Sources and Examples of internal validity independent variable-cause-dependent variable-effect
History- when conducting an experiment, historical events may emerge and bring confusion with the results. In most cases, the anticipated events affects the dependent variable and it becomes hard to different the changes brought by independent variable and historical event (Camphell & Stanley, 256). For example, the Head Start program and Sesame Street were produced at the same period. Though Head Start was created before Sesame Street, they both encompass educational information. In this case, Sesame Street affects the dependent variable of the Head Start.
Testing- An experiment has various process before arriving at the final conclusion. Final experiment results are affected by the process of testing and re-testing and people’s behaviors are influenced in the experiment. In other words, post-test and pretest acts a threat and improves the score (Camphell & Stanley, 257). For example, when students are tested with examinations on a single subject every week, there is likelihood that they will raise scores through practice. Their ability will increase due to their logical reasoning.
Maturation- this means that in experimental designs, natural process can influence the dependent measure. Maturation can emerge as a result of improvement or because participants can change their behavior when they become bored, hungry and so on (Camphell & Stanley, 257). For example, students who perform best in classroom can decrease their performance in experiment after 45 minutes. This is because either they are more experienced with a particular topic or because the topic is boring.
selecting biases- in experimental design, selected subjects are assigned to different groups for final comparison and results. However problems arise when the selected groups are not comparable at the beginning. In instructional experiment, a group may consist of high-ability class but conclusion may be made by an average ability class (Camphell & Stanley, 257). When there is difference in group prior to the study the overall results will be affected. Selection bias may occur when individuals chose the group they want to be involved with (self-selection) or when the research selected the group he or she needs in the experiments. For example when the Head Start program was developed, selection bias could occur if the researcher selected children whose parents contacted the program first. Children to these parents could be motivated to learn and finally the student would gain skills not because the program was effective but because the parents were given slots first by the researcher.
2 a. According to Babbie, students who act as research participants makes the experiment to lack generalizability. First, it is important to understand that generalizability is applied in experimental setting and play role in creating findings and conclusions. The point with Babbie is that generalization lack when there are restrictions in the scope of findings (Babbie, 94). Particularly when participants’ observations are derived from small group, it is not possible for the findings to be generalized. Experimental research which involves students lack transparency in that it is hard to analyze the qualitative data and how the participants arrived at the conclusion. Students as participants focus on behaviors and beliefs rather than producing generalized information to the relevant population. In this case, generalizability requires quantitative research in research methodology (Babbie, 98). When talking about generalizability, Babbie means that the study conclusion is derived from a large population based on race, gender and so on. Generalization concepts focus on observation and theory and both are achieved through creating a universal hypothesis. Babbie assert that experimental research which students are the participants lack generalizability because there is lack of validity. The generalizability of a research requires validity and reliability which means that research should have concept measures. In addition, a research should have credibility and conformability so that the drawn findings can make proper inference (Babbie, 130).
b.I agree with Babbie’s views that experimental research with college students lack generalizability. Generalization confusion arises on internal and external validity. Internal generalization encompasses conclusion from a group while external generalizability focuses on conclusion made beyond the experimental setting (Babbie, 130). Relating the Bobbie’s views with Cook and Campbell’s, theoretical validity and interpretive of research focus on internal validity or what is known as ‘statistical conclusion validity’ (Camphell & Stanley, 257). College students lack the ability to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant facts and they end up creating invalid results. The point is that there is lack of ethics when students are the participants. They lack ethical consideration and they may feel bored with the experiment and fail to give the correct information. Note that generalization involves taking findings and inferences in a research. In this case, students may have a clue about the research and they may find answers before the experiment so that they can present something similar to the theory (Babbie, 130). In general, college students pose a threat to the research findings due to lack of generalizability. Students are more ambitious and more intelligent and when research uses self-selection in experimental research, students who are socially conscious will volunteer themselves only because they are more extraverted (Babbie, 130).
Reference
Babbie, Earl R. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2008. Print
In order to prevent future environmental damage, Formosa Corporation should create waste management strategy. Even though it promised to compensate the damages with $500 million, the cost of compensation is higher than the cost of waste management. Note that the Vietnam government threatened Formosa that it will close the FHS if such incidents occur again. It was reported that coke production in FHS released toxins which caused deaths of fish in Vietnam. Therefore, Formosa should change coke production and develop an eco-friendly technology (VietNamNet Bridge, 2016). Meanwhile, the company should monitor the process of chemical waste and ensure treatment of air emissions and solid waste from coke production. The corporation should also create an effective wastewater treatment system. There should be technologies for wastewater treatment and biomarker ponds should be built where treated wastewater will be store waiting for safety assessment. If wastewater is safe, then the underground pipeline should remain to allow water to move to the sea with respect to federal regulations (VietNamNet Bridge, 2016). Strategies which Formosa Corporation should use to manage waste and avoid environmental damage are waste identification. If the waste is hazardous, the company should comply with federal regulations. It should accumulate the hazardous waste and wait for waste disposal. Accumulation process will require safe management and safe treatment. The company should also select a container and label the chemical waste (National Research Council, 2011). All these process will help reduce pollution and maximize health and safety. Other point is that the company management should control the pollution by implementing stricter standards. Formosa should consider the environmental ethics and make decisions based on protecting people and natural world. The management should focus on conservation ethics and value the environment and its importance to humans. Considering humanity, the company will avoid pollution and strive to create a positive environment (National Research Council, 2011).
How Vietnamese are affected by the government corruption and how it will affect Vietnam in future
The Vietnam government has a lot to do. First, the government should end corruption. The issue of corruption has negatively affected the Vietnam people who were directly and indirectly impacted by the environmental damage. Though various cases of corruption in Vietnam government are hidden, the corruption from environmental compensation is transparent. Vietnam people are corrupted by the government and this is not fair. It is clear that Formosa promised to compensate 200,000 people for the environmental damage but the government on other hand limits human rights and freedom of speech. This is not the first environmental damage or the first instance of corruption in Vietnam. Various cases have been reported but the government is reluctant toward addressing this issue (Tatarski, 2016). In other cases the government takes small amount of money and the cases are withdrawn or not presented in public at all. There should be equal distribution and all affected people who submitted their cases should be equally compensated. However, if corruption continues, there will be no quality of services. Quality services in Vietnam should be shown in distribution of funds. However, lack of quality will lead to improper justice and citizens will suffer. Vietnamese people will live a poor life as a result of lack of employment and poor health. For example, when the economy is affected by pollution, people will become jobless and survive in unhealthy environment (Tatarski, 2016). In general, corruption in future will lead to lack of development and mistrust on the government.
What should the government do?
Before implementing environmental monitoring system, the government should end impunity. This should be done through implementing law enforcement and a legal framework. The government should consider reforming the financial management (Tatarski, 2016). To curb corruption, it is important to reform the public sectors and disclose the budget information and this is one way of prevention misappropriation of resources. Note that the Vietnam government lack transparency and in order end corruption, the government should promote transparency and show openness and responsiveness in access to information. Other important point is that empowering citizen is the core element in ending corruption (Tatarski, 2016). The government should create mutual trust and be accountable in addressing citizen needs. In addressing current environmental issue, the government should create a mentoring system in the affected provinces. Authorities accountable for monitoring will ensure that change is implemented and provide measures to avoid future environmental damage. Sea management and protection is an important aspect which the government should consider in order to restore the ecosystem (Tatarski, 2016). Other important point is that the government together with other companies should join hands in improving the environment.
On the plantation, slave community created sizable groups in plantations where they could practice their culture beliefs and values. Here, they created interaction and a common culture with beliefs and assumption which helped them to recognize their Africanity and live as Black Americans (Blassingame, 1). Slaves struggled to create resistance to enslavement through retaining their African culture. Back in 17th and 18h century, slaves endured various hardships and used a great effort in creating psychological effort. In Southern plantation, there was a cross-cultural exchange which strengthened a mutual interaction between European and Africans. As a result of Protestant Christianity, the church was important in acculturating the slave and slaves could use this aspect in creating a community (Blassingame, 1). As a result of monogamous relationship in the plantation, slaves could survive well on the plantation since their masters were not submissive to them.
In creating the community, slaves were interested in education, arts, folktales and fables. All these were within the community and they reflected an important picture of Africa societies. Fox example, folktales and archaeological finds from 16th-17th century was a form of cultural expression and African tradition (Kimberly, 1). During the colonial period, slaves were much interested in retaining the African tradition and they could do this through various practices. For example, women made baskets and rugs using African patterns. Men also used their skilled to present material culture which acted as a form of communication. During leisure time, slaves used their musical instruments in singing songs which conveyed secular and spiritual meaning. Generally, religion played a great role in helping slaves overcome challenges which they came across in antebellum South (Kimberly, 1). To maintain my identity in a foreign country, I would practice my culture and maintain my beliefs and values. For example, music and religion would be my source of strength in portraying my culture. Traditions and custom are important and so I would use them as the core elements in maintain my identity.
Reference
Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford
According to Lopez, death of the World Wide Web internet and the introduction of the social networking has raised a dangerous online society whose core positive influence are outweighed by the negative impacts towards the human race. The author argues that, the original intent of the World Wide Web was to allow people across the world to communicate with the people they wanted to and at any time. The human race was thus able to share constructive information with each other hence transforming of knowledge. However, this all lost meaning twenty years after the introduction and establishment of the World Wide Web internet, a rise of ever-present as well as popular social networking tools that were a contradiction of the World Wide Web internet that created it. Its use has currently resulted to the formation of an online society which has unconsciously set free massive destructions. Lopez is an extraordinary writer who is one of the fundamental journalist as well as a political activist and thus, his arguments are well organized and well developed all through his essay (Lopez 482). The dynamics of social interactions has changed as from one that enriches the social lives into one that destroys the social lives since caution has not been fully administered in the use of these social networks. This paper, therefore, will present and discuss some of the various consequences that are attributed to the online society.
