Human Trafficking

Introduction

This is the trade of human beings, with the aim of using them for forced labour, sexual slavery, and sexual exploitation. This may also include forcing a partner into forced marriage, or even being sold through kidnapping into another country. In addition, the removal of organs or tissues which may include ova removal or even surrogate motherhood may also be the reason for human trafficking. It can therefore take place either in a country, or even between different countries. This type of trafficking is a crime, as it goes against the victim’s rights of movement through oppression and also due to viable misuse. Human trafficking is therefore the trade of human beings, particularly women and children, but it does not necessarily encompass movement of people from one region to another. This paper will analyse the growing problem of human trafficking, and the law enforcement community which is involved in the prevention of this issue.      

Growing Problem of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking has become a significant issue in the world, as it continues growing. It is estimated there are a total 21.3 million refuges all over the world, similarly, there also about 40.3 million people all over the world who are being trafficked or being enslaved (Murthy & Smith, 2010). In the UK, and in the U.S, most people are enslaved, without either knowing it, or without the public’s awareness (De, 2016). Most people in these countries are being enslaved without the general knowledge of the public, be it sex trafficking, and labour trafficking, the number is very huge and it keeps on growing, however it is done secretly thus preventing the public from understanding if there is anything of that sought happening.

Among the vulnerable victims of human trafficking in the world are women, and children, due to their inability to protect themselves (Aronowitz, 2009). It is estimated that over 4 million women and young ladies are being trafficked. On the other hand, men also fall victim of these incidences, nonetheless, they are not as vulnerable as compared to women and girls, but their demand for human trafficking is very high. It is estimated over 9.5 million men and boys are trafficked for the provision if cheap labour, or the distribution of illegal drugs in different parts of the world (Murthy & Smith, 2010).

There are several factors which promote human trafficking, which includes the following:

Natural Calamities, War, Famine and the Search for a better Future. 

Traffickers look for people who are vulnerable to pressure into the human trafficking trade. Migrants, are majorly vulnerable, due to the loss of land, property, or even the loss of family members, making it easier for them to be easily traded (Aronowitz, 2009). In addition, countries which have poor economic conditions or political instability, are trafficking spots for human traffickers, since most people in such countries are easy to convince. Most of the people are usually promised of a better life by the traffickers, who present themselves as well wishers. The victims are then lured into signing enslavement contracts without their knowledge, making it legitimate for the traffickers to easily transport the victims into other countries. For instance, in African countries, victims are usually promised good jobs in Middle East countries, where they are then trafficked immediately after landing in the Middle East (Murthy & Smith, 2010).

Women and Children Targets   

In some societies, women and children are usually devalued a factor which makes them more vulnerable to trafficking as compared to men (De, 2016). Traditional culture and practices, early marriages and the lack of formal birth registration puts women and children at a very high risk of being trafficked. Similarly, women are also targeted due to the high demand of for women in the sex trafficking industries. A recent report suggests that nearly 20.9 million children and adults are purchased and sold all over the world for commercial sexual slavery, forced labour and sexual exploitation (Murthy & Smith, 2010). The majority of those trafficked for sexual exploitation are women and girls who make up 98% of sexual trafficking victims.

Demand for Inexpensive Labour

Service industries which include restaurants, are the conjoint exploiters of human trafficking. These industries require young beautiful women who can be responsible for attracting most male customers to the restaurants for low pay (Murthy & Smith, 2010). In these cases, employees are mostly promised of a better pay, where they are then exploited immediately after they signing working contracts with the restaurants (Aronowitz, 2009). Business owners are usually impressed with type of acts, as it allows them to earn huge profits, thus being able to grow their businesses. Victims cannot therefore do anything else but to obey, since they cannot protect themselves from the traffickers who are very powerful, a factor which makes victims to obey and each and everything they are asked to do by their masters (De, 2016). 

Human Trafficking business is very productive

Human trafficking business generates more than $150 billion annually (Murthy & Smith, 2010). Two thirds of this money is made from commercial sexual exploitation, while the remaining is made from economic exploitation which may include domestic jobs and agricultural jobs. This trade is therefore the fastest growing trade all over the world, and also the second largest industry all over the world (Aronowitz, 2009). Human trafficking is also linked with drug trafficking, where the victims are usually used for the transportation of drugs into different areas, since they may not be easily suspected, and in case of being suspected, then they can be killed a factor which would not affect the continuation of the drug trafficking (De, 2016). The huge demand of people for drug transportation and peddling is therefore what makes it easier for the human trafficking industry to grow at a very fast rate.

Human Trafficking Cases are not easy to Identify 

Identifying victims of human trafficking is not easy at all, since they are highly traumatized or well-hidden, a factor which makes it hard for them to be identified (Aronowitz, 2009). Even after being rescued, victims opt to remain silent about the issue, fearing for the safety of their lives. In addition, they may also be afraid of confronting the police about the matter, due to the fear of being killed or their families may also be targeted. Similarly, victims of human trafficking may also be in a country illegally, a factor which makes them criminals according to the law, hence they cannot seek help from the police because of the fear of being imprisoned (Murthy & Smith, 2010). This therefore allows the traffickers to easily gain control of the victims, making them to do each and everything according to their dictates. Finally, due to the collaboration between the police and the traffickers, it becomes impossible to identify human trafficking cases, because the police end up covering up such information, in order to protect the traffickers (De, 2016).          

Prevention of Human Trafficking

Different law enforcement agencies all over the world are working hand in hand to make sure they bring to an end the issue of human trafficking (Murthy & Smith, 2010). For instance, the United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs (UNODC), conducts research on countries all over the world affected by human trafficking, and then goes ahead to train the law enforcement agencies on how to combat these issues (Aronowitz, 2009). This training is aimed at enabling the law enforcement agencies to understand the methods which traffickers use when smuggling people into different countries across the borders, and ways of countering such issues. Similarly, UNODC also advocates for international cooperation, in order to fully deal with the issues once and for all (De, 2016).     

In the UK, the National Crime Agency (NCA) is tasked with the mandate of preventing human trafficking. Among the measures put in place to combat human trafficking in the country include, preventing human trafficking, protecting human trafficking victims, and prosecuting those found guilty of human trafficking (Murthy & Smith, 2010).

NCA prevents human trafficking through creating public awareness on the possible ways used by human traffickers (Aronowitz, 2009). In so doing, people become aware of how human traffickers behave, and the methods they use in order to trafficking people. In addition, the agency works closely with NGO’s which are looking forward to ending human trafficking in the country (Murthy & Smith, 2010). This agency in the year 2003, reported human trafficking in over 127 countries all over the world, however, some countries did not want to participate in dealing with the issue, as they showed no interest when it came to the matter (De, 2016).

In the US, the department of justice (DOJ) is tasked with the mandate of dealing with any criminal activities in the country. Among these criminal activities include human trafficking where it has different divisions necessary for dealing with human trafficking (Aronowitz, 2009). These divisions include the following: Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS), which takes legal action against case involving child pornography, sex trafficking and sex tourism. The department of labour, Federal Bureau Investigation (FBI) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), work together in dealing with human trafficking in the US (Murthy & Smith, 2010).

NIJ is the overall financier of all the other divisions, which are responsible for combatting human trafficking. It therefore funds human trafficking research, thus making it easier for the country to understand where the main problem lies (Aronowitz, 2009). On the other hand, the FBI conducts investigations on any cases related to human trafficking, thus getting to the bottom of the matter, and understand and ensuring those responsible for human trafficking in the country are brought to book (De, 2016). Finally, the department of labour deals with issues associated to human trafficking for cheap labour, and child labour. This division works together with the FBI to make sure any cases related to human trafficking in the labour division are dealt with accordingly (Murthy & Smith, 2010).      

Conclusion

Human trafficking has become a critical issue, due to the rate at which the human trafficking industry is growing. As discussed in the paper, human traffickers majorly target women and children, since they are more vulnerable as compared to men. In addition, women are also on high demand for sexual exploitation. Different factors contribute to human trafficking, among them include war, natural calamities and the search for a better life, which makes most people to fall into the hands of the traffickers unknowingly. Finally, different departments and agencies all over the world are working together to deal with the issue of human trafficking in the world.  

Reference

Wylie, G., McRedmond, P., & Palgrave Connect (Online service). (2010). Human trafficking in Europe: Character, causes and consequences. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Murthy, P., & Smith, C. L. (2010). Women's global health and human rights. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Aronowitz, A. A. (2009). Human trafficking, human misery: The global trade in human beings. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

De, A. M. (2016). Human trafficking: Women's stories of agency.

Assignment 4 Inmates Rights and Special Circumstances

Most people do not know that prisoners have privileges and with the most appropriate lawful strategies they can challenge their imprisonment (Hanser, 2012). This trend can lead to the rise of expenses based on the challenges which can be incurred by the federal even state administrations. There are several primary problems of management that might arise but each issue can be managed effectively by a number of proposals. There are five distinct strategies that prisoners can utilize in challenging their imprisonment within the correctional facilities. The first strategy that they can utilize in challenging the lawfulness of the imprisonment is the filing of a habeas Corpus Action (Hanser, 2012). This can be utilized in creating a lawsuit within the state to oppose the jail condition that demonstrates that their imprisonment is not legal since it violates some of their privileges.

The second strategy is using the Federal Habeas Corpus strategy after the state-based principles have been finalized. After filling the lawsuit the prisoner is required to argue and demonstrate that they are being detained unlawfully since they have been convicted inappropriately which disrupts their federal privileges and based on the constitution (Hanser, 2012). In addition, they are supposed to demonstrate the damages that have thus occurred based on the affirmed defilement that has a significant effect on the ruling. Once they are able to ascertain that their federal privileges were violated and that it is the defilement that damaged their trials they will have proven that the deserve Habeas Relief (Rhodes, 2004). The third option is the use of a civil tort legality where the prisoner as the one affected must demonstrate that their perpetrator defiled the duty to guard them and the disruption resulted in damages (Rhodes, 2004). Inmates are bound to experience a tough period in challenging the federal prisons if they do not have clear and well-illustrated violations that might have altered their trials. Also after the remedies have been accomplished in this state then the inmate can file a Civil Rights Lawsuit that is within the federal setting to oppose the conditions of the prisons (Rhodes, 2004). This is to assert that certain writes that they are entitled to be not provided. In addition, an injunction can also be utilized that seeks to acquire release from the prisons. If the inmate is sacksful in proving that the confinement was not lawful then it means that they shall be compensated for the acquired loss and defilement (Rhodes, 2004).

