Immigration

            Immigration is a process where people move to a country of which they are not natives. It is a common practice in the current world which has become controversial. It is an issue that affecting many people in the world. Today, people move from their home countries to other countries due to a number of reasons. Such reasons include wars, famine, and economic problems. Its impact to a particular nation has been argued differently. Thus this paper will present the positive and negative impacts of immigration.

            Immigration allows expertise to cross borders; hence people are able to share and incorporate cultural practices. Through movement of knowledge a problem of talents’ shortage is solved which enhances economic development (Walsh & Asch, 45). Many states with inadequate educated workers are able to attract foreign professionals through immigration and this has helped to boost their competitiveness and innovation. Countries are also open to worldwide market through immigration and this has helped to enlarge the capacity for development for many countries, hence, this benefits the country in terms of economy. Countries are also able to bond labor market with other countries through exchange of labor (Kennedy, 30). It also provides opportunities for students in search for jobs abroad.

            However, many controversies have been raised against immigration. For instance, many natives raise arguments that all jobs have been taken by the immigrants and this has caused unemployment among the citizens (Beck, 141). At times, it encourages ethnic tensions which may result into conflicts. It is also hard for some immigrants to adapt the cultural practices of the natives hence they end up becoming homeless. As a result, it gives rise of informal settlements which tend to harbor various criminal issues including violence. 

Conclusion

            Many controversies have been raised about immigration. Some of them are in favor of it while others are against it. Claims in favor of immigration assert that immigration has allowed expertise to cross the boundaries of the nation hence solving a problem of talent shortage. It also encourages a country to attract foreign professionals, hence boosting competitiveness for that particular country. On the other side, natives have raised claims that immigration has promoted unemployment as jobs are being taken by the immigrants.

Work cited

Beck, Roy H. The Case against Immigration: The Moral, Economic, Social, and Environmental Reasons for Reducing U.s. Immigration Back to Traditional Levels. New York [u.a.: Norton, 1996. Print.

Kennedy, John F. A Nation of Immigrants. , 2008. Internet resource.  

Walsh, Sharon K, and Evelyn D. Asch. Immigration: A Wadsworth Casebook in Argument. Australia: Thompson/Wadsworth, 2006. Print.

Poverty

In your opinion, how can we stop terrorism and prevent war around the world? Should we work together as one or should each country control their own people?

Terrorism just like poverty, is a global issue which can only be tackled if all the nations all over the world come together and focus on dealing with this issue. Terrorism affects all countries all over the world, however, it seems to originate from the Middle East. From Middle East, terrorist recruit people from all over the world, including people from the U.S and England. This is therefore a global issue, since terrorism seems to be spreading at a very fast rate, whereby the youths are being easily lured into joining such groups (English, 2010). In order to deal with such groups, the international community needs to come up with the reasons as to why most youths are easily being lured into joining the terrorist groups. After getting the reasons, it would be easier to block the channels through which the terrorists use to recruit the youths.

Secondly, it is also necessary to understand the financiers of terrorist groups, so as to cut their funding. Terrorists are majorly financed by the rich oil miners and arms dealers, whose main aim is to cause havoc all over the world, thus being able to control oil prices, and to create a market for arms, respectively (English, 2010). If such groups of people are known and pointed out, it would be necessary for the international community to deal with them accordingly. Nevertheless, those found guilty of financing terrorist activities should be charged with high treason, in addition, they should not also be allowed to have licences to either mine oil or sale arms.

In as much as all countries in the world should come together in order to deal with terrorism, all countries should be committed to bringing terrorism to an end through pointing out those who participate in terrorism activities in their countries (English, 2010). Terrorism will be an issue of the past, if all countries come together and focus on winning this war.

Reference

English, R. (2010). Terrorism: How to respond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Demographic Report

Demography is the study of statistics of populations. These figures can be of diverse subjects. These subjects include; Births, deaths, diseases and incomes of people. It is merely the science of populations. Demography aims to establish the dynamics of populations. However, this research paper is on social and economic demographics of downtown Detroit, Michigan State. Some of these statistics to be studied include education, community, housing, race, gender, age, and incomes

Social stratification

Social stratification refers to a set up in which members of the society are stratified. In this stratification, there is an unequal distribution of the society’s rewards. The society has stratified Americans according to their socioeconomic possessions. There are approximately six socioeconomic classes (Cassedy, 2012). At the top, we have the upper class. This group of persons controls vast amounts of wealth. This group of persons constitutes less than one percent of the population. Members of this stratum are well educated with decent housing and incomes.

 Then we have the new money social group. This group of persons makes up around 20% of the population. Their wealth is not inherited and has been there for one or two generations. This group mainly comprises of people with a good education and proper housing. Thirdly, we have the middle class (Johnson & Campbell, 2011). This group of persons is mainly found in the formal employment sector. They are mainly in the white collar jobs professions. This group comprises of around 35% of the population. Also, we have the working class. This group of persons has attained vocational training. They are engaged in the blue-collar jobs. They make up about 30% of the population. The working poor makes up the next stratification. These people have no permanent jobs and are lowly skilled. They lack a formal education. They make up about 25% of the population. Finally, we have the lowest strata which comprise of the poor people who live below the poverty line.

                       Fig.1, socioeconomic stratification data

Observational Study in My Locality

                        Fig.2 observatory findings

Findings

The observations conform to the socioeconomic classes as highlighted above. The number of the super-rich people is quite lower. The middle and average populations take up the largest proportion whereas the lower cadre group takes about a fifth of the population.

Analysis and Reporting of Research

From the data gathered, it was quite evident that the community is segregated along differential lines. Most of the African-Americans are found at the lower levels of the socioeconomic hierarchy. They live in relatively neglected neighborhoods. The elite few live in the suburbs where the living standards are quite high. Also, the community is divided racially. Each race of Americans tends to live in their specific neighborhoods. Racial integration is not well achieved. Within these racial communities, ethnicity is also another factor. People of the same ethnicity tend to work more closely together and only cooperate with the rest when there is an imminent danger (Moyer, 2015). This kind of practice has cultivated racial segregation for a long time

In Detroit, the data show that social stratification has divided people in different social classes where different groups hold power and property.   The main problem which is contributed by the social stratification is the racial difference rooted from the class system. This means that   people in the working class can easily access money and material wealth which people from the lowest social class hardly access (Laslett, & Wall, 2012).  The big problem which is contributed by stratification and need to be solved is economic inequality.  The latter has created three class systems namely; upper, middle and lower class.  The classes are divided by power and wealth   where people in the upper class   live in the upper level in the societal hierarchy. Other important point is that social stratification affects the life chances and lifestyles, creates emotional distress especially to the people in the lower class (Laslett, & Wall, 2012).  Note that people in lower class do not access power and wealth, and in the employment, they experience a higher level of unemployment and low income.   In social setting, they face inequality in accessing health care and education. 

A point to understand is that the different classes, upper, middle and lower live different life due to the amount of income earned. Workers from lower class  earns the least, the upper class workers income is most high while  the middle class income  ranges  in  the middle of lower and higher income (Cassedy,  2012).  In terms of daily living, people from lower social class only fulfil basic needs and they are unable to cover huge expenses.  In the employment sector, people from lower class work as manual labor and they work in jobs that require low skills since they lack higher education.   The  next class is  the middle class  and the  group holds  a higher population in that  it comprise people who work  in skilled labor where they earn enough income to cover their  expense and  luxuries.   People in this category are educated since majority has post graduations (Cassedy, 2012).  The last class is the upper class and this group comprises the small amount of people.  Workers in this category are white collar workers such as CEOs and the income they earn is enough for life luxuries. Generally, social stratification which creates economic inequality acts as a stumbling block to development.  This is an issue which needs to be solved by eliminating the class system and ensure that all people regardless of race, education and age can access wealth and prosperity (Cassedy, 2012).

