This is a study that was done with a goal of developing a set of principles from which future researchers, education practitioners and policy makers would use to understand the concept of learning for students from diverse cultural groups. This would help to narrow the learning gap that exists between mainstream and marginalized students (Banks et al, 2007).
The introduction highlights globalization as the main root of cultural diversity in the United States whereby students find themselves in foreign schools as a result of migration. The study first described the differences between formal and informal learning. LIFE Center tries to define the power of human learning a one grows from childhood to adulthood. Since the world is getting mixed up with cultures, the researchers have considered the holistic learning that is life-long, life-wide and life-deep. This is a learning that shapes the character and the capability of a student so that it remains compatible to the current advancement in technology and diversification (Banks et al, 2007).
A holistic learning is sometimes affected by social economic and historical practices and states. They varying of these factors create the learning gap that should not be there. Some of the social-economic factors include poverty, gender inequality and inadequate schooling facilities among others. For the gap to be narrowed, the researchers concluded that all learners need multiple sources of support so that personal and intellectual development is achieved (Banks et al, 2007).
In addition to the schooling support, additional academic resources should be made available to all children of their optimum development. The team concluded the study by recommending that all stakeholders in the education system should adopt a broad vision while formulating policies and various curricular decisions (Banks et al, 2007).
The take away message from this article is that advocating for equal learning opportunities would narrow the help the needy children to acquire education and become fruitful to the globalizing world. However, how long will it take for this goal to be achieved? In addition, what strategy does this panel have to the children who are not good academic wise?
References
Banks J.A., Au K.H., Ball A.F., Bell P., Gordo E.W., Gutierrez K.D., Heath S.B., Lee C.D., Lee Y., Mahiri J., Nasir N.S., Valdes G., Zhou M., (2007). Learning in and out of School in Diverse Environments: Lefe-Long, Life-Wide, Life-Deep. The LIFE Center
Identify two or three journal articles that address research problems similar to the problem you have chosen
The impact of motivation elements in building teamwork has been has been related to the various aspects of team leadership and the various skills of team members. Research has also been carried out on how the pressure to perform relates to team motivation and its impact on application of team knowledge. Focus has been on how influence and credibility are developed among the members, and the establishment of motivating goals and vision, aspects that must be understood by the leader before mastering them. The first article on building successful teams and teamwork relate the motivation elements to the project leadership and teamwork performance. In the second article on performance pressure as a team motivation element, team effectiveness has been related to knowledge use and employee motivation.
The first journal bases its research methodology on literature review which is also used in the empirical research process. This focused on the previous studies done on project management, leadership and their roles in promoting motivation in teamwork in order to achieve high performance. The studies concerned classification of various leadership styles, and how they can be utilized by the right person to bring about teamwork effectiveness (Matthews & McLees, 2015). The articles where information was obtained were used to come up with specific themes). The researchers reviewed various articles that they deemed relevant to the topic understand and developed key success factors for team performance. The proper keys for success became an integral part of their study on organizational strategies towards which teamwork efforts are directed. The studies then came up with various lessons learnt about the relationship between team motivation and performance in project management. A conclusion is thus drawn from these lessons, which touches on team performance dependence on success factors such as motivation elements.
The second article used the qualitative and quantitative research approaches where two studies were done through field investigation. In this method, project teams in two organizations that are knowledge were investigated more so the project teams. In the first study, multi-source surveys were combined with data from archives to test the specified hypothesis. In the second study, the researcher relied on cases of longitudinal observation so that as to comprehend the impact of knowledge based process on teams over a given period of time. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods also allowed the documentation of the degree to which pressure on performance affect team motivation and expertise utilization and to assess the behavioral mechanisms that underlie the effects (Gardner, 2012). In addition, a cycle of preliminary interviews were conducted across the participating organizations. The goal was to determine the extent to which theoretical constructs of pressure for performance and expertise recognition relate to the motivation factors in the project teamwork. The method also involved the identification of the various parameters to be used in the sampling of teams that took place in both studies. These included division heads, key-account groups, functions of human resource and the project team leaders. In sampling and data collection, the hypotheses were empirically tested so as to examine a range of both the consulting project and audit teams and at the same time controlling the success factors at the organization-level. The results of research in these journal articles were analyzed through descriptive statistics and the correlation of the variables in pairs. This allowed for the prediction of various variables and the determination their significance. This data analysis followed coding of the results collected. This research set out to relate performance measures, team motivation, processes and performance (Gardner, 2012).
