Abortion Rights

            Abstract

            The abortion issue rights have recently raised contentious matter which has raised considerable amount of legal and ethical debate (Ritzer, & Ryan, 2011).  However the rights of every woman to conduct abortion are associated to the human rights aspects. The abortion issue should therefore not be considered as general issues but should be considered as a moral and human right issue. Abortion is a major issue that is affecting the society today. This is the procedure of ending the pregnancy in order to prevent the occurrence of birth. Abortion is legal under the circumstances of health risk but not based on personal reasons (Ritzer, & Ryan, 2011).

Literature Review

            The issue of abortion is relevant to sociology culture. This is because it helps in the identification of the ethical and moral issues behind the act of abortion. This additionally helps in identification of the reality behind the industry of abortion from the individual’s perspective.  The subject is therefore significant in adding literature to the subject matter which will thus provide sociologies in studying the existing culture with adequate and reliable information (Ritzer, & Ryan, 2011).

Films Analysis

            There are various films whose content relate to the issue of abortion in the society.  This includes the blood money, Bella and the specific grill.  In the film Bella directed by Monteverde Alejandra which was screened in 2006 the life of living in the city of New York transforms the existence of three people.  The movie critically illustrates the cons of abortion in the modern society and how the activities are accomplished. In order for individuals to fit into the expectations of the society they have to perform abortion to avoid the challenges of acceptance (Russell, 2009).

            Based on the film the specific grill directed by David Lee the exposition of the risks of performing abortion is well demonstrated (Russell, 2009). Based on the movie abortion can deny a person their freedom and hinder them from prospering due to the associated consequences of facing the law. In the movie a woman in set to prison due to unlawful acts and after being released she has to start over again in a small town which is full of societal issues.  The film blood money which is directed by Kyle David exposes the causes of abortion as well as the reality behind the industry of abortion from the perspective of pro life.  The main influence of abortion as demonstrated is money where individuals are more driven by money and not moral guidance (Russell, 2009).

Data collection method

            The research will utilize descriptive method. This will therefore involve the use of questionnaires to the public as well as the abortion industry stakeholders.  This is to ensure that maximum information is collected.

Discussion

            The issue of abortion has recently raised a non ending debate globally.  With some nations legalizing the process while others are against it due to moral roles that guide their conduct. Based on recent research most individuals argue that abortion should only be legalized on the grounds of health issue.  This is mainly because abortion is referred to be wrong morally as it involves killing of an innocent being (Ritzer, & Ryan, 2011).

Conclusion

            Abortion is unavoidable in the modern society due to the rising health complications as well as life style changes. Legalization of abortion should strictly consider human rights as well as the moral guidelines of religions. This is by ensuring that individuals conduct abortion based on some considerable subjects. The subject should therefore be well considered in order to involve the needs and rights of every member in the society.

            Reference

Ritzer, G., & Ryan, J. M. (2011). The concise encyclopedia of sociology.

Russell, W. B. (2009). Teaching social issues with film. Charlotte, NC: IAP, Information Age      Pub.

Study on ASCUS

            Results

            18 out of the presented population of 227 individuals were established to have ASCUS from the histological follow-up. This is identified as abnormal Pap smears reading.  The population was therefore represented by 18% of the total population. In regard to the occurrence of the ASCUS reading the population is, therefore, high in the general group of the presented women.

            The total number of collected results was 227 from women in perimenopausal as well as postmenopausal categories which were 107 and 120 respectively.  The mean ages were 46 in the general population utilized in the study. The abnormal cells determined occupied a population of 18% with the remaining percentage of diagnoses being glandular typical cells which were of undetermined importance.

            Discussion

            The diagnostic kind of ASCUS cells differs in verse and the importance among the individual pathologists as well as among the laboratories of cytology. The rate of subsequent and concurrent squamous lesions intraepithelial in women with ASCUS found on the Pap smear investigation, therefore, illustrates a wide literature range. The importance of postmenopausal and premenopausal women is currently unclear based on the results of this study (Fan, & Damjanov, 2012).  The study, therefore, made the conclusions based on the comparison of results based on ASCUS and SIL diagnoses.  The results were therefore derived from postmenopausal, premenopausal as well as premenopausal women above the ages of forty-five years.

            The pathologist’s referred to the cells as ASCUS because of the associated abnormality of the acquired results which were derived from the Pap smear tests. ASCUS is common although it is not a normal test for Pap the results of the Pap, therefore, indicates cells that are typical and are of undermined importance. This is therefore considered as an irregular reading (Fan, & Damjanov, 2012). This is the main reason why the pathologists called the cells found in the women ASCUS.  The HPV testing of the women was followed up by the standard care.  The results of the women indicated that they were ASCUS positive and negative for HPV high-risk strains. This was followed by the repeat of pap testing in order to fully watch the response of the immune in order to effectively resolve the abnormal cells. The results therefore did not require the women to take colonoscopy diagnosis since they did not showed signs of HPV high risk strains (Fan, & Damjanov, 2012).

            The results of this research, therefore, indicate that abnormal rate reduces with the increase in age of women for SIL as opposed to the ASCUS. Women between 45 to 50 years were established to hold greater capability rate of ASCUS. This has been shown by other authors who indicate lowered rate of abnormality in older women. The pathologist, therefore, referred to the endometrial cells as ASCUS because of the abnormality of the results. In addition, the results did not indicate the existence of HPV strains which thus showed that they had ASCUS (Fan, & Damjanov, 2012). This, therefore, differs from researchers because they hold that the occurrence of ASCUS readings is very irregular. This is because the researchers hold that the endometrial cells presence after the12th day after the menstrual cycle has occurred is normal and it should not, therefore, be considered as ASCUS (Fan, & Damjanov, 2012). Based on the findings of different authors ASCUS abnormalities in perimenopausal women is important in carrying out the actual risk of the underlying lesion intraepithelial.

            Conclusion

            It is clear that endometrial cells are reported in women who are above the age of 40 years.  This is because age is available more consistently than in the status of menopause. Despite the decreased rate of abnormality with the age increase, the current study findings established that postmenopausal and premenopausal women groups have more elevated ASCUS  RATIOS AS COMPARED TO SIL. ASCUS therefore appears to have particularly high positive prediction worth for SIL in women who are premenopausal and therefore they are more likely to be overcalled in the women who are more than 45 years of age.

            Recommendation

            The study therefore suggests that pathologists should be aware of changes that are related to different ages in order to make adequate adjustments with regard to the criteria of diagnoses. This may also require an over adjustment because of ASCUS PPV which appears to be increasing in women above the age of 45 years. The information therefore is relevant because it can be used in subtle heterophobic and air drying pieces as well as changes.  The information is, therefore, relevant in allowing individuals researchers to identify areas which should be improved to prevent the occurrence of ASCUS abnormality in premenopausal women with age increase. The findings, therefore, indicate that there is a need to research on the potential of ASCUS in women who are beyond the ages of 45 years. This is to provide knowledge to the existing literature which holds the occurrence of ASCUS with the negative indication of HPV high-risk strain as abnormal.  This will help in developing prevention measures as well as more equipped strategies of diagnoses.