 The findings also show that income growth is high among the affluent people and low to poor people or individuals in the lower income level.  A point to note is that in the stratification system, influential elite life are at  the top level while  jobless poor  remain at the lower level.  According to the research, the root cause of the social stratification and class position is social economic and political changes. The class position has led to negative consequences in that people in the high class experience expansions of opportunities while people in lower class experience   the limitation of opportunities (Johnson & Campbell, 2011).  To solve these issues and deemphasize the stratification system, it is important to first understand the nature and effects of the classes on the economy. In Detroit, there is the institutionalization of stratification where people from different races and other groups are excluded from education and well paying jobs (Johnson & Campbell, 2011).  On the same note,    the institutionalizations of stratification lead to inequality to people of color and gender.  For example, racial communities or people of low class are excluded from   social, economic and political setting.  Other important to note is that inequality is also rooted from the legitimization-meaning that   people form social beliefs that justify inequality to particular groups.  The beliefs form ideologies which are recognized and accepted by dominant members who then create social stereotypes.  Both institutionalization and legitimating create the dynamic of inequality and both build the stratification system (Johnson & Campbell, 2011).

 From the data, social stratification affects life chances in that people in lower class strive to access important commodities such as healthcare, education, social activities and so on.  First, it is important to understand that life chances are the opportunities that human beings can achieve in life such as education, health life, marriage and more. However, some people especially from low classes do not access these chances since they are unevenly distributed. In societies like Detroit which has stratification system, wealth and power are not equally distributed and so people from lower class struggle for access important commodities (Doob, 2011).  Note that life chances are influenced by status and powers and this means people from the upper and middle class have power which allows them to access.  The appalling thing is that the stratification system creates division in the access of healthcare and people in lower classes do not access equal healthcare as people in upper class.  Generally, social stratification has devastating effects in that people in different classes experience social disparity in social setting. As stated above,   stratification system builds an unjust social system where   people in low class fails to enjoy life chances such as education and quality health care (Doob, 2011).  From research, social power is rooted from culture and historical aspects and these two things need to be considered in solving the social problem in modern societies.  

Historically American societies have been divided along racial lines (Laslett, 2012). This has resulted in a skewed wealth distribution with the African Americans being among the least empowered groups. Although much is being done to address racial integration, the progress has been quite insignificant over the years. In this neighborhood, there is the presence of LGBT community. However, the number of members in this community is not too big to be significant as such (Lima, 2009). Plans and policies are being enacted to enhance desegregation of these communities.

In conclusion, from the data and analysis above, it is quite evident that this neighborhood is quite segregated about the various socio and economic factors. Desegregation policies and plans should be strengthened further to ensure the American society achieves equality.

References

Cassedy, J. H. (2012). Demography in early America: beginnings of the statistical mind 1600-1800.

Johnson, D. M., & Campbell, R. R. (2011). Black migration in America: A social demographic history. Studies in Social and Economic Demography, (4).

Laslett, P., & Wall, R. (2012). Household and family in past time.

Lima, M., Keymer, J. E., & Jaksic, F. M. (2009). El Niño–Southern Oscillation–driven rainfall variability and delayed density dependence cause rodent outbreaks in western South America: Linking demography and population dynamics. The American Naturalist, 153(5), 176-291.

Moyer, G. R., Winemiller, K. O., McPhee, M. V., & Turner, T. F. (2015). Historical demography, selection, and coalescence of mitochondrial and nuclear genes in Prochilodus species of northern South America. Evolution, 59(3), 199-210.

Doob, C. B. (2011). Social inequality and class in American society. Upper Saddle River, N.J:

Pearson Education.

Outline: HY Dairies Case analysis

1. Introduction

Stereotyping at the workplace is primarily responsible for diminishing employee’s motivation and commitment leading to poor performance and low productivity. Gilman believes that promoting Rochelle is the best compensation in order to offer new and yet differentiated working experience thus enhancing her career while uplifting the corporation. However, Rochelle feels that the promotion is a way of lowering her working status just because she is not white and she is female. To her being an assistant brand manager was giving her fulfillment based on its exposure as well as giving her the opportunity of rising to the manager position based on effort and not discrimination. Gilman failed to recognize that although Rochelle had accepted the position she held the wrong perception regarding the promotion

1. Case Analysis Using Stereotyping and Social Identity Theory

Stereotyping is the supplement of social individuality assumption. Stereotyping can be illustrated as the approach of dispatching potentials to persons based on social assumptions (Hogg & Terry, 2000). In other words, stereotyping normally display the aspects of biases and partition. Social identity approach seeks to create light where individuals tend to view others in reference to classification, differentiation, and homogenization (Hogg & Terry, 2000). It becomes evident that Rochelle believed that as a research coordinator she would not be able to achieve her desire of becoming a manager. In addition, she gained discernment by believing that she had been sidelined. Gilman failed to recognize the wrong perception that Rochelle had developed since based on his experience this was a form of award for her contributions.

III.       Perception Error

1. Hallo Effect

Halo effect is the perception error that is apparent in the case. This usually occurs when powerful information in regard to the intention and target is absent. In that Gilman and Rochelle developed the wrong impression of one another.

1. False Effect

While Gilman thought that he had compensated her commitment she believed to have been sidelined based on her gender and race. False consensus is evident also as Gilman thought that her ideas aligned with those of Rochelle but he as wrong.

1. Strategies for Minimizing Misperceptions in the Organization
2. Pursue Employee’s Autonomy

In the quest of preventing such misperceptions, the organization should pursue employee’s autonomy since with autonomy then misconceptions between top management and are eliminated.

1. Active Listening

Active listening can help in understanding employee’s issues and how each is to be resolved. 

1. Negotiation

Also encouraging negotiation by allowing employees to lay their choices and justification to compare with the existing offers.

1. Conclusion

Based on the conducted analysis it is apparent that misconceptions have been developed and this can best be resolved by promoting employees, autonomy and creating settings for negotiations. Gilman assumed that by promoting Rochelle she would be motivated based on her positive efforts. On the other hand, Rochelle perceived the promotion as a status demotion that would hinder her from attaining the management role for being a woman of color.

HY Dairies Case analysis

Introduction

HY Diaries has experienced a substantial growth during its last operative year courtesy of Rochelle Bauport one of the few women who has proved to be efficient in her brand marketing role. Based on the achievement that is not comparable with what had been achieved prior the company’s vice president feels that Rochelle deserves to be awarded to become the research coordinator and move from the marketing assistant which appeared to be shading her potential (Case study, N.d.). This advancement has been offered legally based on her efforts and commitment to ensuring that the company moves to a favorable position within the market. Gilman believes that promoting her is the best compensation in order to offer new and yet differentiated working experience thus enhancing her career while uplifting the corporation. However, Rochelle feels that the promotion is a way of lowering her working status just because she is not white and she is female (Case study, N.d.). To her being an assistant brand manager was giving her fulfillment based on its exposure as well as giving her the opportunity of rising to the manager position based on effort and not discrimination. In her former employment, the boss had made it clear that being a woman meant that she would never reach the manager position which she now believes is the case at the company. Gilman failed to recognize that although Rochelle had accepted the position she held the wrong perception regarding the promotion (Case study, N.d.). Stereotyping at the workplace is primarily responsible for diminishing employee’s motivation and commitment leading to poor performance and low productivity.

