Dysfunctional Cross-Generalization Coalition

In order for families to manage conflicts, a neutral party must be included, thus allowing both parties to understand the cause of the issue, and how to deal with the issue. However, the third party might not always be neutral, thus taking sides with the side which favors him or her. Cross-generalization is consequently portrayed by bringing in a third party, to act as the judge (Anderson & Sabatelli, 2011). In most families, a child is usually the third party, whereby in case of a conflict between the parents, the child will be able to distinguish between the two parents who was right and who was wrong. 

A child may either end the conflict through pointing out the mistake, and who made it. Nonetheless, if the blamed party does not accept the mistake, the child may give up and instead walk away. In other instances, a child may be forced to be partisan with a certain party, due to the privileges which he or she will enjoy after the incident. Cross-generalization is therefore not healthy for the family, as it might affect the relationship between a child and the parents, because the child might be forced to be partisan, thus affecting the judgment, a move which leads to hatred from one parent (Childress, 2014).

The following is a script between a father, a daughter, and a mother, which represents a cross-generalization coalition that leads to hatred.

Mum and bad talking        

Mum: Honey, would you please change the baby’s diaper.

Dad: Okay, just give me a minute.

Mum: And make sure you do it right.

Dad: Okay, whatever.

Mum and daughter talking 

Mum: Sweetheart, would you please turn off the radio.

Daughter: Okay, mum.

Mum: Good, now go back to your bedroom and spread your bed.

Daughter: But mum, you have not given me the bed sheet I asked for.

Mum: Sorry, go and pick it from my bedroom.

Mum and dad talking

Mum: Honey, are you done with the diaper?

Dad: (silently, shaking the head) 

Mum: Honey, can’t you hear me?

Dad: I said am not yet done.

Mum: Honey, please do it.

Dad: I will do it when I feel like.

Mum: But honey, we are supposed to leave in an hour’s time.

Dad: For god sake I know. 

Mum: Then do it.

Dad: As I said, I will do it when I feel like.

Daughter and dad talking

Daughter: Daddy, come and help me spread my bed.

Dad: Okay sweetheart, I am coming.

Daughter: Mum is lazy, she does not want to do anything.

Dad: (helping the daughter spread the bed) Just live her alone.

Mum and dad talking

Mum: (Furiously) Honey, what is up with you?

Dad: Nothing.

Mum: When are you planning to change the baby’s diaper?

Dad: As far as I am concerned, not anytime soon.

Mum: How stupid and childish can you be?

Dad:  Did you just insult me?

Mum: No. I didn’t, because that is what you are.

Dad: Why did you marry me if I am stupid?

Mum: When I married you, you were not stupid.

Mum and Daughter talking

Daughter: Mum for god’s sake, watch your mouth.

Mum: Shut up, you stupid loser.

Daughter: You are very lazy.

Mum: Not as much as your dad.         

Daughter: Cut it mum, you just want to boss around doing nothing, who are you?

Mum: Sweetheart I will tear you apart.

Reference

Anderson, S. A., & Sabatelli, R. M. (2011). Family interaction: A multigenerational developmental perspective (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Childress, C. (2014). Therapy: Cross-Generational Parent-Child Coalition. Retrieved from http://drcraigchildressblog.com/2014/07/08/therapy-cross-generational-parent-child-coalition/

Research Proposal and Annotated Bibliography

Research Proposal

Drunk driving today, is among the most pressing issues that continuously takes thousands of lives every day. The research will be forced on drinking driving given that, it is an issue that affects everyone. This will be the research’s focus because too many people have been lost thanks to drunk driving. Death from drunk driving does not only affect those that are involved but everyone in relation to family, friends and the society in general (AIC 1). Despite the fact that drunk driving is a constant socio-economic issue the implemented solutions have proved to be ineffective (AIC 1). The research will, therefore, be analyzing, drunk driving issue, its driving forces, effects and propose feasible solutions. There are numerous solutions to preventing drunk driving and lowering the rate of traffic deaths and injuries but they are only effective if they are applied correctly.

Drunk driving is a thing that happens on instances. Due to drunk driving each 90 second an individual is hurt something that occurs in each day of the year. In most cases, victims of drunk driving are the innocent road users who have not engaged in any form of drinking. It is saddening to know that there are thousands of innocent lives lost annually due to negligence and ignorance of a few persons (Bonnie and O'Connell 8). Despite the fact that about 50 up to 75 percent of those found driving while completely drunk have been punished most of these people still repeat the offenses which demonstrate the ineffectiveness (AIC 1). However, some people argue that too much unnecessary concern is given to drunk driving but statistics prove them wrong. In America, more than 9805 people died in 2011 due to drunk driving alone (AIC 1). Young individuals are not the only ones who are involved in drunk driving but they are mostly the ones that are vulnerable to making unethical decisions after drinking due to peer pressure (Klaas 1). In this in mind, there is a need to formulate feasible solutions to adequately address the persisting issue. This issue is relevant to the cause given that it will directly contribute to building a foundation for social reform through the development of feasible solutions.

