Administrative Health Care Annotated Bibliography

Hadi, D. Zenobia, B. & Tala, H. Targeting Unintended Teen Pregnancy in the U.S.: Internal Journal of Childbirth Education. 

The rates of teenage pregnancy in the U.S have been on the rise, as compared to that of other developing countries. This has been attributed to the social situation in the country, where most teenagers are very likely to conceive in their early teenage ages (Hadi, Zenobia, & Tala, 2016). As compared to Canada, U.S teenagers are twice likely to conceive in their adolescent stage, whereas teens in the U.S are ten times likely to conceive in their teenage as compared to those in Switzerland. The main factor contributing to teenage pregnancies is the actual sexual lives which teenagers face, making them to indulge in sexual activities in adolescent period. However, racial ethnic minorities are mostly affected as compared to the racial majority in the country. This has been attributed to the social status of the teenagers. For instance, African American teenagers living in Washington D.C may indulge in sexual activities in order to raise money, due to poverty. This therefore results in early teenage pregnancies among the racial ethnic minorities in the country. 

This article focuses on the areas where teenagers are affected, basing its arguments on actual happenings in the country. In addition, the information has been researched from approved sources, thus making the information provided to be relied upon (Hadi, Zenobia, & Tala, 2016). In addition, the article focuses on information which relevant, thus making it to be relied upon. Scholarly journals are supposed to be focus their information which can be relied upon. The article has therefore met the requirements of a scholarly journal, thus making the information it provides to be relied upon.

Reference

Hadi, D. Zenobia, B. & Tala, H. (2016). Targeting Unintended Teen Pregnancy in the U.S.: Internal Journal of Childbirth Education. 

Table of Contents

What Is The Socioeconomic Impact Of The Heroin Epidemic In Florida Among Adults?. 3

Abstract 3

Introduction. 4

Nature of the Problem.. 4

Purpose of the Research. 5

Significance to Healthcare Providers, Public and Policy Makers. 5

Research Question. 6

Chapter 2: Review of the Literature. 6

The Root Source of Heroin Epidemic. 6

Social Impacts of Heroin Epidemic. 7

Psychological, financial and physical effects. 7

Broken relationships, loss of trust, control and responsibility. 8

Economic Impacts of Heroin Epidemic. 9

Chapter 3: Methodology and Procedures. 10

Methodology. 10

Procedures. 10

Search Procedures. 11

Libraries Used. 11

Search Engines and Databases Used. 11

Search Terms. 11

Boolean Strings. 11

Age of the sources. 12

Research Modalities. 12

Study Subjects. 12

Assumptions. 12

Limitations. 13

Chapter 4: Expectations. 13

Anticipated Benefits. 14

Importance of Anticipated Benefits to Florida’s Community and Policy Makers. 14

Improvement of Healthcare Delivery Systems. 14

Chapter 5: Discussion/Conclusions/Recommendations. 15

References. 17

Dibs: In Search of Self-analysis and Reflection

Identifying information

Dibs was a four year old boy, who was still in kindergarten in a private school. His family was nuclear, which consisted of his dad, his mum and his sister, and his father was a known scientist. The socioeconomic status of his family was not bad, since his dad had a good job, and his parents were also socially outgoing, thus making them to easily relate with other people (Axline, 1967). Dibs’ sister was however anti-social, and she was regarded as, a spoilt brat, due to her unwelcoming behaviour. Dibs had been in the private school for a period of two years.

Pressing Problems   

            Dibs condition can be described as being an introvert, due to the way the boy used to behave. While at school, Dibs did not relate with any children, and would always stay away from them. In addition, he was also aggressive, and at some point he would end up injuring other students. For instance, he scratched one of his classmates (Axline, 1967). At times Dibs was silent, and he mostly preferred to crawl while other children either did group work or did their individual work. He preferred to be at school rather than going home, and would really complain when his mother came to pick him up from school. In as much as he wanted to spend time alone, he liked books and would always look into books as if he knew how to read. However, sometimes he would become very violent particularly when his mother or the chauffeur came to pick him up from school. While alone, Dibs exhibited a unique behaviour, whereby he would closely observe things, and when he saw someone looking at him, he would hide under the table or start crawling.

            Dibs behaviours did not last for long, and this majorly depended on whoever was around him. When Miss A, was around, Dibs was very silent and at ease, and would therefore do things while relaxed. Whenever he was around anyone else, Dibs would not do anything at all, and would therefore remain quiet or start crawling (Axline, 1967). When it came to going home, he would sometimes scream and act violently towards his mother, and he would even hit her with the fist, while sometimes he would only cry for a moment then he would go quiet. The intensity of his behaviour was not predictable, because he would change his behaviour from time to time. Nonetheless, the issue of crawling always lasted for long, as long as other people were around, thus making him to remain alone.