Case Analysis Using Stereotyping and Social Identity Theory

            First forward, stereotyping is the wrongful assignment of various traits to people based on their background without any fact of truth. In most cases, it results when people tend to exaggerate offensive beliefs that are meant to prejudice others (Hogg & Terry, 2000). On the face of this and with a focus on social identity- a theory that focus on we make perceptions on others-, it is apparent something terribly went wrong in case of focus.

            To be more precise, from the case, it is apparent that Beauport enjoyed her role. In fact, she was among the top performing employees. Nevertheless, when HY Diaries intended to propel her work to that of marketing research, she developed various perceptions. She started by developing a notion that the new positions as being more of backroom specific support job rather than overseeing. In fact, she felt that this new position did not contribute much to the company profits. Besides, she developed the notion that the new position of marketing research was not a position that would help her attain top management position.     What exactly went wrong is the misperception by Mr. Gilman who thought that Beauport would gladly enjoy this new job (Case study, N.d.) After all, this is the route he had passed before his current position and achievements. According to him, this would have helped her attain relevant experience and stature to grow up the ladder. Little known to him are the different perceptions that various people have and to Beauport, this was not what she wanted.

Perception Error

In this case, a number of errors become apparent. For one, there is the Halo effect that occurs one an experience of one person is used to judge the whole group. For instance, Mr. Gilman developed out of his own experience developing a notion that it applied to whole employees of HY Diaries. Another notable error is the false consensus. False consensus occurs when one thing he or she is in agreement with others by default but only to realize that others have other ideas and beliefs that are totally different. For example, Mr. Gilman seems to have developed a self-consensus that Beauport has similar aspirations like him only to realize he was wrong (Case study, N.d.).  Lastly, there is a self-fulfilling prophecy. This arises when one tends to imagine that things will turn out as he or she has planned. This is clear from the in the instance whereby the management thought other employees to influence others, something that did not happen for Beauport.

Strategies for Minimizing Misperceptions in the Organization

    The management can do a number of things to help in improving understanding and minimizing various issues that bring about these misunderstandings. To be successful, the management needs to pursue more employee autonomy. In this, employees would be left to self-determine their fate and if there is anything that the organization can do is support them by providing an enabling environment as well as resources. Also, this can be supported by the creation of room for negotiation. In all honesty, this can help employees to relay their plans and wished to management without much fear of being victimized or prejudiced (Hogg & Terry, 2000). Consequently, this can help them achieve what they want and desires. Lastly, the management should seek a greater understanding of issues. From stereotypes issues to social identity issues and proper employee developed, the management should ensure that whatever happens, it is in control. By listening actively to the employees this can help in understanding their concerns and needs.

Conclusion

            Based on the conducted analysis it is apparent that misconceptions have been developed and this can best be resolved by promoting employees, autonomy and creating settings for negotiations. Gilman assumed that by promoting Rochelle she would be motivated based on her positive efforts. On the other hand, Rochelle perceived the promotion as a status demotion that would hinder her from attaining the management role for being a woman of color.

References

Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of management review, 25(1), 121-140.

HY Dairies - Perceptual error in the workplace. (n.d.). Retrieved November 06, 2017, from https://brainmass.com/business/corporate-culture-and-human-resource-alignment/hy-dairies-perceptual-error-in-the-workplace-568972

McShane, S. L. & Von Glinow, M. (2010). Organizational Behavior: Emerging Knowledge and Practice For The Real World. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Introduction

Violence to me is when a person commits a violent act towards others. The violence comes in many different forms including hitting, physical abuse, mental abuse. Jealousy or hate can cause aggression, and it is mostly referenced by people to develop perceptions and define a community by its attributes in regards to the ways of life.

            Understanding violence requires significant internalization of morality or senses of humanity because it does not only involve physical attributes but it often employs peculiar psychological intentions.   The U.S is supposed as a country that has higher rates of internally-based forms of violence over other nations in the world whereas is known as the most developed nation with better living environments. The United States is criticized by the series of exceptional characteristics such as high crime rates and other ruthless practices of violence (Schwetman, 2010). At this point, it is deducible that violence is a multifaceted concern, meaning violent acts may be practiced through different ways. In regards to Malcom (1999), it is reasonable to expound that violence is not only defined through hitting and physical abuse instead it also involves psychological intentions such as discrimination and denial of universal rights. As such, it is true that violence is a sophisticated practice in regards to its existence; whose pervasiveness is relative to the norms of a community.

  In most scenarios, development, and spread of violent behaviors has its roots in the active movements within a social context. The contemporary world entails different modes, through which violence can be transmitted owing to, suggestible, likely, the transformation of social structure. The newer environments are characterized by a diversity of entertainment elements including visual contexts such as movies, Audio forms of communication like music and written materials which are viable to transmit different kinds of destructive acts, physical abuse or mental abuse across a larger population. Nevertheless, economic development and the need for its protection has been a threat to the proliferation of physical abuse and also destruction in the community (Schwetman, 2010). Persuasively, the community has turned to be a competing ground where the wealthy are aiming at securing their wealth by destruction thus multiplying violent acts through causing harm to their competitors. There has been an increase of gun possessions in the community as a response to the need of protecting property. However, most of the weapons are preferably used by criminal groups in pursuit of economic sustenance thus facilitating the dominance of financial insecurities.

  According to Schwetman (2010), violence is not necessarily a communicative intention. This means that the complexity of violence does not deliver a direct response to the purposes of a violent act although its practices depend on the norms of that particular context. Violence is arguably a belief considering that different viable ways guarantee its occurrence without realization. Schwetman affirms that violence can be conducted as a medical procedure through false articulations to maintaining a patient's lifespan (2010) whereas its primary purpose is to cause physical abuse. In such a situation, it is hard to determine the primary intentions of a medical procedure until the appearance of following effects on the victim. The intent of pharmaceutical forms of violence in this essay is to elaborate the power and difficulty behind intentions for physical abuse in the community.  The orientations of the current society entail a lot of considerations from which conflicting motives can be developed. For example, conflicts for limited resources are and competitions for leadership positions and superiority on the rise, which underlines the worrying trends of attitudinal and physical abuse of other people's wellbeing.

According to Wilson (2009), mental abuse is closely associated with one's familial background. The author conceptualizes that people; mostly children who witness domestic violence have high chances of developing similar characteristics in the later life. Moreover, children who see vigorous activities within their background characterize the adverse effects of domestic violence through higher levels of depression and extensively defiant behaviors such as violence toward their peers (Wilson, 2009). In the U.S, the dominance of domestic violence has been relative to the reluctant measures by the government to its control, which has over long continued to facilitate mental abuse among the many children who grow in such environments. Nevertheless, Wilson affirms that partner to partner violence has been triggering deteriorating attitude development not only in children but also in women since women are most affected by such violence than men.