Annotated Bibliography

AIC. Effective Drink Driving Prevention and Enforcement Strategies: Approaches to Improving Practice. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/461-480/tandi472.html

In this article, AIC provide different views in regard to the issue of drunk driving. AIC argues that drunk driving is a major issue in the society today given that it is only just a threat to the drunk drivers but also to the general road users. The article notes that, drunk driving is an actual threat to socio-economic development because it affects the driver’s judgment abilities because it is a form of mental and sight distraction thus concluding that drunk driving is a major traffic accidents cause. The author refutes the assumption that drunk driving is only appropriate for those that are well experienced and mainly for shorter distances. AIC argues that, drunk driving is not a professional and it requires adequate cognitive and rational responses based on its complexity. In addition, the article argues that drunk driving is a major distraction from that leads to the loss of attention and blindness and this results in fatal accidents. The authors suggest that prohibiting drunk driving is essential but the effectiveness of the strategy is more complex than it appears but feasible solutions should be utilized.

Bartley, Graham P. Traffic Accidents: Causes and Outcomes. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2008. Print.

This article mainly addresses the issue of drunk driving as addressed by law. Bartley (30) argues that drunk driving is equivalent to terrorism given that it endangers lives and leads to destruction. Drunk drivers fail to act based on moral principles and instead, their actions can be categorized as ignorant because they fail to consider the resulting outcomes. It is, therefore, saddening that the existing measures are particularly lenient on the offenders despite the existing statistics it is apparent that not much has been acquired. Walking while drunk differs completely from operating a machinery in the same statement given that concentration and critical responses are required. Given the complexity of the roads today, driving requires soberness and the capability to establish the most suitable responses. It is undoubted that driving entails good sight and cognitive responses and with intoxication both of these aspects are impacted which implies that all the made judgments tend to be unethical. The author argues that the consistency of the issue should mainly be subjected to the offenders given that the law is also responsible. While the solutions should mainly seek to change individual’s perception in regard to the issue it is also important for them to focus on creating efficiency in the manner in which they are implemented (Bartley 33).

Bonnie, Richard J, and Mary E. O'Connell. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003. Print.

The article establishes the outcome of drunkenness while driving to be life threatening which is owed to the high number of traffic accidents that are related to the problem. Bonnie, Bonnie and O'Connell (6) criticizes the ability of the existing laws in solving the issue stating that the number of those involved in drunk driving is too high for any effects to be seen. According to the author drinking and then driving is both a sociological and spiritual issue. They argues that when one is drunk, the cognitive capability is affected and one’s sight becomes poor which leads to poor judgment and inappropriate responses. The authors holds that this is unethical given that it opposes moral and legal standards yet it also generates sorrow and financial strains via injuries and the loss of thousand lives annually. The authors finds the existing statistics to be highly demanding in terms of solutions given that it establishes that close to 70 percent of the drunk driving populace is made of individuals amid 18 and 20 years having the greatest reported incidences that devises from drunk driving tendency (Bonnie and O'Connell 8).

Fairfield, Hannah. Young Drivers and Alcohol: A Deadly Mix. 2013. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/science/young-drivers-and-alcohol-a-deadly-mix.html

            The article asserts that the achievement of the current measures in the last few years globally should be acknowledged. However, Fairfield (1) argues that the achievement has not saved as most lives as it would be expected. Losing thousands of lives because of unethical decisions from ignorant people should not be accommodated in the society today. The author proposed that among the most feasible solutions that can be applied on the national scope include education, campaigns, changing the existing rules to be stricter to accommodate the complexity of the issues. The article finds that given that the major driver of drunk driving among the young populace is peer pressure it is not possible to solve that but the solutions should be objected at changing the individual’s insight and attitudes (Fairfield 1). This can best be acquired by ensuring that people adequately understand the general sources and consequences of such actions. Drunk driving today, is a major concern and its persistent should not be underrated. The author suggests that the most effective solution can be the use of campaigns and educative programs. In that this will not only create awareness but also familiarity through the use of personal narratives that can connect better with the audiences and create a sense of experience.

Klaas, Perri. When Teenagers Drink, Avoiding The Risks From Driving.2017. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/well/family/when-teenagers-drink-avoiding-the-risks-from-driving.html

Klaas (1) argues that the society believes that young individuals are the most vulnerable to drunk driving but the middle-class persons are highly involved too. Based on the article it is true that the highest drunk drivers are amid 17 and 25 years which is mainly fueled by peer and social pressure (Klaas 1). The authors argue that this populace engages in drunk driving in the quest of relieving their anguish and trying to get some attention. On the other hand, the adult participators are highly driven by socio-economic pressure. From the article survey’s findings, drunk driving is a prime distractor for drivers. The article justifies the science amid the interruption by offering descriptive forms of careless and concentrating aspect stating that drunk driving is more hazardous as compared to text drinking. The article covers the subject of law and that of drunk driving by researching on whether the existing laws have actually lowered mobile phone distraction while addressing numerous solutions that can be applied adequately in reducing drunk driving by today’s drivers. The study’s findings established that drunk driving is highest globally and has been persistent since the emergence of motor vehicles.

Lerner, Barron H. One for the Road: Drunk Driving Since 1900. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. Internet resource.

This article’s idea is to demonstrate how drunk drivers are highly covered by vehicles insurances from the public obligation for their illegal actions. According to Lerner (14) given that the insurances covers tend to guard these criminals against any penalty that comes their way and accommodate their financial needs after the occurrence of these accidents most are engaged in repetitive offenses. Depressing opposing behavior in regard to drunk driving is just a single aim which is incomplete given that efficiency can only be acquired when the victims are adequately compensating. The strategy can help in offering protection and stabilizing the expenses subjected to the victims while pressuring the offenders to handle that actual prices of their conducts. Financial compensation is an important aspect of drunk driving despite the fact that it is rarely addressed given that the only seeks to punish the offenders while forgetting that the victim’s needs should be addressed as part of the penalty. The author holds that drunk driving is best described as ignorance given that most of those that are involved are well informed of the resulting consequences but act based on their selfish and irrational decisions.