The research on motivation elements and their impacts in project team performance can use both the qualitative and quantities research methods to ensure that there is an improvement of the evaluation process. In the data collection procedures, mixed strategies for data collection can used in the examining how effort intensity, persistence and direction relate in teamwork environment. The aim is to understand how these motivation elements lead to an enhanced teamwork performance in a project. The use of a concurrent design can be used to validate one set of data collected with others of different forms and thus enable addressing of different kinds of questions. A sequential design can also be used so that data collected in particular phases contribute to the collection of data in the following phases (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Jackson, 2012). This is true where the research is intended to study the effect of individual motivation elements on teamwork efficiency. The study would also include surveys questions which are close-ended, with development of response categories in consultation with senior management who oversee the progress of the teamwork. The interview instrument would include individualized questions. This would allow the exploration of ambiguous or interesting survey responses on the perspective of impact of motivation elements on teamwork performance. The data analysis would involve statistically comparing quantitative data collected separately. Similarly to the second journal article discussed above, this research would involve the coding of information an approach that ensures differentiation of various data sets. Combining both the quantitative and qualitative approaches improve the understanding through integration of various ways of knowing (Easterby-Smith et al. 2012)
References
Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., & Jackson, P. (2012). Management research. SAGE. 318, 322
Matthews, R., & McLees, J. (2015). Building Effective Projects Teams and Teamwork. Journal Of Information Technology & Economic Development, 6(2), 20.
Gardner, H. K. (2012). Performance Pressure as a Double-edged Sword: Enhancing Team Motivation but Undermining the Use of Team Knowledge. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(1), 1-46. doi:10.1177/0001839212446454
Science is a subject which requires the exploration of the natural world and therefore students are required to use a complex and flexible procedure in order to understand the factual nature of science (Marzano, 2007). In order to foster the students’ understanding and nurture their way of thinking, it is important to engage in multiple contexts for students to gain a deep knowledge which they will apply in real-world situations. In teaching science, I would use textbook versus Discover Stations since textbooks are vital component on science education. This is because, as a teacher, a textbook will provide a perfect lesson plan as well as chronological presentations of lessons. In addition, a textbook has knowledge and basic concepts from professors who have a high level of knowledge in science field (Marzano, 2007). As a teacher, I would get supplemental teaching materials which will help to cover the course materials. Conversely, discover stations do not help the intermediary students with instructional design. Science students requires initial framework and there is a possibility that through Discovery Stations, student will be baffled with instructional designs and mistaken belief (Khine, 2013). By using textbook, I would connect the students’ existing knowledge with the textbook knowledge in order to construct meaning and engage their mind. Through text, I would design research questions in order to allow the students to increase their learning and strengthen their effort. I would select books from reliable sources and focus on major standards from appropriate section. I would ensure that textbooks have special features and are visually appealing to boost the students’ interest in learning I would ensure that students gain basic understanding and wealth of information n through various class discussions (Khine, 2013). Unlike, Discovery Stations, having a deeper insight on a specific topic will allow the student to go into detail and do more research through experiment in real word situations.
Reference
Marzano, R. J. (2007). The art and science of teaching: A comprehensive framework for effective
instruction. Alexandria, Va: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Khine, M. S. (2013). Critical analysis of science textbooks: Evaluating instructional effectiveness.
Secondary research is the gathering of information which has already been gathered earlier. It can also be said as a way of getting information from the already available or recorded data. Primary research means that the data or the information found on the secondary research is not accurate to meet specific aims. Primary research can also be called the original research on something. The tools that are used on the secondary research include the collection and the selection of the important research materials from books, research journals or the accounts of the ancient matters. Both the qualitative and quantitative information is derived from the secondary sources (Creswell, 2014).
Primary research is the first hand collected information, thus when lecturing on a specific issue on the methods on primary research, it provides good results when addressing the matter on hand. On collecting of one’s personal data, the gathering allows an organization to get a vital response which can be more helpful to the marketer due to the control over the design of the research. Primary research permits the marketer the ability to concentrate on the specifics, thus gaining more appropriate response such as target age, topographical and the sample size of the data. This research improves the efficiency of the outcomes and the budget with the control over the research thus it up surges one’s opportunities of having the wanted questions answered. By performing the kind of research, the marketer owns the information, thus keeping the collected data confidential and giving a competitive edge over the competition (Creswell, 2014)
Qualitative research on the primary research is to help understand the people’s emotions and reason for the emotion. Primary quantitative research refers to the larger and simple sizes and involves performance of reviews and tests. The sample sizes in the primary quantitative research are larger while the primary qualitative research devices are deep interviews and group discussions (Creswell, 2014)
Reference
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.