However, the underlying intent of addressing domestic violence revolves around the need for the adverse effects it portrays to the victims, especially siblings in their future. Children adopt some of the critical factors that cause domestic violence between their parents or guardians from which they develop long-term perceptions regarding those situations (Wilson, 2010). Therefore, it is reasonable to state that most of the evidenced cases of violence factors such as sexual assaults, property destruction, psychological manipulation and physical harm are a reflection of the background that one spent his or her childhood. It imposes that mental abuse is the most severe form of violence since it a developmental process, which encompasses long-term effects in an individual from one generation to another.

In conclusion, violence is a process that changes from one generation to another in regards to the movements within its context. Its complexity is as well evidenced in its control since effectiveness to the management of violence depends on the appropriateness of implemented measures. Suggestible, management of destruction or hitting requires clear regulations and extensively, justifying punishments to deter its acceptance in the community. The community needs to find appropriate and moral methods of competition, preferably, through innovation for social happiness to control physical abuse. However, the best approach to ensuring commonality is by regulating mental abuse. Mental maltreatment shows its involvedness to facilitating the occurrence of different forms of violence hence the need to control its perverseness for enduring solutions. This can be done by the implementation of strategic rules regarding marital relationships and also through counseling the victims to regulate their perceptions while creating awareness on its effects in the community.

References

Malcom X (1999). Expert from the ballot or Bullet.

Schwetman (2010), Violence. CREDO

Wilson, N. (2009). Domestic Violence. Gale

"Dependent on birth, there is aging-and-death.”

 Aging- and- death is dependent on birth which means that if birth of anybody, anywhere and in any state does not exist, death-and-aging does not exist. If none of the beings is born including ghost, humans, quadrupeds, birds, reptiles in any of the various states, there would be no aging-and-death (Holder, 29). This is to mean that once the birth of any being ceases, the aging-and-death ceases in return. Therefore, the cause or origin of aging and death is the existence of birth. The condition of aging and dying is in existence because a being was born. Hence, the world is fallen and is in trouble because once a being is born, they age and then dies. It passes away yet it cannot understand how it can escape from this suffering. After Buddha is in particular asked the being that dies after aging, his response is dependent arising (Holder, 30).

Giving this response is to specifically say that any being that is born out of this process is what undergoes aging and death. Any being that is brought to this world through birth has to die. The process of being reborn completes the cycle and yet the being will still be subject to the same process again. It explains the notion by Buddha that no one should have confidence his or her self becoming permanent. The formula seems obscure but this can be explained by the fact that it’s making cannot be from the perspective of a being who results from re-birth and undergoing aging and death (Blanchard, 27). Only that being that is born that will experience the process of aging – and-dying.  

References

Holder, John J., ed. Early Buddhist Discourses. Hackett Publishing, 2006. 29-30

Blanchard, Linda S. Dependent Arising in Context: The Buddha's Core Lesson in the Context of His Times and Ours. Milwaukee, WI: Nãrada, 2012. 27

Sociology

Chapter 15

In this chapter, the author has majorly focused on demography which is the study of the size, composition, distribution and the changes in the human population. Among the topics discussed in this chapter are the demographic variables necessary for understanding population dynamic, which include, fertility rate, mortality rate and life expectancy (Mary, 8).     

This chapter is significant in the sense that it provides a broader understanding of demography thus equipping students with the basic knowledge required to understand the distribution of different resources in different areas (Mary, 12). In so doing, they can be able to live in peace, and to also avoid certain challenges.   

Chapter 18

In this chapter, the author has majorly focused on the applicability of sociology to our daily lives, whereby it has been described as a family tree. In the sense that he has explained the evolution of sociology, through citing the invention of sociology by different sociologists such as August Comte, who defined and showed the relationship between sociology and the natural events which take place in the world (Ferris & Jill, 18). For instance, he developed a theory which dealt with the progress of human thinking and its early theological and metaphysical stages towards a final scientific stage. The theory was used to identify the laws which describe the specific characteristics of a particular reality, which may include physics and mathematics, through which people gain an understanding of the world directly through their own senses.

Through Comte’s development, it is easier for students to be able to understand the way they can easily be able to achieve their goals, since sociology has been linked to their daily activities, and the things which they encounter while in school (Ferris & Jill, 19). In so doing, the author has enabled them to achieve a sense of understanding in each and everything which they do.  

Work Cited

Ferris, Kerry, and Jill Stein. The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology. , 2016. Print.

Mary Singleton. Chapter 15 – Population, Urbanization, and the Environment: Scribd. 2017.   

 Service project

The purpose of service project is to assist where necessary as a volunteer at open heart kitchen serving lunch to the elderly. Some of the services that I will offer as part of my course requirement is to encourage, educate, connect and engage with the elderly. The services offered have to be related with to issues covered in previous class readings. Open heart kitchen has a program of feeding elders who are aged 60 years old and above. The meal is well balance and nutritious. Community volunteer services are designed to assist the society help the elderly to be healthy and secure in their homes so as to avoid institutionalization. Some of the activities involved are health programs, nutritional backing, educational assistance on medical and aging and also counselling sessions, help with housing and finances and security. The services I took part in were to assist integrate the whole community into awareness on civic responsibility to the elderly.

My first duty was to ensure tables and chairs are well arranged. Sitting in a group will enable elders to socialize while enjoying their meals. The table and chairs were arranged in a circular pattern to facilitate socializing and open talk with each other giving room for volunteers. Socializing also creates a warm friendly and welcoming environment to discuss some of the challenges they face .Socializing helps the elderly who suffer from loneliness and isolation to have a positive outlook in life and live positively. The first thing was to try and connect with the elders especially those who are suffering from chronic illnesses and those with disabilities. This helped them open and up on issues affecting them thus they were encouraged and felt involved.

The lunch prepared was a delicacy of lemon peeper fish, brown rice, fruits, fresh vegetables, salad and other healthy foods. Before feeding the elders, their hands were washed with soap detergents and hot running water. The utensils and cooking equipment’s which were to be used were also washed and kept clean .After cleaning of the utensils, I participated in cooking their meal some of which required very high temperatures. Alterations in smell and taste were also considered while cooking, putting in place ingredients that would assist their appetite. The nutritional requirement of elders was considered by diversifying the meals. Smoothies made from fresh juice, yoghurt, milk, groundnuts and seeds were on the menu. Appetite of the elders was improved by decorating the food with different spices that added aroma to the food .This was done to increase the appetite of elders with dementia.

I had to ensure that some elders have sat upright before they eat for about thirty minutes to help them move their food safely because some of them were suffering from dysphagia. Whether they were suffering from dysphagia or not, the goal was to ensure they remain alert while they were feeding. Some of the elders were to be fed slowly to allow ample time for swallowing. Small conversation during lunch helped elders remain distraction free and focus on eating.

After the meal the elders were educated on the importance having a sense of purpose .Purpose and hobbies were some of the ways through which they were to avoid succumbing to negative effects of isolation. Besides getting a purpose, they were advised to engage in activities which are socially inclined, that is, anything that requires group work. For example, playing football is healthy and social. They were also informed on events that they could attend at the local level that can promote their social lives. More elderly people are isolated from the society and they could be located through health professionals.