References

Fan, F., & Damjanov, I. (2012). Cytopathology review.

CHALLENGES OF HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS

The hospital staff includes a great number of health care professionals such as physicians, registered nurses, advanced-practice nurses and other health care givers while the hospital administrators such as chief executive officers and chief nurse officers whose main role is to ensure that the hospital is always running smoothly and create strategic plans for the improvement of the facilities and systems care and oversee the relocation of funds. Health care systems has recently been facing a lot of problems with respect to the shortage of reliable qualified staff and the services been offered in our medical units. With the increasing number of patients in our medical facility and the lack of staff the nursing practice, health care procedures and hospital capacity has been negatively affected while the hospital aim to improve health care services has been greatly derailed (Sutton, 1977).

The insufficient supply of the medical personnel is major problem in the medical facilities. The shortage of staff is mostly due to the low wages, stressful working environment, rising demand and demographic changes that does not favor most staff. Staffing adjustments should be made in every department so as to be in the ration as the workload. This is to mean that if the work load is more the number of staff ought to be increased and if the staff. The staff must be qualified professionals for any facility to be operational. Since all departments are sensitive to changes, it is important that a census is done regularly to see the flexibility of each department. For instance, it is important to note if our facilities bed count increase the number of nurses, nursing assistants, housekeeping staff and lab technicians will also need to increase. But the most important thing is to ensure that this is in alignment with our operating cost as a facility (Vincent, 2010).

The lack of staffing impacts the care delivery processes. It causes for instance delayed nurse response to pages or calls, decreased staff communication and the physician workload. This also causes delayed discharge of patients from the wards and increased wait time for surgery or tests. The patient care programs are closed or discontinued. The quality of health care given to patients is also low since nurses are unable to detect complications of patients in time thus ultimately affect the ability of nurses to maintain the patients’ safety. Quality of health care services offered according to the Institute of medicine (IOM) should be patient-centered, effective, safe, timely efficient and equitable and these is greatly affected since medical practitioners have large work load thus reducing their effectiveness. Patients also wait long extra hours to receive treatment (Vincent, 2010).

In order to improve on these problems of staffing and quality health care teamwork and collaboration is key. There should be inter-professional collaboration since it ultimately affects teamwork and in turn patient satisfaction and health provider satisfaction. This is to mean that when it comes to primary healthcare professionals such as family physician, physiotherapist, dentists that serve same patient should have frequent communication and work as a functioning team. This will improve the health care providence process thus increasing the quality of health care. It is the duty and objective of health facility to offer to give quality health care and this can only happen if health professionals are committed to their duties and responsibilities and also monitor the performance of their colleagues (McWay, 2014).

Effective team work efforts will help to improve patient outcomes and cohesion, competency and stability of the facility. A good team work will help the hospital staff to have faith in their ability to solve problems and other major medical emergencies thus being positive minded toward their different tasks and duties in the facility. Working as a team and constant communication between the primary staff, secondary staff and the management of this facility will help in reducing the medical errors that might occur due to poor communication between departments, patient care will be of quality, the work load issue can be solved since there can be a good fair working schedule and a smooth transition especially during shift change, build cohesion and finally help to reduce the healthcare professionals’ burnout. In order to have a good working team it is important that all affected parties know their role. This means that the healthcare providers should know their roles, improve the communication with the patients, improve coordination of health care services and make sure that the health resources and equipment are used effectively (McWay, 2014).

One way to foster inclusion and collaboration teamwork is by changing the hierarchical nature of health care. This is to mean it is important to curb the professional turf that exists between the different medical practitioners since it incapacitates teamwork. This is to mean that it is important that all members of the facilities staff to understand their roles and the roles of their colleagues and to respect the work they do because we all have a common goal and that is providing good healthcare to the patients. By so doing working towards the goal of better health care will be easier. It is also advisable that all care givers should explain the role of the different members to the patients. This will enable smooth workflow from one department to another especially when it comes to patients transfer. Collaborative care means we are all liable when it comes to ensuring patient safety. It is therefore important that the leadership respect and value the work done by each individual and work toward building rust between the members (Lemieux-Charles & McGuire, 2006).

Having a reliable policy agenda is also key when it comes to improving the collaborative efforts. In a given health care system there are many stake holders involved and it is important that the policy of each all work parallel to provincial governments health policies. Since we are governed by the facility policies, there will be constant evaluation of the work we are doing, and the measurement of the outcomes of our different departments. Lack of or low outcomes will guarantee suspensions of the responsible parties. Patient safety, waiting lists which are governed by the policy should be followed directly (Lemieux-Charles & McGuire, 2006).

In conclusion, since the problem of understaffed medical practitioners might not be prevented, interdisciplinary team work will greatly help in improving quality of health care and create safe environment for both the patients and staff in general. It is important that nurses, physicians, allied health and health care management have inter-professional competencies when it comes to offering quality health. The work load of the staff should be regulated all of them having different shifts so as to reduce the workload per staff and thus increase their effectiveness, with regards to offering health care to mall the patients it is important that all of us work toward the stipulated Institute of Medicine six aims for high quality health care that is: patient-centered, effective, safe, timely efficient and equitable. All these will enable us to reach the goal of good health care for our society.

References

Sutton, S. (1977). Nursing mirror., Eng.: IPC Specialist and Professional Press.

McWay, D. C. (2014). Today's health information management: An integrated approach. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Vincent, C. (2010). Patient safety. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

Lemieux-Charles, L. & McGuire, W.L. (2006). "What Do We Know about Healthcare Team Effectiveness? A Review of the Literature." Medical Care Research and Review 63.

            Professional Nursing Practice

            Nursing can be defined as a promotion, protection and the abilities and health optimizations, treatment of the responses of beings, healing facilitation and individuals care advocacy (Blais, & Hayes, 2016). Based on the theory of Roy of the adaptive model the theories goal is grounded that the nursing profession is obligated to help individual patients to adapt to the physiological needs, changes role functions, self-concept and relation interdependence during the time of illness and health.  Based on is by ensuring because my main aim as a nursing profession is to help individuals who are my patients in recovering (Cherry, & Jacob, 2014). This can thus be accomplished by ensuring that my patients are able to adapt to the health environment with my assistance. This is through ensuring that their physiological needs are taken care of by integrating the self-reliant concept (Cherry, & Jacob, 2014). This helps individuals I accepting situations and also the environment that they are in. the concept is thus relevant to me because as a nurse I am responsible for the well-being of clients with health complications.