I do agree that all the created policies of affirmative action’s lead to the generation of discrimination which is unjust reverse. They normally result in discrimination because just because the policies are based on the ground that the policies are developed by the major objective of hiring individuals over other individuals grounded on their race or any other single criteria which is out of need. This therefore occurs with the exclusion of several other crucial factors such as the most qualified and most suitable candidate. The whole premise of creation of the policies is flawed and should thus be excluded (Jeske, & Fumerton, 2010). Affirmative action’s policies should be developed on equality like labor unions, welfare as well democracy. This is mainly because with emphasize of equality on everything each individual will hold an opportunity for employment based on their suitability and not on the basis of race or single factors exclusion. This matches with discrimination which is the unjust handling of a particular group of individuals on the grounds of religion, age, ethnicity or even disability (Jeske, & Fumerton, 2010).
Based on ethical theory the affirmative policies development results in reverse discrimination because theory objectives results in minority group’s abuse. The policies fail to derive equality because they are centered at generating self-advantage (Jeske, & Fumerton, 2010). The suitable individual for any particular job is the individual who holds the capability of doing the job in the right way regardless of their sex, religion, race, handicap, sexuality or even creed.
Affirmative actions are developed with the objective of ending discrimination as well as biased handling of individuals in the society based on their race but the effectiveness of the policies accomplishes the opposite (Jeske, & Fumerton, 2010). This is mainly because white’s individuals who are involved in hard work or holds higher qualifications are passed in a strict way based on their white factor. This is contrary to most of the stereotypes where most of the minority groups are categorized into both upper and medium classes. The affirmative polices additionally decreases the accountability standards which is necessary to make individual’s perform even better (Jeske, & Fumerton, 2010). Reward should be based on hard work and not based on single factors of selection because this makes the policies to be unethical because they are not just.
Reference
Jeske, D., & Fumerton, R. A. (2010). Readings in political philosophy: Theory and applications. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview.
The aim of this article is to give out two message ways including the FITD and the DITF. They both affect the message ways and show the securing behavioral compliance through the use of chronological requirements. FITD is the first option of request which is small in a way that many persons agree to it. It is pursued by a larger, second request which is the main targeted manner. DTIF operates differently from FITD. This skill shows that the initial request must be large in such a way that many people will be against it. Its second request consists of asking for fulfillment to a more reasonable demand. It is the same as FITD in that the second petition is the besieged behavior (Stiff & Mongeau, 2003).
The theoretical background for DITF shows that all the contacts that are amidst people are based on giving and correspondence. This statement shows that the real meaning of one of the most hugely suggested explanations for the human behavior. This shows that DITF policy can be said to be the starting condition. This can be concluded that the two concepts are important to stimulate the normative force that upsurge the probability of fulfillment of the second request. This can also be argued by the sociologists that the initial appeal must be discarded and that the objective must distinguish an allowance on the requestor part (Halmari, 2005).
On the theoretical background of FITD, a viewpoint on it that several request policies has their favorites. For the FTID, its main theoretical background is the theory of self insight. For the growth of a viewpoint that is produced by basic behaviorism, sociologists suggest that persons derive their inferences on their own notions and attitudes in the same way that they make deductions about the dissatisfaction of others. This theory can be expressed in the notion that persons become aware of their attitudes, feelings and other internal status by deducing from their observations of their personal manners or the conditions in which the manner happens. What may happen is an alternation in the individual’s feelings about being engaged or taking an action. For such inferences to happen, the manners must be seen as the outcome of the outer forces. The aspects of this condition may call it a casual force. If the manner is conducted in the presence of recompense or a hazard, the person may call this behavior as an outcome from the outer forces (Gretzel & Zanker, 2013).
Meta – analysis is a way of quantitatively cumulating the outlook of many studies. Comparing it with the primary analysis that uses the reactions of the persons as data, Meta analysis takes as the datum the value of the data that reviews the primary information stage. Since the mistake made in casing is impartial and have no methodical crash on the departures from the public value are positive or negative thus tend to cancel one another. FITD happens to rely not at all on the amount of time amid the first and second request. DITF gives a huge difference as it was effective on the research in which the second request followed by the first closely. This evaluation shows that neither the self insight nor its reciprocal allowance is enough to the work that explain the request occurrences. This shows that self insight is speechless about the nature of the demand, thus incentive was seen to counteract the consequences of FITD (Gretzel & Zanker, 2013).
References
Halmari, H. (2005). Persuasion across genres: A linguistic approach. Amsterdam [u.a.: Benjamins.
Stiff, J. B., & Mongeau, P. A. (2003). Persuasive communication. New York: Guilford Press.
Yoo, K.-H., Gretzel, U., & Zanker, M. (2013). Persuasive recommender systems: Conceptual background and implications. New York, NY: Springer.