There are a number of management based issues that are bound to come up in regard to inmates with special needs (Sun, 2013). This might include consistent monitoring based on the general risks of harm such as suicide, funds scarcity to provide the needed medical support, violence and disruption and being targeted by others based on their vulnerability to abuse (Sun, 2013). Inmates normally necessitate customized treatment particularly those with special needs ranging from mental, age, drug addiction and chronic illnesses (Sun, 2013). If they are not provided with proper care then it means that their privileges have been disrupted and the management might be liable for any harm that they might face. It is recommended that in regard to the issue of violence and disruption would to ensure that the inmates are engaged in treatment programs that offer therapeutic care and so on. This might help in offering counseling that mainly tends to reconstruct their psychological wellness which will, in turn, result in transformation (Sun, 2013).

These programs are essential since they focus on training prisoners on ways of coping with anger matters as well as how they should generally relate with others in general (Sun, 2013). Monitoring on the other hand help in ensuring that the safety of the prisoners is preserved which might also necessitate the application of training that seeks to create transformation. In that those that are responsible have to focus on identifying any presence of probable symptoms and signs that the inmates are experiencing difficulties and that they are in need of assistance (Sun, 2013). Besides ensuring that all the vulnerable parties are isolated physically officers should keep on frequent visits to try and talk to them and inquire if there is anything that they might be needing. An additional recommendation is to offer substantial training to the staffs to ensure that they relate well with the prisoners and addresses their needs in accordance. Those that harasses the special needs prisoners should be subjected to harsh penalties to discourage such acts (Rhodes, 2004).

In my opinion, the utilization of Supermax housing in the correctional facilities does not in any form disrupt the privileges of prisoners that guards them against unusual or inhuman penalties based on the American constitution. In that, the facilities are built in order to create wellness for the inmates most of them utilize intimidation and torture to ensure that the prisoners comply but without disrupting their wellness (Elliott & Thomas, 2017). Also, the isolation is not defilement since they are denied the right to associating with others based on the possible negative outcomes. It is for the wellness of every member (Hanser, 2012).

References

Elliott, M. C., Thomas, R., & Oxford University Press. (2017). Public law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hanser, R. D. (2012). Introduction to corrections. London: SAGE.

Rhodes, L. A. (2004). Total confinement: Madness and reason in the maximum security prison. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.

Sun, K. (2013). Correctional counseling: A cognitive growth perspective. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Poverty in the United States

            A state of poverty is where people are not in position to possess basic necessities. This state is common in every country in various degrees, and it is not something that can disappear suddenly. Despite the fact that America is one of the wealthy countries in the world, millions of its population still lives in poverty. In a report by the census bureau, 15% of Americans are living in poverty. In America, there are many reasons why some people live poor. People are poor based on their skin color; the black population in America is made up of many poor compared to the white (In Mink & In O'Connor, 2004). Poverty is also caused by increased single headed families. In comparison to married-couple families, female-headed families face challenges as a result of single income, thus causing poverty. Increased medical care cost, people spend much money when they fall sick, and hence, they enter into a state of poverty after spending their incomes in medical care. Poverty has also risen due to the increased cost of living. Due to the increased cost of consumer products, people spend much on consumer products. There is also poverty as a result of the high cost of education and parents spend many dollars to cater for the education of their children (In Mink & In O'Connor, 2004). Other causes of poverty include; unemployment, inequality, and globalization.

            More than 30% of those who live in poverty are children. 12% of them are senior citizens, 25% of them are those seeking for employment, 10% are disabled, and 8% are caregivers (Kowalski, 2003). Poverty affects a nation in various ways; poor people are associated to acquiring less education, malnutritional health problems and always live in a high crime area. A highly educated person is more likely to achieve a good economic future compared to a low or uneducated person. In America, there are low graduation rates for African-Americans and Hispanics compared to other ethnic groups. This is the reason why they are associated with a high level of poverty. Income is also a determinant of the quality of health (Kowalski, 2003). Higher mortality rates, prevalence of chronic diseases, and behavioral issues are found among the poor. This is also the reason why African-Americans have high mortality rates compared to the whites. As a result of poverty, some families are not able to get healthy food; hence they are more likely to suffer from malnutritional diseases. Black Americans suffer food insecurity as their ability to acquire nutritionally enough food is limited compared to the whites. Poverty is also associated with many crime factors (Kowalski, 2003). As a result of poverty, people suffer from high school dropout hence unemployment. This implies that the unemployed group of people will have nothing to do but to cause crimes in the society. They tend to get involved in drug use which leads to violent crimes.

            It is a role of the government to put mechanisms in place so as to control the rate of poverty in any given nation. In America, there are various benefits that try to keep many out of poverty. These benefits cater for children, women, and the elderly. Such benefits include, expanded unemployment benefits, social security and other programs such as low-income assistance programs, Medicaid, family planning services (In Mink & In O'Connor, 2004). All these, help to keep many above the poverty line.

References

In Mink, G., & In O'Connor, A. (2004). Poverty in the United States: An encyclopedia of history, politics, and policy. Santa Barbara, Calif: B & t database management/cip.

Kowalski, K. M. (2003). Poverty in America: Causes and issues. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow P:ublishers.

 Assessing Black Criminal Justice Students Perception: Exposure to Unjustified Police Killings

 Abstract

This paper assesses black criminal justice student’s perception in regards to exposure to unjustified police homicides. In 2016, eight -hundred and seventy-two citizens were killed by police officers and two -hundred and two black people were killed out of those citizens. The purpose of this study, is to focus on law enforcement agencies to improve their policies to implement law enforcement as a safe career to join for minorities. More specifically, graduating criminal justice students. This is necessary due to they are potentially prospective law enforcement officers. This study proposes two general hypotheses. The first one is African Americans will have more negative perceptions than their counterparts these major findings will confirm my hypothesis. The variables in this study are distinguished as Independent and dependent. The independent variable is unjustified homicides. The dependent variable is race and major. The research technique to collect the data uses a quantitative approach. Moreover, a questionnaire will be used to measure the data by asking students about the top headlined police killings that has occurred. This study will help improve the work of the criminal justice system by improving the relationship between law enforcement officers and citizens and implementing better policies in law enforcement to deter from a wrongful death during encounters with citizens.

                                                             Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................ 1

            Statement of the Problem........................................................................................ 2

            Purpose of the Study................................................................................................ 3

            Background and Justification.................................................................................. 4

Chapter 2: Literature Review.............................................................................................. 5

            History of issue........................................................................................................ 6           

Theoretical Framework........................................................................................... 7

            Empirical Research ................................................................................................. 8

            Strengths and Weaknesses....................................................................................... 9

            Significance of the Study...................................................................................... 11           

Chapter 3: Methodology.................................................................................................... 12

            Hypothesis............................................................................................................. 13

            Audience................................................................................................................ 14

            Participants............................................................................................................ 14

            Measurements and Variables................................................................................. 15

            Instruments............................................................................................................ 16            Procedures            16

            Research Questions............................................................................................... 17

            Data Analysis......................................................................................................... 18

            Limitations............................................................................................................. 19

            Ethical Considerations........................................................................................... 20

            Introduction

            On September 20, 2016, a man by the name of Terrence Crutcher was killed by a Tulsa, Oklahoma law enforcement officer. Furthermore, Terrence Crutcher was a 40- year old black man who was waiting to get service for his car when he was treated as a criminal. The day before this tragedy another black man by the name of Keith Lamar Scott 43- years old was killed by Charlotte police searching for an unrelated suspect (Mckay, 2016). As of today September 22, 2016, this year alone 790 citizens have been killed by law enforcement in the United States. (Blau, Jason, & Shoichet, 2016).  African American scholars balance their teaching, research responsibility, and lived experience with the urgent need to address the racial inequality and violence that has distinguished black life.

            Acknowledging student’s perceptions on injudicious decisions by the people who say they are going to protect and serve this country is a part of education. Researchers has demonstrated repeatedly how people of color are often discriminated against, as well as recent shootings in Falcon Heights, Baton Rouge, and Dallas. Moreover, students of color who are educated has witnessed these events from social media, the news, or even participated in marches in their own cities. The witnessing of these tragedies is damaging the perceptions and judgment of many students. For example, Michael Brown an unarmed black teenager, was shot and killed on Aug 9, 2014, by Darren Wilson. When the announcement was said Mr. Wilson would not be indicted it embarked another wave of protesters in the city and at many black colleges. Protesters at Howard University stood together with their hands raised, a universal sign of surrender. Saadiq a student at Howard University stated “I hate to say it but, this is just repetitive. It’s nothing new the lives of African Americans are not valued in this nation. It’s time to make changes happen.”  Another from Howard Law school stated “Even though our suits and ties don’t make us any less of a target, we are the next generation of lawyers and legal architects as we think about dismantle the systematic barriers to equal opportunity” (Atkinson, 2014).  The effect of police homicides affects the mindset of a black educators who has a desire in law enforcement or any part of the law and it discourages them to think will they even be accepted as a professional African American. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze the exposure to unjustified police killings through the lens of a black scholar.

            Statement of the Problem

Citizens rely on police officers to maintain order and enforce the law. Police homicides towards more minority culture deters that reliance. The lack of no arrest or convictions from no police officer shooting has been the biggest effect on minority communities. Violence in many communities will continue if unjustifiable shootings continue to happen. This paper will examine criminal justice student’s and different ethnicities perception of black citizens armed or unarmed are significantly more likely to be killed by police and how it effects criminal justice major college student’s judgment and belief. However, through my research I will examine and expose the knowledge and perception of black scholars on what they morally believe was right. I will measure student’s perceptions from the five most headlined police brutality cases. As well as their perception on the verdicts on homicide cases on black people by law enforcement. The purpose of this study is to expose the perceptions of black students to compare and measure their knowledge on homicides by law enforcements to help enforce better policies in the law enforcement field. Therefore, considering black educator’s perceptions to strengthen law enforcement policies is necessary.

            Background and Justification

It is not rare for a law enforcement officer to be disliked by the public. Many unjustified killings and harassments supports this statement. Moreover, in 2015, a young college student by the name of Martese Johnson was beaten brutally by Charlottesville Police Department. Martese tragedy stemmed from law enforcement asking was he carrying his identification card. According to Martese he showed them his identification and yet they assumed it was fake (Johnson, 2015). Disorderly conduct has been strongly linked to negative views toward the police. In addition, these are the effects to influence a black college student to less likely trust the police and even put into a demoralized state of mind.