            The condition which Dibs might be suffering from may be autism spectrum disorder. This is basically because Dibs exhibits symptoms which are closely related to that of autism spectrum disorder. For instance, the way Debs remains silent and does not want to relate with other children, hence crawling and hiding under the table (Axline, 1967). In addition, Debs also becomes interested in somethings particularly when alone, and this is also a symptom of autism spectrum disorder.       

            In order to asses Dibs condition, teachers should pay a close attention to what makes Dibs aggressive, silent, and naughty. Secondly, paediatrician should also look into the factors either in school or at home, which affect the way Dibs behaves. Thirdly, Dibs parents should keep him away from things which might affect his character (Axline, 1967). This may include watching war movies, playing violent games, and being too close to his sister, who is very naughty. If the above procedures are followed, then Dibs is likely to change his behaviour, and he is also likely to easily interact with other students without any problems whatsoever. In addition, the factors which affect his behaviour will also be established, thus keeping him away from them, hence improving his behaviour.     

Risk and Protective Factors      

When it comes to Dibs condition, the risk factors are more as compared to protective factors.

Some of the risk factors include:

Poor social relationships with other children.

Lack of concentration in class work.

Poor understanding and cooperation particularly in group work.

Childhood emotional problems.

Low self-esteem

Favourable attitudes towards drugs and alcohol.      

School violence.

Low commitment to classwork

Low positive mood (Bekhet & Matel, 2017).

Difficulty in school transition

Discrimination especially from the society

Isolation

Peer rejection from his own peers. 

Protective Factors

High academic achievement

High concentration ability, particularly when alone.

Optimistic outlook on life

Focused and determined.

The above risk and protective factors clearly explain the condition which Dibs is suffering from, and how it might affect his life. Looking at the risk factors, Dibs is more likely to suffer if the condition is not taken care of on time (Bekhet & Matel, 2017). Due to his behaviour of distancing himself from other children, it may be very hard for him to understand how to relate with other people, as he grows up. Moreover, due to his temperamental behaviour, Dibs is likely to become violent, particularly towards other children, making them to bully him or even distance themselves from him as he grows up.

Lack of cooperation in classwork is a very critical issue, which affects Dibs’ as a student. As a student, Dibs will be required to participate in group works and individual work, thus if he is not able to pay attention to group work, then he might not benefit from what other students would be discussing (Bekhet & Matel, 2017). This might lead to poor performance in class work, hence the child may not pass well in his studies. However, due to the characters which Dibs exhibits while looking at a book, it is evident that he may be interested in reading, a factor which may help him in improving his performance, thus he may be able to perform better at school.

When looking at the protective factors, Dibs is likely to concentrate particularly when he is alone, or when surrounded by a person whom he is used to. This can therefore help him in paying attention in class, particularly if he close to the teacher (Bekhet & Matel, 2017). On the other hand, if he is not close to the teacher then he may not pay attention. In addition, he may become focused, since he pays attention to certain things when alone, and this may translate to reading when alone. Furthermore, he might be optimistic, due to having less interaction with other children, and not caring so much about the things which may not be of importance as other kids would do.          

Personal Reaction

            Dibs book clearly explains what some children pass through, and how some parents may not realize if the child is not okay. When looking at Dibs’ condition, it is very hard to know if he is actually affected by a serious condition. The book therefore allows parents to observe the reaction of their children, hence providing the necessary care to them while young.       

Reference

Axline, V. M. (1967). Dibs in search of self. New York: Ballantine Books.

Bekhet, A. K., & Matel-Anderson, D. (2017). Risk and Protective Factors in the Lives of Caregivers of Persons With Autism: Caregivers' Perspectives. Perspectives In Psychiatric Care, (3), 199. doi:10.1111/ppc.12158

Sampling Components

Definition and Role of Each Probability Sampling Component

Element

In probability sampling, an element can best be described as a unit to which the investigator is mainly interested in information gathering with its reference (Khan, 2011). The element plays a primary role in research which is to offer a ground for the gathering and analysis of the acquired information.  The elements usually offer information that is relevant to a given populace (Khan, 2011).

Population

In research a population can best be described as a set of persons or items that are associated with the needed characteristics that the investigator is objected at examining, examining as well as comprehending (Khan, 2011). In other words, it is a major set of all the involved subjects in which the investigator is interested to explore. A population in this context is a comprehensive combination of components that are utilized in an investigative study. Also, it can be described as a group of elements with equal characteristics. The provision of items set from which sample populace can be chosen is the major role that is placed by a research population (Khan, 2011).

Study Population

A research population can best be defined as a set of individuals of study subjects. The research population is of much significance given that it determines the outcome of the study (Khan, 2011). In other words, the study populace is a group of identical elements that the investigator decides on examining based on their importance to the study subject. The main role of the research populace is to offer the investigator with accurate and dependable responses to help solve the presented issue (Khan, 2011). The study populace should possess comparable features in relation to the study subject.