Sherry Turkle a professor in a institute of technology based in Massachusetts wrote an article of the flight from conversation on April 21, 2012 in the New York Times addressing how technology has shaped modern relationships. The world we live in today is technologically advanced which has helped us in communication. As a result of the technology people can communicate from any part of the world. Communication through social platforms such as Facebook has been taking place whether in class or on dates. Communications devices that people usually carry around are as powerful as they have maintained relationships and not only change what people do but also who they are (Turkle, n. p).
At work places people have embraced silent mode of communication as they show up wearing earphones. In the midst of all this there is silence as people are able to connect silently and comfortable by just a touch of the button through texting and emails (Turkle, n. p). Face to face conversation more often picks up slowly as it requires patience making people opt to chat through their devices even when they are with partners, friends and children which should be a subject to change in order to start real conversation.
Maura Keller is a writer, editor and a proofreader of the Keller Ink wrote an article of social media and interpersonal communication on may 2013 addressing the influence of the social media. It is so common to find people on their cell phones texting, tweeting and updating status in their Facebook account in restaurant sharing a table with other (Keller, n. p). The effect of social media is visible in the society as people have been able to communicate and interact. Interpersonal communication skills between the people has changed as a result social media platform as it has changed the engage with each other between all ages and venues.
Interactions on the social media platforms tend to be weaker ties as people avoid face to face communication. There has been reaching effect to those that are far creating online relationships which in return cause poor and bad relationships in real life due to cyber bullying crimes. There is also information overload as there is more information available that what people can handle (Keller, n. p). There has also been addiction to smartphones that has led to loss of relationships that are around us. Lack of privacy is another thing that raises concern due to negative publicity of an individual. It is important to remember that social media going to become increasingly integrated in the future there is the need to know how to handle it.
The author Thomas White is a law student who wrote an article of why social media isn’t social on 2nd November 2013 addresses the issue of social media platforms not being social. People are able to connect easily due to the modernization of the internet. Individuals share their lives through the various platforms from different communities and throughout the world. The effects of social media are evident as it allows individuals to practice pretense and uphold this lies (White, n. p). The apps allow individuals to us filters in order to make their lives more impressive that they are actually. It has allowed individuals to lie and brag how they are enjoying their lives which are not true in reality.
With time and with the continuation of social media the world will be plugged in to unreal expectation of those around us and ourselves. Social media has become a shield as the most horrific, vitriolic and malicious views and comment become imaginable (White, n. p). There is a real problem with social media platforms as people can hide behind what is true in order to change what people think. A lot should be done in order to create conscious of then virtual real life as it is misleading and there is no honesty which can turn the social world into a new level.
Work cited
Keller, Maura. Social media and interpersonal communication. May/June 2013. Retrieved from http://www.socialworktoday.com/archive/051313p10.shtml
Turkle, Sherry. The flight from conversation, New York Times. April 21, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/opinion/sunday/the-flight-from-conversation.html?_r=0
White, Thomas. Why social media isn’t social. The Huffington post. 2nd November 2013. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-white/why-social-media-isnt-social_b_3858576.html
My name is Sultan Aljahani from Saudi Arabia. I have bachelor degree in Public Administration from King Abdul-Aziz University. My interest in Public Administration, particularly in organization management did not come from nothing but it is a result of cogitation and contemplation. I have 3 years’ experience working with Saudi Company for Development Construction and 10 years working with Saudi Customs. Over the past 10 years, I have worked with NGOs and government institutions on various public projects and programs related to the development of service delivery. Through my previous work experiences and observations, I have realized that there are large shortcomings in how the services are delivered to beneficiaries (Farmer, 45). On one hand, there is a duplication of decisions from those who are given the powers to make decisions, whether on the top-hierarchy or on the middle level (Farmer, 46). This kind of duplication created an atmosphere of chaos in the public sector and led to unsatisfactory performance in some circumstances. On the other hand, it has been noticed that majority of those who run managerial positions are appointed based on patronage or clientelism without looking at their educational background and qualifications as an important criterion for the position and this by return would result in a number of administrative issues within the organization (Farmer, 48). Therefore, I would like to gain a deeper understanding of public administration particularly related to organization management by pursuing a Master Degree in Public Administration. After a careful review of the core and elective course offerings, I found Stanford University one of the convenient platforms that meet my ambition and support my future goal of being a highly-educated and professional manager.