References

AIC. Effective Drink Driving Prevention and Enforcement Strategies: Approaches to Improving Practice. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/461-480/tandi472.html

Bartley, Graham P. Traffic Accidents: Causes and Outcomes. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2008. Print.

Bonnie, Richard J, and Mary E. O'Connell. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003. Print.

Fairfield, Hannah. Young Drivers and Alcohol: A Deadly Mix. 2013. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/science/young-drivers-and-alcohol-a-deadly-mix.html

Klaas, Perri. When Teenagers Drink, Avoiding The Risks From Driving. 2017. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/well/family/when-teenagers-drink-avoiding-the-risks-from-driving.html

Lerner, Barron H. One for the Road: Drunk Driving Since 1900. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. Internet resource.

Perceptions of Intimacy

There are advantages in the criminalization of sexual offenses in order to deter sexual deviance. First, Federal law in criminalization protect victims of sexual exploitation through classifying criminal offenses and imposing penalty. In addition, it creates support programs which are designed to provide basic needs like food and shelter (Eyler et al, 2016).  Second, the Federal law in criminalization provides a civil remedy which allows the victims to access civil lawsuit. In addition, the Federal laws offer a societal response where victims get an opportunity to access health care. However, there are disadvantages with Federal laws when it comes to sexual trafficking cases. First, the laws are overlapping and cause some issues in interpretation. There are Federal laws which were not enacted to address commercial sexual exploitation (Eyler et al, 2016). For example, reporting laws on child abuse are interconnected with intrafamilia abuse but not in a non-family member. Other disadvantages with criminalization is that in mandatory reporting, professionals do not comply with reporting laws and they end up reporting unnecessary reports. Local, State or Federal government should not govern consenting adults. Consenting adults should have liberty and freedom to choose a partner.  In fact, it should be legal act and the government should ensure their rights are protected. As long as the consenting adults are not causing harm to any one, the government should stay away from their sexual practices (Eyler et al, 2016).

Heterosexual areas that defines sexual norms include; Pre-marital sexual relations- sexual relation between unmarried people. The second is extra-marital relation-adulterous affairs or sexual relations with someone who is not your spouse. Third are homosexual relations or sexual activity between people of the same gender. Deviance from sexual norms is characterized by different types of behaviors which violates legal codes (Clinard & Meier, 2011). The first characteristic is the degree of consent-this explains whether the sexual activity is morally permissible. If the consent is sufficient, there is no promiscuity since the partners have genuinely greed to be involved in sexual activities. Hoover, the consent is insufficient if the victim was unwillingly involved in sexual activity. The second characteristic is the setting in which the sexual action is done (Clinard & Meier, 2011). For example, areas such as church, Public Park and more are inappropriate places to conduct sexual activities and this is a deviate behavior. However, in order to understand sexual deviance, the society should focus on sociological approach which defines sexual deviance with respect to society reaction toward particular actions. For example, society may react negatively when a person engages in sexual activities with farm animals. Thus, this seems to be a deviant behavior which is unacceptable by one’s community. Thus, people should understand deviance through sociological framework (Clinard & Meier, 2011).

Reference

In Eyler, A. A., In Chriqui, J. F., In Moreland-Russell, S., & In Brownson, R. C. (2016). Prevention, policy,

and public health.

Clinard, M. B., & Meier, R. F. (2011). Sociology of deviant behavior. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage

Learning.

Perspectives of Aging Reflection

Introduction

Ageism is a form of prejudice where people are prejudiced due to their age. Media portrays negative images where old people are associated with weakness and hostility. Old age in primitive societies was very important as old people were source of knowledge and memories which maintained survival and values to the society. However, due to high population of older people in the society, societies shifted to industrialized economies where old people are biased and denied the authority (Nelson, 2004). Media is the main platform where ageing issues are portrayed with negative stereotypes. For example, television, movies and news shows diversity and negative portrayal which contributes to surprising effects such as stress and blood pressure. Media presents a negative stereotype of elderly people since they are portrayed as feeble, senile, elitist, despondent and helpless. Ageism has negative effects on the lives of old people since it contributes to mental problems (Nelson, 2004). Old people develop worse memory and a sense of hopelessness. In modern society, beauty and vitality are valued while old people are viewed with a negative insight.

Stereotypes of the elderly in the film

Heartbreak Ridge (1986)

In the film, women are underrepresented and marginalized. In the society, women are portrayed in a stereotypical manner in that older women are associated with ugliness and undesirability (Dhupi, 2017).When they are portrayed in the film; they are presented as burdensome, unfriendly and unattractive. Compared with men, women are prone to physical scrutiny due to physical beauty. From the film, old people face a problematic dilemma since they do get an opportunity to create a sense of belonging in the society. Thus, they develop a sense of hopelessness due to inexistence which is rooted from cultural standards (Dhupi, 2017). Older person in the film are portrayed as less intelligent and less attractive. From the film, stereotyping shapes people minds as it allows them to make judgment using stereotypical labels. In addition, stereotyping allows individuals to interact with others in different ways (Campbell & Carilli, 2005). Old people face many challenges since they lose physical ability and needs people to care for them.