Random Selection

In research, random selection is the general procedure of selecting the research subject. The objective of the selection is to ensure that all the populace’s members are given equal opportunities to participate as respondents (Bachman & Schutt, 2017). The techniques permit unsystematic and non-judgmental selection. The role played by this approach is to eliminate biases while increasing accuracy as well as the reliability of the study. The method increases the general opportunities for more enhanced representation of the population and eradicating discrimination (Bachman & Schutt, 2017).

Sampling Unit

A study sample unit is a sole element that is selected from the targeted populace for evaluation. In other words, this is a set of elements that are utilized in making the wider selection of the study populace (Bachman & Schutt, 2017). The major role is to create a ground through which the investigator can select the populace in general (Dattalo, 2010).

Statistic

This refers to a summarized description of a given variable within a sampled populace. The primary responsibility is to make measurements in regard to certain features as well as characteristics of the selected populace (Bachman & Schutt, 2017).

Parameter

In research, a parameter is a descriptive analysis that is offered from a certain populace. The parameter is mainly utilized as a variables aspect for the whole populace (Dattalo, 2010).

The Pros of Probability over Non-probability Sampling Technique

Probability sampling is described as the sampling approach where the elements within a populace hold equal participation opportunities (Dattalo, 2010). The primary benefit of probability sampling revolves on that it offers equality and impartiality in its selection which tend to eliminate any instances of prejudices while accuracy and dependability of the study are enhanced. In that, the approach encourages truthfulness (Dattalo, 2010). In addition unlike non-probability, the selected sample is represented adequately given that all the targeted subjected are involved in the sampling procedure. More so, probability sampling, in general, is characterized by high convenience given that the completion necessitates a high populace. This helps in information maximization and the investigator has more ideas to support the developed hypothesis (Dattalo, 2010). Further, the technique is effective in lowering biases of the investigator which contributes to dependability. Lastly, the technique is characterized by application ease due to the simplified procedure of selection and enclosure (Dattalo, 2010).

References

Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. K. (2017). The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice (6th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Dattalo, P. (2010). Ethical dilemmas in sampling. Journal of Social Work Values& Ethics, 7(1), 1–12.

Khan, J. A. (2011). Research methodology. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation. APH Publishing Corportaion.

Interpreting Data Outputs

Explain your interpretation of the qualitative results in the article, “Why Rape Survivors Participate in the Criminal Justice System,” including which variables are most significant and the conclusions you can draw about the significant variables you identified

The article authored by Patterson and Campbell (2010) titled “Why Rape Survivors Participate in the Criminal Justice System,” developed its qualitative findings through interview surveys. The research utilized interviews conducted on 20 participants who were rape victims (Patterson & Campbell, 2010). The participants made the decision of cooperating with the justice systems in the quest of preventing repeated cases of rape to them or even others. In addition, the decision was fueled by the need to inspire all others in similar scenarios while others had no option given that the officers have contacted them regarding the issue (Patterson & Campbell, 2010). The teamwork became even more authoritative after the participants made the decision of trusting the offices to conduct the investigation while utilizing medical results as proof for the crimes that had been committed (Patterson & Campbell, 2010). The study is an experimental one considered external rationality where the selected sample involved the populace that had direct experience regarding rape cases. In addition, the study acknowledged ethical considerations and thoroughly informed the respondents of the study’s role and their confidentiality. After the participants were assured they were highly willing to partake and assist the criminal justice system. The approach worked in ensuring that the participants were in high control and that their rights were acknowledged and were not pressured to be involved.

Inconsistency with qualitative research the research established as described its sample while highlighting the enclosure standards prior to analyzing the results or making suggestions (Bachman & Schutt, 2017). The use of this variable was particularly crucial given that the study populace was well described to demonstrate the fact that despite the fact that the study is in search of justice, the likelihood of sexual offenses from the same criminals is lowered. The researcher’s first focused on creating understanding and positive relationships with the victims prior to conducting interviews (Patterson & Campbell, 2010). The results were analyzed and reported based on the responses acquired from the respondents during the investigation. It is apparent that most victims will shy from engaging in the criminal investigation due to poor relationships with those in charge which normally discourages their willingness to offer truthful information (Fogel, 2007). Justice can best be described as the process of creating equality or fairness while guarding individual’s privileges (Fogel, 2007). The research was not discriminatory given that all the selection principles were followed to guard justice and confidentiality of the participants which contributed to its consistency.

In conclusion, an essential variable that was established from the article is consent and confidentiality inquiry. The subject of rape is a sensitive one both in the emotional as well as physical context, and victims should at all times be protected from additional harm. Confidence is an aspect that is only acquired by ensuring that the participants are involved in a desirable manner. The participants in the case should be well informed of the study’s outcomes and use. In addition, significant interactions should be encouraged given that they normally increase confidence in all its victims and create the will of participation. It has been established that the willingness of participants and particularly crime victims in offering responses to the criminal justice is usually determined by the interactions developed.