The reason why I elect to pursue my education in the Stanford University is that, since I was a boy I heard my father talking about the high quality of education in the Stanford University, the interesting method applied by the teaching staff, their fund to teaching and give full information to student so clear (Flores, 22). During the last stage of my bachelor degree, specifically in the last year I started thinking of pursuing my post graduate in the same field. I asked advice from one of my teaching staff. He told me that there is no room for comparison between the education quality in Saudi Arabia and that in USA. He further said to me you will see the difference that staff's method of teaching there is delectable and I will also notice their fond to teaching, help their student to gain high marks and graduated at the best possible level in their field of study (Flores, 23). This is due to many factors characterizing the Stanford University teaching staff. They are of wide knowledge that made them as experts in their disciplines and also to their full understanding of their subjects which gives them self-confidence. As teaching staff, they took the responsibility of teaching seriously. They always look for any item to improve the students' skills in education. Thus, they are always bounteous to their students; they respect them through honesty and truthfulness and solve their understanding problem through explaining more until they get it. Many of my friends have advised and encouraged me to join the Stanford University. I had been trying to get a scholarship for the master degree and now I got the scholarship for master degree in Stanford University.
My personal goal in pursuing my post graduate studies is my love to knowledge and the development of self-knowledge, cultural and improvement of the level of my career to get a decent job with a suitable environment and with high financial income which would help me to satisfy the requirements of life (Bowen, 15). My personal goal is also not to get master's degree in public administration only. My goals extend further to pursue my studies in order to get the PhD in Public Administration and work as a university lecturer in one of our university and this is my dream since my childhood. I am trying now and working hard to develop myself and my understanding and awareness to get more information and knowledge in the field of my specialty which is the public administration (Bowen, 16). I want to have the ability to face the difficulties and to strengthen my search abilities to know new things in this field as well as to be an active and useful person for the community and people around. Getting the higher educational rank will help me to extend the best service to the community and to satisfy others with the knowledge that I have. My personal goals as my professional field is that, the governmental organization in which I am working as an employee and which has granted me this chance for scholarship to obtain my master degree in public administration is in need of staff with post graduate degree qualifications in public administration field. So, top of my goals is to pay more effort and endeavoring to develop and modernize this organization and make it as a developed and modern feat for all people and those who are dealing with such governmental organization (Bowen, 18). I have personal strengths like analytical skills, team player and ability to always meet the deadlines. I have also developed better reasoning skills, self-discipline, better communication and cooperative behaviors and now I am able to make important life decisions. I will use my strength in innovative thinking, problem solving and quick thinking. These strengths will help me to focus on one goal of succeeding in education (Bowen, 20).
My educational background and experience, my determination and capability to solve complicated problems, my strong sense of social responsibility and furthermore my unrestrained enthusiasm to serve the public, will enable me to succeed in pursuing an advanced degree in my chosen field in Stanford University. I am fully aware that it is important that successful managers should have a wide range of skills such as communication skills, problems-solving and analytical skills, team working, organizational and creative skills (Bowen, 25). I have taken some training and courses related to management, strategic planning, project design, and business. My undergraduate study was focused on Public Administration and I would like to further sharpen my knowledge in this field to become an expert (Bowen, 28). Before joining university, I was working as an Administrative Assistant in Saudi Company for Development Construction. My three years of work experience with this company paved the way for my educational trajectory. It prepared me to take the courses with great enthusiasm and reflect on what I theoretically learned in reality. I learned a lot of things pertaining to developing cities.
I am able and ready to start my master degree now and I will pay more care to it and my home obligations and dig hard to get the master degree in public administration. I promise that I will be at your good opinion and as expected. I will also be as an ambassador in your esteemed institution to my country. I request the university's admission committee to approve my application to join the university and get the chance to my master degree. I will be happy if get admitted to pursue my study for master degree in public administration from you university.
Work cited
Bowen, William G. Higher Education in the Digital Age. , 2013. Print.
Farmer, David J. Public Administration in Perspective: Theory and Practice Through Multiple Lenses.
Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2010. Print.
Flores, Krystal A. Applying to American Universities and Colleges for Parents and Students: Acing the
App. Singapore: WS Education, 2014. Internet resource.