 Since Black educators are tomorrow police officers, and could possibly be the victim of a police officer. Their cognizance is vital in evaluating the future of the criminal justice system as it pertains to reducing misconduct (Davis, 2014). It should be acknowledged black individuals who study material to become a person to protect and serve yet, realize their race is the most often targeted and killed by police officers. The decisions of future black colleagues can rely on their perceptions of the verdicts and decisions of what the law is allowing today is essential. Many could say one of the greatest struggles faced by African Americans in the United States has been the struggle to be educated.

This struggle has been guided by elder black scholars who believed that without struggle there was no progress.  Education is now, and always has been, a vital weapon in the black culture. Essentially, African Americans used education as their primary source of ammunition in the fight against a segregated society, racism, illiteracy, and poverty (Walter, 1992).

            Purpose of study

Previous publicity proposes there are variables which affect and individual’s perspective towards unjustified police homicides. This study will examine the relevant factors associated with black scholar’s attitudes towards decisions made in previous police misconduct cases and ethics. Moreover, it aims to determine which factors may improve future generation’s perceptions of police. Additionally, this study will expose the knowledge and awareness of black scholars on homicide cases by police officers. This study is guided by four research questions:

1. What are the primary indicators that best explain African American student perceptions of unjustified police homicides?
2. To what extent does social media, radios and television influence black student’s perceptions about outcomes to justified homicides by law enforcement?
3. If black students do discern justified police homicides to be a growing concern, to what degree are these perceptions related with future implications of policing?
4. Do African American students perceive police homicides as a growing concern within contemporary police departments?

                                                                Literature Review

McLaughlin (2015) suggest In the American national context, police normally utilize lethal force against male blacks at a level that is particularly 20 times higher when compared in contradiction of that of the white males. The media, in particular, has exposed a number of instances of the unjustified killing that are facilitated by police officers in the most recent years but the issues are still persistent. While it might appear as if the rate of this events is on the rise, it is revealed by research that the commonness of police misbehavior is not growing. In dissimilarity, it is the increasing media coverage that is permitting Americans to understand the severance of the issue of police misbehavior and its rate of occurrence. Based on the American justice department, police misbehavior is best described as the application of excess force, illegal searches, arrests, intentional arrests based on falsified intentions resulting in the general freedom loss.  His offenses are severe and their continuity in the American society is also worrying.  Based on Jefferis, Butcher & Hanley (2011) in 2011 the cases of police misbehavior that were recorded totaled to 4861.  From the report close to 25 percent of the cases represented the use of extreme force, misbehavior 10% unlawful arrest 7 % and fraud 10 % were the most reported cases (Jefferis, Butcher & Hanley, 2011).

Based on the severity of the unjustified killing in America that can best be classified as misconduct, it is essential to consider the consequences of this behavior (Dowler & Zawilski, 2007). It is rather unfortunate that police officers are not subjected to similar accountability standards as the public. This lack of substantial accountability has caused long-run effects on the public’s and student’s perception and has thus created an undesirable attitude toward the law enforcers particularly among the black community. All aspects are taken to account it is apparent that the growing use of extreme force and the unjustified killings by law enforcers has greatly affected the perception of black American students (Miller & Davis, 2008).

The increased killing will continue to generate negative perceptions on the black American criminal justice students in regard to the effectiveness of the system. Everyone expects that the American law enforcers should be there to guard lives and individual’s rights which is rather contrary to what is happening (Weitzer & Tuch, 2004). This trend will create a prospective future enforcers officials who are fully biased on the grounds or race due to the impression that the current enforcers are generating. There is an epidemic of police unjustified shooting against innocent and unarmed black American men. Young black people are in constant nature being harassed and in routine cases brutalized with impunity despite the fact that they have not engaged in the disruption of the law (Williams & Dingwall, 2014). Racial profiling is not a criminal justice problem but a social one as well that is bound to affect the perception and the performance of the system in the long run. Law enforcers are expected to portray the most positive practices to the upcoming officers who are yet to graduate but if the shooting trend is allowed to prevail then it means that the Fresh Jim Crow’s era will arise (Weitzer & Tuch, 2004).

Racism has saturated the United States justice system an aspect that will be passed to the perspective of the upcoming professions. Weitzer & Tuch (2004) argues that it is the same profiling that is accountable for keeping thousands of African Americans in prison while hundreds of them are dying close to every year. It is rather evident that the increasing rate of unjustified shootings and high incarceration of the minority groups that racial profiling and discernment still exist. In other words, the current system is a reflection of the previous Jim Crow era but this one is more customized (Williams & Dingwall, 2014). It is the fights against criminality that have in turn fueled the general profiling and unjustified killings. In America, the increasingly negative perception has led to increased deaths and undesirable perceptions against the law enforcers by the black criminal justice students and their respective community. By classifying the majority of young black men as offenders even though they have not engaged in any crime, then the law enforcers have successfully created a system that embraces discernment against the black community.  It is the global racism that has rather resulted in protests by the public among the black person's something that can never be taken lightly. Based on the recent statistics more than 4000 people from the black community have been killed unjustly despite the fact that they were unarmed and not confirmed to have engaged in any form of crime (Williams & Dingwall, 2014).

Zwach, (2015) notes, that it is rather apparent that after slavery was abolished, it never ended as black people are being subjected to unfair killings which are not only a violation of their right to live but also the right to be prosecuted in a just and fair setting. Despite being killed without any probable rationale they are being arrested on charged that are false in the quest of pressuring them to get into a more fresh form of slavery which is incarceration and death. Racial profiling and the negative perception of the black community have joined forces to ensure that the unjust practices are not accounted and that the affected community is never able to free itself (Jefferis, Butcher & Hanley, 2011). It is saddening to note that for the black criminal justice students this trend will only create conflicting interest based on the negative perception that they have acquired against the system and the white community for fighting consistently against their wellness.

Van Craen, (2013) argues that the fact that the white privilege is still utilized in judging those that deserves incarceration and shooting shows that in America racism is rather a dominating force primarily in the criminal justice system. Black Americans are two times exposed to police killings as compared to the whites. It is highly agreed by research that racism mainly plays part in the whole issue of disparity and the consistent killings (Jefferis, Butcher & Hanley, 2011). However, the term itself is very extensive a justification to disclose much in regard to the more primary causes or to establish and reduce the outcomes of the increasing killings of young black people such as the most recent ones in Minnesota and Louisiana (Jefferis, Butcher & Hanley, 2011). Studies that have engaged in investigating the issue have maintained that racism has planted itself in the system is rather a distinct way which thus necessitates customizes sets of solutions.

Barthelemy, Chaney, Maccio, & Church, (2016) highlights that, When disparity occurs based on bias among the national police officers, it becomes more probable for them to turn to firing guns at blacks over the whites despite the fact that they all pose similar threats. In this context, the solution is to adjust the recruitment system to ensure that the upcoming officers are more objective. In addition, more training and accountability are necessary measures as bias develops over time and should be tested on an often basis and training them how to avoid discernment and those that resist change should be dismissed. However the current shooting disparity that is rather fueled by universal practices by police officers which have led to the development of discernment among individual’s officers and thus those practices should be altered (Williams & Dingwall, 2014). Violently is unacceptable and thus the practice that the system is trying to create is offensive not only to the black students but also to the American community in general.

For Chalabi (2016) there relatively more interaction among the black community with police officers based on the notion that black people normally conduct a more extensive share of all the reported criminalities. However, it is due to the rate of unemployment and poverty that such a prevalence has existed but this should not be assumed of every black person. Stating that racial profiling severs a primary role in regard to the increased shootings as compared to the average cannot be taken that it is the case in all instances where police officers are involved in unjust shootings (Williams & Dingwall, 2014). For instance in the recent among those that were killed in a shooting were alleged shooters in an event that led to the loss of five officers. In this case, it is rather clear that police are equipped with the necessary training to utilize deadly force when required to guard themselves and the public. However, this power can never be utilized to shoot at innocent people based on personal perception or prejudice (Williams & Dingwall, 2014).

Chalabi, 2016) asserts that, however, it should be noted that there are others who believe that the notion that Black individuals are shot unjustly is wrong and the shooting is not fueled by racial profiling but by crime disparities. In that, actually a randomly targeted black American is not likely to become a victim of violence and despite the fact that for the whites it occurs in a minimal state the differences are consistent with crime differences and racial holes in regard to the engagement in fierce crimes (Chalabi, 2016). This, therefore, suggest that race has less to do with the increased killings. The increasing profiling is mainly being triggered by the media which has thus poisoned the association between law enforcers and the black community in the country. In fact, this perception has even distracted the administrators and enforcers from the severe issues that are faced by the black community.

Factors That Impacts the Perception of Police Officers and Criminal Justice Student

According to McLaughlin, (2015) Research has consistently addressed the factors that affect the perception of police officers against black people in reference to being perceived as criminals such as demographics, race, gender, neighborhood, age, and race. It is mainly believed that race is the leading factor as for most black people are more likely to commit crimes. White’s students and the public are said to own the least undesirable perception in regard to policing and they are not likely to acknowledge the fact that the misbehaviors of the law enforcers occur in most cases, for instance, unjust killings or extreme use of force (Miller & Davis, 2008). In contrast to the black community and black criminal justice students have the highest negative perceptions towards policing and the effectiveness of the system. It is the same community that is highly dissatisfied with the increasing shootings stating that race is the most vital factor that leads to the growth of the notion. It is suggested that the racial hierarchy theory can be utilized to explain the differences. In that, the theory proposes that there the white community hold the most favorable perception of policing and are highly likely to reduce police misbehavior while the blacks hold minimal desirable perception in regard to policing and therefore, hold that police misbehavior is more dominant against blacks over whites (Miller & Davis, 2008).

    Young black men from the low socio-economic neighborhoods are more affected by the prejudice (Dowler & Zawilski, 2007). For the young students, their perception is rather negative as they view the increasing killings as a mode that only promotes wellness of one race. Police officers on the other hand highly believe that young individuals are more likely to participate in crimes due to their unemployment issue. Students believe that this perception is not based on age but it is the race that fuels the perception (Dowler & Zawilski, 2007). They tend to believe that because they originate from less superior neighborhoods that are characterized by minor crimes then they are classified as criminals. To them, most of the crimes are fueled by the increased unemployment rate thus the need to survive creates pressure to engage in crime. Social order and neighborhood affect the perception of individuals since those from the middle urban and rural areas tend to have the most positive perception of police (Dowler & Zawilski, 2007).