Stereotypes of the elderly in the advertisement

Life Alert Commercial

This is a Life Alert advertisement which presents stereotype of elderly people. An old women is portrayed as immobile and feeble and someone who cannot help herself. Old people are portrayed as inexperienced to an extent that they are unable to use the new technology (SPOTONMEDIA, INC, 2014). Life Alert is not designed for old people only but when it comes to advertisement, old people are chosen since they are weak and helpless. Old people are portrayed like children who lack the knowhow of the Life Alarm commercials. They are fragile and people who are prone to injury the same way children are perceived.  From this advertisement, old people are portrayed as weak people who depend on others (SPOTONMEDIA, INC, 2014). Since they are incapable of helping themselves, they become a burden to the society and this leads to discrimination in access to society opportunities (Schneider, 2005).  Old people are abused and mistreated in terms of financial exploitation, physical abuse and neglect.

Stereotypes of the elderly in the TV show (Kings of Queens).

This TV show presents a male stereotype which is portrayed by Doug and Carrie.  Carrie’s father is old and lives with two couples who view the father as a helpless person.  Carrie’s father does not understand the things in the world around him (ArthurSpoonerFan, 2009). The show presents the father as a helpless victim and the couples believes that the father has a mental decline which hinders the competency and intelligence. The father is portrayed as a person with low learning capabilities, forgetful and has poor intellectual competency. In addition, old people are characterized with memory failure which contributes to disrespect. In other words, the show portrays age discrimination and marginalization. Arthur is presented as a stubborn person who is connected with old ways (Nelson, 2004). In the show, old age is associated with negative traits since Arthur is portrayed as feeble and helpless person. Arthur sticks to old ways and he is unable to adapt to the news of living (ArthurSpoonerFan, 2009).  Carrie and Doug have the perception that the father does not like progress and treats him in unpleasant way.  

Conclusion

Media presents stereotypical images which portrays old people as weak and helpless.  Stereotype in Western cultures makes people to create the assumptions that old people are not important to the society. In the media, old people are presented as lonely, depressed and people who suffer from various illness. They do not have a strong social interaction and are people who depend on others for help. The popular culture is reinforcing age stereotype and this is apparent in media where old people are underrepresented. The society has set a cognitive foundation where people believe that old people have undesirable traits. In modern society, media shapes peoples’ attitudes and tends to convince them that old people are unattractive and incompetent. However, old people are individuals who deserve respect from the society. Media should shun from portraying negative images which characterize old people as weak in order to end the stereotype.

Reference

Dhupi Phintra. (2017). Heartbreak Ridge (1986)-FulL MovIEⒷ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITuqcg2rE6c

SPOTONMEDIA, INC. (2014). Life Alert Commercial 2014 - Basement | DRTV Commercial

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4JzxG0cnpg

ArthurSpoonerFan. (2009). Arthur Gets a Job at Danny's Pizza Place - King of Queens

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMiJzne3Wmk

Campbell, J., & Carilli, T. (2005). Women and the media: Diverse perspectives. Lanham, Md. [u.a.: Univ.

Press of America.

Nelson, T. D. (2004). Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons. Cambridge, Mass [u.a.:

MIT Press.

Schneider, D. J. (2005). The psychology of stereotyping. New York [u.a.: Guilford Press.

Race Science Is a Bad Science

                                                     Abstract

 In this paper, I argue about the misconceptions about race that mislead professional decisions by reviewing Goodman’s article entitled “Bred in the Bone” and news article entitled “Racism levels in US communities predict how many black people police will kill there” written by Buncombe in 2017.

 Introduction

It is with no doubts that people do not live in an isolation bearing in mind that they interact with others from various regions of the world. In each and everything we do in our daily lives, we interact with people from different areas and of different races. This is a factor affects the way we live, relate with other, and how we also conduct ourselves. Racism often leads to hatred towards people of different color, and our perception towards them also changes. Skin color does not bring any difference in people’s capabilities, and thus all people should be perceived equally irrespective of the color. It is true that racism has been an issue of concern for many years whereby it affects functionality in every walk of the world. Notably, some professional decisions across the world are based on race where there are always likelihood of fallacies. In this paper I will state and critically explain misunderstandings about race that mislead professional decisions by reviewing two articles.

In Goodman’s article entitled “Bred in the Bone”, he has perfectly dealt with the issue of racism by showing various scenarios where professionalism has been compromised by the skin color conception. He proved that even experienced experts are sometimes lured to make flawed decisions just because they are deeply affected by racism (GOODMAN, 1997). Giving an example of Clyde Snow who was an experienced forensic anthropologist, he clearly shows that racism is a bad disease that interferes with proper functioning of professionals in various field. It is true that Goodman’s article is important in my research topic having in mind that it directly cites examples of flawed professional decisions caused by racism. It is most important to note that the race should not be a base to make any professional decision in the current world. Actually, the race is deeply flawed premises to make a professional decision or conclusion of any investigation. According to Goodman 1997, it is true that some mistakes realized in professional decisions are not as a result of shoddy work done by experts, but it is because most of them base their premises on race which is basically a flawed premises. If experts can base their conclusions on skin color, what about the other members of the society? It is quite shocking when the entire world is made of people who actually perceive other people based on their race; which is simply a skin color.