The internet has revolutionized the world through the increased advancement of the technology. Currently, the network society is as a result of the digital revolution in collaboration with core socio-cultural changes. The internet therefore makes up the technological infrastructure of the world wide network society. Various social networks have been set up with an aim of uniting the people through the internet. There are both negative as well as positive impacts that are contributed by the social networks that form the online society. Though social networking is a tool that is used across the world by the majority in promoting and supporting communication, it s doing more harm than it is doing good and hence the consequences outweighs the benefits f this online society.
Globally much of the time is spent in the internet as most of the people prefer to use the internet as a platform for all kinds of activities whether it terms of business, individual or social activities. Thus the physical life is diminishing as the virtual life is increasingly becoming the social life. Traditional interactions in the society are reducing as most of the people are communicating using the social media platforms. This has resulted to isolation of the people within the society as there is no physical touch as the people interacts face to face as in the traditional society. The online society therefore has reduced the friendship level within the society and thus the traditional personal interaction is fading away. This has led to the slow loss of the human interaction as most of the people find it easy to converse through the internet. This will therefore lead into the degrading of our language skills and the skills of public speaking. Thus in cases of social gatherings normal debates, public confrontation and speaking will be a hard task to carry out as people will not be able to learn each other’s body language (Debatin et al 84). This is not right in our society, this is because of the fact that humans are social beings and hence they should regularly engage in personal interactions with other members of the society especially the physical society and not the online society s as to be able to realize the significance of socializing as well as leading balanced lives. Emotionally we are getting detached from the reality as we are focusing more on the less meaningful relationships. Thus the emotional touch that people usually offer people of closer relationship especially when the friends are in need is lacking in the online society (Iachello & Hong 100). Thus most of the online society members barely know their circle of friends and thus they end up building up a false sense of friendship connection and they are only limited by sending mails or even commenting on the social network platforms. Trust in this case is hard to be built in this setting and thus most of the people end up suffering from loneliness as they have no trust on these false relationships. Thus casual relationships formed in the online society are not helpful at all especially in times when people have to stand with each other.
The society we are living is not safe at all following the increased use of the social networking. Privacy issue has raised concern among the online society as these social networking platforms inspires people to be more publicized than to be private. Thus users are fond of using their personal lives while posting and even while signing in and creating accounts in these social networks platforms. These personal details thus remains indefinitely available and thus making the online society vulnerable to insecurity issues. Terrorism attacks are also organized using these online societies and these terrorists may gather information about the whereabouts and the family details about a person of interest. Also the kidnappers and frauds use these social media platforms so as to gather information about people and they use it against them for manipulation and theft (Jagatic et al 5).
It is important to note that although most of the people across the world are users of the social network and that they belong to the online society; this online social network should only be used as a tool. In this case, communication on long distances will be enhanced greatly though it should not entirely form the basis of our communication as well as interaction in the society. Though the world is changing us, we should all thrive to preserve our physical interaction as it is important in human lives than the virtual life through internet connection. Thus it is important to realize that the positive benefits that we all get from these online societies are not much as compared to the negative impacts of this internet. Thus, if we constantly overuse these social networks then we will continually impact our communication skills, self expression qualities, bullying, destroy or weaken friendships and in entirety we will have negatively affected the whole humanity.
References
Debatin, Bernhard, et al. "Facebook and online privacy: Attitudes, behaviors, and unintended consequences." Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication 15.1 (2009): 83-108.
Iachello, G. & Hong, J. End-user privacy in human–computer interaction. Foundations and Trends in Human–Computer Interaction, 2007. 1(1), 1–137.
Jagatic, T., Johnson, N., Jakobsson, M., & Menczer, F. Social phishing. December 12, 2005, Indiana University, Bloomington.
Lopez A. Social Networking And The Death Of The Internet, 2013.
The article by Pamela Palmater provides a discussion on the aim of early Indian policy in Canada in terms of its efforts to eliminate indigenous Indian people in Canada. The article asserts that remedies introduced through the court have achieved little in addressing the injustices that have been meted on the Indians. Lack of federal recognition of non-status Indians has led to the indigenous culture, identity and communal connection being wiped out. The writer terms it arrogance the assumption that one has a right to tell a person belonging to a different culture, tradition or community that they cannot live in their land. (Palmater, 40) A comparison is made with other indigenous peoples who have been living in North America and who have been provided with the benefits, rights and responsibilities attached to their identities. The paper aims at reviewing the main points addressed in the article and looking into the strength and weaknesses in the information provided by the writer.
The Indigenous people viewed their identities as being inseparable from land while their culture held significant information on the land use, water ways navigability, and various rules involving the protection of such space for current and coming generations. These factors shows that the indigenous identity is so much ingrained in culture , family and community that denying a person these factors may lead to traumatic impacts on their sense of self and individual’s identity (Palmater,27). The power to restrict status Indians number has evolved outside court systems by use of internal policies like INAC to ensure their extinction. The Indian Act also promoted exclusion of some sects of indigenous from Indian registration, acts which were a matter of policies but not permitted by law (Palmater, 28). The denial to recognize the Indian status especially for children taken out of their homes to assimilate them to non-Indian homes made these individuals to continue struggling while trying to determine birth parents, or find home communities. In this regards , while it may be said that government policies are normally well-intended , the Indian policy in early times were aimed at enabling easy access to indigenous resources and land while reducing financial obligation of government to the indigenous people .While apologies for past actions by Canada against indigenous people have been offered by some government officials . Others have risen against these apologies by denying the level of harm caused, financial impacts of such apologies and colonial history of the country. The article applies United Nation’s fundamental definition of genocide to show how the Indian policies can be considered genocidal. The Indian Act consists of laws that have an aim of controlling, defining and eventually eliminating Canadian Indians that are federally recognized (Palmater, 31). The process of determining who is and who is not an Indian has been one of the most effective ways of eliminating Indians.
In line to the assertions made in the article, the Indian Act tends to place a lot of emphasis on undermining indigenous relations or connections to their land and other resources. This is a major strength in the argument put forward by the writer given that the act may have led to various forms of discrimination against these indigenous people. By limiting the obligations the Canadian government had to the indigenous people in terms of finances and land, these legislations extended the discrimination of the Indian people (Palmater, 47). The efforts to assimilate the Indian people into the non-indigenous people compares with the tendency of the society to reduce people and their characteristics to their biological or racial trait and the infamous goal of breeding out populations that are considered undesirable. In this case the tendency is shown through legislative extinction. Instead of rewarding the indigenous people whose land has been acquired by the colonial government and those who had participated in the building of the nation, the Indian policy assumed the goal of assimilating the indigenous people into the society so as to lessen these obligations. The writer argument has more strength through her comparison of the assimilation efforts to genocide. She denounced the colonial states attempt to downplay the degree of violence used in their efforts to eliminate the Indian people through physical destruction. She used the definition of genocide as per the United Nations, which includes acts carried out with an aim of destroying entirely or partly national, racial, ethical or religious groups of people. The emphasis was on deliberate efforts to inflict on a group life conditions which are calculated with an aim of destroying physically the entire or part of it.
Through direct act or attempt , a scheme to commit or through complicity , the country enacted policies and laws while carrying out acts that fall under the many genocide categories outlined by the United Nations. Furthermore, the Indian Act played a major role in ensuring that Indigenous people are considered as Indian on their own accord. The act also curtailed the growth of self –identified Indians in the society which also lowered individual self-worth among the indigenous community. The acts of legalizing murder through Indian policy for financial reward goes against human morals and adds more weight to the writers claim of genocide meted on the indigenous women. Furthermore, the denial of Indian Status has impact negatively on the wellbeing of indigenous people in terms of self –worth, recognition, acceptance, communal support and a right to have joy in ones culture(Palmater,41). On the other hand, the writer only highlights the negative effect of the Indian act on the indigenous people while disregarding the possibility that the, such a legislation had positive impact in the creation of Canada state. While there is no excuse for eliminating or assimilating a particular group of population on the due to their distinct culture or ethnicity, the legislation may have been aimed at having a homogeneous society. In addition, there may be other factors which lead to one’s-health and well-being other than status or non-status of the Indians. Another weakness is the assumption that the Indian’s indigenous culture could have remained intact over the years without the disruption of colonial policies. Cultures are bound to change.
The article can be very useful to both the Indigenous Studies students who intend to understand the effects of the early Indian policy and Indian Act on the indigenous community since the colonial periods. The information provided also helps in understanding the effects of culture disruption among communities especially if such disruption has the backing of the government. The information provided in the article can also help the non-indigenous Canadian in advocating for the need for multicultural society. Moreover, the non-indigenous society can assist in creation of legal or social space for addressing the inequalities among the population.
Reference
Palmater, Pamela.Genocide, Indian Policy, and Legislated Elimination of Indians in Canada. Aboriginal policy studies Vol. 3. 3, 2014 .27-54.
Research question: How does stress affect day-to-day life?
This question will require a qualitative research approach in order to find the relationship between stress and our everyday life. Researchers will be interested in understanding how stress affects people’s health through observation, experiments and interview (Yardley, 2017). Through interview and observation, the researcher will ask open-ended questions and as a result, he or she will understand the feelings and perception which influence behavior.