            I, therefore, plan on integrating the theory in my nursing practice by ensuring that all the patients are satisfied. This is through providing services that are accurate and that are effective in meeting their needs (Cherry, & Jacob, 2014). By utilizing the theory I will, therefore, ensure that the emotional, as well as physical issues of the patients, are well handled in order to achieve efficiency.  The theory is essential to nursing practice because it identifies the patients as the main priority which helps in growth of the health sector (Cherry, & Jacob, 2014). As a nurse, it is my duty of establishing the demands which are causing issues on the health of the patient and it is also my role of assessing how well the clients are adapting to the issues as well as the associated changes. Therefore, I will utilize the theory in my practice in directing nurse care to help the patients to adapt to the changes.

            My professional aspiration is to attain a nursing degree and a graduate degree in a clinical nursing specialist. I want my nursing practice to be a transparent one. I want to be a nursing practitioner whose practice that is based on assisting individuals in attaining their well-being.  I also want to be a nurse leader in order to ensure that the health services are provided effectively without fail.   A nurse leader  is an expert in the field of nursing and  they are he or she is  an approachable person, empowered, effective communicator acts as a role model to the others , motivate people in the profession by matching their beliefs as well as values (Blais, & Hayes, 2016).  I, therefore, want my profession to reflect that of a nursing leader in order to be able to help individual nurses in achieving their goals. This is by demonstrating beliefs as well values that can be observed utilized by others in becoming better leaders as well as nurses (Penz, & Bassendowski, 2006).  In addition, I want to be a nurse whose profession leaves positive marks on the clients by attending to both their emotionally as well as physical needs.

            I am an enthusiastic person who desires to create positive changes in services delivery of patients care which will add more drive I becoming a clinical specialist.  This particular practice is essential as it would be based on home health, mental health and community health among others (Blais, & Hayes, 2016).  I would, therefore, like to work in a hospital I order to utilize innovation and technological advances in achieving efficiency as well as effectiveness.  This is based on the adaptive model that aims at satisfying the needs of the clients with medical issues. The hospital practice is, therefore, important because it is based on a large population. This is in regard to the modern society which beliefs in medicine care from the hospital. This is, therefore, effective in treating many individuals (Blais, & Hayes, 2016). The practice is additionally important because with the rising rate of chronic diseases there is a rising need for advanced and special medical care.  The practice will, therefore, help me in providing services that are highly required by the clients.  The basis of my profession is to provide soluble solutions to the patients which will help in achieving efficiency inaccurate and speedy manner.

            Several aspects are essential in my nursing practice. This includes the well-being of individual’s medical reputation as well as efficiency. From their story in the Gut kind book hitting the bone it is very clear that to become a successful nurse proficiency, expertise and competence are required (Gutkind, 2013). This, therefore, means that as a beginner support from other professions in the healthcare field is highly required to avoid bad effects.  The nurse in the story demonstrates as an individual who lacked the appropriate skills to deal with complicated health issues thus resulting in an undesirable impact. The responsibility of the nurses to offer their best based on the existing medical practices in ensuring that the well-being of individuals is fully sustained (Gutkind, 2013).

            Expertise is very crucial to me in my nursing practice because the skills and the attained knowledge help in ensuring that individual’s well-being is sustained. In addition, teamwork is very important to me as a profession .this is because from the illustration in the story there was no cooperation between the nurses and this lead to the exposure of the patient to danger because their well-being was not catered for (Gutkind, 2013). Teamwork helps in achieving better things because it generally involves the exchange of ideas.  Holding the right skills is also essential because the individuals are fully able to attain the expected results based on their skills.  Moreover, knowledge is important as it helps a profession in knowing the rights things to do in a different situation (Gutkind, 2013). After revisiting her homework the nurse realized that there is too much that she would have done to save the life of the patient which she did not do (Gutkind, 2013).  The experience was what lacked in her practice and this should be fully achieved in the profession because a nurse is responsible for individual’s lives.

            In conclusion, nursing profession is a practice that incorporates the philosophy of care with the strong belief that the services directed to individuals contribute greatly to the wellbeing of the general population.  Nursing professions are therefore expected to hold similar goals despite their differences because they are responsible for the health of the public population.  It is, therefore, clear that nursing professional is very crucial to the public as it helps in solving the existing health issues. The nursing profession is important with the incorporation of the right skills knowledge and experience.  My vision on my nursing profession is very valid as it would be beneficial in solving medical issues.

            References

Blais, K., & Hayes, J. S. (2016). Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and Perspectives. Boston: Pearson.

Cherry, B., & Jacob, S. R. (2014). Contemporary nursing: issues, trends, & managemen, 6th Edition. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Gutkind, L. (2013). I wasn't strong like this when I started out: true stories of becoming a Nurse. Pittsburg: Infact Books.

Penz, K. L., & Bassendowski, S. L. (2006). Evidence-Based Nursing in Clinical Practice: Implications for Nurse Educators. J Contin Educ Nurs The Journal of Continuing

            Education in Nursing, 37(6), 250-254. doi:10.3928/00220124-20061101-03

Fast mapping of an infant

Introduction

The fast mapping of an infant is the first times an infant has the ability to grasp a word hearing it for the first time. This is where the child learns the key things in the surrounding, in this stage the child learns all that comes around him or her. This is where children define their characters, in this stage they are always very keen to get an understanding of everything they see or hear. They are always very eager to learn how speaking is done, that is the joining of words to make complete sentences to enhance their communication. They easily learn the spoken words than representations of gestures alongside words. This essay will focus on the steps of the fast mapping of an infant.

Infants learn much in their young stage through hearing when others are talking and they easily learn speaking thereafter. Small kids are always very keen listeners when people are either conversing or even discussing issues over a topic. The children are very good at getting the sounds or voices of people around them. This is due to the number of repeated times this sounds are heard in their ears. Through this they first learn the voices of their mothers showing that their learning is moving towards spoken language. Children making turning when sounds are produced by even calling out their names and also appreciating things like the presence of their loved ones like parents is also an indicator of movement towards spoken language. Children at the age of three to four months also produce some vocals especially to their mothers as a form of conversing with them. This increases the child’s chances to even hear and respond to their mothers.

The eyes of infants also play a very major role in their initial stages of learning. Children in the young stages always have a habit of gazing at different objects. This shows their desire to learn more on matters relating to the objects. In cases where the mother is there they also get curious to know what their children are looking at and there they refer to this objects by names for the child to also learn it name. When action or gestures are being done the children also tend to guess at such and at a latter age they tend to repeat that which they saw others do. A good example is how infants learn to clap their hands when appreciating someone or something, it is only by observing what others are doing and they also go ahead doing the same.

