therefore looked into the main arguments, and provided very significant information to back it up. The arguments make sense because they are very clear and they have been discussed, thus making one to know why a certain thing happened and what the reason behind it was.

Work Cited

Chapter 4. Globalizing Developments.

Reflecting on Your Learning

Question 1

I learned that writing papers and completing them in stages helped in developing a better ground for the entire paper.  Through stages writing a comprehensive and detailed report for the honest corporation was developed successfully. Writing in stages helps in the organization of thoughts and clarification of different ideas and this can additional help in identification of sections that requires more effort. This is mainly because the stages help in developing more detailed and well-researched information.  Through the developed paper thesis at the first stage, the paper can be completed without many complications as the thesis statement helps in setting directions.  The most important state is developing a thesis statement and an outline for the whole paper (Wallwork, 64).  This offers a general plan through which the paper can be completed with ease.  A plan is additionally significant because it helps in developing grounds for research thus increasing efficiency thus resulting in quality.  Moreover, this helped in combining our strengths thus overcoming weaknesses.

Question 2

Stock marketing investment is associated with numerous benefits but the activity is, however, a risk approach. My attitude has changed for the worst based on the honest corporation case research. This is mainly because the corporation is characterized by many issues which mean that investing into the stock market is a great risk. In addition stock, market investment has some ups and downs and therefore there might not be any guarantee that maximum benefits can be exploited successfully (Rutterford, 63).  I, therefore, believe that investing in  stock market is not a good idea based on the  high risk that is  involved as much investment may be lost if the company that one has invested  in fails to utilize strategic  concepts  to maximize the shareholder's shares.

            Work Cited

Janette Rutterford, Marcus Davison. An Introduction to Stock Exchange Investment. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.

Wallwork, Adrian. English for Writing Research Papers. , 2016. Print.

Morro bay project

The student learning outcome addressed in this article is the effect of engineering clarifications in a universal, commercial, ecofriendly, and communal context. The concept of sustainable development is used to explain the above contemporary issues. According to the Brundland commission, justifiable advancement is the development which encounters the necessities of the existing group without integrating the ability of forthcoming generations to meet their own necessities. This concept explains two crucial notions. The notion of needs that bring about social accountability and the notion of limits of the environment to satisfy needs of the current and future generations. Engineers apply knowledge and skills to solve challenges instead of outlining needs (Hyldgaard, 2012). Before the implementation of any engineers’ solutions, the impact of these solutions on the economy, the environment, and the society should be considered. Sustainability is based on three pillars; economic progress, environmental protection and social growth.

Morro bay project has been scheduled to cost $140 million which is an increase of over $100 million on the initial budget of $126 million. The project consist the construction of the city’s new sewerage treatment and the water recycling plant. The increase in budget estimates has been attributed by more piping due to the project's new site which is far from the city environs. The project will also have an advanced treatment technology plan to increase the ground water quantity levels that will be expensive to install. An equalization tank will be installed to control the amount of water intake into the system during heavy rains which cause increased flow of water into the system (Wilson, 2012). The previous budget estimate lacked an estimated $5 million for the deactivation of the previous water system which dumps hundreds of gallons of treated water daily into the ocean. The main factor considered by the city council in the selection of the site of construction of the plant is agricultural water reuse rather than the costly groundwater injection.  The main issues surrounding this project involve the increase in a number of funds to be used and the reuse of water from the plant by the surrounding agricultural areas, leading to sustainable agriculture.

As an engineering solution, sustainable agriculture integrates the concepts of environmental condition, economic productivity, and social equity. The extensive water transfer system built to allow for water reuse by agricultural lands will enhance crop production throughout the year. The water will be saline free due to the treatment process, ensuring the vigorous growth of crops. Social Community advancement will be enhanced through varied agricultural production patterns. The economic growth is brought about by purchases of agricultural products by the consumers (Wilson, 2012). Through the improvement of agricultural patterns, the environmental conditions such as the weather conditions are regulated.