Furthermore, it is quite unbelievable that experts like experienced forensic anthropologists can at times make wrong conclusions simply because they used race as the premises for their conclusion. In the article “Bred in the Bone?” written by Goodman in 1997 clearly shows that Clyde Snow, an experienced forensic anthropologist arrived at a wrong conclusion in identifying a victim simply because he used race as his reference. It is true that experts are the most reliable people in the society as other members of the world take their decisions seriously. They are in a position of convincing a large number of people in the world. Wrong identification of a victim by an anthropologist should be caused by other aspects of the investigation but the race. As a matter of fact, experts should be in the fore front in fighting against racism in the world.

Another news article entitled “Racism levels in US communities predict how many black people police will kill there” written by Buncombe in 2017 shows some light on how professionals are acting unprofessional by making decisions based on someone’s race. The main argument which I provide in this article, is that the black community treated unfair by the police officers as compared to the whites. The article is quite relevant in my research topic as the discussed issue in the article is all about racism.

Police work is considered to be another field where crime investigation experts can be misled by the race science to make wrong conclusions. It is quite true that racism goes hand in hand with some envy for no reason. For instance, members of the white community will perceives the black community as bad people who should be treated with less respect and vice versa. Buncombe 2017 put it clear that the black community in US is exposed to higher risks of deaths resulting from police shots as compared to the white community (Buncombe, 2017). According to him, the police’s use of force is likely to kill an African-American than a white person.

Moreover, it is quite unimaginable that a police officer who has been trained to serve and care for all citizen changes his or her mentality and start perceiving people in respect to their skin colour. It shows ignorance of highest when an experienced police officer perceives black people as bad individuals who always breaks law. Buncombe says that the study published in 2016 found that a black person in US is three times more likely than a white person to be shot dead by police officers (Buncombe, 2017). This is a clear indication that fallacy about race mislead professional decisions in the police force. This move therefore interferes with the way the police making decisions based on allegations regarding African Americans. Precisely, racism is a bad practice in any professional field as it leads to flawed professional decisions. Actually, professionals should be in the forefront to fight against racism as it adversely affects some groups of people in our society. I strongly believe that the police are mandated with the task of ensuring and maintaining law and order, thus they are not supposed to be bias when offering their services. In addition, all individuals should be treated equally, regardless of their race or otherwise colour, by the police since they are a symbol of peace and law. However, according to Buncombe, racism has taken over the police system, a move which has made it hard for people of different races to be treated equally by the police, this is a factor which really affects the responsibility of the police, and the public perception of the police. Racism has consequently led to division, since African Americans are termed as criminals, by both the police and the society in general, a factor which leads to poor judgement and perception of African Americans in both the courts and the society respectively.        

Conclusion

In this paper, I have consequently talked about racism and its effects, based on two articles namely: “Bred in the Bone” by Goodman, and a news article with the title, “Racism levels in US communities predict how many black people police will kill there.” The two articles have aided me in the establishment of the reasons as to why racism has should not be tolerated. As I have provided in the paper, according to Goodman, race undermines the work of the police whereby African Americans are treated as criminals as compared to the whites. This consequently affects the way the police exercise their duties. On the other hand, I have also provided evidence on the reasons as to why the racism undermines the wellbeing of people in the society.

References

Buncombe, A. (2017). Racism levels among white people in US areas predict how many black people police will kill there, study shows. The Independent. Retrieved 3 August 2017, from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/police-killing-racial-bias-white-people-us-african-americans-shot-dead-shooting-study-racist-culture-a7863501.html

GOODMAN, A. (1997). Bred in the bone?. In S. D. Scott & D. Perkins & E. Rothwell (Eds.), Intersections: Readings in the sciences and humanities (pp.  41-48).

Chapter 3 Summary

The main objective of this paper was to provide a rationale on implementing the awareness of training among single mothers, and the impact which it would have in the navy war ships. In addition, the paper focuses on the reasons as to why most women tend to opt to take care of their families, rather than on continuing with their work as military officers. In these research, it was consequently evident that most single mothers tend to put their family roles in the frontline, a move which affects their career, since they cannot serve the two masters at the same time (CHAPTER 3).

Implementing the awareness of training among single mothers allows them to understand the impact of serving under the navy as a woman (CHAPTER 3). This is a move which is aimed at enabling the women to be able to have an understanding of what it means to serve as a navy, when one is a single mother, and the sacrifices which one is required to make. The main aim of this implementation is to increase retention, thus reducing manpower shortages within the navy.

It is clearly evident that most single mothers tend to opt out of the navy, because of the burden which comes with being a single mother, as well as being a navy officer. The training awareness allows women to be able to understand the risks which comes with being a woman in the military (CHAPTER 3). This includes sexual harassment, which consequently results in single mothers within the navy. In order to deal with this issue, women need to understand how risky it might be to be a navy officer, thus reducing the loss of taxpayer’s money, due to reduced retention.

Reference

CHAPTER 3: Research Strategy and Data Collection

How do ideas of happiness differ among cultures, age groups, and social groups?