One of the ways through which liberal studies helps in  community engagement is by  providing background information required for understanding most of the concepts learnt at school. This gives an upper hand in practical skills used for solving problems within the community. Liberty studies communicates the needs of the society in a more acknowledgeable angle that can easily be integrated into a practical solution in the community thus helps the community in engaging their issues. Liberty studies help in growth and development of personal values required for community engagement. Personal values get a chance to thrive while engaging in various activities in the community that help in intellectual development. Community projects provide the primary skills and experiences that can be imparted into liberal studies .liberal studies is not like other subjects which require reading and following instructions for one to get knowledge but the subject heavily relies on ‘self-development’ by each and every student and supported by community environment. Liberal studies should go hand in hand with acquisition of knowledge. Being involved in the community helps to get rid of the ills in the community and therefore help the community progress forward to a better future (Rimmerman, 2009).

Jacques Pepin’s The Origin of Aids is a book that examines HIV in a unique perspective. Pepin volunteers to go to Africa to investigate the genesis of the virus. He adds valuable information to the already bulk scientific research on the pandemic. He studies blood from elderly Africans and uses his observations to come up with conclusions. The main objective of Pepin was to assist victims of the deadly virus through the information which was availed by his research. He was able to find out how Aids was spread in its early days. Just like any other voluntary work, the author was able to enlighten and support the community by coming up with mitigation measures. He also helped elders to protect themselves from the deadly virus which had already claimed a lot of lives. The glaring evidence from his research helped inform people on ways they can manage the virus through their nutrition and exercise. This can be related to the voluntary service offered at the heart kitchen whose purpose was to educate and help the elderly improve their health as well as feeding them (Pepin .J, 2011).

Charles C.Mann is an archaeologist who goes to a voluntary expedition to South America. He wanted to explore the continent because it was an area which had not known outside influence in terms of modernity. The scientist wants to know the history of the occupants (Indians) and how they came to exist in the area. The answers to his questions can only be known by interviewing the Indians who landed first in America before the Europeans. The culture and traditions of the Indians will also help in finding answers. They discover that the ancient civilization lived in beautiful cities with clean botanical gardens and they were not as primitive as people perceived them to be. This book totally relates to the voluntary work of serving the elderly in heart kitchen. Just like Charles discovered that the early occupants of America were not primitive and their lives were not always primitive, the elderly were someday young and hardworking energetic individuals. They are supposed to be fed, educated and assisted in each and every possible way to enable them live a comfortable life in their old age (Mann, 2006).

First Along the River explains the evolution for the environmental movements in America in terms of political and social events of the society. The book also gives an elaborate explanation on the impact of the population’s activities on the American landscape. It also explains environmental groups that had impact and changed lives and the manner in which they evolved with time. This is book gives a clear and precise importance of taking care of our environment even before climate change was became a major issue. Giving back to the community through volunteer services rendered to the elderly to assist them live better and be better is not any different. Environment movement initiated projects that protected the environment, in a similar manner engaging the community through various activities such as  feeding the elders gives the community and the people around them better knowledge and ease pressure off their backs to inspire to carry on with similar projects in different spheres of the world just like the environmental movements (Kline,2011).

In the three books, a group of people take their time and mobilize their skills and resources to initiate projects that later assist the community long after they are gone. Their services to the community has enable the world to be a better place for all the people. Feeding the elderly has the same effect on the community as researching Aids, protecting the environment or discovering new archeological sites. They both help to educate support and engage the community as a holistically.

References

Kline, B. (2011). First along the river: A brief history of the U.S. environmental movement. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Mann, C. C., (2006). 1491: The Americas before Columbus. London: Granta.

Pepin .J, 2011.The Origins of AIDS (Cambridge University Press

Rimmerman, C. A. (2009). Service-learning and the liberal arts: How and why it works. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Questionary week 5

• What are the characteristic features of quantitative research methodology?

Some of the characteristics of the quantitative research methodology include:

• The data is gathered using the structured instruments for research.
• Research results are defined on the basis of the larger sizes of samples.
• Every aspect of the study is carefully designed even before the data is collected
• Projects can also be used in generalizing the concepts widely (Neuman & Robson, 2014)
• Tools such as computer software and questionnaires are used in the collection of numerical data

What are some main types of quantitative methods?  
Basically, there are four types of the quantitative designs:

Quasi-experimental, descriptive, experimental and correlational

2. What are the main strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research? 

Strengths include:

• Validating and testing of the already constructed theories on why and how a phenomenon occurs
• Hypotheses testing occur before the collection of the data
• There is the possibility of generalizing the findings of the research when data is based on the randomized samples of quality size (Neuman & Robson, 2014)
• There is also the possibility of generalizing the findings of the research when the data has been used on many different subpopulations and populations
• Data collection using the method is very efficient and quick
• The results of the research are independent of the party conducting the research
• It is very useful when it comes to the study of huge number of individuals

Weakness

• The categories of the researchers which are used may not have a reflection on the understanding of the local constituencies
• The theories of the researchers which are used may not have a reflection on the understanding of the local constituencies (Neuman & Robson, 2014)
• Researchers can also miss out on the phenomena which are occurring due to the focus on the supposition testing instead of the assumption and theory generation
• The kind of knowledge obtained can be too universal and conceptual for direct application to the specific contexts and local situations (Choy, 2014)

3. How could a quantitative research method be used to conduct research on the topic you have selected for your literature review? If it can't, explain why

The quantitative method could be used for the use of the highly structured methods such as gathering the data through the questionnaires and computer developed applications. The questions required are supposed to be closed-ended which will provide the quantifiable answers.

4)  Provide a definition of survey research as understood by De Vaus 2014

Survey research is a method which is used by the researchers and students who are working on surveys and it assumes the nonexistence of background in the statistical analysis. The tools for research are readily provided in order to understand the challenging facts about the research (Lewis, 2015).

5) With reference to this week's readings would you define content analysis as a quantitative or qualitative method? Why?

Content analysis has been used in both the qualitative and quantitative analysis. For example, in the Second World War content analysis was used in analyzing the propaganda which is quantitative in nature. This indicates that it can also be used in analyzing interviews in the qualitative method.

Week 6

1. What are the advantages anddisadvantages of qualitative research?

Advantages

• Evaluation in an in-depth and detailed methodology can be used in the subject and the issues
• The interviews conducted are not restricted to particular inquiry and they can be guided or redirected in real time
• The structure and course of the exploration can be re-edited when new details come to light (Lewis, 2015)
• Data in the qualitative research depends on the experience of the human and this is powerful and more compelling than the data gathered with the use of quantitative research method

Disadvantages

• Rigidity of the data is very hard to preserve, evaluate or display
• Data quantity makes study and understanding time consuming
• Qualitative research in many cases is not allowed and understood especially in some communities
• Findings can be difficult and time-consuming in presentation of visual ways (Lewis, 2015)
• Issues to do with the anonymity and confidentiality can cause problems during the presentations and findings

2. What types of data/information are yielded by qualitative and quantitative research approaches?

The type of information gathered in the qualitative method is exploratory meaning it provides reasons for problems while the information gathered in the quantitative method is used in generating data or numerical data which can be transformed to usable statistics (Lampard & Pole, 2015).

Week 7

1) What is the difference between researching your family history and what a historian does?

Researching a family does not require implementation of vivid data but the rather simple application of sense to come up with conclusive choices. A historian uses facts figures and other statistics in gathering crucial data which can have been saved in archives and other historical places.

2) What is social memory?

Social memory can be described as the environment or group which humanity defines it and the history is shared among the people of the same group.

3) Identify a ‘foundation myth’ of Australia (or if you are not Australian, an identity myth of your home nation). What is this myth’s purpose? 