The infant’s mind is also key for the fast mapping due to preservation whatever has been learnt as time goes by. The mind of the child needs to be in a position to remember whatever is heard seen or even done. There are some expectations from a normally developing child. This child is expected to remember minor things that are in his or her daily business of playing or interaction with others. In a case where a child is given toys for her playing time, a girl child leaves her doll on the bed. When the doll is relocated, on coming back the child is expected to seek her doll on the bed where she previously left it. This will depict that the child’s mind is normal and growing.

Conclusion

 The fast mapping of an infant is very important to the character and progress of the child both mentally and socially. What they see is very important as it is recorded in their minds. It also defines what they learn about the same. Considering they also learn from hearing it is important that speaking is done carefully for their sake. During their vocalization stage they should have people to converse with them especially their mothers. The minds of children are also very key in this fast mapping to ensure everything they learn is memorized. It is one of the most important stages to infants and should be taken note of by those take care of the babies to ensure they learn what is ethical.  

TREATMENT STRATEGIES

1. What would be the goals for your group?

            Divorce rates are on an upward trend that has resulted in many children in America experiencing this. The tussle between two parents causes emotional pain and acting out in schools. As a result, there are various ways that can be used up to make the children strong in such times (Butler 11). This will involve setting goals for the group. This will involve educating and informing the children of the process to ensure that they are fully aware what divorce entails. Emotional support to the children that will soothe, help to identify, normalize, explore and accept what is happening around them. Other goals will include therapeutic support that will help them develop skills that will enable them to cope with their parents divorce (Children of divorce, 14). What would be some group rules for the participants to follow?

            This program will not be successful if there are no rules. One they have to attend the support group. This will make one to realize that there is more in life than getting stressed up because of the parents while there is nothing that can be done to change it. Another rule will be to advocate for an open mind and a peaceful one (Children of divorce, 15). This will make the children see the other side of life with restricting themselves in a certain manner.

2. How will you know if your group is successful?

            In order to identify if the group is, a successful evaluation of the children has to be done. This is giving each child a chance to talk their mind out and what they have gathered all along the week (O'Connor et al 482). This will motivate each child to learn more from the support group by learning from other and giving the idea of being positive minded (Children of divorce  15).

3. How will you organize the 45 minutes that the group will meet once a week?

            Organizing the time the group will meet will require identifying the best time to do this. This will ensure that the time of the meeting in the support group does not collude with the normal learning and extra-curriculum activities.

 Reference

Butler, Ian. Divorcing Children: Children's Experience of Their Parents' Divorce. London:          Jessica Kingsley, 2003. Print.

Children of divorce; retrieved from http://content.bellevue.edu/cas/hs/442/id/children-of-            divorce/page866.html

O'Connor, Kevin J, and Lisa D. Braverman. Play Therapy Theory and Practice: Comparing         Theories and Techniques. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2013. Internet resource.

            Measles Disease

            Measles disease is also referred to as rubella which is one of the most contagious and infectious diseases.  Measles is an infection which is viral as it infects the respiratory system (Long, Pickering, & Prober, 2012). The disease can be spread through getting contact with an infected individual saliva as well as mucus.  Sneezing and coughing of those that are infected can additionally cause virus released in the air which may cause infection because the virus has the capability of living on the surface for a few hours.  Therefore, an individual with close proximity may become infected when the virus rests on the surface (Long, Pickering, & Prober, 2012).

            The disease is characterized by at least 90% infection rate which is secondary in the susceptible contacts in domestic areas.  Measles has the capability of affecting individuals from all ages despite the disease being considered as a childhood primary illness (Long, Pickering, & Prober, 2012).  The disease is caused by the virus of measles and those with the disease can spread it with four days before the appearances of rashes. The start up signs of measles disease includes running nose, inflamed eyes, cough and fever which are often characterized by body temperature degree which is over 40.  After the symptoms start within three or two day’s spots may form in the mouth which is white and is described as koplik’s spots. Red rashes that are flat then begin to form on the face hen spreading gradually to the rest of the body which beginnings after three or five days after the development of the symptoms. The symptoms may last for about 10 days and they develop after 10 or 12 days after an exposure to an infected individual (Long, Pickering, & Prober, 2012).

            Complications may also occur but this is associated with 30% of the infected individuals which may include blindness, brain inflammation, pneumonia, diarrhea, blindness as well as other distinct complications (Long, Pickering, & Prober, 2012).  Measles is therefore referred as an airborne disease which spreads highly via sneezes and coughs of those that are infected.  Out of ten individual nine who may not be immune and share a living portion with an infected person are bound to catch the illness (Long, Pickering, & Prober, 2012).

            In the United States and also internationally measles prevails in cycles which are usually after 2 or 3 years.  Before the year, 1912 measles was not among the reportable diseases in the United States and therefore there is no reliable cases number from the time.  In the year 1941, there were 134, 894 reported cases (Fischbach, & Dunning, 2009).  In 1920 b there were approximately 469, 924 cases of measles that had been recorded and over 7575 reported death in association with measles.  Between 1958 and 1962 the United States reported approximately 503, 282 measles cases and the death number in measles association was 432 every year (Fischbach, & Dunning, 2009).  The CDC admits that before the licensing of the measles vaccine took place in 1963 there were rapid measles cases because almost all the children were infected with measles and the reported cases were probably over 3.5 million each year.  Before the initial measles vaccine was placed on the market in 1920 the number of reported cases was 442,000 and 380 death cases in measles association and among them 3.5 million individuals were American (Fischbach, & Dunning, 2009).

            In a period of about eight years between the years nineteen ninety-three and two thousand and one the reported cases were 1804 which were reported in a hundred and twenty outbreaks (Naidoo, & Wills, 2016).  This was after the fifteen cases that had been reported between 2001 and 1999 and almost 90% of the students had received MMR vaccine doses and the disease was thus declared nonendemic in 2000 in the United States (Naidoo, & Wills, 2016).  In 2015, only 68 cases of measles illness were reported and the CDC asserts that this is influenced by the utilization of the measles vaccine.  Based on the study by the national health and the CDC measles transmission was eliminated and sustained in 2000 but several cases are continuously being caused by foreign travelers thus spreading the disease to the unvaccinated individuals (Naidoo, & Wills, 2016).  The studies, therefore, reveals that the reported transmitted causes that occurred between 2000 and 2011, 88% of the cases originated from foreign countries (Naidoo, & Wills, 2016).  

            CDC director noted that in 2013 the cases of measles in the United States increased the previous median threefold to a hundred and seventy-five cases.   Most of the cases were children outbreaks whose parents had ignored immunization (Naidoo, & Wills, 2016). According to the studies conducted in the United States as well as globally on the intensity of measles epidemiology, the results indicated that urban districts report fewer cases of measles that suburban areas.  This is because the urban areas records hold that only 9.96 individuals are infected with measles out of ten thousand individuals compared 20.2 from the suburban areas (Naidoo, & Wills, 2016).