    Based on McLaughlin, (2015) contrary, those from the poor urban settings hold the most undesirable views. It can never, therefore, be assumed that the neighborhoods only creates criminals. In regard to gender, it is apparent that gender can directly affect the perception of students and the public about police. To start with, females are unlikely to own unfavorable views of police when compared to black male students. Similarly, in a study conducted by Miller & Davis, (2008) it was proven that for men the lawfulness and legality of the shooting and incarceration are not justified contrary to women. Those that are more exposed to media coverage and direct experiences with the brutality are not likely to view police positively. In other words, it is apparent that the increasing brutality has resulted in increased negative perception amongst the black criminal justice students and community (Miller & Davis, 2008). For them, the shootings are mainly fueled by racial discernment as their race is considered to be inferior and highly involved in criminalities (Miller & Davis, 2008). This, however, has a negative effect on individuals in general since the next general of law enforcers is bound to experience working interest conflict as they might not know whether they should adhere to their roles or their motive of guarding the black community against killings and unlawful sentencing.

            History of the Issue

The history on police killings of black people has been unceasing. Many researchers have found that police are more likely to kill African Americans than Caucasians. According to researcher Josue Zapata, he suggests policing in America started as a racial project. Modern policing was first established in the North and South of the United States. This author advocates it wasn’t until the first “passed laws” were established and patrols targeted mostly enslaved Africans. Police Historians have concluded patrolling was established by slave patrols. (Zapata, 2016) This author developed a repository of statistics. For example, he found that African American males are 21 times more like than their white counterparts to be killed by police. Moreover, a white police officer killed a black person two times a week ending in 2012. However, this statistic is interesting because according to Kwaisi Frances he conducted numerous studies on the relationship between law and enforcement and the black community.

 This author reviews the long and persistent history between the police and African Americans (Frances, 2014). They discovered the same as researcher Zapata, slave patrols were first established in South Carolina in 1704, and it became an epidemic throughout the colonies. Frances suggest putting a microscope on lynching, Jim Crow, Civil rights movement, war on drugs, and stop and frisk will be the key to unlocking the meaning behind protest and how black communities and law enforcement resolve issues.  When researching, lynching became a threat used to torture blacks and manage the new social order that has been constructed. The second study of the relationship was analyzing Jim Crow’s laws. In the 1890’s Jim Crow laws became effective. These laws were enforced to use terror and lynching to conduct unwritten laws to show black people white people has majority all power. Frances also examined the civil rights movement and found that African Americans still toady and back then believed in they earned the right to be treated as full citizens because of their sacrifices. In 1946, organizations like the NAACP established a national interracial commission (Frances, 2014).

            Theoretical Framework

Williams and Murphy defines the history of policing by law enforcement officers and black communities as “troubled” and also question the professionalism of police organizations (William & Murphy, 2012). Their studies agreed with previous researchers that historical realities have shaped distrustful and hostile relationship between police and minority citizens. In 1993 African Americans were represented in majority of the police departments. However, police still struggled to protect minority communities. On the other hand, (Pickett & Gabe, 2007) defines history of policing as “continuance of racism”. While many studies focus on law enforcement and African Americans relationship they focus on actually policing the black communities.  They focus on finding a solution to the growing crisis. Researchers suggest because of the mass black incarceration putting a microscope on how the black communities and youth are being policed (Pickett & Gabe, 2007).  The definition of Pickett & Gabe will be used in the current study, given the importance of perception. This meshes well figuring out whether or not it is imperative to use a black college student perceptions on finding a solution to policing in black communities.  Although William & Murphy (like Pickett & Gabe) say policing in black communities has created a hostile relationship between police and minorities however, black people receiving jobs in law enforcement doesn’t stop the discrimination and deaths in black communities.  A solution to these issues are needed. The definition of Pickett & Gabe is therefore more relevant to the current study.

Empirical Research

             Dependent Variable

            The study’s dependent variable (“unjustified homicides”) was measured using a five point Likert scale. The scale ranged from strongly agree and strongly disagree. The dependent variable (race and major) will. Pickett and Gabe, (2007) suggest the problem associated with these tragedies are the policies within the police agencies. Nevertheless, this dependent variable aims to uncover the components that predicts black college student’s cognizance towards police homicides on African Americans will have more negative perceptions about law enforcement than other races. 

            Independent Variable

There has been numerous perception variables (race) in this study that aims to identify the differences in the respondent’s awareness to the issues that has been brought before them on the news, in class, television, radio, and etc.  In this study the most popular headlined homicides by law enforcement was measured by asking respondents to specify the extent to which they agree or disagree using the cases of the victims of the unjustified homicides: “Do you (1= strongly agree or 5= strongly disagree) with Sandra Bland verdict?” This will allow the researcher to effectively measure their level of comprehension and awareness to verdicts and homicides of those killed by law enforcement.

Strengths and Weaknesses

            Strengths

            The strengths of these findings will be finding out the knowledge of black criminal justice college students on their own concerns with police misconduct. The perception of a black college student’s opinion on whether or not policing in the law enforcement agencies needs new policies.

            Weaknesses

            The exposure of unarmed killings by law enforcement officers deters students from navigating successfully in their future careers. Researcher’s impressions that black inferiority and a lack of real accountability drive the train of police brutality in the black community. The continuance of black communities being treated unequally has been the hindrance on black culture for many decades.

            Significance of Study

            The study of black criminal justice student’s perception on unjustified homicides by law enforcement can help change police policies in repairing the relationship of police officers and black communities. The projects goal is designed to help the future generations of black culture. Moreover, to help law enforcement agencies improve their policies to implement law enforcement as a safe career to join for black college students who are graduating college who can be law enforcement officer’s tomorrow.  The research question still remains “Do African American students perceive police homicides as a growing concern within contemporary police departments?” African Americans find unarmed black people being killed by law enforcement often is definitely a concern to the black community.

            Methodology

My overall design of my project will take a quantitative approach, meaning that I will use a formal, objective, systematic process where data is revealed by my hypothesis.  However, because the relationship does not manipulate the variables the approach to this research will be correlation. This approach is necessary because the relationship between race and major in regards to the people in these specific categories will have different perceptions on the unjustified homicides. Moreover, the goal of this research is to reveal the hypothesis of my research and show the different perceptions of unjustified homicides.                

            Hypothesis

In this study, there are two theories predicted. The first, is African Americans students will have more negative perceptions of unjustified homicides by law enforcement than their counterparts. This was suggested due to African Americans are more likely to be killed by police officers than the opposite race. Moreover, research proves African Americans who has encounters with police are more likely to be freighted. The second is, Criminal Justice students will have more negative perceptions of unjustified homicides by police officers than other major. This was proposed because black criminal justice students understand the code and ethics of the criminal justice system and the challenges African Americans face today with law enforcement.  Their perception of law enforcement officers is necessary for this discovery. However, there is no relationship between the opposite race and unjustified homicides as well as there is no relationship with unjustified homicides and other major other than criminal justice. There is no effect on students outside of the criminal justice major.

Audience

            The primary target audience would be law enforcement agencies that develop policies in these departments. Proving my hypothesis true will allow a solution to what is being implemented in this study. It is imperative to discuss the following with these specific individuals because as stated before this project goal is to design to help the future generations of black culture. Moreover, this audience needs to understand repairing the relationship between law enforcement officers and black communities is necessary. This paper does not aim to focus on police brutality but to put a microscope on the unjustified homicides and how we can implement better policies for future generations of the criminal justice system. In all, I want my audience to see the study as useful to creating a better sub culture for police officers as well as the African American community.

            Participants

            The participants in this study will be majority college students of every race to make the hypothesis come true. These participants will be students from different backgrounds as well as diverse organizations. Moreover, each individual by will participate by choice of this experiment. The target population and the sample that will be used is a survey amongst these individuals. Moreover, these participants will be randomly selected to remove any potential influences. The participants were chosen from observing local areas. In this research the most headlined homicides by law enforcement will be conveyed in this research. Participants will answer questions on these headlines to determine the hypothesis.

            Measurements and Variables

            In this study the measurement will be based on a survey questionnaire on an ordinal scale to determine the policies that should be implemented in police departments to help reconstruct the encounters with African Americans. Moreover, it will to help those African American students who are criminal justice major to help the future generations of black culture. Moreover, to help law enforcement agencies improve their policies to implement law enforcement as a safe career to join for black college students who are graduating college. After the questionnaire, I will measure the responses from the participants about the unjustified homicides. Their responses will show they either strongly disagree, strongly agree, agree or disagree. Now, whether they agree or disagree to the survey questions will determine the hypothesis. The variables used in this study are independent variable which is unjustified homicides the dependent variable is race and major.

            Instruments

In this study a questionnaire will be used as an instrument as well as case studies. The top headlined unjustified cases by law enforcement will be used in this questionnaire. The respondents are the population samples of the study. The answers provided by the respondents constitutes the data collection. Six questions will address the relationship between race and the remaining will examine

• The verdict of Sandra Bland was constitutional.
• Trayvon Martin case was justified by the physical components of the case.
• George Zimmerman being exonerated was constitutional.
• I agree with the state on Eric Garner case.
• Rodney King rights 4^th amendment was violated.
• Officer Wilson did his job in good faith which led Michael Brown to be killed.
• It was "reasonable" to believe the officer who killed the boy believed Tamir Rice was a threat.
• The “no true bill” should be abolished due to the exoneration of Officer Daniel Patelo in the Eric Garner Case.
• In order to prevent crime and catch criminals, the police are sometimes required to bend the law.
• Only the police can control crime in the U.S.

            The procedures for gathering data will be getting the students from colleges who major in criminal justice, sociology, business, mass communications, English, math, political science and other majors. Again, this will be a random selected procedure when choosing the students. Students will identify their age, race, and major in this procedure. The procedure analyzing the data will be looking at the different race and major and the response to the answers will determine the hypothesis. However, this know introductory letter in this procedure.

            Research Questions

Additionally, this study will expose the knowledge and awareness of black scholars on homicide cases by police officers. This study is guided by four research questions:

• What are the primary indicators that best explain African American student perceptions of unjustified police homicides?
• To what extent does social media, radios and television influence black student’s perceptions about outcomes to justified homicides by law enforcement?
• If black educators do perceive justified police homicides to be a growing concern, to what degree are these perceptions related with future implications of policing?
• Do African American students perceive police homicides as a growing concern within contemporary police departments?

            Data Analysis

            The data analysis was will show that the hypothesis is true and accurate. The variables used in this study are independent variable which is unjustified homicides the dependent variable is race and major. In this study four research questions are asked. The first research question is: what are the primary indicators that best explain African American student perceptions of unjustified police homicides? This question is essential in this study because the measurement will come from assessing African Americans as well as other ethnicities to determine the hypothesis.  Indicators to revealing African American perception on unjustified homicides are the protest, and marches they have when a homicide occurs by a law enforcement officer. The second research question is significant to the study because social media, radio, and the news has influences on how citizens think and how they retain their information. However, how a student retained the information of the homicides will determine the data analysis. The third research question is related improving the future generation policing. The fourth question is to focus on all police departments to determine whether the data shows more negative perceptions to determine if it’s a growing concern.