References

Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. K. (2017). The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice (6th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Fogel, C. (2007). Ethical issues in field-based criminological research in Canada. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 2(2), 109–118.

Patterson, D. & Campbell, R. (2010). Why Rape Survivors Participate In The Criminal Justice System. Wiley Online Library. DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20359

Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites: The Race and Religion of Zombies by Elizabeth McAlister

Introduction

In the article, ‘’Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites: The Race and Religion of Zombies’’ authored by McAlister Elizabeth, the author attempts to provide insights to the readers in regard to zombies. The significance of the article is that it highlights Haitian familiarity and religion. In achieving this the author hints the beginning of Zombie from the ancient Haitian culture (McAlister 473). While she utilizes ethnographic research she connects the results with the current day’s zombie and the manner in which they are viewed in today’s American culture (McAlister 472). McAlister throughout the article argues that Zombie is not a mere popular culture occurrence but is an entrepreneurial, spiritual, mythological and racial symbol.

Today’s American culture is a symbolic depiction that highlights the intrusive social modifications that have been fueled by the diverse groups that have settled in the country (McAlister 461). The past assumption of Haitian culture offers the most suitable sample from the article regarding the manner in which the American Society has changed because of the influence that has been installed by its new populace on its major magnitudes of the prevalent culture. Within the fresh epidemiologic Zombie’s outbreaks visualizations, immigrants, as well as other fresh groups, are perceived as a dangerous and intimidating component (McAlister 474). This is an aspect raids panic within the whole American society that then grow to a campaigned mistrust.

McAlister, however, asserts that the established fear can be eliminated socially. In that, for instance, contrary to the past where women were subjected by inferiority the kind of woman in the American society today has overcome the gender-based discrimination by working against the blocks that hindered her desires and is now engaging and accomplishing most things that were previously considered to be done by men (McAlister 461). However, today, belief, ethnicity, and sex are still empowered structures via which the social ladder is propagated. The article argues that today American Zombies are constructed and campaigned politically and socially which creates a form of panic. In that, the cultural and social depiction of the American zombies is normally an authoritatively associated with major governmental and social groups that are perceived as dangers by the white community and upper-class persons (McAlister 462). This groups that are today’s zombie include immigrants, black people and modern women who are now engaged in responsibilities previously considered to be male’s (McAlister 465).

In the ancient period, Zombies were perceived as a form of luck because they not only provided cheap labor in the slavery period but they generated wealth for the government and natives (McAlister 462). It is, however, very saddening that the notion has changed and the groups have made undoubtedly changes for the betterment of themselves and that of others. McAlister highlights that these changes have created a culture that is full of panic. She notes that for most films in the past, typically zombies were black but today the norm has changed since they are mainly while the protagonist is for the colored persons (McAlister 461).

Conclusion

In summing up, while the knowledge of zombies has existed for years, Zombies have always been utilized as an ethnicity symbol. In that in the society today the non-natives are considered to be major threats to the dominating race based on the changes they have brought. It is apparent from the article that the notion of threat is mainly fueled governmentally and socially something that can be eliminated by encouraging togetherness and acknowledging the contributions of every group.

Work Cited

McAlister, Elizabeth. Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites: The Race and Religion of Zombies. 2012. The Institute for Ethnographic Research (IFER). Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 2, p. 457–486.

Importance of Research

The topic of the research was unknown causative agents of human disorders. The topic was important to researcher, as it allowed her to be able to come up with the solutions to the problems which either her, her family member, or other people went through. For instance, Naomi Shah decided to conduct a research on the causes of asthma, and the possible ways of treating the disorder. This was basically because her family members were affected by asthmatic, a factor which made them to encounter allergic conditions even after the pollen season. Due to that reason, Shah was determined to look for the main causes the prevalence of the allergic conditions, and the possible solutions to dealing with asthma (Lauren, Shree, & Naomi, 2011). 

Each and every person collected data through different ways, and this was through conducting simple tests at home, where the data was then taken to a science laboratory for further examination. For instance, Lauren collected data from a chicken specimen she had prepared and took it to the science laboratory where different components were evaluated and the data was then collected. As of Shree Bose, she collected the data from a science laboratory, where she was allowed to conduct the experiment under the watchful eye of Dr. Basu (Lauren, Shree, & Naomi, 2011). Thirdly, Naomi collected the data from a volunteer, named July, where she offered to provide her own medical conditions as offered by the doctor. This consequently made it easier for Naomi to be able to compare the effects of asthma on the body, and its causes.