The best qualitative method in answering this research question is Phenomenology. This method is used to explore the lives of people, their perception and their reaction toward life experiences. In addition, it is used in human science and deals with issues related with sociology, psychology and more (Yardley, 2017). The phenomenological approach has strengths in that a clear and a complete description of human experience are achieved. The approach ensures quality care and careful techniques which makes the description more faithful. Through the use of ‘bracketing’ in presuppositions, the investigator ensures that such presuppositions and partiality do not influence the findings (Yardley, 2017). However, this method has weaknesses because the participant is required to provide articulate skills and this lead to generalization problems. In philosophical system, the language and terms which are used are hard to understand since there are other different ontological assumptions (Yardley, 2017).The method depends on specific person to deliver conclusion. This may lose rich information based on life experience.
In researching the question, a mixed methods approach would be beneficial. The benefit will arise in understanding the research problem. A greater validity will be achieved and the major questions will be answered through focusing on various perspectives (Nowel et al, 2017). When a single methodology fails to offer information required, a mixed approach will provide a depth understanding.
Both qualitative and quantitative approach moves together in finding a line of inquiry. The purpose of the two methods is to map out the human behavior and its complexity from various standpoints (Nowel et al, 2017). The weaknesses which could be achieved by a single approach are minimized when the two approaches are used. Thus, the combination minimizes the weaknesses and maximizes the strength. Both make the study strong in that rather than focusing on a research approach they help in comprehending a research problem. The two methods involve triangulation which creates a strong study. Triangulation means that various means in exploring phenomena are used and through using diverse vantage points, accuracy is achieved (Nowel et al, 2017). However, there are challenges encountered in mixed methods approach. First, the combination creates complexity. In implementing the mixed research method, attention, time as well as resources are needed (Nowel et al, 2017). It is important to note that a mixed research requires an expertise and different specialized researchers should collaborate in developing this project. A challenge may also arise due to different research philosophies with the different researchers (Nowel et al, 2017). When interpreting the findings, it is difficult to provide solutions toward the discrepancies.
Reference
Yardley, L. (2017). Demonstrating the validity of qualitative research. Journal Of Positive
Delma D’silva works as a social worker in her personal counseling institution located in Australia in Melbourne. Delma is a master’s and bachelor’s degree holder (BSW and MSW), from the university of Melbourne in Australia. Her counseling institute is two years hold since she has been working in numerous private counseling organizations.
Interview
Does social work differ from a state to another?
In reality, it does not. Importantly, social working can be described as an independent practice which is constant across the globe. However, structuring, methodology, and design differ in the different nations but generally, it deals with assisting individuals to handle issues in their existence. The demand for social work is higher in some countries depending on the stability of the surrounding situation.
What is the specific training that is necessary for any social worker generally and where did you acquire yours?
In order for an individual to qualify as a social worker one is necessitated to major in an undergraduate program particularly in social work. My BSW was acquired after a program at Melbourne University that took four years. In addition in attained by master’s degree in the same university in social work major. In addition, I have complete records of family consultation and therapy training which qualified me to be a member of family therapist’s Victorian association.
What role do you play personally as a social worker?
Social worker deals with assisting individuals to deal with social and personal issues in different settings which may include schools, hospitals, government agencies, community and so on. My responsibilities in the different setting that I have worked in involves socializing with guardians and parents to assist them in handling and offering support to hospitalized children by offering the necessary information. In addition, I also assist individuals to cope with stress which may have been generated from issues such as separation and children matters.
Was it optional to becoming a social worker?
Venturing into social work for me was a personal decision which was influenced by the need to solve emotional distress for others. Back at the university, my peers would always consult me for their issues which triggered my desires. In addition, I have always held the desire of offering solutions since it hurts me when others are suffering.
Do you think that the social worker's industry is effective?
Effectiveness is rarely achieved in most instances due to modern changes. However, I believe that the industry is accomplishing what it has been set with several flaws which require adjustment but it is doing its best.
What advice do you have for those aspiring to become social workers?
Individuals must be ready to handle a sensitive and a vulnerable group. This profession requires passion and the willingness to compromise with limitations. The interests of the community must always be prioritized.
Ashley Community Housing provides housing services to homeless persons particularly refugees as it perceives them as a beneficial asset rather than being liabilities. Ashley Community Housing Corporation is good in paying attention and listening to the needs of their customers as it has even received an official complement based on their services (English, 2006). However, the company is in need of developing a team that will improve their services. This, therefore, necessitates the implementation of an effective leadership style which in this case will be relationship oriented leadership. Leaders involved in relationship oriented are more focused on motivating, supporting and improving team’s relations as well as performance. This is the type of leadership that the corporation needs as it promotes good collaborations, teamwork, positive associations and improved communication (Eriksson-Zetterquist, Müllern & Style, 2011).
The corporation deals with individuals with persons who need emotional and physical attention and therefore good relations and effective communication is a necessity. The kind of leadership was chosen for the scenario because it is focused on the general welfare of every individual and allocates adequate time to meet the needs of every group. In order for the corporation to provide better services to the clients listening is a necessity which cannot be achieved if the employees are not motivated. The leadership holds the understanding that the generation of high and positive production necessitates an environment that is positive to drive individuals. This strategy eradicates the occurrence of conflict, boredom, and dissatisfaction is not present thus improving services (Nicholas & Steyn, 2008).
SWOT Analysis
Strength
From the case, the strengths held by the corporations have lies on its good reputation, increased refugees and stability. The company’s services are well known since it’s highly recommended for providing positive and close relations services to the consumers. In addition due to the high movement of immigrants, the company has a wider market to practice the business.
Weaknesses
The prime weakness is the lack of support by both the public as well as the private sectors which reduce the cases for the clients to get houses. The necessity to develop better relations with authorities is a challenge which they highly require to explore for expansion.
Opportunities
There are opportunities for the corporation since the community housing industry is characterized by less competition based on its sensitivity. This, therefore, means that the company can easily persuade as well as convince clients in growing its establishment in the industry.
Threats
The corporation deals with a sensitive and a diversified culture and thus the market may not be constant. It is not easy to predict the future of the market with the current measures that are being implemented by the state to curb immigration and the moving in of refugees.
PESTEL Macro Environment Forces
Ashley community housing is currently working in a situation where the government is strict on the movements of refugees. In addition, the government does not offer much support to its operations which slows it down. The policies implemented in acquiring houses for refugees are however challenges and these impacts the running of the corporation since most of the clients holds fewer chances on acquiring houses. The economic environment of the state is, however, favorable to the operations of the corporation since the interest’s rates for acquiring houses are favorable. The growth rate is high but the employment level for the clients is low thus resulting into low incomes which are inadequate to acquire houses. This results in the fluctuations of houses prices due to the low demand and consumption rate.
The country holds a negative attitude towards the particular group which is the refugees as the corporation’s target market. Refugees to most people are termed as liabilities rather than an asset since they depend on more assistance to attain stability. This, therefore, requires the corporation to develop better relations with authorities to offer the persons with employment chances. The infrastructure level is adequate in the industry which makes it favorable to conduct business. The environment offers the best setting for the business but the ability to be effective is hindered by unfavorable regulatory policies.
Porter's Five Forces
There is low competition rivalry in the market since the company is well established and fewer firms are engaged in the industry. However, the substitute’s products are high since most of the refugees opt for rentals which are characterized by less wait, regulations as well as disappointment. This, therefore, results into the elasticity of the goods since the substitute’s houses are highly available and consumers have more choices to make. Price competition is, therefore, a major threat since the corporation is forced to offer services at reduced prices for sustainability.
The power of buyers can be regarded as strong since there is a higher concentration of consumers within the market and can affect the stability of the industry. However, the supplier power can be termed to be weak since there is high competition amid the private and public suppliers. There are numerous and strict entry barriers into the community housing industry which affects the ability of firms to get into the market and this has resulted in the low competition. This is crucial in the stabilization of profits for the corporation’s that are already engaged in the market.
References
English, F. W. (2006). Encyclopedia of educational leadership and administration. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Eriksson-Zetterquist, U., Müllern, T., & Styhre, A. (2011). Organization theory: A practice-based approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nicholas, J. M., & Steyn, H. (2008). Project management for business, engineering, and technology: Principles and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann.
The article highlights the state of gambling industry in major markets. It asserts that the biggest expo in the gambling industry was being wound up in London where exhibitors advertised their latest products. Firms that have adopted new technology through online gambling had the fastest growing rate in the industry. Though Australia does appear to public as having great potential as gambling market, it’s very lucrative to industry insiders since it has the highest amount betting losses per resident. Australia allows punters to lose a $1,150 per hour which is quite higher. Even though it is very profitable, Australia has little room for expansion due to its mature market with about 23 m people in population , while the United States has a an enormous potential that is not yet tapped (The Economist, 2017).
Expansion in United States is limited by the population’s puritan tendencies, static amount one can spend per hour, online gambling and sports betting are legal in few states. Countries such as Finland and Ireland have overtaken United States after opening up their online markets , while in Singapore the range of legalized betting options have been limited leading to a fall in industry revenue. The China market is not promising after the government embarked on corruption crackdown, which was against the expected takeover of American market later in 20120. Though Japan has been experiencing profit decline due to tight laws, the work-arounds adopted by ingenious firms may lead to a bright future (The Economist, 2017).
From a personal point of view, gambling has social and economic costs. Economics costs involve the amount of money that I would lose in participating in this industry while social cost would involve the consequences of such losses to my personal life. Given the amount of betting one would lose as compared to the likelihood of winning, there is a big contention on its acceptability. This informs the need for the government to place tight regulation on the highest amount one can lose at a time.
Morality as well as moral regulations whether they are stated as laws or not, they form the foundation structure of a given community, defining the boundaries of what is allowed and what is probable. Moral worthiness is a product of our actions that are carried out from duty and not from the objective to which it is set and the manner to which it is attained. However according to Frank O’Connor, he states that a man’s role to his country does not defend the desertion of his moral code (O’Conner et al 3). This is to mean that a man’s action ought to be determined by his own individual ethical standards and not his obligation to his people. Thus a man has to first consider whether the duty that he or she is expected to carry out is moral and ethical before carrying out an execution of the task. In doing so, he will have acted humane and moral thus attaining his or her moral worth. This paper therefore will focus on the story Guests of all nations by Frank O; Connor so as to discuss and support the concept that a man’s duty to his nation is not a justification of the negligence of their individual moral principles.