According to the article, the Morro bay project will have many advantages brought about by its site relocation for instance; the overall operational costs to yield water will reduce tremendously; there will be more water supplies throughout the year for the city occupants and the pollution hazard caused by the release of untreated wastewater into the ocean by the current water treatment plant will be minimized (Wilson, 2012). The introduction of new agricultural patterns brought about by the treated water reuse program will bring about social, economic, and environmental growth. In conclusion, the Morro bay project brings out the positive impacts of engineers solutions at economic, environmental, and societal contexts.

References

 Hyldgaard, C. S. (2012). Engineering, development and philosophy: American, Chinese and       European             perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer.

Information Resources Management Association. (2013). Industrial engineering: Concepts,             methodologies, tools, and applications. Hershey, PA: Engineering Science Reference.

A Proposal about the Dangers of Performance-Enhancing Drugs at High Schools and Colleges

Introduction

Some students perform experiments with the presentation improving medications as a way of coping with the form appearance anxieties of fit in successfully in their education.  Others are forced by pressure to make them successful or have a competitive edge.  Negative tendency of comparing one’s performance with others might be the greatest factor that may increase the opportunities that the teen will use the performance- enhancing drugs. 

            The practice of enactment improving drugs in education is extensive and fetching a community issue on information and discussion. It has acquired to the fact where scholars from other republics are impending to America to purchase the drugs that are unlawful in their own republics. In his article, Kirk Johnson states that “as an outcome of the marketing, sales of the performance –enhancing products has increased and companies are making other new products based on the drugs” (Johnson, 19).  This is because companies are developing other steroid that melts under the tongue while the publicity and the promotional copies in the internet shoot out the entitlements about all from the better mind condition to the sensitive sexual act (Kirk, 21). 

            Sportspersons in the Colleges and high schools are also consuming nutritional supplements that are promoted as having similar side effects as the drugs themselves. Research shows that some appendages alter into unlawful steroids if they are taken.  In his source, Gwen Knapp highlights that, “Supplements use has been connected to the deaths of several athletes and scholars who exceeded the recommended dosages or mixed the intake of the supplements with other prescriptions” (Knapp, 1).  She continues to argue that complements are cheap in price thus why the students are drawn to them.  Knapp’s notion is that the main issue with the complements is that they are virtually loose. 

            The dangerous side effects of the medications should also be exposed.  In the asserted by Steven, he claims that “even if steroid use may increase an athlete’s endurance or the student’s performance, it also has its side effects” (Ungerleider, 12). Anabolic steroids are manufactured in many methods that can be consumed, vaccinated or scrubbed in the membrane.  These may lead to tumor and blows and also lead to hostility (Ungerleider, 1).  Men may also involve in low sperm reckoning, emaciated testicles and failure to have an erection.  Women may also change to profound vocal sound and more hairs on their bodies. 

            The question uprising is why the present scholars perform more than the ancient scholars.  The Article by Steve Olivier states that, “athletes and scholars should be prohibited from taking performance-enhancing substances as the substances can harm those who use them” (Olivier, 4). He claims that the usage of these drugs is not merely unlawful, but it is also ethically wrong in that it disrupts the morality qualities and trust which move on the basis of the education performance. 

            Jack in this article asserts that, “the college level has been pretty successful in preventing the use of the drugs” (Copeland, 1). Jack claims that the testing of the drugs program set by the NCAA has helped in the reduction of the use of the steroid by the college athletes.   This effort from the program of the prescription analysis not only pursues the boundary of the use of these drugs, but also the use of currency on the scholastic tasks that show the college contestants about the pills that are banned (Copeland,16). 

            Many experts however are currently agreeing with the use of these drugs.  Barnard trusts that we will admit drugs in sports and in education just as the way we take them in medication and agriculture.  In 1988, Mark Gwire won the most domestic runs in a lone period as he became one of the most admired sport records in America. He confessed to have used the performance -improving drug throughout the global top score. 