The three researches conducted had their own results, based on what was being researched by each person. In the first research, which was conducted by Lauren, it was evident that indeed grilled chicken contain casinogenic chemicals, which are harmful to the body, however marinating the chicken with salt, lemon and sugar inhibits casinogenic formation. This is basically because, lemon reduces the effects of casinogen by 98%, followed by both salt water and brown sugar by 60% (Lauren, Shree, & Naomi, 2011). In the second research, which was conducted by Shree, it was discovered that AMP kinase, an energy protein, was responsible for making cancer cells resistant to treatment. In that case, the AMP kinase was blocked thus making the cancer cells not to resist treatment. In the final research, conducted by Naomi, it was discovered that the main causative agents of asthma were actually indoors, and they included carpets which trapped dirt, incense, lit candles and air conditioners.

A health service administrator may therefore use the data collected from the research in being able to treat different conditions, such as asthma, and cancer (Lauren, Shree, & Naomi, 2011). This is basically because, the research conducted proved that there were indeed new methods of treating certain conditions. Due to that reason, a health administrator may consequently use the data collected as a means of administering treatment to a patient, hence understanding the effectiveness of the method. In addition, the method may also be tested by a health administrator, thus coming up with certain conclusions on the effectiveness of the mode of treatment, or it might also be used to treat some volunteers, whereby the reaction of the method will be closely monitored in order to understand how the mode of treatment works, and what its side effects might be. This can be a very useful way of understanding how the new method works.

Reference

Lauren H, Shree B, & Naomi S. (2011). TED Ideas Worth Spreading. Retrieved from: https://www.ted.com/talks/award_winning_teen_age_science_in_action#t-902869

Equality & Equity. Concepts & Applications

1. Social equality and equity are the core principles of any constitution, in order to ensure smooth running of services within a country. Social equality basically deals with the equableness in the human social values, thus allowing people to be treated equally. On the other hand, social equity is based on the social authority which one has, thus being able to hold a certain position. For instance, a person who has advanced his knowledge over a certain course of study tends to hold a greater position as compared to the one has little or no knowledge concerning that course of study (Frederickson, 2005). However, in business setting, those in authority are supposed to foster both equity and equality, through setting up standard regulations of which should be followed. In addition, all employees should be treated equally, regardless of their social status, race, gender or even level of education (Glaser et al, 2011).
2. According to Peter, C. (2015), social equity, reciprocity, and social equality, shape the face of the social justice. Social equity and equality provide clear principles regarding how people should be treated, and how they should relate with one another. In addition, social equity and social equality allows for fair treatment of people from different classes, gender or even backgrounds.
3. Social inequality and inequity has affected the social relations of individuals within an organization or even in a country. For instance, the levels of racism have been on the rise, a move which has made it difficult for people of a certain race to get jobs. In order to deal with this issue, the first step would be acknowledging that social inequity and inequality is an issue (Glaser et al, 2011). This will consequently lead to the creation of inclusivity, where the administrator will seek to improve social equality and equity through advocating for social equality and equity within an organization. This is one of the best strategies, as it does not lead to the discrimination of people of a certain race in order to favor those of the other race.   

References

Peter, C. (2015). Equality, Equity, and Reciprocity: The Three Pillars of Social Justice: Institute for the Study of Complex Systems.

Note: Rerieved from: http://complexsystems.org/publications/equality-equity-and-reciprocity-the-three-pillars-of-social-justice/     

Frederickson, H. G. (2005). The state of social equity in American public administration. National Civic Review, 94(4), 31–38.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Glaser, M. A., Bartley Hildreth, W., McGuire, B. J., & Bannon, C. (2011). Frederickson’s social equity agenda applied: Public support and willingness to pay. Public Integrity, 14(1), 19–37.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Alcohol and drug issue in Colorado

Problem

 In Denver, Colorado, substance addiction and drug abuse is a challenge and a big threat to community health. The population affected by this problem is homeless youth and the issue has led to many devastating problems such as mental illness, trauma, violence and poverty to the homeless youths in the community (Merscham, Van Leeuwen & McGuire, 2009). Drug abuse has also has increased the costs of addiction since U.S spends   more on public health and safety. In addition, drug use has contributed to devastating effects to health care, education, criminal justice and more. Generally, substance addiction and drug abuse is a big problem in Denver, Colorado where majority of homeless youth suffer from mental illness and they end up engaging in antisocial behaviors such as substance use (Merscham, Van Leeuwen & McGuire, 2009).

 Causes

 In U.S total adolescent population, one-quarter comprise homeless youth who suffer from risk factors which are triggered by sexual, physical and emotional abuse. Majority of homeless youth are from chaotic backgrounds where they experience physical abuse. Adolescents suffer from health risk factors and mental illness which are rooted from lost productivity, poverty, child abuse and more. Merscham, Van Leeuwen & McGuire (2009) affirm that in 2000 and 2004, psychiatric disorders from homeless youth were 66% to 89% respectively. According to substance abuse studies, substance use and drug abuse is high in homeless population where 41% to 48% adolescents are alcohol abusers and 39% to 47% are drug abusers (Merscham, Van Leeuwen & McGuire, 2009). The study from the article states that   homeless youth suffer from mental illness and they live a poor life on the street.  The street life drives them toward performing antisocial behaviors due to homelessness.