            There are several risk factors for measles disease which may cause the rapid spread of the illness in the population (Sadegh-Zadeh, 2015).  These factors include being unvaccinated, global traveling and having the deficiency of vitamin A.  If an individual is not vaccinated using the measles vaccine they are more likely to contract and develop the illness. This is because they body lacks the immune of defending them against the illness.  The disease is more prompt to individuals at tender ages and therefore, parents are highly encouraged to immunize their children (Sadegh-Zadeh, 2015).  However, the disease can attack individual from different ages provided that they are unimmunized.  A unvaccinated person is exposed to the dangers of being infected because the disease can surface on the air. Measles is established to be more common among the Mexican-born individuals compared to individuals born in America. These results were derived from the recent rubella epidemiology study conducted in the United States. The individuals were indicated to hold the higher potential of transmitting the disease because they travel often to their native nations and also receive visitors from nations which have a high transmission rate of measles (Sadegh-Zadeh, 2015).

            Also traveling to that nation that is characterized with high occurrences of the disease may expose an individual to infection (Sadegh-Zadeh, 2015).  These are because the environment in those nations holds a higher risk of spreading the disease and thus, one may catch the illness.  Individuals with vitamin A deficiency may also contract measles (Sadegh-Zadeh, 2015). These are because the lack adequate vitamin which is caused by taking diets which do not possess high Vitamin A and therefore they are more likely to contract measles and develop severe symptoms. Risk factors of measles are higher in children who are below the age of 8 months who have not yet received the vaccination (Sadegh-Zadeh, 2015).

            The most effective screening test for measles illness is serologic prevaccination screening. The screening method is associated with cost-effectiveness because it does not require much cost in getting the medical diagnoses (Petersen, 2008).  Laboratory diagnoses of the illness are done in order to confirm positive antibodies measles or the measles virus isolation from the specimen of the respiratory.  Those that their blood cannot be drawn due to medical issues, provide saliva for the testing of   specific salivary measles testing.  In the diagnosis direct contact with individuals who are known to be infected with measles is useful in adding epidemiological evidence in the tests.  This is established through the provided evidence of any direct contact with the infected individuals who include semen which are contacted through sex, mucus and saliva which can cause infections (Petersen, 2008).

            The prospect of prevention of measles disease through vaccination is very hopeful.  This is because the vaccination strategy supplies high height of durable resistance. (Fauci, & Morens, 2012).  Most of the strategies that are utilized in controlling and preventing the occurrences of measles among the population are grounded on the capability of enhancing responses of immune against measles virus.  Measles vaccination has a higher capability of increasing the immunity level of infants by increasing their mortality and body defense level against measles and other viral diseases. Vaccination strategy is more hopeful because it provides the body with a higher level of immunity against disease (Fauci, & Morens, 2012). The immune therefore prevents individuals from being attacked by diseases because the vaccines are associated with antigens which help in fighting diseases. The antigens are capable of helping the body to produce antibodies which result to stronger immunity.  Moreover, vaccination is a safer option for the first exposure of a child to diseases.  This is because the child is able to get protection without getting sick and via immunization children are able to acquire immunity without suffering from the real diseases as the vaccines prevents the occurrences (Fauci, & Morens, 2012).

            References

Fauci, A. S., & Morens, D. M. (2012). The perpetual challenge of infectious diseases. New           England Journal of Medicine, 366(5), 454-461.

Fischbach, F. T., & Dunning, M. B. (2009). A manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Long, S. S., Pickering, L. K., & Prober, C. G. (2012). Principles and practice of pediatric            infectious diseases. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.

Naidoo, J., & Wills, J. (2016). Foundations for Health Promotion.

Petersen, P. E. (2008). World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health‐World Health Assembly 2007. International dental journal, 58(3), 115-121.

Sadegh-Zadeh, K. (2015). Handbook of analytic philosophy of medicine.

Healthcare and Technology

According to my point of view, I think the use of the new technology is very advantageous to the nurses, healthcare facilities and the patients at the same time. This is consequently because will be offered in a correct order and way. This systems will also ensure accountability and transparency is executed since the systems will be checked regularly by the Chief Nursing Executives (CNE). Thus the nurses will always be on their toes in making sure that they provide the best medical services to the patients within the shortest time possible. On the other hand, the nurses will be working in an orderly manner since their tasks will be stipulated thus making it easy for them to know where they are supposed to be and the tasks they need to be executing (Christine, Wanda, & Kathleen, 2008).

Patients’ records can also be captured electronically, this will really help in making sure that patients are taken good care of since each and every data about their illnesses will be stored electronically. Thus the healthcare facilities can be able to collect the data about patients’ illnesses and the trends that different diseases have been taking (Christine, Wanda, & Kathleen, 2008). This will really help in preventing the outbreak of diseases which might affect people living within the same area. Hence the CNE will be able to analyse the types of diseases which are mainly affecting people and their possible causes thus coming up with solutions of wiping out such diseases. Thus it will be easy for the healthcare facilities to be able to deal with chronic diseases and to also sense the outbreak of diseases within a very short time before it finally leads to deaths.

The technology is very advantageous however, it is very challenging to the nurses since they will be required to learn how to use the new technology. Most of the nurses have acquired new technology skills but it is not enough since the technology changes from time to time. They will therefore be required to be from time to time to be learning about the changing technology hence being up to date (Christine, Wanda, & Kathleen, 2008). This will really consume their time and most of them may not be able to execute their tasks since they work under a very strict schedule and getting time for training may be very limited. Moreover, due to an increased workload, this may be difficult for them to be able to attend the lessons and may in turn lead to a low turnover rate. Thus most of the nurses will not be guaranteed to have the basic capabilities of dealing with the new technology. Hence this is likely to limit the use if the new technology in the health facilities due to lack of proper knowledge about technology.

The use of the new technology in the healthcare facilities will therefore come with mixed blessings since not most of the nurses will be able to adapt to it well. Thus some mistakes are likely to be made when the system will be in use for the first time (Christine, Wanda, & Kathleen, 2008). The health facilities therefore need to provide free technology lessons for the nurses in order to enable them to work at ease. On the other hand, CNE should create time whereby nurses can be able to attend their lessons without affecting their jobs. This will consequently see the health facilities work conveniently without any problems because the nurses will understand how to deal with the new technology.

Reference

Christine H. Mays, Wanda K. & Kathleen. S. (2008). Keeping Up: The Nurse Executive’s Present and Future Role in Information Technology. Wolters Kluwet Health/ Lippincott Williatns & Wilkins.