Conclusion

            Currently, athletic is acceptable without the paranormal participants as they have remained for many centuries. Athletic and education are generally well known as ever as they give performing to millions of the global fans. Taking the performance enhancing drugs disrupts the ethical policies that rule the game programs.  Thus the athletes should ask themselves if they want to become famous and blemish their bodies, harming them with drugs. 

Work cited

Copeland, Jack L. "Testing for Steroids Has Been Effective at the College Level." Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale Group. 2006. San Joaquin Delta College Library, Stockton, CA. 11 Dec. 2007

Johnson, Kirk. "Performance-Enhancing Substances Raise Serious Ethical Questions for Athletes." Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale Group. 2006. San Joaquin Delta College Library, Stockton, CA. 28 Nov. 2007   

Knapp, Gwen. "Performance-Enhancing Dietary Supplements Are Dangerous." Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale Group. 2006. San Joaquin Delta College Library, Stockton, CA. 5 Dec. 2007

Olivier, Steve. "Banning Performance-Enhancing Drugs is Justified." Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale Group. 2006. San Joaquin Delta College Library, Stockton, CA. 28 Nov. 2007 < http://galenet.galegroup.com >.

Ungerleider, Steven. "Steroids Are Dangerous." Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale Group. 2006. San Joaquin Delta College Library, Stockton, CA. 28 Nov. 2007

EQUAL STICKS AND STONES IN THE PHAEDO

Introduction

The recollection theory presents a significant explanation of knowledge to be innate. It is not obtained through knowledge but it is rather an important element of the person soul which cannot be misplaced. Its loss is founded on a false belief that is obtained in the experience. The theory explains why the when a soul enters the body due to a traumatic experience the soul itself and its interest. The traumatic experience takes control of the body and it is in this process it acquires the fake beliefs that hinder an individual from making the right decision in life[1]. The theory provides about the Socrates and their love for wisdom as it explains why the Socrates is viewed to be presupposed[2]. The theory explains why the questioning of removing the contradiction in the belief does not eliminate the knowledge. This elaborates why human beings are confused about the good belief and what hinders them from having a good life. The elimination of the false beliefs yields wisdom sufficient for the virtue and as a factor of living a good life.

According to the argument on the recollection theory as well as the Socrates’ example that demonstrates equality, it is quite clear that the use of the example of the equal sticks and stones fails to clearly demonstrate the theory of recollection. To start with, in order to make arguments on the equality of the sticks and the stones it is essential to understand the concept of equality itself[3]. Therefore in Socrates argument, he states that before birth in the prenatal existence, people must have had an encounter with the forms such as the equality concept and hence the soul is eternal.

In terms of clarity, accuracy, and certainty which are the surest elements in manifesting the equality concept, the example of the equal sticks and stones is not appropriate as it falls short of a demonstration of equality[4]. It is true that two sticks cannot be equal at any given time and thus they cannot be fully be viewed as equal though they may seem to be equal they are not fully equal in all dimensions. According to Socrates, the example does not apply to all instances but basing on his argument he perceives same to be a term that is used to differentiate between greater and lesser[5]. This is where he uses the example of the sticks and the stones to illustrate his equality concept. However, the concept does not fully apply to human beings since it fails to clearly explain how the humans are not fully equal just as the two sticks or stones. Therefore, Plato in his definition of the theory of recollection he relates the issue on similarity and equality. This is where things may seem similar and may be used to remind us of equality form[6]. It is arguably true to say that we are aware of stones or sticks do fall short of being completely identical. In order for the people to be aware that they fall short an idea of perfectly equal should be known in the Equality form.