            Limitations

            The limitations in this study will be students not being aware and knowledgeable about the unjustified homicides because they wouldn’t be able to say whether or not they or agree or don’t disagree which this can hinder my research due to the fact it can influence my hypothesis to be not true or relevant.

Ethical Considerations and Confidentiality

            Participants in criminal justice research usually are respondents who are asked to disclose information about themselves or what there knowledgeable about in the criminal justice system. In this experiment participant’s information is confidential and will remain unknown to the public and authorities. Considerations of topic will ensure the confidentiality of the respondents and the criminological study.

Assessing Black Criminal Justice Students Perception: Exposure to Unjustified Police Killings

Questionnaire: Daytona State College, Bethune Cookman University, Embry Riddle

Date: ________                     

Section 1: Background Information

1. Please indicate city of Daytona Beach
2. Gender: Female            Male
3. Ethnic origin (please check only one):

 African American/Black not Hispanic           Caucasian/White not Hispanic

 Asian or Pacific Islander or Filipino  American Indian/Alaskan Native     

 Hispanic/ Latino                                            Multi/Mixed-Race

 Other: __________________________

4. Please state your college major:

 (Please check one):

Section 2: Perceptions of unjustified homicides (please circle one):

SA= strongly agree, A= agree, N= neither agree nor disagree, D= disagree, SD= strongly disagree

            SA         A         N         D         SD

1. The verdict of Sandra Bland was constitutional.          1            2          3          4          5       
2. Trayvon Martin case was justified

by the physical components of the case.                                1            2          3          4          5

3. George Zimmerman being exonerated was constitutional 1 2   3          4          5
4. Police officers enjoy kicking people around          1            2          3          4          5       
5. Rodney King rights 4th amendment was violated. 1   2          3          4          5
6. Officer Wilson did his job in good faith

Which led Michael Brown to be killed.                                  1            2          3          4          5

7. It was "reasonable" to believe the officer

 Who killed the boy believed Tamir Rice was a threat.         1           2          3          4          5

8. Only the police can control crime in the U.S.             1            2          3          4          5
9. The “no true bill” should be abolished due to

  The exoneration of Officer Daniel Patelo

  In the Eric Garner Case.                                                       1            2          3          4          5

10. In order to prevent crime and catch criminals, the

      Police are sometimes required to bend the law                1            2          3          4          5

References

Barthelemy, J. J., Chaney, C., Maccio, E. M., & Church, I., W. (2016). Law enforcement perceptions of their relationship with community: Law enforcement surveys and community focus groups. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(3-4), 413-429. doi:10.1080/10911359.2016.1139992

Chalabi, M. (2016). Reality Check: Study Finds No Racial Bias In Police Shootings. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/news/reality-check/2016/jul/11/study-finds-no-racial-bias-police-shootings-data

Dowler, K., & Zawilski, V. (2007). Public perceptions of police misconduct and discrimination: Examining the impact of media consumption. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35 (2), 193-203. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.stthomas.edu/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.01.006

Jefferis, E., Butcher, F., & Hanley, D. (2011). Measuring perceptions of police use of force. Police Practice & Research, 12(1), 81-96. doi:10.1080/15614263.2010.497656

McLaughlin, E. (2015). We're Not Seeing More Police Shootings, Just More News Coverage. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/20/us/police-brutality-video-social-media-attitudes/index.html

Miller, J., & Davis, R. C. (2008). Unpacking public attitudes to the police: Contrasting perceptions of misconduct with traditional measures of satisfaction. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 10(1), 9-22. doi:10.1350/ijps.2008.10.1.9

Van Craen, M. (2013). Explaining Majority And Minority Trust In The Police. Justice quarterly, 30(6), 1042-1067. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.649295

Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2004). Race and perceptions of police misconduct. Social Problems, 51(3), 305-325. doi:10.1525/sp.2004.51.3.305

Williams, J. & Dingwall, R. (2014). Symbolic interactionism. Encyclopedia of social deviance pp. 723-726. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781483340470.n289

Zwach, S. (2015). Disproportionate use of deadly force on unarmed minority males: How gender and racial perceptions can be remedied. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society, 30(2), 185-222.

Cause and solutions to social inequality

Introduction

Inequality cannot be attributed to a particular person but the various social structures that determine a person’s economic and social standing. While social inequality in United States can mostly be attributed to unequal distribution of resources, global inequality is majorly due to lack of fairness in market in terms of resource exploitation between developed and developing countries.

Social inequality in US

The major factor contributing to social inequality in United States is inequitable resource allocation which leads to social stratification. The pattern of socialization is brought about by different aspects that lead to stratification between individuals so that they are divided into different groups and classes. The resulting society’s structure influences the social standings which are different from one group of people to another.  In United States the economic wellbeing, the education level and leadership positions defines a person’s social standing so that those considered to be rich, highly educated and great leaders occupy a higher social standing in the society than those below them.  This means that the population in United States will be categorized on the basis of how poor or rich they are, how educated they are and how much influence they possess over others. Due to various changes in the US economy, some people and their families have been struggling more than others and those with similar livelihoods normally socialize at similar levels (OpenStax College, 2015).  The kind of livelihood affects people’s social live and their social standing in the society.

Global inequality

The global inequality appears as both social and economic inequality and it stems from the exploitation of the less developed nations by the developed nations. The exploitation is in terms of natural resources and markets so that nations that have low income are unable to industrialize or improve their global standing. The developed nations set up companies in the developing nations and using their economic and technological power they exploit local resources or even export them to their home companies. The companies pay meager salaries to majority of local workers so that the income cannot meet their needs sufficiently.  This confines populations in developing countries in subjective poverty, which consists of various dimensions; in this case the actual income cannot meet the perceptions and expectations of the people (OpenStax College, 2015). This makes the core nations to be dependent on developed economies for access to a sufficient piece of world economy and economic stimulus for local growth. This creates a cycle of dependence that prevents the developing nations from reaching full economic growth. The developed nations select the nations to be offered stimulus or loans and what will be funded, a segmented market is created which benefits only the dominant developed markets (OpenStax College, 2015).

Solutions

Equitable distribution of resources

The basic means of achieving this is striving to provide everyone with an opportunity to equal chances of succeeding. In order to achieve equal resources allocation, every member of the population should be provided with an opportunity to gain education, employment or even in business operations.  This involves having a social pattern that does not allow some groups of people to succeed at the expense of others.

Having an open trade policy

This involves providing a fair playing ground for all countries around the world to participate in global economy and preventing exploitation. The developed countries should be allowed to exploits their resources, establish domestic companies so as to reduce the dependency cycle.

Upholding workers’ rights

This involves providing reasonable pay to workers so as to reduce the cases of abject poverty especially in developing countries. The governments should adopt and implement laws that abolish sweatshops which are a form of exploitation.

Conclusion

Inequality results from social stratification in terms of social standing and economic success in countries and around the globe. The issues of unequal allocation of resources can be solved through provision of equal opportunities for individuals to succeed. Provision of an open trade policy and upholding workers right can solve the global inequality.

Reference

OpenStax College, 2015).Introduction to Sociology. Rice University.2ed.

Human Trafficking

Introduction

This is the trade of human beings, with the aim of using them for forced labour, sexual slavery, and sexual exploitation. This may also include forcing a partner into forced marriage, or even being sold through kidnapping into another country. In addition, the removal of organs or tissues which may include ova removal or even surrogate motherhood may also be the reason for human trafficking. It can therefore take place either in a country, or even between different countries. This type of trafficking is a crime, as it goes against the victim’s rights of movement through oppression and also due to viable misuse. Human trafficking is therefore the trade of human beings, particularly women and children, but it does not necessarily encompass movement of people from one region to another. This paper will analyse the growing problem of human trafficking, and the law enforcement community which is involved in the prevention of this issue.      

Growing Problem of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking has become a significant issue in the world, as it continues growing. It is estimated there are a total 21.3 million refuges all over the world, similarly, there also about 40.3 million people all over the world who are being trafficked or being enslaved (Murthy & Smith, 2010). In the UK, and in the U.S, most people are enslaved, without either knowing it, or without the public’s awareness (De, 2016). Most people in these countries are being enslaved without the general knowledge of the public, be it sex trafficking, and labour trafficking, the number is very huge and it keeps on growing, however it is done secretly thus preventing the public from understanding if there is anything of that sought happening.

Among the vulnerable victims of human trafficking in the world are women, and children, due to their inability to protect themselves (Aronowitz, 2009). It is estimated that over 4 million women and young ladies are being trafficked. On the other hand, men also fall victim of these incidences, nonetheless, they are not as vulnerable as compared to women and girls, but their demand for human trafficking is very high. It is estimated over 9.5 million men and boys are trafficked for the provision if cheap labour, or the distribution of illegal drugs in different parts of the world (Murthy & Smith, 2010).

There are several factors which promote human trafficking, which includes the following:

Natural Calamities, War, Famine and the Search for a better Future. 

Traffickers look for people who are vulnerable to pressure into the human trafficking trade. Migrants, are majorly vulnerable, due to the loss of land, property, or even the loss of family members, making it easier for them to be easily traded (Aronowitz, 2009). In addition, countries which have poor economic conditions or political instability, are trafficking spots for human traffickers, since most people in such countries are easy to convince. Most of the people are usually promised of a better life by the traffickers, who present themselves as well wishers. The victims are then lured into signing enslavement contracts without their knowledge, making it legitimate for the traffickers to easily transport the victims into other countries. For instance, in African countries, victims are usually promised good jobs in Middle East countries, where they are then trafficked immediately after landing in the Middle East (Murthy & Smith, 2010).

Women and Children Targets   

In some societies, women and children are usually devalued a factor which makes them more vulnerable to trafficking as compared to men (De, 2016). Traditional culture and practices, early marriages and the lack of formal birth registration puts women and children at a very high risk of being trafficked. Similarly, women are also targeted due to the high demand of for women in the sex trafficking industries. A recent report suggests that nearly 20.9 million children and adults are purchased and sold all over the world for commercial sexual slavery, forced labour and sexual exploitation (Murthy & Smith, 2010). The majority of those trafficked for sexual exploitation are women and girls who make up 98% of sexual trafficking victims.