Selling Of Food Waste, Expired Foods and Substandard Foods

Introduction

            Food is very important in the daily life of human beings. The food that is consumed is what produces the energy that is required to carry out the different activities that human beings engage in (Sidali et al, 2011). Scientifically, food is needed for the human body to repair and also build new cells that are important for the growth and development process. It is also critical to note that food helps the body to be immune to diseases and also to accelerate the healing process (Yiannas, 2009). Statistics state that the world today has more than enough food to feed the entire population. This can be explained by the fact that the world produces approximately 19% food for a single person that what is required. This is to mean that the world today produces more food than it used to produce 40 years ago (Sidali et al, 2011).  

            However, millions of people today from all around the globe go to bed hungry every night. This has been caused by various reasons such as poverty, inequality, food wastage among other reasons (Sidali et al, 2011).  Authors argue that a combination of both the conventional and organic farming methods would help to eradicate the problem, of hunger all over the world. They believe that the combination of these two methods would help to produce foods that would be able to feed the ever growing population in the world. Others state that the real cause of hunger is the aspect of poverty and uneven distribution and not scarcity (Sidali et al, 2011). It is evident that in the past several decades the global production of food has greatly increased at a higher rate that the population growth in the world. This is to mean that the food available is able to feed two times the global population. It is also evident that the food is able to feed the entire population up to the forecasted 10 billion people by 2040. However there are very poor people who are not able to raise money to buy the food because most of them make less than $2 in a day (Sidali et al, 2011).

            Despite the fact that people go hungry due to lack of money to buy the food it is also true to say that a lot of food is wasted or thrown away because it is considered to be substandard (Chancellor, 2010). It is evident that most crops that are produced industrially are normally used for bio fuels and some is used to make food for animals rather than be used to feed the over a million people who are living with hunger (Chancellor, 2010). From this explanation it is evident that the world has enough food for all people but the priorities are what are lacking. It is clear that the issue of people living and dying out of hunger will continue to trouble the world if they continue to prioritize the growing population of animals and in production of bio fuels than the growing population of human beings (Chancellor, 2010).

            It is critical to note that if the food that is considered to be substandard would be sold at a cheaper price or be given for free to the hungry people the challenge of hunger would be eradicated.  This paper will help to explain the effects of food wastage, the substandard foods and the expired foods and how they relate to reducing hunger in the world. Different aspects of food marketing will also be discussed in the paper.

Selling and donation of food waste

            Food waste can be termed as food that has been lost, thrown away or that which has not been eaten. Food is lot in various stages manufacture, processing, vending or consumption (Yiannas, 2009). It is clear that some people discard a lot of food yet there are others somewhere who are in need of that food.  The act of donating food waste is of great importance because it helps to put food on people’s tables especially for the families that are in need or the poor (Yiannas, 2009). The donations of these foods from homes or business ventures that are not perishable or spoilt play a very vital role in stocking food banks for people. The perishable prepared foods are also very vital in feeding the needy but should however be handled properly and hygienically through the use of refrigerated trucks and quick distribution (Yiannas, 2009). This is because such foods may go bad in a short time and therefore should be distributed as soon as received.

            Gleaning can also be termed as an act of food donation. This is because it involves the collection of excess food products from fresh farms, gardens, fresh produce markets for the purpose of feeding the needy (Sidali et al, 2011). This is mostly done because most of these people do not have farms that can be used for the practice of farming because most re street families. Such people depend on what they are able to get in the course of the day in order to eat and thus most people end up sleeping hungry (Sidali et al, 2011). This is one of the main reasons as to why the donation of food waste is critical to eradicate hunger.

            There are various organizations that are both for works of charity and profits making that have come together to provide either very low cost or free foods for the needy people (Chancellor, 2010). It is vital to note that some of these foods are provided at a very low cost in order to ensure that the process of supply is a long term activity. Some countries such as Italy have made it a law that all supermarkets are required to donate all their waste food for charity (Chancellor, 2010). This is to mean that discarding or throwing away bad food is against the law. This has helped to curb the problem of hunger in the nation and the law also allowed a reduction in the rubbish taxes imposed on the businesses that give towards charity (Chancellor, 2010).

            France is also a country that discourages the throwing away of waste food and enforces the act of giving to charity. This law has been enacted following a campaign against food wastage and poverty (Bloom, 2011). This was done to ensure that families will always have something to eat because most supermarkets had been reported to throw away food just before the expiry dates. This has caused an increase in the amounts of foods received in the food banks for the needy people. It is evident that the prices of food reduce as the food approach the expiry date (Bloom, 2011). This is to mean that the needy people are able to buy such food instead of it being thrown away.

            It is vital for supermarkets and business ventures to have a local arrangement with charity organizations where they can donate food and be able o provide a solution to the issue of food wastage in the country (Bloom, 2011).  This process can be made more effective by ensuring that foods have best before dates and the use by dates. This will help to ensure that even after food has passed the best before date; it can be consumed by the needy people before the use by dates (Bloom, 2011). This is because legal actions do not allow food to be donated after the use by dates. The distribution of these foods is also of great importance because it ensures that all the needy people are able to access the food provided (Bloom, 2011).

            However, it is vital to note that this may not be a permanent solution in eradicating hunger among the people. This is because if people avoided the wastage of food then very little would go to the food banks and reserves (Yiannas, 2009). Critics argue that the act of giving out food is a healthy practice but advocates for laziness. This is because these people who are needy have the strength to find opportunities and work to sustain their lives but if food is provided for free then they will not find jobs and therefore encourage laziness (Yiannas, 2009). It is also evident that the fact that these people remain unemployed, the issue of crime comes into picture.

            According to critics, food is very important for the human body to be functional and if it is provided for free, then there will be no need to go and work. This will cause them to indulge in criminal activities like robbery in order to acquire money for other things (Yiannas, 2009). This therefore calls for the government to be able to carefully scrutinize the people eligible for the free food and those that are not. However, the best solution to this issue is ensuring the government creates job opportunities and training programs that will enable these people to have sustainable lives in the long term (Yiannas, 2009).

Expired foods

            The expiration date simply mean the last day when food should be consumed. However, there are some foods that are normally labeled the sell by date (Delaney & Madigan, 2014). This is mainly to show the last day when food should be displayed. It is mostly bout freshness and quality but it is not about the implications on health. Such foods that are removed from the display should be given to the needy people to eat (Delaney & Madigan, 2014).  The best before date refers to the quality and not the safety. This also means that the foods can be consumed. In most cases, supermarkets throw away the foods after they have passed these dates which should not be the case. This is because there are many people out there who are suffering from hunger (Delaney & Madigan, 2014). The food should be collected and given to these people to eat. As discussed above, it is evident that the price of food reduces as the food approached the date of expiry; this is to mean that it can also be given out to the needy at a small fee.