Happiness, a universal emotion has its own different connotations when perceived from different cultures, social and age groups but the difference appear to be subtle. In western cultures, such as American culture, the idea of happiness is seen in the same light as human right and is therefore, mostly associated with personal achievements and personal experiences. However, people from other cultures view this as a shallow definition of happiness. Among the Eastern cultures such as Japanese and Chinese perceives happiness in terms of social harmony which leads to states such as relaxation and calmness (Uchida & Shinobu, 411).The Eastern cultures understand the culture to mean more than achievements in terms of physical wealth.  Therefore in some cultures, happiness is defined in terms of positive states that are highly arousal such as enthusiasm, excitement and elation while others in terms of positive states that are lowly arousal such as relaxation.

 In terms of age, the idea of happiness changes with a person’s age so that different age groups perceive happiness differently. To the younger age groups, happiness is mostly associated with excitement and aspects that are likely to induce it such as leisure, friends and family (European Centre for Social Welfare policy and Research, 1). As people get into older age groups, such a perception is seen as not realistic and therefore, they relate the idea of happiness to contentment and aspects that are likely to induce it. This shows that there are two aspects that different age groups perception of happiness which includes excitement and peacefulness (Demir, 299). In different classes, the idea of happiness depends on a feeling of personal achievement or accomplishment so that happiness is attributed to success. However, being richer does not mean happiness nor is being poor but interaction within a social group determines happiness definition (Demir, 299).

Therefore, difference in ideas of happiness between cultures, social groups and age groups are quite subtle. Happiness is determined by various aspects such as prevailing situation, one’s health and relationships with others. Regardless of the group, happiness will be defined in terms of aspects that are important to those belong to the group.

References

European Centre for Social Welfare policy and Research. Happiness across the Life Cycle: Exploring Age-Specific Preferences.2008. Retrieved from: http://www.euro.centre.org/data/1207216181_14636.pdf

Demir, Melikşah. Friendship and Happiness: Across the Life-Span and Cultures. , 2015. Internet resource.299

Uchida, Yukiko, and Shinobu Kitayama. "Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: themes and variations." Emotion 9.4 (2009): 441.

Conflict Resolution Model

1.

The type of conflict, in this case, is a conflict by discrimination at the workplace. Discrimination is an issue that is affecting almost every industry in the United States. Discriminating another person by race is wrong and not healthy in any sense (Furlong, 2010). Making another person feel less of a human being and more so less qualified in the workplace creates the possibility of hatred. This hatred will grow and prevent any growth and developments in the workplace.

2.

The model used is the Interests/Rights/Power Model. With this approach, the way to resolve an issue is heavily dependent on whether the conflicting parties disputed based on the rights, interest and or the power issue (Furlong, 2010). Interests can be the fears, wants, concerns and the needs which are in line with the position of the parties involved. A right is generally what is considered to be a moral justice and an action which is legitimate and fair. Rights in many cases are protected and recognized by the society and the general laws.

Power is popularly known as the ability to subject someone into performing some actions or activities which he or she would not have done. Power is exercised through the use of costs or threatening through aggressive means which force the minority party to submit.

3.

Reconciling involves the use of a stable ground to find a solution. Discovering the interest of each party is important to gather facts and a legal ground to assist in solving the matter at hand. The root concerns of each party are outlined including the possible solutions to the issue. Understanding that the rights of each party are necessary so as not to go against the rule of law on individual rights. Racism is wrong especially in the workplace, and both sides should understand that in real time (Gunia & Helzer, 2017). No one has power over the other, and in the case, there are conflicts of interests they should be leveled. The conflict was solved efficiently where each party agreed to respect each other.

4.

The lesson learned in this situation is that at no cost should a person be subjected to discrimination. Each person had the right to feel like part of the society and respected just like the others. In case a person has a personal interest in an issue that might arise into conflicts, it is always good to disregard the interest and respect the other to avoid making trouble (Adair et al., 2013). The model was the best since it allowed the conflict to be resolved efficiently and using the best means possible to settle the dispute.

5.

On the model, there are minimal changes needed to reflect on the outcomes. Just like the law is clear that everyone has the right to be free and act however he or she likes so long as it does not affect other people same case with the model (Furlong, 2010). Changes are required in the case where the interest of a person makes him, or she feels more powerful and acts according to his wishes even if it hurts others.

6.

Questions include if the model was the best to apply in a case of discrimination by race. If the issue of race played a lesser role in the conflict, should the model be used to settle an issue like being selfish which ultimately causes conflict to arise?

References

Adair, W. L., Taylor, M., Chu, J., Ethier, N., Xiong, T., Okumura, T., & Brett, J. (2013). Effective influence in negotiation: The role of culture and framing. International Studies of Management & Organization, 43(4), 6-25.

Furlong, G. T. (2010). The conflict resolution toolbox: Models and maps for analyzing, diagnosing, and resolving conflict. John Wiley & Sons.

Gunia, B., & Helzer, E. (2017). The Rights-Focused, Interests-Focused Disputant: Empathy Gaps in Disputing Strategy.

Implications of armed conflicts

War is one of the most devastating and most dangerous contributors to the downfall of a countries economy. In many parts of the world where there is war especially in a developing country like Madagascar, war causes more harm to both the citizens and the economy of the country since it kills the already established peace and destroys infrastructure (Call, 2012). Forced migrations, refugee problems which now become long term and the death are the final outcome of any armed conflicts. Civil wars have devastating levels of damage and the consequences of developments are just but profound. The everyday activities of a community and the country, in general, come to a standstill since the war cannot allow people to be busy building the economy of a country (Goldstone et al., 2012). When there are too many people who have been left homeless, then there is no way there can be labor force to work on any development projects which might come after the war has ended.