Heroes in Australia are not as recognized as they are in other parts of the world. This can be equated to the facts such as Australia never experienced any kind of civil war to define what a hero is in their perception. The fighters in world war 1 are not recognized either perhaps due to their names not being in any writings. The need of this myth is to indicate the most influential figures in history and who encourage the relationship to having the Australian identity (Cooke & Cofaigh, 2017).

4a) why do historians need to be wary of popular versions of history? 

This is because some of the historical data vary according to the setting, time and knowledge of the previous historian. In many cases, history can be defined the wrong way if historians do not take into consideration the popular versions of the same.

1. b) What are some of the other popular ways that people invoke history that can be problematic?
   Common sense is one of the few ways in which history is invoked and in some ways it becomes problematic. Historians should learn to reduce the conflicts created through the use of incompetence and outright corruptions (Singh et al., 2016). These ideologies can be problematic to the definitions and relations in history.

5a) Your job is to provide a historical account of how the Australian political system emerged. What research methods would you use?
The qualitative methodology could be used in defining the political system in Australia through the theoretical meaning and understanding of revolution and the definitions for revolutions. The qualitative method will allow the statistical analysis of the previous governments and ways of the ruling which could define the political system (Singh et al., 2016).

Week 8

1. What are the main characteristics of ethnographic research? 

• Researcher engagements
• Researcher as the instrument
• Multiple methods
• Study of culture

2. What does it mean to say that an ethnographic account is a "construction"? What are some of the things that may influence this construction?

Ethnographic can be termed as construction since it involves the interpretations and descriptions of the cultural behaviors. Researcher uses the meaning of language, interactions, and behavior in constructing a possible outcome (Hammersley, 2016). This can be influenced by the way of life, worldview, data collection, and analysis.

3. What is the distinction between "idiographic" and "nomothetic" approaches? What does Denscombe mean by the "middle position"? 
   Idiographic and nomothetic terms are used by the philosopher in the description of two distinct viewpoints to knowledge with each having a different meaning in terms of the intellectual tendency. Nomothetic is a tendency to have a generalization and very typical for the sciences while idiographic is based on being specific and this is inclined to humanity (Fowler, 2013). The middle position is a situation where the researcher uses quality data in the formulation of hypotheses to develop good results according to the expectations.
4. What are the three main "avenues" through which Malinowski says ethnographic fieldwork should be approached? Explain each briefly.

The organization of tribe and the anatomy of the culture have to be recorded while in the firm. The method of statistical, concrete documentation is basically the means through which an outline must be provided.

Within the particular frame, the type of behavior and the actual life has to be detailed. These have to be corrected within the shortest time possible through a detailed observation using the form of an ethnographic diary which is made possible by the contact by the native life (Sloan & Bowe, 2014).

Collection of the ethnographic statement, typical utterances, magical formulae, characteristic narratives and items of folklore has to be provided as a corpus inscription or a document of the native mentality.

5. What methods are involved in ethnographic research? State 2 methods used and outline what kinds of data each method gathers. 

Key information interviewing and the participant observation method

The participation strategy is based on having lived with the people who are under study for a long period of time specifically 1 year and the data is gathered using the continuous involvement with the activities and lives of these people. A key information interview is important for the qualitative research which characterizes the ethnography.

Week 9

1) Define and describe what hermeneutics is.

Hermeneutics is a methodology and theory used for interpretation especially with the wisdom literature, philosophical texts and biblical texts (Sloan & Bowe, 2014). The modern hermeneutics applies the nonverbal and verbal communication and also the presuppositions, pre-understanding, and semiotics. It is also applied in history, theology, and law.

2a) Explain what the hermeneutic circle is.
Hermeneutics circle is used to describe the processes of understanding a text in hermeneutics. It refers to the ideology which an individuals’ understanding of a particular text as being whole is established by the reference to the personal parts of that understanding.

2b)  how does the concept of a hermeneutic helix change the notion of the hermeneutic circle?

According to the hermeneutic helix, the understanding and the interpretation is captured as a process, unlike the circle which is in reference to the hermeneutics. This causes the change in meaning in terms of the concepts and the notion known (Sloan & Bowe, 2014).

• Where does hermeneutics sit in regards to methodology and epistemology? Why?

Hermeneutics with regards to methodology has the goal of exploring and analyzing the life of people with the use of the qualitative method and the nondirective interviewing techniques in order to collect some information. With regards to epistemology, hermeneutics is a phenomenology and a constructivism which could be used as the main philosophical and epistemological perspective of the qualitative methods.

References

Beltz, A. M., Wright, A. G., Sprague, B. N., & Molenaar, P. C. (2016). Bridging the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to the analysis of clinical data. Assessment, 23(4), 447-458.

Choy, L. T. (2014). The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4), 99-104.

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2013). Research methods in education. Routledge.

Cooke, R., & Ó Cofaigh, É. (2017). IRF Off: Connacht’s Fight for Survival and the Foundation Myth of a Rugby Identity. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 1-16.      

Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013). Survey research methods. Sage publications.

Hammersley, M. (2016). Reading ethnographic research. Routledge.

Lampard, R., & Pole, C. (2015). Practical social investigation: Qualitative and quantitative methods in social research. Routledge.

Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), 473-475.

Neuman, W. L., & Robson, K. (2014). Basics of social research. Pearson Canada.   

Pennebaker, J. W., Páez, D., & Rim, B. (Eds.). (2013). Collective memory of political events: Social psychological perspectives. Psychology Press.

Singh, J., Nejdl, W., & Anand, A. (2016, March). History by diversity: Helping historians search news archives. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM on Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (pp. 183-192). ACM.

Sloan, A., & Bowe, B. (2014). Phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology: the philosophy, the methodologies, and using hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate lecturers’ experiences of curriculum design. Quality & Quantity, 48(3), 1291-1303.

How Does Guided Initiation Transform A Person?

Initiation occurs to everyone but at different times which is dependent on its nurturing. Self-identity which refers to the manner in which we describe and perceive ourselves as unique persons play a crucial role in regard to who one becomes and the course that the individual’s life chooses (Gaertner et al 433). Self-identity incorporates the entirety of comprehension and knowledge that individuals acquire as they develop which incorporates personality, ability, rational, relationships, interests and characteristics (Gaertner et al 433). Self-identity is developed mainly in two different ways which are self-awareness acquired from observation and relationships. To begin with, individuals acquire self-awareness by making an observation on their surrounding while analyzing their feelings and those of others towards them as well as behaviors that are grounded in previous and existing experiences. Based on relationships that individuals depend on the personality is acquired which either might be social, family or academic. The fundamental part of individual’s growth incorporates establishing one’s position in the social context in which they exist and the responses acquired from the social setting plays an essential role in the growth and progression of self-identity (Sponcil, and Gitimu 7). In other words, guided initiation transforms an individual by gaining a more positive self-identity which in turn helps in being objective and goals oriented since the acquired support in guidance is essential for spiritual growth and stability which enhances capability and focus.