Solution

 The article asserts that the social issue of substance use and drug abuse can be prevented through addressing the trauma. In other words, there should be a concern on the homeless situation and the providers of healthcare services should get training based on diagnosis and treatment of trauma affecting the homeless youth (Merscham, Van Leeuwen & McGuire, 2009).  Adolescents should be treated individually in terms of assessing mental problems, trauma and substance abuse issues. The article puts emphasis that the treatment plan should start with dealing with mental illness so that adolescents can move forward with life.  After implementing treatment opportunities, it is important to supplement funding which will aid education and establish community-based coalitions (Merscham, Van Leeuwen & McGuire, 2009).

Reference

Merscham, C., Van Leeuwen, J. M., & McGuire, M. (2009). Mental Health and Substance Abuse

Indicators Among Homele+ss Youth in Denver, Colorado. Child Welfare, 88(2), 93-110.

Policy on Discrimination in New York

Statement of Issue 

Racism in New York has been on the rise, and this been attributed to the social relations between people of different races. Even though the society condemns those who engross racism, harassment and racial discrimination in workplaces, schools and public areas remain a critical issue. When it comes to workplaces, most managers fail to discourage racial issues which take place in the workplace (Vaz, 2014). In addition, in schools, most teachers tend to keep quiet, or even support racial activities in the school, through favoring certain races. Teachers, federal governments and employers have also failed to implement neutral policies which can counter racism and protect the racial minorities. This is a factor which has put racial minorities at the risk of being discriminated by the racial majorities.

• The lack of policies protecting minorities in schools, public areas and workplaces, has led to a huge number of children dropping out of schools, lack of employment for the racial minorities and poor social relations in public areas (Hughes, 2016).
• Employers’ failure to deal with racism in the workplaces, has also led to the discrimination of the minorities, since they cannot apply to jobs, due to the high requirements, required, thus limiting the racial minorities from getting the jobs (Witherspoon, Seaton & Rivas, 2016).

Policy Option    

• The teaching staff, federal government of New York, and employers’, have the mandate of ensuring that any form of racial discrimination is not tolerated either in public areas, workplaces or in schools. This can be done through advocating for equal treatment of the races, and through coming up policies protecting any forms of racial discrimination (Vaz, 2014).
• Advantages

Ensures all races are treated equally, regardless of whether they are the majorities or minorities (Hughes, 2016). In addition, it allows people of all races to relate with each other peacefully, thus making it easier for the city of New York to deal with the issue of racial discrimination. Finally, the issue of unemployment and drop out of schools by the minorities will be greatly reduced, and the number of employees from different races in the workplaces should also be equal (Witherspoon, Seaton & Rivas, 2016).  

• Disadvantages

Major companies will have to lay off some of their employees, in order to accommodate employees from other races, thus balancing the number of race in a company. In addition, most companies may run out of capital, due to the cost of laying off and recruiting new employees (Vaz, 2014).

• The society in general, should change the racial norm in New York, where houses of the Whites are segregated from those of the African Americans. African Americans and the whites should be allowed to mingle, and to live in similar areas around New York without any problems at all (Hughes, 2016).
• Advantages

African Americans and the whites will be able to live peacefully without the fear of discrimination in New York (Witherspoon, Seaton & Rivas, 2016). Moreover, they will also easily mingle with other races, thus ensuring better relations between the races in the city (Vaz, 2014).

• Disadvantages

This may lead to the growth of classes, where whites might feel superior to the African Americans (Hughes, 2016).

Policy Recommendation

  Due to rate at which racial discrimination is growing in New York, this matter should be addressed within the shortest time possible (Witherspoon, Seaton & Rivas, 2016). The federal government should therefore come up with new strategies and implement new laws, of protecting any forms of racial discrimination either in public areas, workplaces or even in schools. In so doing, the issue of racial discrimination in the city of New York will be a thing of the past, and most people will be able to live peacefully regardless of their racial differences (Vaz, 2014).  

Reference

Vaz, M. (2014). “We Intend to Run It”: Racial Politics, Illegal Gambling, and the Rise of Government Lotteries in the United States, 1960–1985. Journal Of American History, 101(1), 71-96.

Hughes, R. (2016). Teaching Note Race, Housing, and the Federal Government: Black Lives on the Margins of the American Dream. Radical Teacher, (106), 138-140.

Witherspoon, D. P., Seaton, E. K., & Rivas-Drake, D. (2016). Neighborhood Characteristics and Expectations of Racially Discriminatory Experiences Among African American Adolescents. Child Development, 87(5), 1367-1378.

Abstract

There is a general observation that society has unconsciously set standards as to what I acceptable  and not in relation to ones gender. There are what are considered as acceptable practices and approaches to every issue relating to gender and sexuality. This is indeed a wide topic and one that generates a heated argument. In this paper, focus  is given to  intersexuality as one aspect of this debate.