The central theme of the story, "Guest of the Nation" is the conflict that builds up between duties as well humanitarianism. This theme is clearly portrayed in several passages such as in section three where Donovan and Bonaparte exchange their duties. Each and every character in the story has a role to play. Donavan is an Irishman whose role is to lead the prisoners into the bog. His perception on duty is viewed to be built on following orders from someone superior as per the chain of command. This is clearly stated in the story as he states that “four of our lads (were) shot by your fellows so now you’re to be bumped off” the usual rigmarole about doing our duty and obeying our superiors” (O’Connor, 378). Thus it is evident that his understandings of duty pardon him of any individual conscientiousness for his actions. However, Hawkins’ attitude is different as he stands against Donavan’s view point on duty as he states that he cannot shoot a fellow human being whom he regards as a friend. This is to show that Hawkins is responsible for his personal action and thus is conscious about others and thus he does not believe in following orders to harm others. Bonaparte and Noble characters in the story have difficulties in accomplishing their duties, but they know that they are expected to do their duty. They thus follow the orders as given out to them by their superiors though they do not want to do it. The story therefore portrays that Donavan, Bonaparte, Noble and Belcher are different in character from the old woman and Hawkins characters as they move far away from a restricted conception of nationalism duty to an understanding and consideration for their fellow human beings that rise above the boundaries and politics of different nations. Therefore, in contrast with Donavan, the other chief characters feel that harming other fellow human beings who are friends as well as innocent is all wrong and inhumane, even in the name of being in a patriotic role. Bonaparte and Noble’s use of the term “peculiar expression and chums”, exemplifies the concept of the vital significance of friendship as well as humanitarian compassion (O’Connor, 375,379,380). Just like the biblical genealogy in the Old Testament, suggests that the way to which descent is attained is through embracing the concept of brotherhood of human kind. Being patriotic is good but is not the same as being moral. Thus humanity should come first then patriotism should come second and it is through this chronological guideline about morality that makes us to be humane. Therefore our duty towards our nation is to be responsible for our actions in our society by being moral upright.
It is thus important to note that moral principles supersede any command and this is what brings about change in the society. Morality in the society brings about harmony, peace, friendship and togetherness and thus it should be adhered to. It is true that we all have a duty to carry out but we first have an obligation to be humanitarians through guarding our action to our fellow human beings as it is the right thing to do. Those societies that have characters like Donavan, who are cold blooded in their actions, have proven to be weak as fear spreads in the society since people in orders have to accomplish their duties as per the orders even when they know it is all wrong. Humans should therefore behave in a manner that is socially acceptable and the only way to accomplish this is through carrying out humane actions. At the end of it all it is all about our morality rather than our duties that matter.
For the American Arabs the foundation of its culture lies on food as well as family. Family which is mostly extended forms the basis of the most significant economical and social institution while food is an additional fundamental component of their cultural identity (Shora, 2009). The most important thing that I hope to establish is the rationale behind the high religious to all the American Arabs cultural aspects. Despite the fact that the culture is reach in modernity, technological advances, economic, social as well as political development cultural governance by deep religious law makes this culture an interesting study in support.
The two most interesting thing that I hope on establishing after further research into the culture is the role of gender, customs and dressing code. Arabs modesty laws are highly respected with their code of dressing where women are required to completely cover their bodies using Abaya. The culture in this matter lies on the ability of the community to sustain their beliefs and customs even with the rise of modernity. Some aspects that may seem to be important to the group are religious laws, dressing code and gender roles and particularly for women.
Arabs are well established in America and therefore it would be easy to access them. The main respondents of the study will be Arabs students who are currently attending school in American and in particular at college or university institutions. The ethnography technique that will be used in the study will be the use of questionnaires and interviews. This is to ensure that accurate, reliable and maximum data is acquired to justify the findings of the study. In addition the technique is quick and less expensive in gathering information.
References
Shora, N. (2009). The Arab-American handbook: A guide to the Arab, Arab-American & Muslim worlds. Seattle: Cune Press.
Encountering racial stereotype can have very damaging effects on the development of a person throughout their entire lifetime. For an African American woman , such stereotypes affects how they perceive themselves or are viewed by other people in the society . Differences in the African American in terms of their family and work options and their experiences of stereotyping and discrimination have led to various norms related to ones race, and this affects the women value their gender. The kind of perception people have makes the African American woman to feel vulnerable to mistreatment in the major areas of life which include academically, personally and even professionally (Watson, 2013). These mistreatments have negative impacts which comprises of feelings of anger, mistrust and feat.
After becoming accustomed to the notion about black women being loud, nagging and confrontational and even accepting it, I began to realize that this popular “black girl with bad attitude “ notion was a way to undermine us and our capacity to connect, engage and feel. The negative characteristics are normally attributed to black women, and depict them as angry even when one is trying calmly to state their opinions (Sinclair, 2015). Whenever I have justifiable reasons for getting angry, I risk being viewed as having an attitude and nobody seems to care that I am angry because of some understandable reasons. My reactions can be paralleled with the “strong black woman” notion which limits my ability to emote and as if to suggest that anger is the only emotion i can freely expresses or strength as the only quality. In addition, when a black girl is not being categorized into narrow personal aspects, she is being pitted against other women. Such kinds of treatment negatively influence my confidence level or hinder the desire to be open to others.
Opioids are those substances that produce morphine like effects when they act on the opioid receptors. These include opiates, which are derived from opium. These drugs are the predominant agents of the central nervous systems that have the medical value of relieving pain. Heroin on the other hand is used as a painkiller medically. It is usually prescribed as analgesic. This drug is also used as a recreational pill due to the euphoric effect that it creates. This drug if administered regularly may lead to tolerance and physical dependence. It may also be used as opioid replacement therapy alongside professional counseling.
Description of Opioids and Heroin Abuse
According to Norah D. Volkow, (2014) in her presentation in the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control, the abuse of opioids including heroin and other pain relievers is a global problem that has in the past affect the health, social, and economic welfare of all societies in the world. She narrates that close to 2.1 million people in the United States suffer from disorders that are related to opioids while close to 467,000 are dependent on heroin. Various epidemiology analyses have revealed that middle-aged individuals, women and whites represented the population with most prescription opioids and heroin overdose and that, since 2007, the heroin overdose rates have increased. The study also revealed a direct proportional relation between hospital opiates overdose and subsequent heroin overdose admissions, supporting the hypothesis.
Proposed intervention
The proposed intervention is a study that shall deeply find out how a balance between the provision of maximum relief from suffering as well as the minimization of the adverse effects and risks associated with the use of opioids and heroin can be reached.
Purpose of this Intervention
This will therefore ensure health, social and economic stability amongst the various societies that have for a long time suffered from the adverse effect of opioids misuse.
Literature Review
It is very sad to note that the abuse of opioids have resulted to the high mortality rates as deaths related to the abuse of these substances. Opioids present an intrinsic abuse and addiction liability when wrongly used or probably misused for nonmedical purposes. These drugs are very dangerous when taken for recreational use hence increasing their euphoric effects. These methods may include the crushing pills and injections, taking more than prescribed or rather combining them with other forms of medications without proper control.
Long-term studies to demonstrate that the benefits outweigh the risks are yet to be conducted. Now the regulatory agencies require that the manufacturing companies should conduct the post marketing research to determine safety of these drugs.
Effects of Opioid and Heroin Abuse on the body and Brain
The side effects of abusing opioids may include the following: itchiness, constipation, euphoria, depression as well as nausea. Tolerance and dependence may also develop which in turn lead to the withdrawal syndrome. Recreational use that leads to euphoria may as well result in addiction and take quite a long time to reverse. Extremely potent opioids that are only approved for veterinary use when consumed by humans may lead to even more dangerous effects (BALTIMORE, 2016). Adverse effects of heroin may include constipation. Heroin may as well lead to contracting blood-borne pathogens when needles are uncontrollably shared. There is also increased risk of poisoning by contaminants and decreased kidney function.
Methodology
Behavior change Communication
The governments of the world and specifically the United States should focus on training experts on drug and substance abuse to promote behavior change programs among those who increasingly use this substance. This will assure reduced mortality rate and improved economy as a lot of resources are used to rehabilitate those who are seriously affected by the use of these substances (CDC., 2016). These trainees will ensure that their peers do not fall victims of drug and substance abuse and become the change agents that will ensure proper and medical use of opioids only as prescribed by the doctors to relieve pain. The intervention shall follow the qualitative interviews as the main methodology.
Recreational use of heroin for euphoria effect should be control to ensure stability of the users. As it’s always stated, health is wealth and good health is a fortune. Mental instability only leads to poverty and poverty is a disease especially when it can easily be controlled.
During the behavior change communication process, confidentiality will be highly regarded as participants will be chosen randomly and taken through a special program that will reduce their dependents on drugs and offer alternatives in which they will venture in as opposed to the heroin dependence.
Conclusion
As discussed above, Opioid and Heroin abuse is a health hazard that must be controlled to ensure a healthy society. It should be a responsibility of every patient to ensure that they use the pain relievers as prescribed by the health professional. In a case where by the health practitioner colludes with the patients to abuse these drugs, the law shall take its course to protect the innocence of these patients.
Awareness must be created among all the users to enlighten them on the effects of these drugs and consent given where necessary.
Abusing heroin and opioids is not cool, be warned, the future depends on a healthy current generation, be part of a brighter future and promote proper use of Opioids.