Teachers, students and my wonderful classmates: I salute you and I wish you all a cordial welcome. Today we are going to have a joyous and pleasurable time together. Many years have passed since we were together in this place and I am grateful to see you all to interact and share our lives. I am sure everyone has a memorable moment which will add smile and warmth into our hearts. First is to give thanks to our mighty God because he has showered blessings into our lives and all of us have progressed in diverse dimensions. This meeting will add value to our lives and it will enrich our mutual consciousness (Martin, 2014). Today we are here to celebrate our golden anniversary and to honor and congratulate our teachers who molded and shaped our decisions and personalities and it would be important to say that they made us to reach in this position we are today. We are lucky because we have met in this beautiful place again, a comfortable place where we derived our knowledge, a place where we started our important stage of life and a place which represented a forward step of our adulthood. In general, this is a place where we derived a comprehensive education in terms of humanities, Christianity and basics in life. I believe that I and my friends will talk about many thing in this special day but for now there is an important thing I would like to talk about as it is the thing which has made us to meet here again and it is also the thing which unites us the many year we have not been together. It is worth to say that are united by a precious and a strong bond which is friendship. Before talking about anything else I would like to say that friendship today has made us to create happiness, empathy and good times and more important we will get advice from friendship. There is a quote from Lincoln which says that ‘Am I not destroying my enemies when I make friends of them?” (Martin, 2014). I like this quote so much because it teaches me that friendship is a very important thing as it wipes out hatreds and enemies. Today friendship will connect us and it will fill our hearts with pleasure. I will urge everyone to keep on protecting the friendship so that we can change our world into better. My friends let us rise and shine and let us use our ability and spend our time in changing the world. Thank you for giving me the opportunity.
Reference
Martin, Rod. (2014). Jesse, Son of God. Authorhouse.
The Indian boarding schools were started with an aim of incorporating the Indian tribes into the mainstream of the Americans culture through the introduction of education to them. These schools were established in 1860 whereby the government department of the Indian affairs built an Indian boarding school on the Yakima Indian reservation located in the State of Washington. This was piece of the plan that was developed by the reformers such as Henry and Herbert Welsh. Thus through this education system, the Indian people were to be taught on the essence of private possessions, material wealth, and monogamous family setups. The reformers, therefore, saw the significant to enlighten the Indian natives thus enabling them be able to accept the white men’s culture and values. Thus these boarding institutions were the perfect mechanism that they would have used so as to absorb the people and ideologies that acted as a hindrance to their destiny. These schools were able to incorporate the Indian youths. The first precedence of these boarding institutions was to first offer educational education where they would be taught on how to write, read and how to speak in English. Other subjects such as arithmetic as well as science, history and arts subjects would be introduced into the curriculum so as to enable them to realize the self-directing power of their thoughts (Stout 103). Thus the Indian youths would stand a chance to be individualized. Religion, democrat, institutions and the political structure were also to be taught in these boarding schools as it assisted the Indians to be able to have citizenship training. As a result, they were able to eradicate all of what was left of the Indian way of living. Thus the schools focused on producing students who were economically independent as they were taught on the work skills, values and attitude of possessive independence (Stout 103). However, there existed so many critics from the establishment of these schools.
This paper therefore will present and discuss on the two authors who wrote quotes on the Indian schools that are, Henry Ward Beecher and Sitting Bull (Teton Sioux).
These two authors had their own perceptions of the Indian boarding schools that argued for the same cause. They both opposed the contemplation of transferring the children away from their home so as to incorporate them towards a white American culture. Sitting Bull author was a leader of the people of Sioux (Mapua 8). His early life was primarily invented the term slow because of his intentional way and his self-conscious movement of his study body. He thus joined war parties and he continually gained prestige because of his heroic acts in the field and thus he was given his name Sitting Bull. He later was the chief of Hunkpapa in 1857 and his leading skills were tested as he was dealing with the Americans. It is during his leadership that the people faced a lot of wars and most of the Americans died during the battles (Mapua 8). Afterwards, he had his individual quote on the manner in which the Americans tried to incorporate the inhabitants to their visions. Thus his trust was in the Great Spirit just as the inhabitants did and thus he felt that the Americans were not supposed to change the natives. This is because he believed that this was not in their position to do so but the Great Spirit was responsible and if truly wanted them to be white he would have created them white from the beginning. He thus understood that each and every man was different with different needs and wants. Sitting Bull and most of the inhabitants supposed that they ought not to be enforced to transform and be made into being something that they were not originally created to be.
Henry Ward Beecher was known as a preacher by the Americans in the 1800s and later he was a social Leader after the occurrence of the Civil War. He really assisted in the eradication of slavery. His earlier life as a preacher assisted him to become so encouraged towards the fairness of the slaves.
He, however, detested slavery since his earlier days in the seminary days as a preacher. He, therefore, became a great supporter of the Native Americans and this helped with the compromise of 1850 which was between the anti-slavery as well as the pro-slavery forces that assisted in banning of slavery in various states.
According to the quote by Henry Beecher concerning common schools which translated to something related to Sitting Bull. In this quote, he elaborates on how the common school is used in feeding America since the sending of people to these schools would assimilate them with that generation. He also quoted that when a lion feeds on an ox it does not become an ox but when an ox feeds on a lion it becomes a lion. This means that the schools in general, are places where we send the students to learn on what the community wants them to be taught. Thus the schools make it possible for students to learn on the topics it wants them to learn and the structures their ideal views. His later on quote states that the students may be taught what the institution wants them to be taught but it does not necessarily mean that it transforms them. It, however, shows that the students have been able to learn that which has been taught to them. Henry’s quote therefore generally suggested that each and every person who entered these schools came out civilized and once they were civilized they become part of the American culture and hence there was no way to turn back on the native culture and traditions.