Introduction

The term intersexuality generates a lot of debate and may sometimes mat  be  misunderstood especially when trying top define who is intersexual or not. Various interpretations and definitions have been brought forward in relation to this term. The debate on its use however is raised  by the term  itself as well as its application , particularly to people who are considered to be intersexual. The society has its own way of looking at this whole topic and various societies have  a particular way in which they handle  this group of people. In this paper, effort will be made to explain the term from a personal perspective as well look into what has been laid out in various academic material.

Understanding the Term Intersexuality.

It may be important to highlight at the onset of this discussion that the term intersex  is also commonly refereed to as hermaphrodite  and this is perhaps the  commonly used term. Intersex (from which intersexuality is derived)  may be understood from a basic point of view as a condition in which a person  or any other animal does not come out clearly as either male or female. Technically this individual may have sex chromosomes, anatomy or physiology that cannot be described from as social point of view as male of  female(Califia,2003).Primarily, the all flora and fauna will easily be classified as either male or female. Therefore when an individual doesn’t fall  into any of these categories there is bound to be a “conflict” that must be labeled in a given way by the society. Researchers argue that  intersexual characteristics  will often  be visible at birth, but some develop later during puberty(O'Keefe and  Fox,  2003)). Another important factor to underline is that   one cannot be labeled intersexual by relying on just a single observation or existence of a single characteristic. That  is to say  there is no single “intersex body;”  but  the understanding  is that the individual has a variety of conditions that do not have anything in common other than that they are deemed “abnormal” by the medical establishment.

Intersexuality  may also be understood by looking at as the existence of both male and female hormones or physiological characteristics in  an individual. Traditionally, this phenomena has been distinguished as  the existences or both male and female organs in and individual’s body(Harper, 2007). Unlike many other forms of sexuality such as homosexuality which I may be acquired  though conscious will, intersexuality is more of a natural occurrence..

Personal Position

 From a personal perspective, intersexuality  is more of a natural occurrence that  tends to  make an individual not to have a clear distinction or alienation to either male or female. It may presented in their genitals or other physiological components or any other form. My position is that these are normal individuals with the ability to perform  any task and unless  one feels that they would need to alter this for one reason or the other ,it should be let to remain and such individuals  should be accorded respects like all other persons

Explanation of the position taken

I strongly believe that intersexual individuals have the ability to carry out any  tasks in life just like other human beings except where there may be medical concerns in one way or the other. To a great extent, these occurrences are natural an individual is born only to realist that  they belong to this category  by the existences of  the mentioned characteristic. In that case, these individuals may not have anything much to change. Society nonetheless has a tendency of looking at these  individuals as “abnormal.”In fact, in some societies, if a child exhibits characterizes of being hermaphrodite, they may face a number of challenges and in extreme cases they may be killed. The reality though is that many intersexual individuals are just between male and female through a genetic alienation  but in the overall  they are able individuals (Systems, 2006). In that case, these individuals should be protected by law and any other means applicable. The discriminatory nature  in which  these individuals are treated in some places should  be discouraged and addressed.

In respect and response to this concern, it is my strong believe that intersexual individuals should put efforts to protect their own position and make it known to the world that theirs is not a misfortune. The formation of the intersex Society of North America (ISNA) for example is a clear demonstration   of how such individuals can make a difference  by countering  stigma. This organization states its mandate as addressing the “shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female.”( Dreger, 1999) In other words they firmly being male or female may not necessarily occur to an individuals and in case one is born an intersexual the best thing is to accept  it and live with it.

This position is further asserted by an evaluation of what individuals have to contend  with when confronted with an intersex child. Here, doctors undertake a process that essentially in the first years of that child’s life aimed to create genitals that appear “normal” or ones that  conform to society’s definition of male and female bodies. One of the dangers of  this process is that there is risk of  compromising sexual sensitivity and future gender/sex preferences of the individual. That is, the individual in their adulthood may feel they should have been let to belong to the other gender. Making such a decision thus becomes a risky affair

Common Disputes

To some extent, my position may be challenged by those who believe that an individual can and should only be male or female. This therefore becomes a point debate especially given that  in the modern world there are  possibilities of  successfully undergoing a transformation and an individual born as an intersexual  be made a distinct male or female. Those holding the opinion that a man must be and should be distinctly male or female may therefore  want to argue that intersexual should endeavor to achieve such a position. These opinions are further asserted  by arguments that align to the fact that one can only be able to perform some tasks appropriately if they are alienated to  a particular gender. For instance, the question of   whether these individuals can marry comes into the picture. In addition, thee might be the argument of  how these individuals  will be legally recognized or identified. With such views, one may want to argue that  my position that intersexual individuals  should be let to remain as they are may  be challenged.