Final Project: Stage I
Annotated Bibliography
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one of the most serious public health issues in the United States is the opioid and heroin abuse epidemic, with year record deaths from overdose, in 2014. More than 60% of these deaths involved an opioid (including prescribed opioid pain medication and heroin) (CDC, 2016). 78 Americans die daily, from drug overdose and prescribed opioid pain relievers account as the main factor leading to the opioid overdose death increase of the last 15 years, without changing the amount of pain reported by patients. (CDC, 2016). In this regard, the Obama Administration has recently awarded $94 million dollars in Affordable Care Act. These funds will be available to 271 health centers across the country, for improving and expanded delivery of healthcare services related to substance abuse. Special attention will be paid to treating opioid use disorders in populations that are underserved. This will involve extended access to evidence-based treatment, educational resources to aid health professionals in reducing opioid over-prescribing practices, as well as improved services to aid residents in their recovery and maintain health. (Baltimore City Health Department, 2016). While various methods are used to fight addiction and prevent overdose deaths, more research is needed, for insight into how these methods affect the patients post treatment, in order to prevent harm.
Annotated Bibliography
Unick, G. J., Rosenblum, D., Mars, S., & Ciccarone, D. (2013). Intertwined Epidemics: National Demographic Trends in Hospitalizations for Heroin- and Opioid-Related Overdoses, 1993–2009. Plos ONE, 8(2), 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054496
This quantitative study looks into historical patterns showing who is at greater risk of using opiates and heroin, based on sources and access methods. At present time, there is enough evidence to support the fact that largely available prescription opiates have been fueling the national rate of addiction, drawing in new users. While recent efforts have been made to narrow prescription opiates availability, some addicted individuals tend to switch to other opiates, particularly heroin. Starting from the hypothesis that changes in the rate of prescription opiates are correlated with changes in heroin overdose rates, the researchers compared Nationwide Inpatient Sample codes and Census population data to overdose related hospital admissions, from 1993 to 2009. The analysis revealed that middle-aged individuals, women and whites represented the population with most prescription opioids and heroin overdose and that, since 2007, the heroin overdose rates have increased. The study also revealed a direct proportional relation between hospital opiates overdose and subsequent heroin overdose admissions, supporting the hypothesis. Furthermore, the findings support the idea that limiting prescription opiates supply simply leads to a shift to heroin abuse, rather than harm reduction. The researchers suggest that drug abuse prevention during treatment, coupled with demand-side reduction have more chances to be productive and reduce opiate abuse harm.
This resource is helpful in understanding the effects of supply reduction upon individuals addicted to prescription opiates.
Young, A. M., Havens, J. R., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2012). A Comparison of Rural and Urban Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Users' Lifetime and Recent Drug Use. American Journal Of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 38(3), 220-227. doi:10.3109/00952990.2011.643971
This quantitative study provides insights into the growing burden of illicit prescription opioid use in the United States and its impact on rural areas. The results showed that rural drug users started at much earlier ages to abuse opiates and had higher lifetime and recent odds to abuse crack and cocaine. On the other hand, urban population showed higher odds in recent use. This also demonstrated that unsupervised prescription opioid use is not similar among urban and rural drug users. Additional research may provide better insights into the factors of individual, social, and structural level nature that contribute to the burden of increased nonmedical opioid use, especially in rural areas, for the purpose of developing specific substance abuse prevention and treatment programs.
This resource will be used in order to illustrate patterns of nonmedical prescription opioid use within various populations and areas of the United States.
Bell, J. (2010). The global diversion of pharmaceutical drugs: opiate treatment and the diversion of pharmaceutical opiates: a clinician's perspective. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(9), 1531-1537. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03014.x
This article provides a clinician’s personal account and perspective on issues related to prescribed pharmaceuticals diversion on the context of opioid substitution treatment. With new legislation to contain the treatment in the United Kingdom, Australia, France and the United States, opioid diversion occurred to the black market, proportionally increasing the risks associated with unsupervised opioid use and inverse proportionally with heroin availability. Diversion consequences include risks of overdose death, higher pain killer addiction rates in areas where heroin is less available and increased public reluctance to long-term prescriptions of opioid which require close risk monitoring and appropriate dispensing arrangements. The conclusion of the article is that enhanced compliance through guidelines and clinical audit aid in maintaining the treatment system quality and integrity and acceptable levels of diversion.
This resource is helpful in understanding a clinician’s perspective on prescribing opioids and related ethical issues. It also suggests areas legislation should focus on, in order to prevent harm caused by unsupervised use of prescription opioids and heroin.
Uchtenhagen, A. A. (2011). Heroin maintenance treatment: From idea to research to practice. Drug & Alcohol Review, 30(2), 130-137. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00266.x
This article observes the effects of the United States prohibitionist legislation regarding administering opiates under supervision to opiate addicts. This legislation led to a practice switch from administering pharmaceutical morphine as substitute for street heroin, with methadone. This drug was increasingly accepted and is now regarded as a cornerstone of opiate addiction management and prevention of HIV/AIDS transmitted through opiate injection. A new trend is emerging, due to successful research results in treating treatment-resistant heroin addicts with heroin in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada and Belgium. The authors suggest that the United States legislators should be more open to the idea of treating opioid addicts with opioids.
The resource will be used in order to provide new solutions to the opioid and heroin addiction managing treatments.
Torrens, M., Fonseca, F., Castillo, C., & Domingo-Salvany, A. (2013). Methadone maintenance treatment in Spain: the success of a harm reduction approach/ Traitement de maintien a la methadone en Espagne: le succes d'une approche par reduction des risques/ El tratamiento de mantenimiento con metadona en Espana: el exito de un enfoque dirigido a la reduccion de danos. Bulletin of The World Health Organization, (2), 136.
This article studies a harm reduction method adopted in Spain, with successful results. Although the Spanish authorities were focused on reducing harm posed by illegal opioids abuse, by implementing legislation allowing increased access to opioid agonist maintenance treatment, overdose, mortality, and even HIV rates were significantly reduced. Also, in Spain, the rapid spread of HIV, forced the authorities to find a more effective alternative to the drug-free approach, in order to reduce harm. While the opioid dependence in Spain has been heavily influenced by prejudice and moral concepts, rather than scientific evidence, the article strongly supports the idea that opioid agonist maintenance treatment should make integral part of any harm reduction programs in public facilities.
This resource is useful in providing alternative solutions for the opiates addiction problem. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the long-term impact of such programs and their suitability.
Roux, P., Tindall, C., Fugon, L., Murray, J., Vosburg, S. K., Saccone, P., & ... Comer, S. D. (2012). Impact of in-patient research participation on subsequent heroin use patterns: implications for ethics and public health. Addiction, 107(3), 642-649 8p. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03664.x
This study analyses the effects of research requiring drug administration to drug abusers, under controlled laboratory conditions. The researchers aimed to assess post study changes in heroin use patterns of volunteer non-treatment-seeking opioid addicts. A significant number of participants were found to have abstained from heroin, one month after study completion. The findings revealed that participation in such studies not only does not lead to increased subsequent opioid use but for some, opens access to opioid addiction treatment and short-term heroin use cessation.
This reference will be useful in supporting the idea that further research of the opioid and heroin addiction issue may not only be beneficial to future patients but also to volunteer participants and that treating opioid dependence with opioids represents an effective dependence management method.
Initial Score (50 possible points):
Instructor comments:
Content: 30/30
Writing: 10/10
Critical Thinking: 10/10
Mohamed: You have chosen an important topic and project. You need to be more specific in describing the intervention that you are proposing. See my comments on your text. Your paper is mostly free of mechanical writing errors and you did a good job with APA form and style for citations and references.
For Improvement: I am not deducting points for this assignment; so be sure to incorporate my feedback in your work and final paper for this class.
Instructor comments (Timeliness):
Timeliness Factor (late points deducted):
na
Total Score (50 possible points):
50
Module 2 Applied Project Rubric
Applied Project Section 2: Literature Review and Needs and Assets Assessment (100 points)
Literature Review and Needs and Assets Assessment
Annotated Bibliography
Blanchard, J., Hunter, S. B., Osilla, K. C., Stewart, W., Walters, J., & Pacula, R. L. (2016). A Systematic Review of the Prevention and Treatment of Prescription Drug Misuse. Military Medicine, 181(5), 410-423. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00009
The study was aimed at providing an evaluation of the existing clinical directions as well as empirical literature in the association of drugs prescription overdose to the defense department directives as well as policies. The study utilized a systematic review of previous studies particularly those that were done on the treatment and prevention of prescription drugs overdose. According to Blanchard, et al., (2009), there was limited evidence in support of the cases. The study concluded that currently the evidence relating to the prevention strategies of drugs overuse as well as treatment is limited as most studies focuses on opioids prescription overdose. Therefore the existing knowledge in the real world in regard to the identification and management of those that are in the risk is a challenge. There is thus a growing need to establish and recommend efficient approaches for the treatment and prevention of drugs overdose long-term effects on patents.
Creech, C. T. (2016). Increasing Access To Naloxone: Administrative Solutions To The Opioid Overdose Crisis. Administrative Law Review, 68(3), 517-550.
According to Creech, (2016), Overdose of drugs can be stated as one of the leading causes of deaths that are associated with injury in the United States. It is approximated that more than a hundred persons in America loses their lives every day as well as the prescriptions of Opioid drugs like vicodin and Tylenol. The study utilized a systematic research in acquiring data. The article proposes that there is a great need of changing the mode of such drugs distribution mechanisms to lower the rate of deaths as well as long term. In addition the article started that political pressure tide has started to change into the favor of opioid overdose treatment as an issue of the public health sector rather than a crime problem. Opioid prevention taskforce needs to be established and the general role that is played by naloxone should be recognized through setting programs into the agency objectives.