            According to research, it is evident that the dates that normally given in the food packages do not refer to food safety (Sidali et al, 2011). This is because some foods may be thrown away as a result of the expiration dates while in the real sense the food is fit for consumption only that the quality and freshness may be lacking. However, it is vital to preserve foods in refrigerators to allow the food to go for long before going bad (Sidali et al, 2011). This can be seen at homes where food has stayed in the refrigerator and people still eat; this is to mean that just because food has passed the dates encrypted on the food label it should not be thrown away.

            It is vital to note that lifestyle choices and poor planning are one of the major reasons as to why we have increased foods being discarded (Sidali et al, 2011). Another reason for this is the misconception of the dates that are labeled (Sidali et al, 2011). Any consumers do not know the difference between food quality and food safety and therefore a lot of food is thrown into the trash. Medical experts state that diseases related to foods come as a result of contamination and not from decay. This is to mean that foods that are still fit for consumption but have passed the expiry dates should be given to people in need to eat (Sidali et al, 2011).

            It is also vital to note that food can be reproduced. This can be done by using a product that was not fit for consumption to make that which is fit foe consumption (Information Resources Management Association, 2013). For example fruits that over ripe need not to be thrown away but can be used to make juice. Milk that has gone bad can be used to make fermented products. It is therefore important to ensure that such foods that are recyclable should be collected and processed to ensure that food is not wasted at all.

            However, this will not help in eradicating the problem of hunger permanently but I only a temporary solution. This is because if proper planning is applied then the amounts of food that are deemed to be expired will reduce and re birth the hunger problem gain (Information Resources Management Association, 2013).

Substandard food

            This simply means foods of inferior quality that are not able to meet the minimum requirements. It is vital to note that quality foods come with a higher price and vice versa (Delaney & Madigan, 2014). This is to mean that people who may feed on low quality food may be as a result of financial instability. However the degree of quality is also an aspect that needs to be considered. This is because it can also cause diseases to people and especially the children (Delaney & Madigan, 2014). It is vital to note that some countries do not allow the people to consume substandard foods due to the aspect of food safety.

            However, there are some foods that may be considered to be substandard because they lack a particular nutrient and in some counties such foods are normally given to livestock to eat (Leal & Kovaleva, 2015).  An example is the yellow maize that is considered to be very substandard ad therefore given to livestock to eat in the United States yet people in some continents such as Africa need this food for survival.  This explains the fact that food that may be considered as substandard in a particular region may be of great help to others. This therefore means that food whatsoever should not be thrown away due to the reason of being substandard (Leal & Kovaleva, 2015). However, such food should not be given to children because their digestive systems may not be compatible to the same.

            It is vital to note that these foods may not have the nutritional value but help in reducing the number of people who go without foods due to various reasons (Leal & Kovaleva, 2015). However, it is vital to note that people should be advised to work hard in order to sustain their lives in terms of the basic needs despite the provision of the foods to the needy (Leal & Kovaleva, 2015).

Organic and conventional farming

            Study that has been carried out by the University of Minnesota shows that the conventional methods of farming out yielded the organic farming by approximately 26% (Chancellor, 2010). This was mostly for the grains and it also depended on the conditions. As discussed above, authors believe that a combination of the two would help to increase the production of food in the world instead of depending entirely on one system of farming (Chancellor, 2010).  Unfortunately, this is not the main reason of hunger according to the research. Nevertheless, critics of organic farming claim that the contentious gap between these two systems of farming is also an issue despite the results of the study that show that the gap is even smaller (Chancellor, 2010).

            This can be seen by the advancement in the seed breeding for the organic farming system and also with the evolution of the profitable and marketable organic farming to being expanded and differentiated farming systems that have proved to be over yielding (Information Resources Management Association, 2013). Research also states that organic produces are far much better than the conventional chemical based products in terms of being resistant to drought and also environmental distress.  This is a critical feature of the organic products because of the change in climate that has greatly affected the weather conditions (Information Resources Management Association, 2013).

            It is vital to note that half of the food that is consumed all around the globe has been produced by small scale farmers who use the organic methods of farming in agriculture (Yiannas, 2009). It is also evident that organic products are better for the health of individuals and also provide balanced diets and also in reducing the risk associated with agrochemicals in the soil and also in the human body.  Areas where the soils have been destroyed and degraded by the use of agrochemicals in farming can be improved by the use of agro ecological methods of farming that can help to increase the productivity of the soil by approximately 300% (Yiannas, 2009).

            Another method of combating hunger is to raise the productivity of the poor farmers. This can be made possible only if the farmers have an extra piece of land that can be used for the farming process (Delaney & Madigan, 2014). This will greatly reduce the problem of hunger and also ensure that they have sustainable income and also improve the living standards because they are able to sell the food to people and also have enough for consumption. It is evident that these farmers have used the conventional methods for quite a long time but the results proved futile (Delaney & Madigan, 2014).

            This raises the question; can conventional methods of farming provide food enough to feed the 10 billion people around the globe? The answer to this is uncertain because it is believed that the best way to completely eradicate hunger is to ensure that there is equality and enrich the poor people (Delaney & Madigan, 2014). As a result of this, it is evident that the agro ecological processes and the structural reformations all around the globe ensure that the poor farmers have resources such as land that can be used for the farming practices and every other resource that is needed to improve the standards of living. Food relief programs are adequate to ensure that people do not live with hunger but this is only a temporary solution because after the food is finished the state of hunger is restored back; however, provision for the land for farming is a long term solution because people will have enough to eat and sell (Delaney & Madigan, 2014).

Conclusion

            It is evident that the world grows enough food for all the people living in the planet and much more. However people still live with hunger and others die of the same. As discussed above, food wastage is one of the reasons that people live with hunger because the food that is wasted would have been used to feed the needy in the society. It is also evident that expired food is fit for consumption and should also be provided for the people in need to buy and eat or given for free. These reasons may be essential but only for the temporary relief of hunger. However, people need to be taught on the procedures to eradicate hunger for the long term. This can be achieved by providing land for the farmers to do farming and be able to provide for their families and improve their standards of living.

References

Sidali, K. L., Spiller, A., & Schulze, B. (2011). Food, agri-culture and tourism: Linking local      gastronomy and rural tourism : interdisciplinary perspectives. Berlin: Springer.

Yiannas, F. (2009). Food safety culture: Creating a behavior-based food safety management        system. New York: Springer.

Chancellor, D. (2010). Food waste. New York, NY: PowerKids Press.

Bloom, J. (2011). American wasteland: How America throws away nearly half of its food (and     what we can do about it). Cambridge, MA: Lifelong Books/Da Capo Press.

Delaney, T., & Madigan, T. (2014). Beyond sustainability: A thriving environment.

Information Resources Management Association. (2013). Supply chain management: Concepts,             methodologies, tools, and applications. Hershey, Pa: IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate           Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA.

Leal, F. W., & Kovaleva, M. (2015). Food waste and sustainable food waste management in the Baltic Sea Region.