In our senses, equal stones and sticks are equal similarly to their deficiency in regards to true Equality. In this sensible world, there are no examples of ideal equality which we had the notion of the time of existence[7]. Socrates deduces that individuals can learn through their senses about Equality but the knowledge should be obtained before birth takes place. During this time is when the true equality holds and its other forms as also true[8]. In this process, it is when the process of learning recollects them and becomes familiar with them once more.  This is the reason why Socrates argues that all knowledge is a recollection.

The metaphysics in the Phaedo lies on the common ground, methodology, and substance of Plato’s readers. The recollection theory is treated as a new development that shows some continuity of what existed before. This, therefore, qualifies the dual purpose of Phaedo as well as affirming the aim to defend immortality to the soul. A strong example that occurs at the close of Phaedo shows the Socrates taking up the role to discuss the association of immortality to the soul[9]. This is an important reason as it shows a strong evidence of Plato in the sense-transcendent theory that assumes the nature to be understood clearly by the audience.

The ground up approach is the evidence from the dialogue as it indicates that there are no clear Plato’s intentions at that particular moment. The ground up approach as a different strategy presents a clear supporting evidence due to metaphysical theory. The top down is an alternative approach that relies on establishing the Phaedo in the wider framework amongst the dialogue groups in the sticks and stones Plato’s development[10]. This approach is broad as it is able to draw chronological suggestions in philosophical reconstruction and dialogue in Plato’s thought. As a result of the hypothesis the sticks and stones of Phaedo fit in the middle period of the historical Socrates where direct influence receded and Plato’s mathematical and metaphysical interest began to assert themselves. This revelation leads to Phaedo overall reading which Plato’s conversation emerges in a top-down picture.

The Socrates presents a substitute explanation of the sticks and the stones. Socrates says that an individual who truly knows the subject should be able to elaborate to others yet they are not capable of explaining into details what the Socrates has been elucidating to the Simmias [11]. Socrates argues that recollection can be convey to them at that spot so that they may be able to give explanation to them as they ought to have gained the information in their previous life that they only came to forget in the moment of birth.

The Simmias presume the equal itself is not different from the equal stones and sticks. This further gives a reason to think that they may be different which latter characteristics do not have. Simmias presents a non-identity as a conclusion as a result of the inference[12]. His brings up the question of the assumption of the equality itself that was understood at an onset of the distinct object that was of a special kind. The presumption by the Simmias and the Socrates is a tautology that tries to influence is superfluous hence no argument is needed.

The Socrates have laid out an argument instead of drawing a conclusion out of the end results of a difference as it draws Plato’s regards as an item that is controversial and requires to be established. The Simmias and the Cebes are shown to be great philosophers who are experienced and are familiar with the theory of form. However, the argument is unstated as it proposes rival context of equals[13]. The Socrates have founded their argument on assumption in order to have a successful definition of the sticks and the stones of Phaedo which implicates metaphysical without openly presumptuous them. The traditional interpretation is insightful due to the foundation of the platonic of the argument. The theory of justification supports Plato as it provides a more appealing exegetical approach to the disagreement.

Conclusion

Cebes and Simmias agree that the Socrates have been able to prove that the soul lived before origin but they are skeptical of the soul togetherness after demise. The comments of the Socrates are proved by the recollection theory that showed that the soul lived prior to birth and the disagreement from the opposites indicates that the soul ought to have been born out of demise. This comes in bearing in intellect that the soul is reborn after its death which forces Celebs and Simmias to recognize that there is the existence of life after death. Plato’s has advanced in the Equality for that suggests that it can hold objects in itself. Therefore, in this case, the two equal sticks participates the inequality independent of each other. However, it is true to say that individual would not normally think that a single stick can be able to be able to possess properties on its own. Equality can be said to be a property that is essential objects rather than holding them as Plato makes himself susceptible to the entire cycle of objection.

References

Lee, David C. 2013. "‘Drama, Dogmatism, and the “Equals” Argument in Plato’s Phaedo’." Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 44 (2013): 1-40.