The government can also decide that the available resources can be used to bring peace in the country and these means that there will be no developments in terms of infrastructure. Collapsing of the buildings, infrastructural models, health and education systems due to the heavy machinery used to fight off the enemy. Developed nations are at a lower risk of experiencing the effects of such kind of armed conflicts since they have rules and regulations which govern the country and restrict people from using such forces (Goldstone et al., 2012). Developed nation have an advantage in terms of the laws which do not allow handling of firearms illegally or the military actions which can lead to conflicts. Protection by the law is highly done by the developed nations; therefore, cases of armed conflicts are rare.

References

Call, C. (2012). Why peace fails: The causes and prevention of civil war recurrence. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Goldstone, J. A., Kauffman, E., & Toft, M. D. (2012). Political demography: How population changes are reshaping international security and national politics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Case Study 3: Suicide

Introduction

Suicide is a mounting epidemic globally. With nearly 40,000 suicides occurring every year in the United States it is depressing that suicide has become the 10th leading death cause. It is even worrying that in each successful suicide that is committed there are approximately 25 additional attempts (Navarro, Yubero & Larrañaga, 2016). Cyber bullying can best be categorized as a fresh concept which has rapidly increased in the recent years. Cyberbullying can best be described as the internet or mobile technological innovation used to harassing, bullying, stalking or even intimidating other (Navarro, Yubero & Larrañaga, 2016). It is universally known that bullying has existed for the longest period that everyone can recall but with social media platforms advent such as Twitter and Facebook bullying is more traumatizing than its equation with vocal or physical intimidation. With the rise of mobile networking and social interactions, cyber bullying is often conducted by those close such as friends, colleagues or even family (Betts, 2016). The fact that bullying is performed by those close results in shame, pain as well as embarrassment that ultimately result in death given that the torture gets worse and worse.

Cyber Bullying constitutes of three major components. One of the components is that the action was done repeatedly and willingly (Betts, 2016). The second one is that the bullying cause’s harm as alleged by the targets and thirdly is that cyber bullying must have been plotted and accomplished through mobile phones, computers or any other electronic device. This makes it apparent that the alleged bullying should have caused a form of harm, conducted on repeated basis which makes the target feel uncomfortable and performed through the electronic devices (Betts, 2016). Based on the harm caused Katlyn Roman and Guadalupe Shaw should apparently be charged with a crime which is cyber bullying. This is because they Bullied Rebecca on continuous nature thus causing her to worry and lost control which resulted in suicide.  Rebecca was consistently worried in regard to what the bullies would do next in order to harm her and thus she attempted to avoid personal interactions with them in order to protect herself (Wallace, 2014). Revisiting the messages that they sent made her feel worse and this would in frequent times create a worrying sensation.

Based on Wallace, (2014) there were files that were established in her mobile phone which acts as the cyber bullying evidence. Some of the cruel texts as well as the social media direct messages are described as the major reasons for her suicide given that they were selflessly telling her to kill herself and that she would not be missed. These can be categorized as some frightening messages (Wallace, 2014). This is the justification as to why both girls should be charged with cyber bullying. In my opinion, it is true that those that die by suicide are usually expressing a form of depression that is not diagnosed. In when one hurts from depression along with other mental disorders this raises the level of suicide attempts. Suicide tends to be highest amongst the depressed individuals because the disorder creates a form of hopelessness. In this case, there is a mutual connection between depression and suicide given that studies have demonstrated that depression is a form of the psychiatric disorder that is common among those that commits suicide.

Apparently, suicide is rapidly growing into a predominant interest area based on the increased adoption of social media globally (Chadwick, 2014).  Based on the technological growth and the increased social media use cyber bullying has become a common occurrence on the grounds that it is easier to be hurt by others (Chadwick, 2014). Cyber bullying is not just a vocal but also a graphical harassment which leads to the damaging of an individual’s image and confidence. It is rather unfortunate that suicide will remain as the principal point for most agencies that attempt to offer education and support to the affected persons (Chadwick, 2014). This is because more are more individuals are adopting the technological advent without examining the risks involved. With the growing advent, cyber bullying is bound to increase and intensify thus affecting more individuals.

The two reasons that cause the differences amid the suicides rate differences globally are technology advancement and adoption. In the technology of the developed state is highly developed which implies that more individuals utilize the internet as opposed to the underdeveloped states. With increased development and high rate of adoption comes increased suicide rates (Chadwick, 2014). Suicide should be categorized as a deviant behavior given that the act violates the accepted societal norms as well as guidelines. In addition, suicide is never the solution to the existing troubles given that things can be solved entirely on different legal or personal levels. More so, suicide is a deviant act because it is a behavior that is learned which is perceived as a way out of the existing internal issues which act as an example to others (Chadwick, 2014). It is thus unethical and not be encouraged given that it is against the moral standards and guidelines of the society which might affect the future.

Conclusion

It is apparent that suicide is amongst the leading death causes especially among young individuals globally. The rise of suicide has mainly been fueled by the advent of technology and social media utilization. This is an issue that goes against the society’s norm as is bound to intensify based on innovation growth. Rebecca’s case demonstrates the general emotional as well as physical effects of cyber bullying and the need to lower the occurrences.