How CTC and traditional colonoscopy are performed

In CT colonoscopy, helical CT or MRI is used for the purpose of imaging. It usually consists of preparing the patients, distension of the colon, a multi detector scanning and an interpretation that uses a CTC software that gives 3D images. The preparation and examination on the patient is done using various ways and protocols. The most important part is a one day preparation of colon where the patient is given instruction on clearing their bowels. CTC also involves distension of the whole colon, which is done with an automated Carbon dioxide insufflator by way of inserting a small catheter tipped with balloon. A technique of a thin collimation is employed on the scanner with a little dose of radiation. Image is acquired on holding ones breath to limit effects of pressure arising from inflated lungs (Patel & Chang, 2016, p.3). The traditional colonoscopy utilises a wet preparation of high volume solution such as polyethylene. It involves sedation where the patient is given medication, normally through IV line that will help them relax and be comfortable. A scope is then guided through the anus to the colon and images are taken.

Image analysis

The effectiveness of image analysis in CT colonography and conventional colonoscopy depends on the experience and the training of the user of the data. An image analysis on primary 3D is comparable to an analysis on primary 2D in terms of detecting the lesions when the analysis is done by an inexperienced reader. As per studies done, detection of tiny lesions was low for all the readers in spite of the advanced equipment used. This is more so where bowel cleansing and distension are not properly done. Moreover a complete analysis in 3D and 2D consumes a lot of time since the results have to be checked by the aid of experienced radiologists or checked against results obtained from traditional colonoscopy or surgery. However, with advanced modern software and medical systems being used by experienced medics, image analysis can be done within 10 minutes time (Fisichella, 2009 p.78). The results of CTC image analysis do not differ from the results of conventional colonoscopy image analysis if performed by experienced readers. The data can be analysed by at least two radiologists independently with no knowledge of the patient’s clinical data nor results of the other imaging or screening. The differences in opinion about CTC and traditional results can then be resolved through a consensus (Ayman et. al, 2013, pg. 4)

ANXIETY AND BURN

Anxiety refers to the feeling of nervousness, unease or worry.  It is typically the moment of an imminent event which one is uncertain about. This causes worry, apprehension and concern about the possibility of an outcome. Anxiety is accompanied by eagerness that is likely to cause panic attacks. This causes disorders that may include chest pains, sweating, unusually and irregular heartbeats together with a feeling of choking. This can be described by a person saying that he or she feels like going crazy. It is usually associated with no routine trends of one’s life. This shows common phobia in a person and in extreme circumstances it can lead to serious mental illness (Fishman et al, 2010).

Burns are the type of injury that affects the skin and other tissues in the body. This can be caused by friction, electricity, heat, radiation or even chemicals.  Smoking and alcoholism can also form a burning sensation on the skin. Burns can be caused by an individual or violence among the people. If not serious the burns can heal quickly but severe burns can cause damage to the body tissues and this will make them take more time in order to cure (Fishman et al, 2010).

Burns and anxiety cause distress to the body and will limit an individual in being productive. This is because the body is not at its best due to the fear of the anxiety and the pains associated with the burns. This experience can be frightening. As a result of the burns, one is likely to develop a phobia of anything that emits heat and can cause a burn. Due to the phobia developed an individual will always be anxious about what the outcome will be when dealing with heat (Fishman et al, 2010).

Reference

Fishman, S., Ballantyne, J., Rathmell, J. P., & Bonica, J. J. (2010). Bonica's management of pain.             Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Background information

Much have been learnt since I joined my undergraduate school of health care and life sciences but the race is not yet over until all my dreams come true. This has been my motivating statement since my passion found its path in rescuing the suffering community from the bondage of the deadly cervical cancer. Young and old have sounded their cry for rescue for a long time but many have lost their lives due to various reasons one of them being unavailability of proper treatment by the local hospitals. This touched my interest of helping women within similar problems. It was so painful seeing two of my close friends dying of cervical cancer. One of them was not aware of the condition and so by it was too late to save her life once we realized her condition.

By the time the condition was known it was too late to save their lives. The other friend died due to absence of radiotherapy within the country and so she had to be transferred to a neighboring country. Delay in this process contributed to her death. Considering all these concerns, it is my obligation as a health specialist to fight cervical cancer for the benefit of the community. With my little knowledge about this field, I was able to impart my friends and the community in various ways.

Participation

As a health care student, I was able to participate in various activities such as visiting hospitals, going for research trips and doing volunteer work in the community. This boosted my experience as a medical student because it helped me put into practice whatever I had learnt in class. I had joined a club called Health Policy Administration Club that was organizing for forums of imparting the community. This motivated me to put more efforts and do this work wholeheartedly until it became part of my lifestyle.

We also went for peer education outreach programs that helped us to advocate health education to the locals and with collaboration with the government, significant achievements were realized. During our attachments, I was able to witness more on how people were affected and suffered from this disease. I helped the little I could such as conducting a guidance and counseling sessions, attending to their physical needs, giving them food and motivating them not to lose hope.

Aim and reasons for applying the master degree

My main aim of applying this master’s degree scholarship is to acquire more expertise knowledge on how to prevent and treat cervical cancer because it is preventable and curable. I shall achieve all these by becoming a gynecology oncologist someday which has been my dream career. Being in this office, I will be in a position to address cervical cancer issues and collaborate with the government in offering treatment to the victims.

As a health specialist I'll concentrate on the three major steps of controlling cervical cancer.  First, I will create awareness of this disease through all ways possible including seminars, mass communication in televisions and radios, social media such as Facebook and Twitter and public meetings. This shall ensure that everyone will have the general knowledge of the disease. People shall also be taught on how to respond to it before it spreads to prevent further illness. I will also initiate campaigns and uphold the existing ones as one of the best ways of creating awareness. the awareness will be carrying the message of prevention whereby dos and don’ts will be clearly put across I will also aim at introducing free screening and treatment mostly to the developing countries. This will play a big role in saving lives of the poor and the disadvantaged in our societies. I will aim at mobilizing the governments to prioritize this necessity. Screening services will enable us to identify the disease and know how to treat beforehand. 

Impact of preventing cervical cancer to the society

Prevention is better than cure. The prevention strategies against this deadly disease would have a very big impact to our society today. Among them, there would be a decrease in the number of deaths caused by cervical cancer. The prevention will also reduce the costs of curing this disease hence saving the countries’ economy. It will also boost the research and impart more young scholars to join in the mission for the common goal.

Considering all these concerns, it is my obligation as a health specialist to fight cervical cancer for the benefit of the community. So far I've done little of this considering that I am only an undergraduate student. I have tried within my means to create awareness of this disease through social media. Public awareness has helped women to know the signs and symptoms of cervical cancer hence enabling them to take precautions before the disease finds its comfort. It has helped a few of my friends whom I know and I believe that more awareness would save more lives.