Miller, Fred D., and Carrie-Ann Biondi. 2015. A treatise of legal philosophy and general jurisprudence. Volume 6, Volume 6. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=2094668.

Plato, Eva Brann, and Peter Kalkavage. 2012. Phaedo. Newburyport: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=998513.

Plato, G. M. A. Grube, and John M. Cooper. 2000. The trial and death of Socrates: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, death scene from Phaedo. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub.

[1] Lee, David C. 2013. "‘Drama, Dogmatism, and the “Equals” Argument in Plato’s Phaedo’." Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 44 (2013): 1-40.

[2] Plato, Eva Brann, and Peter Kalkavage. 2012. Phaedo. Newburyport: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=998513.

[3] Plato, G. M. A. Grube, and John M. Cooper. 2000. The trial and death of Socrates: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, death scene from Phaedo. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub.

[4] Miller, Fred D., and Carrie-Ann Biondi. 2015. A treatise of legal philosophy and general jurisprudence. Volume 6, Volume 6. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=2094668.

[5] Lee, David C. 2013. "‘Drama, Dogmatism, and the “Equals” Argument in Plato’s Phaedo’." Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 44 (2013): 1-40.

[6] Plato, Eva Brann, and Peter Kalkavage. 2012. Phaedo. Newburyport: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=998513.

[7] Miller, Fred D., and Carrie-Ann Biondi. 2015. A treatise of legal philosophy and general jurisprudence. Volume 6, Volume 6. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=2094668.

[8] Plato, Eva Brann, and Peter Kalkavage. 2012. Phaedo. Newburyport: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=998513.

[9] Plato, G. M. A. Grube, and John M. Cooper. 2000. The trial and death of Socrates: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, death scene from Phaedo. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub.

[10] Lee, David C. 2013. "‘Drama, Dogmatism, and the “Equals” Argument in Plato’s Phaedo’." Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 44 (2013): 1-40.

[11] Miller, Fred D., and Carrie-Ann Biondi. 2015. A treatise of legal philosophy and general jurisprudence. Volume 6, Volume 6. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=2094668.

[12] Plato, G. M. A. Grube, and John M. Cooper. 2000. The trial and death of Socrates: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, death scene from Phaedo. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub.

[13] Lee, David C. 2013. "‘Drama, Dogmatism, and the “Equals” Argument in Plato’s Phaedo’." Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 44 (2013): 1-40.

Assignment 1

1. Technical white paper is one of the AWS white paper since it describes how things operate and explains why they operate the way they do. This paper therefore uses the cloud services and it is therefore prepared by technical people who are able to invent new technologies for making decisions through the use of the internet (Canright Marketing Report 2013).
2. It is too technical as it is mainly addressed to the engineers. This paper therefore is only limited to those who have the technical expertise. Therefore this paper influences only the decision makers as well as technical advisors and thus it becomes critical to be successful in influencing the sales cycle. Therefore the solution to a certain problem will be available to only a few and not all the people in the sale cycle hence the decision will not be all inclusive(Canright Marketing Report 2013).
3. It is recommended that the paper should be able to strike a balance between the formal and the informal tone and thus enabling all the people in the sales cycle to be integrated in the decision making process(Canright Marketing Report 2013).
4. This paper has appropriately used some of the graphics in the white paper which are quite essential as it has enhanced the paper to successfully deliver its content. For instance the use of data representations through the use of graphs serves as a strong compliment to the content of the paper. Use of the right font and color makes it easier for the people to see and are easily guided throughout the paper(Canright Marketing Report 2013).

5. This paper is quite subtle in its dealing as it is basically dealing in transmission of education on the new technologies and the benefits that accrue from the use of the services offered. It has also made it easier for the readers to make decisions(Canright Marketing Report 2013).

References

            Canright Marketing Report (2013). White Pper Basics: The Do’s, Don’ts, Why’s, What’s& How’s of White Papers. Chicago.