The two quotes from the two authors can be applied to the Indians who were enforced into the boarding institution system. The contemplation of the boarding institution infuriated the Indian parents, for instance, the Carlisle Indian institution located in Pennsylvania (Littlefield 10). According to the quote by Sitting Bull, his main translation is based on the fact that the Indians were not made as the white people and therefore they should not be forced to see the same views as them. Thus Sitting believed that this education system would hurt the Native American’s culture.
The children’s experience was far much harsh and particularly for the young kids who were alienated from their relatives. They were restricted from speaking their native language and their lifestyle was changed into being like that one of the Americans. Discipline was administered to them in a severe way as they were deprived of some of the privileges and also they were threatened of being given corporal punishment if they misbehaved. In addition, they were ravaged by diseases while at boarding schools. This, therefore, resulted to some of the native parents rebelling to enroll their parents in these schools and this resulted to some of the police officials to enforce the education system on them by taking away the children by force to these schools (Littlefield 14). This is what Sitting Bull and Henry Beecher were against this form of education as it is a form of slavery.
In conclusion, the Indian schools were not a success as they failed to recognize the importance of free will which would have helped in the enrollment of the children in the schools. The schools were not doing the right thing as they enslaved the Indian children which did not actually empower them. The change that they resulted from seeing the children was not really seen as these children hated the schools and thus all the teachings did not change them but rather it gave them the knowledge. It was, therefore, unimportant for these institutions to enforce the system onto the Indians so as to make them have the same views as the Americans since the world must be diverse with people of different values and beliefs. This is in accordance with Sitting Bull’s theory. It is through allowing the Indians to develop their own culture that would have enabled them to become a happy society willing to succeed without having to follow other people’s culture.
References
Littlefield, Holly. Children of the Indian Boarding Schools. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 2001. Print.
Avoiding Mistakes in Reporting Research important, accurate and scientific
For several decades, there has been a controversy in science and pseudoscience due to lack of adequate data and explanatory theories. According to Pope, reported memories are characterized with contradictory terms and concepts and all this is contributed by amnesia, personality disorder, and retrieval inhibition among other terms (Pope, 1998). There are useful approaches to examine the information to understand whether it is accurate and scientific. One way of examining the information is through the research basis. It is important to find the validity as well as the reliability of the information and consider whether it is supported by scientific research. Accurate and scientific information should appear in peer-review journals and be acknowledged in scientific community. In reporting research, the major mistake which is made is illustrating both accurate and false recovered memories as repressed memories (Pope, 1998). The term repressed memories does not lie on sound research as it lacks empirical basis. When reporting research, writers often term the ‘recovered memories’ as ‘repressed memories’ and this creates confusion and oversimplification (Pope, 1998). To avoid the mistake, writers should keep away from using unwarranted assumptions. Rather than introducing a single mechanism for explaining experiences, they should search for that mechanism which will explain the memory loss or memory recovery of individuals.
The second way to determine the accuracy and importance of information is through Inferential Errors and Confirmation Bias (Pope, 1998). To get relevant information, it is important to consider the inferential errors through confirmation bias. Note that beliefs and human reason affects the object evidence and sagacity. Due to the fact that beliefs and expectations affect the reporter’s information evaluation, it is important to rely on hypothesis and avoid the falsifying evidence. The mistake which is done when reporting research is that when reporting abuse on recovered memories, they introduce confronting memories which cause harm to the people who need help and they also exploit their patients sexually (Pope, 1998). Professionals use beliefs and expectations in reporting recovering memories. They engage themselves in rationalization and have diverted responsibility and thus they are unable to accept the harmful; behaviors. To avoid the mistakes, therapists should avoid values and expectations that can interfere unfairly with experiential data. They should seek for institute safeguards which will help them to identify such factors and possibility of inferential errors (Pope, 1998).
As a psychologist, this knowledge is important in understanding the psychology concepts. It will help in understanding the mechanism of recovered memories and its relation to traumatic events (Pope, 1998). Having the knowledge, I will distinguish between true and false repressed memories. I will be in position to identify the amnesia barrier and uncorroborated repressed memories. The knowledge will help me to deal with patients and their personal truth through the use of techniques such as clarification, sympathy and more (Pope, 1998).