Family as the first relationship that one is exposed to is useful in instilling guided initiation that leads to the development of a more focused and more desirable personality. It is the support that one acquires from family including psychological assistance that counts in identity development (Sponcil, and Gitimu 7). Family not only sets limitations to who one becomes but also sets certain limits to their thoughts and perception in general. The consistent changes in family structure and relationships shapes individual’s identities in differing approaches some of which none is fully aware in regard. It is family that first offers the description of what the world entails helping one in gaining insights and developing of anticipations in this regard. With the kind of support then one’s personality and self-identity growth are bound to be affected leading to the growth of negative perceptions and loss of focus. Based on the Path to Love by Deepak Chopra, the author asserts that everyone was created to receive love and to be totally enchanting for life in general. In this book, the author argues that the primary foundation of this abundance is grounded on the spiritual nature of every individual which enables people to celebrate in the abundant love the healing, inspiration, and renewal that is achieved from the support helps in creating psychological wellness (Chopra 17).

Chopra utilizes different illustrations derived from real experiences and literature to demonstrate the varying love stages ranging from desirability, fascination, relationship, affection, surrender, desire and happiness (Chopra 17). The author illustrates that it is the spiritual authority that helps in fighting obstacles. In other words, the author means that without psychological wellness then it becomes particularly hard for one to focus on personal growth (Chopra 21). Spiritual growth which is a primary part of self-expressionism enables one to achieve happiness at the end. According to Chopra the path to achieving love is based on establishing the actual meaning and stability of the spiritual state of relationships in general. Relationship and the love that is acquired is the actual essence that facilitates self-identity growth. For most individuals, love only entails romanticism and emotional transition. It is obvious that love can best be expressed through the use of fascination and emotions but love is essential as it is through the developed relationships that make it possible to gather the best from relationships or individual’s growth. This equals to Millman’s story in the Peaceful Warrior.  It becomes possible to be an achiever and focus on what is desired which generally includes loving relationships when spiritual growth has been achieved (Millman 14). Relationships that are mainly supported by love are a form of spiritual journey that moves from a more personal to a broad context.

Everyone needs to trust that they are adorable and loved. Initiation is commenced with confidence on all ends supported by parental love and enfolded in personal innocence. While growing love and relationships with family are never doubted but with time uncertainties begin to emerge (Sponcil, and Gitimu 8). For most individuals flaws defines them and that is how they see themselves as experiences have created the impression that perfect relationships are never to be found in this universe. However, according to Chopra all that is labeled as flaws is only the scars and the injuries that have been acquired with time. This perception does not, however, a reasonable reflection in regard to the actual truth (Chopra 17). This perception is created by the relationships that one goes through ranging from family, social to peer relationships. It is from this relationships that a form of guided nurturing is usually achieved. If the guidance does not help in creating a healthy spiritual nature then this generally implies that the perception in regard to the world and self-identity is rather undesirable. It is not possible to achieve a positive identification from relationships that are not supportive or those that do not seek to offer guidance.

How guided initiation helps in the development of positive self-identity and focus in life is well exemplified in Blander Marcielle’s book ‘’The Breathing House’’. The book is comprised of a number of attractive poems that not only expressing the author’s ideas and feeling but also ensures that the readers can easily relate based on their personal experiences. It is through the personal sharing of experiences and sentiments that the idea and the significance of guided initiation towards personal identity growth are achieved. The expression of feelings that highlights the essence of guided relationships in general. For instance, in the poem in the book that is titled ‘’Eden’’ the author through the story of a mother and daughter expresses the notion of expressionism and self-identity. Brandler asserts at the beginning that the story is factual and despite the fact that the girl’s mother was beautiful she was also punishing. The mother only expressed disregard for her (Brandler 1). This poem in this context suggests the absence of positive relationships amid a mother and her daughter. The readers can see that the girl is particularly resentful of the development given by her mother which is rather minimal or none. From the moment that she is born it becomes apparent that there is no association amid them given that she lacks the knowledge of her mother’s breasts which them strangers to one another.

Guidance determines the effectiveness of initiation because it is only through creating connections between parents and their children that better growth can be asserted. Parents have the obligation to protecting as well as nurturing their children to offer them a more guided life path. With the absence, this generally implies that the child is bound to grow up knowing that they are not loved or not adorable which affects their ability to attract focus and achieve even higher (Brandler 6). It is highly important for parents to demonstrate their affection and support to children as a way of guiding their growth. This also helps in the development of a positive self-identity in general. Failure to offering care to children leads to the rising of a sensation of being rejected and abandoned which not only affects their emotions but also their perception in regard to relationships. In the ‘’Breathing House’’ in the poem ‘’Eden’’ the daughter fails to understand why it was so hard for her mother to be a nurturing woman and to offer full guidance which she really needed in life. Even though she no longer needs the nurturing she needs to feel whole by understanding why she proved to be a burden to her own mother (Brandler 7). It becomes apparent from this context that it is all about guidance that helps in being a more reliable and focused person in life.

Guided initiation is essential in transforming an individual’s perception in general. It is through family relationships and connections that one begins to understand the world (Gaertner et al 434). The lack of nurturing leads to the development of a rather negative perception and the loss of confidence since self-believe was never instilled. When an individual has doubts in regard to self this means that their ability to move forward and overcome life hurdles is rather challenging and complex. From the book, it is evident that the girl who is now grown is unable to forget the fact that her mother failed to nurture her which thus creates a negative self-identity and the absence of courage to attract all that she desires. Guidance helps in establishing the hidden abilities as well as learning the manner in which life works and gaining more effective responses regarding life in general (Gaertner et al 436).

The more genuine makings of individuals are exposed not based on the life experiences but based on the capability to relate well with those that are close (Sedikides and Marilynn 12). It is not only based on ensuring that flaws are highlighted while being nurtured but it is the guidance that sets one on the rightful path thus allowing them to pursue greatness. Brandler suggests that not all relationships lead to growth since if a family relationships lack connection then this generally implies that it is not possible for the achievement of self-growth and the ability to establish the underlying potential. The author asserts that family relationships play a significant role in guiding as well as ensuring that individuals follow the required path mainly by focusing on nurturing and care. In that by nurturing individuals tend to feel more appreciated and content in regard to all that they do. In other words, this leads to psychological or spiritual wellness which works to ensure that potential and wellness, in general, is pushed to a different level (Sedikides and Marilynn 14).

According to Brandler’s poetic story, it is just that individuals never realize it but nurturing helps in creating satisfaction and happiness in general. It is without happiness that most goals in life cannot be achieved. However, with guidance initiation transforms an individual to a more focused path that leads to wellness. Since that happiness is generated from within and therefore it cannot exist if an individual does not feel as if they are appreciated or even loved in general. Every individual needs to be fully supported in being oriented and focused in regard to achievement so that success can be achieved in general (Gaertner et al 433). It is the guidance that comes with nurturing that sets the pace for achieving these goals. Based on the focus of the book The Breathing House it is evident that an individual initial identity sense is acquired from one’s primary relationships with family. For Brandler, Millman and Chopra families mainly serve as a driving factor to individuals life either positively or negatively. The Brandler’s personal story demonstrates that she feels as though the lack of connection with her family is a form of betrayal that hindered her potential to achieving greater as well as identifying herself in a more positive way. Most individuals on the other hand according to Chopra tend to find happiness and self-identity while being nurtured by their partners an aspect that is triggered by love.

In conclusion, guided initiation helps in the development of a positive identity that has more focus. It is through such relationships that perceptions and tracking are formed. If one is not nurtured then their perception in regard to life, in general, is destroyed leading to the loss of confidence and self-identity. Families and relationships mainly those in the social context, plays part in molding an individual’s perception and growth which is acquired from spiritual wellness. Showing appreciation and love help in spiritual growth and in turn enhance an individual’s capability to focus.