Demand for Inexpensive Labour

Service industries which include restaurants, are the conjoint exploiters of human trafficking. These industries require young beautiful women who can be responsible for attracting most male customers to the restaurants for low pay (Murthy & Smith, 2010). In these cases, employees are mostly promised of a better pay, where they are then exploited immediately after they signing working contracts with the restaurants (Aronowitz, 2009). Business owners are usually impressed with type of acts, as it allows them to earn huge profits, thus being able to grow their businesses. Victims cannot therefore do anything else but to obey, since they cannot protect themselves from the traffickers who are very powerful, a factor which makes victims to obey and each and everything they are asked to do by their masters (De, 2016). 

Human Trafficking business is very productive

Human trafficking business generates more than $150 billion annually (Murthy & Smith, 2010). Two thirds of this money is made from commercial sexual exploitation, while the remaining is made from economic exploitation which may include domestic jobs and agricultural jobs. This trade is therefore the fastest growing trade all over the world, and also the second largest industry all over the world (Aronowitz, 2009). Human trafficking is also linked with drug trafficking, where the victims are usually used for the transportation of drugs into different areas, since they may not be easily suspected, and in case of being suspected, then they can be killed a factor which would not affect the continuation of the drug trafficking (De, 2016). The huge demand of people for drug transportation and peddling is therefore what makes it easier for the human trafficking industry to grow at a very fast rate.

Human Trafficking Cases are not easy to Identify 

Identifying victims of human trafficking is not easy at all, since they are highly traumatized or well-hidden, a factor which makes it hard for them to be identified (Aronowitz, 2009). Even after being rescued, victims opt to remain silent about the issue, fearing for the safety of their lives. In addition, they may also be afraid of confronting the police about the matter, due to the fear of being killed or their families may also be targeted. Similarly, victims of human trafficking may also be in a country illegally, a factor which makes them criminals according to the law, hence they cannot seek help from the police because of the fear of being imprisoned (Murthy & Smith, 2010). This therefore allows the traffickers to easily gain control of the victims, making them to do each and everything according to their dictates. Finally, due to the collaboration between the police and the traffickers, it becomes impossible to identify human trafficking cases, because the police end up covering up such information, in order to protect the traffickers (De, 2016).          

Prevention of Human Trafficking

Different law enforcement agencies all over the world are working hand in hand to make sure they bring to an end the issue of human trafficking (Murthy & Smith, 2010). For instance, the United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs (UNODC), conducts research on countries all over the world affected by human trafficking, and then goes ahead to train the law enforcement agencies on how to combat these issues (Aronowitz, 2009). This training is aimed at enabling the law enforcement agencies to understand the methods which traffickers use when smuggling people into different countries across the borders, and ways of countering such issues. Similarly, UNODC also advocates for international cooperation, in order to fully deal with the issues once and for all (De, 2016).     

In the UK, the National Crime Agency (NCA) is tasked with the mandate of preventing human trafficking. Among the measures put in place to combat human trafficking in the country include, preventing human trafficking, protecting human trafficking victims, and prosecuting those found guilty of human trafficking (Murthy & Smith, 2010).

NCA prevents human trafficking through creating public awareness on the possible ways used by human traffickers (Aronowitz, 2009). In so doing, people become aware of how human traffickers behave, and the methods they use in order to trafficking people. In addition, the agency works closely with NGO’s which are looking forward to ending human trafficking in the country (Murthy & Smith, 2010). This agency in the year 2003, reported human trafficking in over 127 countries all over the world, however, some countries did not want to participate in dealing with the issue, as they showed no interest when it came to the matter (De, 2016).

In the US, the department of justice (DOJ) is tasked with the mandate of dealing with any criminal activities in the country. Among these criminal activities include human trafficking where it has different divisions necessary for dealing with human trafficking (Aronowitz, 2009). These divisions include the following: Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS), which takes legal action against case involving child pornography, sex trafficking and sex tourism. The department of labour, Federal Bureau Investigation (FBI) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), work together in dealing with human trafficking in the US (Murthy & Smith, 2010).

NIJ is the overall financier of all the other divisions, which are responsible for combatting human trafficking. It therefore funds human trafficking research, thus making it easier for the country to understand where the main problem lies (Aronowitz, 2009). On the other hand, the FBI conducts investigations on any cases related to human trafficking, thus getting to the bottom of the matter, and understand and ensuring those responsible for human trafficking in the country are brought to book (De, 2016). Finally, the department of labour deals with issues associated to human trafficking for cheap labour, and child labour. This division works together with the FBI to make sure any cases related to human trafficking in the labour division are dealt with accordingly (Murthy & Smith, 2010).      

Conclusion

Human trafficking has become a critical issue, due to the rate at which the human trafficking industry is growing. As discussed in the paper, human traffickers majorly target women and children, since they are more vulnerable as compared to men. In addition, women are also on high demand for sexual exploitation. Different factors contribute to human trafficking, among them include war, natural calamities and the search for a better life, which makes most people to fall into the hands of the traffickers unknowingly. Finally, different departments and agencies all over the world are working together to deal with the issue of human trafficking in the world.  

Reference

Wylie, G., McRedmond, P., & Palgrave Connect (Online service). (2010). Human trafficking in Europe: Character, causes and consequences. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Murthy, P., & Smith, C. L. (2010). Women's global health and human rights. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Aronowitz, A. A. (2009). Human trafficking, human misery: The global trade in human beings. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

De, A. M. (2016). Human trafficking: Women's stories of agency.

Article Review: A View To a Skill: The Myths and Realities of Canada’s Skills Gap Make the Problem Even Harder to Solve.

‘’A view to a skill’’ authored by Sorensen (2014), presents a detailed analysis of the issue of skills gap in the economic setting in Canada. This report offers an evaluation of the author’s strategy to address the skill gap issue and closes that the presentation of the issue was successful as it particularly targeted the primary decision-makers from the public as well as the public sectors. The effectiveness of the article lies in the fact that all the aspects surrounding the issue are clearly outlined, discussed and supported by research-based and authoritative arguments. Sorensen is a popular and well-established writer who mainly focus on issues that are related to finance and business. The author utilized his knowledge in building a thorough and a fully argued and supported research. The importance and effectiveness of the article are dependent on its general association with the subject of employment which is a primary motive for investors, learners, and the government.

Despite the fact that the article does not propose any feasible solution to the issue of skills gap it, however, highlights the need to ensure that organizations work under consistent update of information and details, the significance of offering frequent training and development initiatives to workers (Sorensen, 2014). In addition, the article highlight that the current learning system is rather associated with the negative outcome of skills gap as the programs are focused more on the acquisition of knowledge rather than the development of more practical and useful skills. It is this learning notion that has contributed to the highest rate of unemployment as graduates are focusing on the positions that suit their knowledge thus ignoring the need to generate a balance amid skills, familiarity, and knowledge (Sorensen, 2014).

The Sorensen (2014) asserts that while the current bosses criticize in regard to the shortage of skilled employees it is apparent that their general focus and investment in training has reduced. The issue lies in the concern that companies can no longer be able to hold the well trained and skilled workers based on the likelihood of shifting to other organizations. However, the capability to retain workers is determined by the environment that the bosses create. In that offering, training does not imply that the workers will not leave but it is a sign that the staffs will mainly be satisfied with their roles. This is a form of motivation that should be consistent within the organization (Sorensen, 2014). The article additionally notes on the significance of holding relevant information in regard to the necessary competencies and salary data and emphasis that the government should also play part in support the statistical agencies. Sorensen (2014) proposed to solution to the increasing issue of skill gap which are the learning institutions focusing mainly on practical skills and offering training initiatives to workers by the bosses.

In conclusion, the article is highly significant because it has a direct connection to the issue of employment necessities. Government and all the supportive agencies should combine forces and support the general development and reduction of the skill gap. This is by offering relevant and updated information in regard to the needed competencies. Also, organizations should focus on training while the learning institutions should seek to provide practical and job associated skills rather than just theoretical ones.

Reference

Sorensen, C. (2014). A view to a skill: the myths and realities of Canada’s skills gap make the problem even harder to solve. Maclean’s 127(39) pp. 40-42.

Argumentative paper against having capital punishment

Introduction

Capital punishment is a practice where criminals are put to death as a way of punishment for crime.  Since the implementation of this  practice in  colonial times, many offenders  have faced capital punishment,  but in  20^{th and}  21^st  century the rate of death from capital punishment has reduced as  many States such as Washington, Kansas, Missouri and others  have raised concern on this issue.  Focusing on historical perspective, dealth penalty was applied to capital crimes such as murder, Sodomy, rebellion, idolatry among many.  In 1987, it was found that States were using proportionality review in applying death penalty. In addition, research has found that death penalty is costly compared with life without parole, it is not the effective method of deterring crime but rather leads to brutalizing effect.  In addition, death penalty is a costly process and various errors are encountered as juries and judges lack evidence on whether the offender is guilty or not.  Generally, death penalty does not deter crime, it is costly and the probability of executing offenders who do not deserve death is high.

According to Marzill, capital punishment is not the best approach in deterring crime.  In his argument, the author employs the brutalization theory which states that capital punishment increases the crime rate (Marzill, 37). For example, Bowers and Pierce conducted a study of homicide rate which happens prior to year 1980 in New York and found that the rate of execution was high and after execution was done, the State could experience a high rate of homicide.  This indicates that the act of devaluing human life motivates society members to kill. Marzil adds a point by arguing   the end of punishment matters in deterring crime. In other word, death penalty is not the best approach as it only provides the ‘satisfaction of justice’.    For example in 19th century, death penalty was common in Europe and America but the scene of violence   created a negative impression and caused antideterrence.  Note that people learn that killing is a form of behavior and public execution promotes imitation (Marzill, 39).

According to Brasswell and McCarthy, the argument against death penalty is supported by philosophical and judicial aspects.  Philosophical aspects are supported by religious beliefs while judicial aspects are supported by justice and equity. In philosophical view, death penalty should not be in the category of severe penalties. In other words, severe penalties should involve life without parole, lengthy imprisonment and more to (Brasswell and McCarthy, 28). Despite the fact that proponents argue that capital punishment is associated with deterrence, the point is that many offender are influenced by social situations.  For example, offenders may commit murder in robber situation without a logical reason on the outcome of the action. The author borrows evidence from 1970s deterrence program known as Scared Straight programs. The purpose of the program was to inform imprisoned youths the possible consequences they will face if they commit further crimes. One of the actions that could be taken was death penalty but the study concluded that the rate of crime did not decrease   despite the creation of such a program. The point is the there should be penalties for murder but other types of punishment such as lengthy sentence   would work best (Brasswell and McCarthy, 37).  