Ganem, V. J., Mora, A. G., Nnamani, N., & Bebarta, V. S. (2016). A 3-Year Comparison of Overdoses Treated in a Military Emergency Department-Complications, Admission Rates, and Health Care Resources Consumed. Military Medicine, 181(10), 1281-1286.
According to drug overdose can be regarded as a leading source of death in the United States and this continuous to be a growing issue among the military and civilian population. The rise of substance overuse as well as poisoning, results in increased medical resources utilization. According to Ganem, et al., (2016), the objective of the study was thus to provide a thorough description of overdoses incidences as well as the related outcomes as well as events. The study methodology was accomplished through following a cohort retrospective study on different cases. This included the general collection of variables. The study concluded that the long-term effects of drugs overdose generally depend on the method of prevention that is utilized. Most cases for most patients can thus be prevented through the utilization of better approaches.
Howlett, C., Gonzalez, R., Yerram, P., & Faley, B. (2016). Use of naloxone for reversal of life-threatening opioid toxicity in cancer- related pain. Journal Of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, 22(1), 114-120.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the approach that is based on emergency to treat the overuse of overdose related cases. The extraction of data as well as pain synthesis is a normal occurrence in the entire population. Despite the fact that the general opioid is a common occurrence it is a life threatening substance. According to Howlett, et al., (2016), dosing approaches take takes into account the treatment of drug overuse treatment implications and negative implications reversal that will hold on the patients will be provided. The pre review of the patient’s accounts was also taken into consideration to verify the evidence. Dosing strategies should be fully verified in order to avoid the occurrence of long term effects such as death.
Kennedy-Hendricks, A., Richey, M., McGinty, E. E., Stuart, E. A., Barry, C. L., & Webster, D. W. (2016). Opioid Overdose Deaths and Florida's Crackdown on Pill Mills. American Journal of Public Health, 106(2), 291-297. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302953
The objective of the study was to examine mortality rate of opioid overdose as well as law enforcement methodologies that target drug mills. The method that was utilized by the study was the general collection of data from the health department. The opioid overdose was established to be much lower in several states within the United States as compared to others. According to Kennedy-Hendricks et al., (2016), the anticipated relative transformations in the overdose trends that results into higher and long-term implications on the patients. Based on the results the enforcement of laws in the regulation of may be much effective in the reduction of substances overdose deaths in general.
Milner, A., Spittal, M. J., Kapur, N., Witt, K., Pirkis, J., & Carter, G. (2016). Mechanisms of brief contact interventions in clinical populations: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 161-10.
According to Milner et al., (2016), brief contact intervention (BCI) has been of an increasing interest to the prevention of policy developers, clinicians and researchers. The aim of the study was to offer a systematic evaluation of the proposed BCIs underpinning across case studies. The study utilized a systematic was performed on trials with the utilization of BCIs. Milner et al., (2016), states that based on the review of numerous studies it was established that improved suicide as well as social support literacy prevention are the most underpinning BCIs mechanisms. The research concluded that undermining mechanisms during the study of the effects of overdose prevention methodologies may not develop better grounds in understanding suicide and self-harm interventions needs in the future.
NCPDP recommendations for dose accumulation, monitoring in the inpatient setting: Acetaminophen case model, version 1.0. (2016). American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 73(15), 1144-1165.
The study was objected at providing the most suitable practices as well as guidance for developed electronic detection as well as alert of overdoses based on an inpatient setting. According to NCPDP, (2015), despite the growing utilization of safety medication technologies drugs overdose is a continuous issue in most of the inpatient settings. According to, NCPDP, (2015), There is therefore a need to implement procedures and train staffs of the reconciliation process of drugs from the moment that patients are admitted to when the leave the settings. The study utilized a systematic review in gathering evidence to support its objective. The article concluded that the primary factors that leads to the inpatient setting overdose are the lack of adequate recognition in recommendation of daily maximum doses, poor communication, failure of implementing safer technologies for medication safety and fatigue.
Rydberg, D. M., Holm, L., Engqvist, I., Fryckstedt, J., Lindh, J. D., Stiller, C., & Asker-Hagelberg, C. (2016). Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Emergency Medicine Ward - Prevalence, Preventability and Reporting. Plos ONE, 11(9), 1-14.
The purpose of the study was to establish the preventability and prevalence of the effects of drugs adverse utilization in a clinical setting. The study utilized as sectional cross prospective study of observation was utilized. In addition the study additionally reviewed patients data in assessing their general preventability drugs overdose prevalence as well as their parameters on demographic. Based on Rydberg, et al., (2016), the study concluded that the effects of drugs overuse such as death can be prevented or reduced significantly through an increase of the general awareness. The study added that the effects vary with age as well as gender but that generally depends on the availability of information in regard to the risks and the effectiveness of the utilized method in overdose prevention.
White, M., Burton, R., Darke, S., Eastwood, B., Knight, J., Millar, T., & ... Marsden, J. (2015). Fatal opioid poisoning: a counterfactual model to estimate the preventive effect of treatment for opioid use disorder in England. Addiction, 110(8), 1321-1329.
The objective of the study was to provide an estimation of the fatal opioid associated overdose prevention with the utilization of public services of treatment. The study utilized a counterfactual approach as the study method of gathering and justifying its general findings. The study basically targeted non-medical users of opioids mainly individuals between the ages of fifteen and sixty four years. According to White, et al., (2015), that the use of English treatment of the public was effective in the treatment of over 880 death and a general prevention of abuse every year in elation of opioids overdose. It is thus clear that counterfactual approach can be utilized in the prevention of deaths and additional utilized for the monitoring of performance and outcome of the overdose of substances.
Zedler, B., Xie, L., Wang, L., Joyce, A., Vick, C., Brigham, J., & ... Murrelle, L. (2015). Development of a Risk Index for Serious Prescription Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression or Overdose in Veterans' Health Administration Patients. Pain Medicine, 16(8), 1566-1579.
The objective of the study was to create an index of risk in the estimation of the general likelihood of overdose amid the medical utilizers of opioids prescription. The study utilized a case analysis control method of the healthcare data acquired from the administrative department. The study concluded that when an examination is done correctly it helps in the generation of adequate data on the involved risks of overdose towards the patients. According to Zedler, et al, (2015), the clinical index was thus intended at offering increased clinical support in providing a safer management of pain but it requires further evaluation and revisions in an increased population to increase its general credibility.
Literature Review Synthesis and Description of the Reviewed sources
The reviewed resources are fit for the project as they address substance overdose prevention methods impacts patients’ long term. This will help in bridging the gap that exits in regard to the overdose prevention methodologies. In addition through the reviewed sources adequate data in regard to overdose effects prevention strategies will be gained thus helping in forming the base for future research. In addition through the reviewed sources the research paper will be able to propose better and the most suitable approaches. There is growing need of establishing the most suitable substance abuse prevention strategies currently. This is mainly because the effects of substance overuse are on the rise currently. Substance overuse is a growing public health issue that is highly increasing in the United States and thus there is a growing necessity to address the issue with effective strategies.
PUBH 6640: Applied Project in Public Health
Program Outcomes Mapping Form
For MPH Students
Student Name: Mohamed Kamara
Walden Instructor: Dr Richard Jimenez
Preceptor Information (if applicable)
Name: Nakia Mack
Organization/Agency: Keswick Community Health
Applied Project
How Overdose Prevention Methods Affect Patients in the Long-Term
Project Purpose:
The research paper is aimed at gaining a depth insight into how death by overdose prevention methods affects patients long-term, in order to reduce harm.
Project Significance:
The issue of substance abuse is currently on the rise and it has become a critical public health issue. The research will be useful in bridging the existing gap in regard to literature review on the overdose prevention methods. Most of the existing research is mainly based on the substance abuse rather than the prevention method and the effectiveness. This research will form grounds and recommendations for further research in the near future in order to increase knowledge.
Brief Description of Evaluation Methods:
This research will utilize Secondary Analysis of Archived Data (SAAD) as the evaluation method. Secondary analysis of all the archived data is the utilization of the prevailing data that is collected for the objective of a prior study so that the research interest can be pursued which is different from the original research. This evaluation method has not been utilized widely in connection to qualitative information and thus it will be useful in the review of the existing data in regard to substance overdose prevention methods on long-term effects on patients. Since this research was no part of the previous studies that will be reviewed there will be consideration of the involved ethical and methodological issues in order to increase the associated.
MPH Program Learning Outcomes
Description of applied project activities
1) Utilize culturally appropriate communication skills to convey prevention and intervention strategies used to improve health outcomes among diverse local and global populations.
Community based and educational programs as intervention as well as prevention strategies in the provision of improved health care to a diverse community are the most suitable. These strategies are mainly effective in enhancing life’s quality, improving health as well as the prevention of injuries as well as illnesses. The programs are mainly objected at reaching to individuals who are located outside the traditional setting of public health.
2) Demonstrate an understanding of how research methods, biostatistical data and software, and the epidemiological approach impact the study of patterns of disease, disability and injury.
Patterns of disability, illnesses as well as injury are impacted research methodologies, bio statistical information, epidemiological method as well as software. This is because the method utilized in study helps in setting grounds for future research. If the utilized study method is effective this thus implies that the information generated is high the rate of information is high.
3) Evaluate biological, environmental, legal and regulatory factors that affect the health of local and global communities.
With legal and regulatory law as well as environment factors in that environmental laws helps in ensuring that there is a good condition for the general wellbeing of individuals. Legal and regulatory policies affect public health through the implementation of policies and regulatory measures.
4) Evaluate the major social, behavioral, and cultural factors that affect the health of local and global populations.