Reference
Pope S. Kenneth (1998) Norwalk, CT. PSEUDOSCIENCE, CROSS-EXAMINATION, AND SCIENTIFIC
EVIDENCE IN THE RECOVERED MEMORY CONTROVERSY.Copyright 1998 by the American
international business administration(career research paper)
The thought of studying business administration has appealed to me greatly for a long time as it has encouraged me to expand my educational path further. I have been keen and enthusiastic in pursuing my career up to a degree level in international business administration (Akwetey, 2011). There have been challenges but I have been enjoying them as they make me better in many different ways and areas that have been exciting. I order to equip myself better in business administration in my career that will make me has a competitive advantage over others I have to further my education. From a research concerning the subject, I am expected to further my knowledge and skills beyond a classroom in order to know how a business operates so that I can be able to apply my knowledge into practice (Akwetey, 2011). The education level matters as it forms the basis of one’s knowledge in a particular field.
International matters relating to business administration is a vital component in my career path. Will studying business administration I have to shift my focus on international related matters concerning business and how they operated in different geographical regions. I ought to have a clear understanding of how multinational companies run their business and evaluate common and different factors that affect them as they operated in order to equip myself with the necessary knowledge and skill required(Portugal et al, 2014). Studying of both local and international companies in my degree course is a mandatory requirement that employers will seek to identify as one of my qualifications (Kevany, 2015). This has made me more confident because I have found myself interacting with international students who have an interest in the same area which has made me more confident. A university degree is appreciated by employers as they know that through the course of studying I was able to understand, gained all the necessary knowledge and skills which make them believe that I can be able to organize my work and that I am in a better position to manage the logistics of a running company. A Master in international business management is an added advantage but a major qualification in a director’s position in international business (Kevany, 2015).
Career salary in the field of international business is very competitive. The International business program covers a wide range such as finance, human resource, and marketing at international levels further makes the salary rate more competitive hence a global scale (united states BLS, 2008). Internship opportunities are offered to the students by the companies to help the student have an experience in international business. Most of the internship programs pay only the maintenance salary to the students. The higher the level of education, experience, and the position rank the more the salary and the vice verse is true (united states BLS, 2008). The top most level in this career is chief executive officers who can be able to work and manage overseas companies have roles such as establishing the company’s goals and policies which are not an easy task hence the hefty reward in the form of salaries.
My career path interests me for many reasons but mainly because it is my passion. As it involves international business matters I am able to engage with different cultures and I am able to understand a diverse working environment that helps me to manage my work effectively (Portugal et al, 2014). Mathematics is an area of interest in which business administration offers me with which makes me feel more relevant. The career path is also interesting as it involves in cross-cultural marketing (Christiansen, 2012). It interests me more due to intercultural sensitivity as a result of international market which I enjoy due to the interactions.
Reference
Akwetey, L. M. (2011). Business administration for students and managers. Bloomington, Ind.: Trafford Publishing.
Christiansen, B. (2012). Cultural variations and business performance: Contemporary globalism. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference.
Kevany, K. (2015). CAREER SUPERCHARGER. NZ Business + Management, 29(8), 24-35.
Portugal Vasconcelos Ferreira, M. S., Reis, N. R., Ribeiro Serra, F. A., & Kramer Costa, B. (2014). Understanding the Footprint of the RBV in International Business Studies: the Last Twenty Years of Research. Brazilian Business Review (English Edition), 11(4), 53-83.
United States., & United States. (2008). Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2009. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
The table of content for this plan should comprise of the following chapters; chapter one, a business summary comprising of the executive summary, which is a brief summary of the company’s goals mission and vision (Masterfano, 1). This chapter also comprises of a business description which presents the history of the business
Chapter two of the business plan should consist of market analysis which describes industry trends, total market, the target markets, competition, the competitive advantage and the map of location of the company.
Chapter three should consist of the marketing strategy which describes the products or services to be offered, promotional tools and strategies, pricing strategies, place and distribution channels (Masterfano, 2).
Chapter four of the plan should contain the management plan. This should describe the goals and objectives of management, staffing plan, operations of the company and the suppliers of the company (Masterfano, 2).
The five of the plan should provide financial information of the company. Under this, the sources and the uses of funds must be stated.
Survey design
Interview guide is preferable and it will basically interview customers of different genders from various locations to find out how they feel about the product and how they would prefer the product to be modified to meet their exact needs fully. Open ended questions and multiple choice questions can be used.
What is your gender?
Male
Female
Where do you live?
How often do you buy the product?
What is your general view on the product?
Are there some changes that you would like to be made on the product to make it much better?
Are you comfortable with the price?
Yes
No
References
Masterfano, M.K. (2013). Effective Business Planning: A Structured Approach, 2nd edition, Revised Printing. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt.
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