 On the point of incapacitation, proponents argue that death penalties adheres to the utilitarian approach of maximizing happiness while minimize unhappiness (Brasswell and McCarthy, 13). However, the reality is that other punishment like life without parole will ensure that an offender   gets an opportunity to change behaviors and can become an important person in life.  The author also argue that  if an offender can stay in  the prison for 10-20 years, the probability of committing  crime when he goes back in the society is low.  Evidence is taken from the Furman cases where offenders were subjected to death penalty but later the system was changed to parole-eligible status.  The new system that offered offender with parole experienced a positive change in that offenders presented positive behaviors in the community (Brasswell and McCarthy, 34). Rather than addressing cases using death penalty, paroled murderers change their behaviors and become important people in the society. On the same note, it is important to use the peacemaking perspective when deciding whether to employ death penalty or not. The importance of peace king perspective is that caring and mindfulness as vital elements are considered.  In his book, Finding freedom, Jarvis Masters states that offenders either in life with or without parole gains an opportunity to question their behaviors and turn way from doing evil. Apart from the offenders’ benefits in changing behaviors, it is important to consider the family members and how they feel when a loved one is subjected to death penalty (Brasswell and McCarthy, 37).

 Nathanson argues that juries and judges make errors when employing death penalty.  The problem    which is  caused  by death penalty is known as the arbitrary imposition which means that offenders who are executed  should face death but offenders  who  are not  guilty and do not  deserve death are executed   (Nathanson, 60). The reality is that juries and judges provide unjust punishment simply because of prejudice and discrimination. The point is that the death penalty system does not adhere to equal justice and so they end up undermining just treatment.  The interesting thing is that both proponents and opponents believe that death penalty is a severe punishment. However, the best argument is that death penalty violates human rights and denies them opportunities for appeal.  In death penalty, juries and judges make big mistakes rooted from inaccurate eyewitness, poor defense representation and more.  A study conducted in 2000 by Liebman et al, showed that prejudicial errors were 68%. In addition, various studies have shown that death penalty cause racial bias in that in 2013, the rate of African Americans on death row was 42 % (Nathanson, 69). The reality is that the legal system cannot offer   100% correct judgment on who is guilty or note.   In other words, the death penalty system does not adhere to justice   but rather   it tends to rest on racial and prejudice.

McLaughlin’s article state that the anti-death penalty movement has raised important argument against death penalty not only in moral grounds but also on economic rationales. Capital punishment is a process which requires a lot of money and resources and the conclusion is that the opportunity cost is high (McLaughlin, 676).  In fact, States such as Maryland has introduced the penalty bill to abolish death penalty. On issues of death penalty, it is important to argue against using the ‘interest-convergence’ which was introduced by Derrick Bell (McLaughlin, 679). According to the theory, during the era of Cold War, the U.S Supreme Court used desegregation and enforced equal doctrine between Black and Whites. Desegregation was associated with positive results in that it led to international reputation and industrialization. Today, in addressing racial or law issues, interest-convergence theory helps in applying affirmative action (McLaughlin, 676).  In relating the interest-convergence theory with death penalty, it is important to focus on   the cost of capital punishment and the cost incurred in life imprisonment. Referring to the Furman case, the cost of executing is higher than the cost of life imprisonment. Reports in death penalty costs from newspapers reporters in different States affirm that the cost of death penalty is high. For example, in 1988, the cost of death penalty in one States was $3.2 million while the cost of life imprisonment was $600,000(McLaughlin, 689). Other reports for Texas, Norn Carolina among other States showed a high costs associated with death penalty than capital punishment. The conclusion made from these reports is that  resources are wasted on death penalty despite the fact that some cases need imprisonment. The point to note is that rather than using death pen laity, it is important to employ other approaches   like life imprisonment and   the system will save a large amount of money. A point to note is that the  high costs is not as a result of   the process of execution but rather the costs is contributed by  lengthy trails, pretrial motions, investigation, technical appeal process and more (McLaughlin, 690).

 According to Shetty, it is important to consider International Standards in employing death penalty.   In this case, International Standards means international human rights and the need to view the act of death penalty as a way of violating human right especially on mentally disabled people (Shetty, 42). In arguing against death penalty, it is worthy saying that  the act is a human right issue  and in this case, it is important to review the  ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’  which states that  people should have a fundamental freedom regardless of race or sex (Shetty, 49).  In human rights, it is important to consider the right to life since the death penalty system employs death penalty to minority than Whites. In a human rights perspective, death penalty violates the rights of people and in particular the right to life. Even if the injustices, the racial bias and the higher cost are avoided,   death penalty is an inhuman act as it violets human rights. Thus, the criminal justice system and the international community should protect the right through respect and protection (Shetty, 53). Lenta adds that   even though   lex talionis adheres to capital punishment as the best approach in deterring crime, it should not be imposed to all crimes. The point is that lex talionis can also be fulfilled through through life imprisonment without parole.  In considering lex talionis, it is important to value working-making features or else the properties of the offense before employing death penalty (Lenta, 45). After identifying the wrong-making features, it is important to make generalization using personal sense on why the offense of wrong. Note that the features of the offense will allow to put other alternative such as imprisonment.

Conclusion

 Death penalty is an inhuman act that violates the rights of human beings.  The process violates the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that affirms that human beings are entitled to fundamental rights and they should not suffer from torture. It is important to value the human rights and provide other punishment such as life imprisonment without parole.  Even if the some proponents argue for Lex Talionis or punishment with respect to the degree of the offense, not all offenses should be addressed through the notion of ‘an eye for an eye’.  However, there are other approaches such as life imprisonment without parole which could allow the offenders to have a positive experience. Other studies show that life imprisonment with parole could also allow the offender to enter in the society and become an important person. Apart from violating the human right, death penalty is costly and its does not deter crime. Costly is incurred due to lengthy trial and other processes thus, rather than imposing death penalty to offenders,   it is important to imprisonment   and this is a way respecting their rights and minimizing the cost spent

Work cited

 Nathanson, Stephen. An Eye for an Eye: The Immorality of Punishing by Death. Lanham: Rowman &

Littlefield, 2001. Print.

Marzilli, Alan. Point/counterpoint: Capital Punishment (2nd Edition). New York: Facts On File, 2008.

Internet resource.

Brawell C. Micheal, McCarthy R. Belinda & McCarthy J. Bernard. Justice, Crime, and Ethics.

Routledge, 2014

McLaughlin, Jolie. "The Price of Justice: Interest-Convergence, Cost, and the Anti-Death Penalty

Movement." Northwestern University Law Review, vol. 108, no. 2, Winter2014, pp. 675-710. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=96185056&site=ehost-live.

Lenta, Patrick. "The Lex Talionis , the Purgative Rationale, and the Death Penalty." Criminal Justice

Ethics, vol. 34, no. 1, Apr. 2015, pp. 42-63. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/0731129X.2015.1029733.

SHETTY, SALIL. "The Value of International Standards in the Campaign for Abolition of the Death

Penalty." Brown Journal of World Affairs, vol. 21, no. 1, Fall/Winter2014, pp. 41-56. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=100868745&site=ehost-live.

                Body Ritual among the Nacirema

‘Body Ritual among the Nacirema’ is an account of Nacirema culture that presents unusual aspects. The author described the habits and customs of this culture and their role in making a meaningful life (Miner, 1956).  In giving this account, the author uses a sociological standpoint and tries to teach us more about the role of culture and rituals in the society. From the story,  the author clearly show that  rituals in life play an important role as it allows community members  share beliefs, create social order , social values and social solidarity. Other point that the author reveals is that rituals are part of human nature. In other words, human nature, human activity an ontogenetic development are needed in creation and maintenance of a society (Miner, 1956). The author informs that this is high time to refrain from self-image, restructure our communities and value the way of life. Note that human society is maintained by forms of behaviors, and human beings must create a culture where norms, values and knowledge are shared (Miner, 1956). 

Nacirema is a culture from North America where individuals are very much dedicated in conduction rituals and ceremonies in order to live a healthy and a beautiful life. The culture has a developed economy   and people work hard to enjoy the economic benefit. However, these people like conducting ritual activities and creating tribal positions in order to succeed in life. In conducting ritual activities, the families have shrines where they perform private ceremonies (Miner, 1956).  A box with many charms is placed on the wall and medicine men are called to maintain security. People who are involved when conducting the rituals include medicine men, magical practitioners and holy-mouth men. The latter conducts the ritual of mouth to maintain social relationships and morality. A common rite that is performed by all people is mouth-rite. Individuals also seek holy-mouth man who uses tools such as awls, prods and others to apply supernatural substances (Miner, 1956). Nacirema culture has temples known as lalipso where ceremonies are carried to heal the sick.  In the temples, listener removes the devil from people who are bewitched.  Generally, Nacirema culture reveals human behaviors and how people live meaningful life through sharing believes and values.

In relating the story with modern world, it is important to say that   people must understand the inherent values and how rituals transform the society.  Nacirema express unusual and uncommon beliefs to show the meaning and the role of cultural values in society. In today’s society, culture play role in ours societies in helping individuals value the unusual behaviors and their role in making meaningful life. In modern society, dominant values allow American community to understand personal behaviors and socioeconomic concepts (Miner, 1956).  Today, Nacirema culture is the new American culture where people use ritual to create community identity through sharing believes and experiences. Modern communities use cross-cultural approach in maintaining vales and norms.Today, sub-cultures, social class other divisions in society fulfills different purposes. Since we are living in interconnected world, it is the high time for communities to maintain social order and create a high tolerance society where people will enjoy freedom and prosperity (Miner, 1956).

 The anthropological concepts which can apply in this article are material culture and   cultural relativism. Nacirema culture use material culture to make meaning. To define the culture Nacirema use physical objects such as temples, shrines and more to present social behaviors (Miner, 1956).  The materials create importance and meaning through revealing social facts while maintaining solidarity. The concept of cultural relativism relates with account in that the Nacirema culture rest on values and practices and cultural standards. The social organization has developed an ethical system where people understand each other. Cultural relativism had maintained a cross-cultural relationship and people have gained new possibilities which they apply in culture practice (Miner, 1956).  In social context, the Nacirema culture use culture relativism to present the meaning the culture through symbolic system.

Reference

Miner Horace. (1956). American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Jun., 1956), pp. 503-507.