Behaviors impact community health such as the utilization of tobacco, alcohol consumption, sexual practices, unhealthy living and lack of adequate physical activities. The social factors that impacts health in a community setting may include perception elation as well as cultural norms which may encourage of discourage healthy living in some way. Biological factors are through that are mainly acquired from birth due and are transmitted through family link such as a history of diabetes which may recur.
5) Appropriately access, interpret and evaluate public health data that is available through the use of information technology.
The public health data that is present through the internet is adequate as Tit helps in developing knowledge in regard to public health matters. In addition the information in ready and can be accessed in a simplified manner.
6) Analyze essential services, systems, public policies, and associated challenges that impact the health of local and global communities.
Affordable and quality health care services impacts health in a positive manner while expensiveness and lack of quality care results in negative health development. However it is challenging to provide quality and affordable healthcare based on the associated costs. In addition quality healthcare requires qualified personnel are who are expensive to maintain as well as purchasing expensive resources.
7) Demonstrate skills needed for sound leadership and decision making in public health, including applications of ethics and professionalism.
In being a sound leader and a good maker of decisions in public health one should be a holder of integrity, good judge, competence, solution developer and competence. This means that as a leader one should be able to make capable decisions as well as a demonstration of confidence. Running the health sector requires the development of healthy and capable decisions in order to ensure that the wellbeing of the public is achieved fully.
8) Apply health management and systems thinking to public health agencies, programs, policies, and issues.
Public health policies, issues, programs and agencies should be well established and control in order to impact health positively. This therefore means that issues should be identified early and all the solutions should be provided through the implementation of programs and policies.
9) Apply the principles of program design, implementation, and evaluation to improve the health of local and global populations.
In improving global as well as local health effective policy structures and programs should be applied. This helps in establishing and controlling health issues adequately. The policies and programs should be designed in a manner that promotes efficiency. This involves demonstrating the regulatory laws and how the application in general.
10) Exhibit a commitment to professional and ethically responsible public health research and practice.
Maintaining very high scientific and ethical integrity in research helps in sustaining public trust. Scientific integrity is important in the conduct of responsible science research. This is mainly because while conducting health research one holds the responsibility of fostering and exhibiting the uppermost level of scientific integrity.
Initial Score (100 possible points):
Instructor comments:
Content: 60/60
Writing: 19/20
Critical Thinking: 20/20
Mohamed: Good job with your literature review and program outcomes form. Your paper is mostly free of mechanical errors. You did well with APA.
By the end of 2020 the effectiveness of educational and community based intervention programs as substance overdose prevention methods will have been established through the utilization in different diverse communities. In addition more suitable study methods will be utilized in gaining more understanding and setting better grounds for future research to be performed. This will help in developing efficiency as well as effectiveness in the overdose prevention strategies especially in those communities that are diverse. There should be well coordinated legal as well as environmental laws by the end of 2018 in order to ensure that the wellness of the public is maintained. This is because the public wellness is normally affected by both regulatory as well as legal policies and the associated measures. In the implementation of prevention methods behavioral and social factors will be considered as this are the major influence of substance overdose in the modern community.
The above objectives are SMART because each of them is a reasonable and focused statement that is objected on the long-term desire of the applied intervention project. The objective of having an effective educational program by 2020 is a long term specific goal of the intervention program. The other objective is to spend less than $150, 000 at the end of the follow-up activities. This is a reasonable amount because previous interventions were spending almost equal amount. The priority of the project which is the community’s wellness is well situated in all the objectives. The objectives are specific as all are based on the community through focusing on what the project expects. The objectives are measurable as the resulted can be measured through a time frame and they are all achievable since they do not necessitate much implementation or resources. In addition the objectives are framed on time and they are all relevant to the desired aims of the intervention project.
The methodology that is utilized in the intervention is a qualitative methodology. This utilized sampling strategies to ensure that the concern of biases, relevance, cost and accuracy is catered for. I found the methodology to be the most appropriate since it saves time, resources and it is quick in collection of the necessary information thus increasing relevance and accuracy of the research (Van, & Bilger, 2009).
Initial Score (75 possible points):
Instructor comments:
Content: 35/55
Writing: 10/10
Critical Thinking: 7/10
Develop Section 3a (1–2 pages) of your Applied Project, which addresses the following:
· Revise your process and outcome objectives from your proposed community health intervention to expand them in more detail and ensure they are SMART. Explain how each objective is SMART.
· Explain the methodology used in the intervention and why you found this method to be the most appropriate.
Mohammed: The format of your SMART Objectives should be quantifiable and time phased. Your paper is free of mechanical errors. You responded fully to some of the assignment elements. Your TII similarity score is within a reasonable range. You did well with APA format.
For Improvement: See note above.
Instructor comments (Timeliness):
Timeliness Factor (late points deducted):
Total Score (75 possible points):
48
Research Project Section 3b
The kinds of evaluation that are being proposed for the applied project in community intervention is process, outcome as well as impact evaluation. These evaluation strategies were found to be more appropriate for the project because they help in increasing quality of a research (Haukur, & Ingason, 2013). Process evaluation will be utilized in measuring al the projects activities and the targeted population which is the community. On the other hand impact evaluation will be utilized in measuring the immediate impact of the project to ensure that the impact is aligned properly with the objectives of the project. This will help in demonstrating how well the aims of the project have been attained. This will thus be conducted after the project has been completed.In addition the outcome evaluation is basically concerned with the impacts that are long-term for the applied project that is measuring the objective of the project as well as changes measurement.
The ethical issues that my project is bound to face are confidentiality and privacy invasion, deception, data protection and conflicts and affiliation. This is mainly because the project is dealing with a sensitive health matter.Data protection is the most ethical issue and thus the confidentiality as well as privacy of the participants is highly required which will help in increasing accuracy as well as relevance of the research project.
The evaluation is aligned to the program outcomes as well as the project in that it will help in monitoring the effectiveness as well as the general impacts. This will help in designing on what the projects needs to do in order to achieve favorable outcomes. Planning as well as management of the program will help in modeling the general outcomes of the project and the program (Morris, 2008).
Initial Score (75 possible points):
Instructor comments:
Assignment Elements:
Develop Section 3b (1–2 pages) of your Applied Project, which addresses the following:
· Explain the type(s) of evaluation being proposed in your Applied Project (i.e., outcome or impact) and why this evaluation type is the most appropriate for your proposed community health intervention. Explain any ethical issues inherent in your methodology, and describe any formative, process, outcome and/or impact evaluation methods to be used.
· Explain how the evaluation is aligned to project and program outcomes.
· Complete the Program Outcomes Mapping Form in the Learning Resources.
Content: 55/55
Writing Quality: 10/10
Critical Thinking: 10/10
gMohamed: Very Good job with your paper on evaluation of your project. You responded fully to all of the assignment elements. Your paper is free of mechanical errors. You did well with APA.
Instructor comments (Timeliness):
Timeliness Factor (late points deducted):
na
Total Score (75 possible points):
75
Module 4 Applied Project Rubric
Applied Project Section 4: Program Timeline and Dissemination Plan (75 points)
Project Timeline
Objective
The research paper is aimed at gaining a depth insight into how death by overdose prevention methods affects patients long-term, in order to reduce harm.
Activity
Responsibility
Deadline
Phase 1: planning
Problem description and definition
Identifying the problem, knowing who are most affected and where the problem
occurs
January 20 2017
Factual information
Conducting a thorough literature review
Data collection analysis and interpretation
April 1 2017
Selection of participant groups
Sampling the target audience based on gender, age, race and locality
April 10 2017
Selection of the setting
Identifying and choosing the best place where the intervention would be held.
April 20 2017
Setting goals and objectives
The goals of the interventions are highlighted
Involve the community in the goal setting
May 12 2017
Preparing the intervention
Training the staff
Assessing the readiness of the staff and participants
Ensuring that everything is okay
October 20 2017
Phase 2: implementation
Conduction of the intervention
The intervention will be done through educational classes
Different methods will me directly applied
Recording of each move shall be done
February 28 2018
Making follow-up emphasis
April 20 2018
Phase 3: Evaluation
Interval evaluation
Will be done at the end of every phase to monitor the progress
At every interval of each phase
Summative evaluation
Will be done at the end of the intervention to determine how successful the
intervention was
Achievement will be measured against the set goals and objectives
May 7 2018
Activity
Who is responsible for implementation?
Implementation date or timeframe
Comprehensive writing of the report
The project’s secretary
May 10 2018
Press release and announcement
Nielsen Press Releases
June 2 2018
Professional presentation
The chairperson of the of the project
June 16 2018
Publication of the report in a scientific journal
Medical Journal Editors
June 30 2018
Promotion of the project findings
Project members
July 1 to December 31 2018
Project management is usually a tedious task because of the fact that it involves dozens of methodologies and steps that require attention. As the project manager, there is a range of tools and processes that need to be employed since the beginning to the completion of the project. The processes are overwhelmingly many and in limitless variety (Abraham, 2014). The project timeline in this regard has come to save the manager and the entire project team from inconveniences and crashing of processes. From the past projects, a timeline was considered as the heart of the project simply because it make planning and implementation easier. Project timeline for this project was specifically essential because of a number of reasons as discussed below.
First, it helps in capturing the most important steps of the intervention project. The flow of these steps and their varying time intervals is important for the project team members since it gives a clue of what will precede the completed activity. In addition, the project timeline displays the activities and how they shall be done at a given time. For this reason, it shall prompt the team members to remain punctual and cautious of time wastage.
Secondly, the project timeline has allocated enough time for each major activity. For instance, the first phase which involves planning has been given 9 months. This is a long period of preparation, planning and making sure that everything is in order. The planning phase may take less time but this shall be to the advantage of the project’s timing. The intervention in the implementation phase only needs three months or less for every single activity to be completed.