Work Cited

Brandler, Marcielle. The Breathing House: Imagist Poems. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc, 2006. Print.

Chopra, Deepak. The Path to Love: Spiritual Strategies for Healing. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007. Internet resource.

Gaertner, Samuel L., et al. "A common ingroup identity: Categorization, identity, and intergroup relations." Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, (2016): 433-454.

Millman, Dan. Way of the Peaceful Warrior: A Book That Changes Lives. Dan Millman, 2015 Press.

Sedikides, Constantine, and Marilynn B. Brewer, eds. Individual self, relational self, collective self. Psychology Press, 2015.

Sponcil, Megan, and Priscilla Gitimu. "Use of social media by college students: Relationship to communication and self-concept." Journal of Technology Research 4 (2013): 1.

Comparing and contrasting of Consent Form

Each type of consent varies according to the research study being conducted. The consent research from for the clinical study contains a lot of information which signifies the seriousness and how detailed the subject will be. The social science consent is not as detailed as the clinical study since this is a research that is meant to ensure that the rate of taking ice cream by the freshmen is reduced to a significant rate. The information contained in the medical research is detailed in order to give a wide perspective on the cancer menace. The research for medical treatment is case sensitive and therefore requires a significant amount of resources and time to ensure it is very quality (Rowbotham et al., 2013). Also, due to the sensitivity of the medical research, the participants are supposed to undergo some level of treatment and training to ensure that they are well conversant with the environment. No special case is required for the social science research since the only requirement is to ensure that the consent is duly signed and the participants can start working on the research. The individual carrying out the medical research has the obligation to contact the more experienced medical practitioners in case of a query since there will be no room for errors with the research.

Both types of research are according to the standards and recommendation for quality continuity of practice. For the medical research, the person carrying out the research can decide to quit at any time as according to how he or she wants and there will be no consequences with regards to the relationship with the health institution (Curley et al., 2014). This is the same case with the social sciences where each participant has the capacity and free will to quit if they do not feel a need to continue with the research and there will be no consequences on the participant. Both of the consent forms require the participants to sign the consent to participate in the research at their own free will.

Consent regarding the participation in the clinical study and the social sciences are used to ensure that there are better services for the target group. The target group for the clinical study research is the people who are affected by cancer of the ovary while the social sciences research involves the students especially the freshmen who are addicted to taking ice cream. Both of this projects are practically there to make sure that the participants help identify the measures, strategies or the standards to be applied to the target group to get proper help. The ovarian study is a rather urgent kind of research since in most cases the affected people are in pain and others do not even realize the existence of the tumor. Accordingly, each patient must be done some level of checkups to ensure determine the best possible approach for the treatments (Rowbotham et al., 2013). Cancer is a disease that affects many people and currently, with the kind of living people are thriving, there are high possibilities of more people being diagnosed with the disease. Therefore the major needs to have the consent on cancer patient treatment are more valid. Considering the consent to identify the rate of freshmen taking ice cream, this is also an important study since it will give a clear understanding of how many people are likely to be affected by the rate of consumption.

References

Curley, B. F., Shah, N., Wen, S., Almubarak, M., Craig, M., & Newton, M. D. (2014). Implementation of a written chemotherapy consent form with explicit goals of treatment in a university center.

Rowbotham, M. C., Astin, J., Greene, K., & Cummings, S. R. (2013). Interactive informed consent: randomized comparison with paper consents. PloS one, 8(3), e58603.

St John, E. R., Scott, A. J., Irvine, T. E., Pakzad, F., Leff, D. R., & Layer, G. T. (2017). Completion of hand-written surgical consent forms is frequently suboptimal and could be improved by using electronically generated, procedure-specific forms. the surgeon, 15(4), 190-195.

 The Attitude Change of the Judge, Police Officer and Mr. Harris in Hidden Figures

 Based on the lecture by Professor Marci Lobel, Attitude refers to the reaction towards something .Attitude has of four theories: learning of the message, transfer of the affect, desire for consistency and counter arguing. Learning of the message assists one in understanding the meaning of the message which in turn helps in initiating attitude change. Most people’s behaviors do not march other peoples’ expectations, feelings and faiths.  This is known as desire for consistency. Transfer affect is formed by associating an object with something that may influence the overall appearance of the object. A communicator is a person who conveys the message with the intention of gaining other people’s attention.   A firm information should contain evidence that can help in persuading people to change their attitude. The third factor to consider after choosing the message is the target audience. The communicator must ensure that the audience he has chosen are receptive to the message and show commitment. The audience must also be thoughtful and process the information presented to them by blocking any distractions. Instances of attitude change are seen through the characters of the judge, Mr. Harris and a police officer in the movie, Hidden figures.

Hidden Figures has instances of attitude change. Attitude change is seen when Mary has to battle it out in court in order to be admitted in the University Of Virginia. She needed the engineering courses so as to qualify to attend the training program in NASA. Sadly for her she is black and this puts her in a forewarning position that leads to fear arousal. The campus does not admit black students. The judge maintains that Virginia is a segregated state. Mary listens to the judge keenly without any distraction and evaluates the message of the judge. Mary pleads with the judge to allow her into the institution. She goes further to explain that she will be the first woman to attend the university just as the judge was the first man in his family to be educated. The judge allows her to attend evening classes. The judge changes his attitude towards Mary by trying to fit in with her predicaments and feelings. Mary counter argues the statement of the judge by trying to alter his beliefs and feelings. Mary’s husband is against her decision to go to court as he believes that freedom is not given but   fought for. He later changes his attitude when Mary persuades him so as to achieve desire   for consistency.

 The trio’s car breaks down while they were going to work. Mary fears that they might lose their jobs due to their lateness. Kathrine acknowledges Mary’s worries and suggests that she should probably walk the remaining distance or sit in a segregated bus which reserves back sits for blacks.   A white police officer arrives to confirm what was going on. Before he could listen in, Mary retorts, “no crime in being a negro” Kathrine replies back, “nobody wants to go to jail because of your mouth either” the minute Mary tries to defend herself, the officer conclude that she is ill-mannered .The officer seems to be inoculated to conclude that Mary is rude and he could not be persuaded by her. When the officer finds out they work for NASA and they are assisting in putting a man on the moon before the Russians, he offers to escort them. In the conversation between the officer and the three women, attitude change process is initiated when the officer finds credibility in their occupations and this shifts his behavioral change towards them as he escorts them to work. The officer took a liking to them which built his trustworthiness toward the ladies.

 When Mr. Harris realizes discrimination and racism hinders Kathrine from performing her tasks, he goes to the west wing to pull down the sign ‘colored bathrooms’ from one of the bathrooms and allows everyone to go to any bathroom near their respective workspace. Harris shows his commitment to change his attitude toward black people who worked at NASA. He then takes a forewarning position and lets other whites know that there is nothing special about bathrooms and black people and white people pee the same color.

The judge’s attitude is changed by the empathy he feels towards Mary and he allows her to be admitted to the University of Virginia. The police officer's attitude change is caused by love for his country. The officer is willing   to assist black women because they work for NASA .Mr. Harris is willing to fight racism and discrimination with the aim of creating a conducive working environment for all people including people of color. This belief changes his attitude. Therefore, attitude change is created through transfer of effect, learning of the message and desire for consistency.