References

Califia, P. (2003). Sex changes: The politics of transgenderism. San Francisco: Cleis Press

Harper, C. (2007). Intersex. Oxford: Berg.

Dreger, A. D. (1999). Intersex in the age of ethics. Hagerstown, Md: University Pub. Group

O'Keefe, T., & Fox, K. (2003). Finding the real me: True tales of sex and gender diversity. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass.

Sytsma, S. E. (2006). Ethics and intersex. Dordrecht: Springer

.

Research process and Methodologies Study Guide

Steps in the research process

The initial step in research process involves the identification of the problem to be studied and developing a research question on the same. A research problem is an issue that has been identified and which needs to be explored in the study.  Reviewing literature review follows where the researcher should gain more knowledge about the topic being investigated and especially on studies that have been conducted in the past, how they were conducted and conclusion arrived at. The aim is to fill any existing gaps. The third step involves formulation of a research question and methodology and coming up with a problem statement or hypothesis on the basis of the research question. The fourth step involves a clear definition of terms and concepts used in the problem statement and as applied in the study (Blankenship, 2010). Then, definition of research population is done where the group or items available to the researcher for the purpose of the study is identified so as to narrow the scope from a large population to a manageable one.  The next step involves selection of a research design where the research decides whether the research will be quantitative or qualitative including the methods to be used in collection, analyzing and interpretation of results. The research is then carried out where collection of data to provide information for answering the research problem. The data is then analyzed and results interpreted and finally the findings of the research are reported for the purpose of sharing knowledge (Blankenship, 2010).

Difference between a hypothesis and a research question

A research hypothesis is in form of a proportional statement while the research question is presented in a question format. A hypothesis is used in indicating the relationship between variables while a research question largely involves a question aimed at addressing one component of the stated hypothesis. Hypothesis are normally used in the studies that are experimentally quantitative and in testing a given model or theory.  Research questions are usually applicable in qualitative research with an aim of answering questions that are open-ended but are also used in quantitative research (Mellinger & Hanson, 2016).

Three types of research methodologies

Descriptive research – this method involves provision of a true portrayal of characteristics of a specific group, individual or group and is done when there is little knowledge about a given phenomenon (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2013).

Correlational research methodology is done through systematically investigating a relationship between two variables or among more than two variables that have been observed in practices or identified in theories or both (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2013).

Experimental research methodology involves an investigation that is systematic, objective and controlled and it is done with an aim of controlling or predicting a given phenomena. In this methodology, variables are vigorous controlled and hence are considered to be the most effective (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2013).

Types of data collection tools used in health care research

The tools used in data collection include surveys, interviews protocols and moderator guides for focus groups. Surveys as tools are used to collect data from a relatively big sample of research population and which is then followed by a collecting fewer data from these individuals. In surveys, a researcher uses information obtained from a given sample of the population to come up with some inference about the wider population (Polit & Beck, 2004).An interview protocol is usually an inquiry instrument where questions are asked to obtain some particular information related to the purpose of the study. The interview protocol also involves the provision for collecting feedback on those protocols.  The focus group moderators are usually employed in health care research with an aim of exploring the health care professionals and patients perspectives on a given topic. Information is collected using semi-structured process of group interview and moderated by a leader (Polit & Beck, 2004).

Sampling methodologies

Sampling methods consist of probability and non-probability sampling. The probability sampling techniques are such that every element in the group has a non –zero chance of being selected while in the non-probability sampling technique, the likelihood of choosing every element is not known (Hall, 2008). Probability sampling methods include:

Simple sampling: where all possible samples of a given number of projects have equal chances of occurring (Hall, 2008).

Stratified sampling; where population is divided into groups based on particular features and a probability sample within each group is selected (Hall, 2008).

Cluster sampling: every population member is assigned to one group –cluster - , a clusters sample is chosen randomly and survey is done only within individuals in sampled clusters (Hall, 2008).

Multistage sampling; a sample is selected using different combined methods of sampling (Hall, 2008).

Systematic random sampling; a list of every population members is selected from which the first element of the sample is randomly selected (Hall, 2008).

Descriptive and inferential comparison

 The descriptive analysis and inferential analysis utilizes the same set of data collected from a given sample of statistics in a research. The descriptive analyses depend purely on the collected data set while an inferential analysis depends on the same data so as to come up with generalization on the broader population (Goodwin, 2010).

Reference

Goodwin, C. J. (2010). Research in psychology: Methods and design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 141

Blankenship, D. (2010). Applied research and evaluation methods in recreation. Human Kinetics. 17-18

Mellinger, C. D., & Hanson, T. A. (2016). Quantitative research methods in translation and interpreting studies. Taylor & Francis. 5

Grove, S. K., Burns, N., & Gray, J. (2013). The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Saunders.

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing research: Principles and methods. Philadelphia, Penns: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Hall, R. (2008). Applied social research: Planning, designing and conducting real-world research. South Yarra, Vic: Palgrave Macmillan.