Wiley

Part 2 Speech: Marginalization of the Transgender Community

Today, being a transgender remains u excessively challenging, but this does not mean that this stage is a hopeless one (Bridgeman and Winter 1). A decade ago, Americans transgender were commonly referred to as deviants who were not suitable for respectable economic responsibilities, distinguished workplaces and a major disgrace to the respective family and society as a whole (Bridgeman and Winter 1). Disclosing to friends and relatives was not good either as they received pity and isolation (Bridgeman and Winter 1). For many, the transitioning amongst the public process was an equivalent to suicidal. Confronting the inner sense of either a male and female with the external challenges and hate and deciding to come out meant that one was to exist as an exile. However, despite these challenges there are more and more Americans coming out to fight gender identity by transitioning (Bridgeman and Winter 1). Those transitioning are doing this with fear, releasing that while their tolerance muscles are stretching, prejudiced policies and unreceptive uniformed insolences are still prevalent in the society.

It is rather unfortunate that people forget that everyone is entitled to different human privileges which are meant to be enjoyed. The transgender community is comprised of the young and old all who are members of certain families being our work colleagues, das, moms, and siblings and raising families (Christensen 1). This is a diverse community that represents different racial and cultural backgrounds and religion. Based on research there are approximately 700,000 transgender persons in America which are about 0.3 percent of the entire populace and close to 3.5% of the LGBTQ community (Christensen 1). This numbers might be restrictive based on the low number of studies that have been dedicated to determining the transgender populace. Despite the growth of this populace, it is rather apparent that the society is not yet ready to accommodate the needs and feelings of this diverse community. It is a shame that in the 21st-century people are consistently forced to hide their real identities in order to fit into the social standards (Bridgeman and Winter 1).

Most individuals are so certain of their hate for the transgender group as they are guided by the existing social norms thus forgetting that it is the same norms that limit one’s potential and liberty (Christensen 1). Like every other individual, these community deserves to exist in an environment where the concept of support and sympathy outweighs the stories regarding suicide. Attitudes and perception as changing, but in a rather slow mode while lives, desires, visions, and occupations are being destroyed (Christensen 1). In some states, the transgender community is not only required to fight for recognition and acceptance but for equal opportunities as well such as washrooms. It is in such trends that one realizes that regardless of what the society states to be acceptable there are instances where liberty is necessary. The transition is not conducted through witchcraft or any other outrageous process but through medical treatment an aspect that is considered valuable to lives (Christensen 1).

In summing up, it is said that about seven transgender commit suicide monthly across the globe due to negative publicity and prejudice. It is shaming to realize that one can support losing lives over equality. Transgender people are subjected to minimal legal protection, poverty due to lack of employment, healthcare challenges, and violence and identity documents (Atheeque and Nishanthi 640). The community is not only independent but also plays part in building the society both socially and economically something that should be appreciated. Equality is all about preserving and guarding the rights of people by dignifying and supporting them (Atheeque and Nishanthi 640). This is all that is needed from the public administrators and the public in creating a favorable environment for the transgender community and encouraging nationalism.

Work Cited

Bridgeman Graham and Winter Damon. The quest for transgender equality. 2015. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/04/opinion/the-quest-for-transgender-equality.html

Christensen, Elektra. The marginalization of the transgender community. 2015. Retrieved from http://www.okologie.org/blogs/2015/4/2/the-marginalization-of-the-transgender-community

Mohammed Atheeque and Rajathurai Nishanthi. Marginalization of transgender community: A sociological analysis. 2016. International Journal of Applied Research 2016; 2(9): 639-641

Human Rights Reflection Paper

A Detailed and Objective Description of the Human Rights Issues Presented in This Week’s Readings

Human rights are an essential requirement for quality human existence. Every individual on the globe is entitled to equal human privileges that should not be violated at any given time.  These rights are acquired through birth and last until death (De-Schutter, 2012). For most people, human rights are not that serious because they are considered to be a form of social norms which leads to ignorance based on the lack of knowledge regarding what they are and comprised of. Human rights are particularly very crucial as they are utilized in governing policies and conduct of individual’s government, companies, and administrators (Benjamin, 2010). Human rights are universally applied and it is worth noting that every human is enabled to definite general privileges that should never be denied under any given situation (De-Schutter, 2012).

Some of the human rights issues identified from this week’s reading include the application of justice, democracy, discrimination, governance and cultural rights (De-Schutter, 2012). In that individuals should not be discriminated for any reason and good corporate governance is encouraged for morality and social justice to prevail. These rights might include but not limited to civil privileges, political rights and most essential of all the privilege to life and protection. Human rights are considered to be the expression of the necessity for tolerance, communal respect, social justice and human pride in every day’s operations (Benjamin, 2010). It is this right that permits the expression of the universal notion that every one of part of the global possibility of justice and ethics. Protecting human privileges is to ensure that individuals acquire some extent of quality humane treatment (De-Schutter, 2012). Violating essential human privileges is to violate and repudiate people their important justice and ethics entitlement.

An Explanation of the Nature of the Issue(S) and Its Significance to You as a Public Administrator

Human rights should be guarded at all times (Benjamin, 2010). However, due to greed and conflict of interests, most individuals are likely to get attracted to working against the rights for their own self-gain. For instance, most corporate leaders get consumed by unethical activity that involves the inappropriate use of funds and company’s resources at the expense of the shareholders. It is the same corporations that fail to respect the privilege of safety to the community and fail to control their wastes disposal thus exposing people to illnesses (Benjamin, 2010). As a public administrator, I believe that these human rights are important for designing more firm policies that seek to protect human rights and create wellness in the society.

An Explanation of What the Readings Meant To You in the Context of Your Feelings, Values, Knowledge, and Experience

The reading meant so much to me because I do believe that human rights are the only permanent thing in the universe and every individual should be protected from violation. I do believe that it is wrong to discriminate or violate an individual’s privileges based on their socio-economic, ethnic, or even religious background. All humans are equal and the differences only occur based on the diverse values that are held and each should be protected adequately (Benjamin, 2010). Human rights violation occurs when individuals are treated in a manner that is less human and less deserving without being respectful. Some examples of such acts which are considered to be crimes against humans include rape, torture, and genocides that harms the general wellness of the public (Benjamin, 2010).

An Explanation of the Implications These Readings Might Have For Public Administrators

            These readings are particularly essential to the public administrators because they provide knowledge and insight of the most pressing human rights crimes in the society. It is through this lens that the administrators can evaluate the effect of the issues on the public and develop feasible solutions (Twiss, 2011). In addition, the readings can be used as guides while developing related policies.

A Summary of One of the Following:

What You Learned About Yourself As a Public Administrator Based On Your Reaction to the Readings

            As a public administrator, I learned that there is so much to be understood and that I have the obligation of protecting the public. In that wellness of the community is in the hands of the administrators and measures should be taken to create confidence (Twiss, 2011). In addition, it is apparent that there is much to be learned to ensure that I perform the role effectively. In that, I should not only be able to describe what human rights means but should know what are its components and the best way of preserving them.

What You Learned About Global Governance from Examining These Readings

            From the readings, global governance is an initiative that seeks to create political collaboration among the international operators with the goal of negotiating solutions to issues that affect more than a single region. In other words, global governance seeks to create togetherness while guarding human rights and creating global wellness (Twiss, 2011).

Why This Knowledge Is Important To You as a Developing Public Administrator

            This knowledge is important to me as a progressing public administrator because it is a form of exposure to the real situation in the society. The information helps in understanding that human rights should not only be guarded by should also be exercised. Therefore, as a public administrator, I will work consistently to ensure that I know about what is affecting individuals and what policies can be applied in solving such issues.

How You Might Apply This Knowledge in Your Future Practice

            This knowledge will be applied in future public administration to connect with the larger community, understand their issues and implement feasible policies to address the issues. This information is essential in providing the necessary knowledge required for the development of solution via policies that can be applied for the long run (Twiss, 2011).

References

Benjamin, D. O. (2010). Rethinking nonintervention: The challenge of the UN charter and protecting the dispossessed. Public Integrity, 12(3), 201–218.

De Schutter, O. (2012). The role of human rights in shaping international regulatory regimes. Social Research, 79(4), 785–818.

Twiss, S. B. (2011). Global ethics and human rights: A reflection. Journal of Religious Ethics, 39(2), 204–222.

Americans’ Racial Attitudes

Key Terms

“Majority-minority” nation- this is referred to a situation where the total population of minority is higher than the population of the dominant group in a nation. In the article, the term was used to show the rapid increase of racial/ethnic minorities in U.S and how the States will comprise a high population of minority in future. In other words, the article shows that by 2042, over 50% of U.S population will be comprised by minority and dominant group will comprise fewer members (Craig & Richeson, 2014).

Demographic changes-A condition where the population of a country changes in terms of demographic dynamics. This term in the article was used to show the changing racial demographics in American population. The population is changing in that race/ethnic minority is increasing rapidly and by 2042, the population will be higher than 50%.  In other words, America is a melting pot since the States are made of different race and cultures (Craig & Richeson, 2014).

Explicit and implicit racial bias- the changing demographics leads to explicit and implicit bias.  Explicit bias is an attitude expressed to minority in a conscious manner. For example, White people express pro-White bias to own ethnic group. Implicit bias- the article shows that implicit bias is an attitude expressed to minority group in unconscious manner. For example, White people show implicit bias to own ethnic group and show explicit bias to Blacks and Latinos (Craig & Richeson, 2014).

Prejudice- this is referred to as unfavorable feeling and unreasonable attitude toward a certain group simply to their race/ethnicity, gender, social class among other social characterizes. For example, White people show prejudice to minorities simply because they belief that minorities are a threat to the U.S in terms political and economic power. White people belief that the minority will compete for economic resources and take advantage of the dominate group privileges (Craig & Richeson, 2014).

Racial attitude- these are negative feelings that white people express toward racial/ethnic minorities. For example, the demographic change and high population of minority is affecting the White people attitude in that they are developing a racial attitude   and show implicit and explicit bias.

 Intergroup hostility-conflict between dominant growing and minority group which is influenced by competition for resources and unfair treatment such as inequality due to discrimination and prejudice.  This term was used in the article to show that the changing demographics and intolerance will increase conflict between the group due to difference in status and power (Craig & Richeson, 2014).

Conclusion

• The demographic change is creating a ‘majority-minority ‘population and increasing  racial bias
• Dominate group interact and show pro-White bias to own racial group and negative attitudes to  racial minority
• The demographic shift is influenced by racial attitude of the dominant group.
• Racial attitude is the source of intergroup hostility since White people perceive minority as a threat to the nation.
• Dominate group use racial to express implicit and explicit bias to racial/ethnic group.

Reference

 Craig A. Maureen & Richeson A. Jennifer. (2014). More Diverse Yet Less Tolerant? How the Increasingly

Diverse Racial Landscape Affects White Americans’ Racial Attitudes. Vol. 40(6) 750–761, DOI:

10.1177/0146167214524993