References

Betts, L. R. (2016). Cyberbullying: Approaches, Consequences and Interventions. Palgrave Macmillan.

Chadwick, S. (2014). Impacts of cyberbullying, building social and emotional resilience in schools. Springer.

Navarro, R., Yubero, S., & Larrañaga, E. (2016). Cyberbullying across the globe: Gender, family, and mental health.

Wallace, K. (2014). Police File raises questions about bullying in Rebecca Sedwick’s Suicide. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/18/living/rebecca-sedwick-bullying-suicide-follow-parents/

Rural Urban Migration

In the developed countries many people migrate to the urban centers in order to access cheap means of transport and also in search of employment opportunities. Availability of jobs and other means to make money influence people gain more interest in joining the urban center life and also make some money for survival (Knox & Pinch, 2014). There are numerous opportunities for people in the urban areas to grow than there are in the rural areas and therefore the need to migrate to the urban areas. There are also a number of services which are not available in the rural areas but are made very available one a person migrates to the urban areas. These services can be cheap amenities and development in terms of infrastructure. Good roads, garbage collection, water, postal services, police stations and a clean environment are all services which can make a person migrate to the urban areas (Knox & Pinch, 2014). In the rural areas, the main source of income is mostly from agriculture and due to some places being overpopulated there is competition. Such kind of competition is not healthy as it leads to people producing same resources which cannot earn much revenue meaning there is no development.

Rural to urban migration is very difficult in the government. There will be depletion in terms of the natural resources which are available. Natural resources such as the food and water are very limited and this causes a reduction in both and therefore the government has to find a way to rescue the situation (Næss, 2014). Degradation of the environment will be the ultimate result due to people struggling for the available spaces thereby affecting the environment which now becomes a problem to the government in terms of conservation.

References

Knox, P., & Pinch, S. (2014). Urban social geography: an introduction. Routledge.

Næss, P. (2014). Urban form, sustainability and health: The case of Greater Oslo. European Planning Studies, 22(7), 1524-1543.

Sexual Harassment in America 

Sexual harassment is one of the problems that are affecting Americans today especially in the work place. Numerous cases of sexual harassments have been filed others have been resolved while others are still pending the hearing in some states in America (Marshall, 2017). Sexual harassment in general regards the issue of another person having some sexual advancements conducts or impressions which are very unwelcome. These kinds of advancements in many cases interfere with the normal job performance of a person which is as a result of feeling intimidated and offended in the work environment. Persistent sexual jokes, touching inappropriately and the regular posting of another person sexually in the bulletin board and which is very offensive amounts to sexual harassment.

Sexual harassment is very common in America and a serious issue to both the males and females who are victims. There are certain laws which have been developed by the federal and the state authorities in order to deal with these issues and which has been very beneficial in nature (Spector et al., 2014). Employees are forbidden from acting in a manner that suggests or signifies any level of sexual interest in their colleagues. Some companies especially the private companies have developed methods to deal with such issues and ensure that employees are not harassed sexually since this would lead to the company fighting some legal battles.

Sexual harassment topic is important since it helps identify the several forms that are used to sexually harass another person. Such forms include the use of posters and sending of messages which are very hostile to another person. This is an offensive method of sexually harassing another person since it is even a breach of privacy (Spector et al., 2014). According to the privacy act, one is not allowed to evade another person’s privacy and there can be legal actions taken against people who break such rules.  The different types of sexual harassment forms are meant to intimidate the victim and this is very offensive. Second importance of this topic is that it helps identify the different liabilities a person can undergo in case he or she is found guilty committing such acts. Sexual harassment is a form of discrimination and is protected by the Constitution. Mostly, the seniors specifically the supervisors can victimize their juniors by asking for sexual favors in order to either assist or advice on an issue. This is wrong and the law forbids such activities which could lead to the prosecution of the offender.

Laws have been formulated and well specified in the Constitution that any offender of the law will be prosecuted and spend close to over 2 years in prison. Having known that, any person who finds him or herself being victimized can directly report the matter to the relevant authorities for the perpetrator to face the law (Marshall, 2017). In America, such cases are taken very seriously to prevent any fatal acts such as murder as a result of a person being obsessed with the other person. If an employer is found guilty of committing such crimes of sexual discrimination, the company or organization he or she is heading could be deregistered and the name of the company tarnished by the employees or the victims. A third reason is having the idea on how to make the complaint to the relevant commission which will help deal with the issue of sexual harassment. Commissions both private and public assist people with ways in which a person could make a complaint to solve the issue. This is important since it is timely and effective in terms of responding to complaints.

Sexual harassment perpetrators are subjected to spending little time like two years in prison but some of the victims are traumatized for the rest of their lives. This law needs to be changed and accommodate the feelings of the victim in dealing with the trauma (Spector et al., 2014). The time spent should be above 5 years to ensure a lesson learned will never be forgotten as a way of justice to the victim. Another way that the laws could be changed is based on the idea of not having enough access to the authorities to report such matters. Many people are discouraged from reporting such issues since there is no specific agent in the federal department who deals with such issues specifically. A relevant body should be created in order to help the victims of these cases come forward immediately it has happened. This will indicate that there is the concern for the general society whether a male or female. Justice should play out regardless of gender.

References

Marshall, A. M. (2017). Confronting sexual harassment: The law and politics of everyday life. Routledge.  

Spector, P. E., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 72-84.