When proper timing is done, it is beyond reasonable doubt that no process or an activity shall be left uncompleted (Abraham, 2014). Follow-up activities require the least time in the project simply because they are monitoring activities of the core project. Following the follow-up is the evaluation phase which involves analysis of the project. This phase requires a relatively longer time since it evaluates the outcome with respect to the targeted goals and objectives. It also include the printing the project as a publication and all the finishing processes.
The dissemination table is a highlight of how various tasks of the project shall be distributed to different team members and stakeholders. Most of the dissemination has been at the post intervention process which includes comprehensive writing of the project report, presenting it professionally, printing and publicizing among other activities. The people who have been assigned the various tasked were carefully and professionally selected (Abraham, 2014). This is because each of them requires specialized and extensive skills to handle them. For instance, it is the work of the project’s secretary, Nielsen releases, the chairperson of the project, medical journal editors and the project team members to carry out the specific duties as mentioned respectively.
Both the project timeline and dissemination are designed for common purpose of maintaining order throughout the intervention program. Dividing the workload into phases and setting milestones makes that project manageable despite its complexity (Abraham, 2014).
Project Timeline
Objective
The research paper is aimed at gaining a depth insight into how death by overdose prevention methods affects patients long-term, in order to reduce harm.
Activity
Responsibility
Deadline
Phase 1: planning
Problem description and definition
Identifying the problem, knowing who are most affected and where the problem occurs
January 20 2017
Factual information
Conducting a thorough literature review
Data collection analysis and interpretation
April 1 2017
Selection of participant groups
Sampling the target audience based on gender, age, race and locality
April 10 2017
Selection of the setting
Identifying and choosing the best place where the intervention would be held.
April 20 2017
Setting goals and objectives
The goals of the interventions are highlighted
Involve the community in the goal setting
May 12 2017
Preparing the intervention
Training the staff
Assessing the readiness of the staff and participants
Ensuring that everything is okay
October 20 2017
Phase 2: implementation
Conduction of the intervention
The intervention will be done through educational classes
Different methods will me directly applied
Recording of each move shall be done
February 28 2018
Making follow-up emphasis
April 20 2018
Phase 3: Evaluation
Interval evaluation
Will be done at the end of every phase to monitor the progress
At every interval of each phase
Summative evaluation
will be done at the end of the intervention to determine how successful the intervention was
achievement will be measured against the set goals and objectives
May 7 2018
Activity
Who is responsible for implementation?
Implementation date or timeframe
Comprehensive writing of the report
The project’s secretary
May 10 2018
Press release and announcement
Nielsen PressReleases
June 2 2018
Professional presentation
The chairperson of the of the project
June 16 2018
Publication of the report in a scientific journal
Medical Journal Editors
June 30 2018
Promotion of the project findings
Project members
July 1 to December 31 2018
Project management is usually a tedious task because of the fact that it involves dozens of methodologies and steps that require attention. As the project manager, there is a range of tools and processes that need to be employed since the beginning to the completion of the project. The processes are overwhelmingly many and in limitless variety (Abraham, 2014). The project timeline in this regard has come to save the manager and the entire project team from inconveniences and crashing of processes. From the past projects, a timeline was considered as the heart of the project simply because it make planning and implementation easier. Project timeline for this project was specifically essential because of a number of reasons as discussed below.
First, it helps in capturing the most important steps of the intervention project. The flow of these steps and their varying time intervals is important for the project team members since it gives a clue of what will precede the completed activity. In addition, the project timeline displays the activities and how they shall be done at a given time. For this reason, it shall prompt the team members to remain punctual and cautious of time wastage.
Secondly, the project timeline has allocated enough time for each major activity. For instance, the first phase which involves planning has been given 9 months. This is a long period of preparation, planning and making sure that everything is in order. The planning phase may take less time but this shall be to the advantage of the project’s timing. The intervention in the implementation phase only needs three months or less for every single activity to be completed.
When proper timing is done, it is beyond reasonable doubt that no process or an activity shall be left uncompleted (Abraham, 2014). Follow-up activities require the least time in the project simply because they are monitoring activities of the core project. Following the follow-up is the evaluation phase which involves analysis of the project. This phase requires a relatively longer time since it evaluates the outcome with respect to the targeted goals and objectives. It also include the printing the project as a publication and all the finishing processes.
The dissemination table is a highlight of how various tasks of the project shall be distributed to different team members and stakeholders. Most of the dissemination has been at the post intervention process which includes comprehensive writing of the project report, presenting it professionally, printing and publicizing among other activities. The people who have been assigned the various tasked were carefully and professionally selected (Abraham, 2014). This is because each of them requires specialized and extensive skills to handle them. For instance, it is the work of the project’s secretary, Nielsen releases, the chairperson of the project, medical journal editors and the project team members to carry out the specific duties as mentioned respectively.
Both the project timeline and dissemination are designed for common purpose of maintaining order throughout the intervention program. Dividing the workload into phases and setting milestones makes that project manageable despite its complexity (Abraham, 2014).
Initial Score (75 possible points):
Instructor comments:
Mohamed: Nice job with your timeline and dissemination plan. Your deliverables target dates seem reasonable given your project scope of work.
Instructor comments (Timeliness):
Timeliness Factor (late points deducted):
na
Total Score (75 possible points):
75
Module 4 Applied Project Rubric
Applied Project Section 5: Budget with Justification and Sustainability Plan (75 points)
Budget justification
This is a budget that has been designed to cater for every expense in the course of the overdose prevention intervention. The estimates are considerably within the range of realism considering how the previous intervention budgets the research team had incurred. Justification of every expense has been made as follows.
Personnel expenses: the project coordinator is an expert international leader in fighting drug and substance abuse and hence his high rank is worth the $70, 000 basic salary, $17500 project salary and $3500 fringe salary throughout the intervention. The other researchers have been assigned salaries based on the magnitude of duty they hold, the level of education and the agreements that were made during the preparation period. Office supply shall spend $3, 200 which is a considerable amount considering the duration and time that writing and printing shall be used.
Equipment: Since the department does not have all the necessary equipment, 4 laptops, a van and the other included equipment shall be hired. Their prices were confirmed to be as they are in the budget.
Incentives/Promotions: After a lengthy discussion with the project committee members, it was found that online advertising would not pass the information efficiently as we would desire. In this regard, pamphlets, posters and other printouts had to cost $16, 100 for full awareness and reward to the participants. In addition, postage envelops and survey copies were found useful in the intervention.
Transport expenses: We also had to hire a park pavilion which would be large enough to accommodate the expected large number of participants.
Purchasing services: The purchase services were estimated to equal the previous intervention project which amounted to $1, 450.
Project sustainability plan
Mission
The project team is looking forward to have a discussion with community members and staff on the need to embrace the overdose prevention methods that will be proven effective during the intervention.
Goals
The team will also develop logic and specific model of sustainable goals towards overdose prevention.
Relation and involvement of key stakeholders
The team members will closely work with the leadership schools and faith communities in order to uphold the banner of ‘no to overdose’. For the purpose of building the relations with the leaders and teachers, regular meetings shall be conducted with them and the community members.
Awareness
Written materials shall also be distributed to participants for them to understand the vision and mission of the project team.
Project funding
Finance sustainability of the project on future interventions is dependent on personal contributions, support from government health agencies, fundraisers and sponsors. In addition financial strategies shall be developed by the advisory and staff committee to ensure that clarity and transparency of funds is made sustainable.
Being good stewards
Lastly, the sustainability plan calls all the members of the project to be good stewards of time and resources. Celebrations of the continued efforts will be made after every bit of the project shall have come into completion.
PUBH 6640: Applied Project in Public Health
Program Outcomes Mapping Form
For MSHEP Students
Student Name: Mohamed Kamara
Walden Instructor: Dr. Fraser
Preceptor Information (if applicable)
Name: Nakia Mack
Organization/Agency: Keswick Community Health
Applied Project
Title:
How Overdose Prevention Methods Affect Patients in the Long-Term
Project Purpose:
The research paper is aimed at gaining a depth insight into how death by overdose prevention methods affects patients long-term, in order to reduce harm.
Project Significance:
The issue of substance abuse is currently on the rise and it has become a critical public health issue. The research will be useful in bridging the existing gap in regard to literature review on the overdose prevention methods. Most of the existing research is mainly based on the substance abuse rather than the prevention method and the effectiveness. This research will form grounds and recommendations for further research in the near future in order to increase knowledge.
Brief Description of Evaluation Methods:
This research will utilize Secondary Analysis of Archived Data (SAAD) as the evaluation method. Secondary analysis of all the archived data is the utilization of the prevailing data that is collected for the objective of a prior study so that the research interest can be pursued which is different from the original research. This evaluation method has not been utilized widely in connection to qualitative information and thus it will be useful in the review of the existing data in regard to substance overdose prevention methods on long-term effects on patients. Since this research was no part of the previous studies that will be reviewed there will be consideration of the involved ethical and methodological issues in order to increase the associated.
MSHEP Program Learning Outcomes
Description of applied project activities
1) Examine historical milestones, current challenges, and future trends related to health and health education.
Progress in the health related trends can majorly be achieved through literature review. Materials such as journal articles, health informatics books, magazines and research text books are suitable sources of providing historical information and every milestone that has ever been reached in the health and heath education sector. News articles and reliable internet resources are the most suitable in understanding the present and prefiguring the future trends.
2) Analyze biological, social, political, cultural, environmental, and/or behavioral factors that impact individual and population health.
In order to understand the nature of the population, the project will conduct a demographic analysis. This shall include statistical studies that shall help in understand the population quantitatively. Qualitative analysis such as political and social economic factors shall also be used to understand the nature of the population for better intervention. Data such population size, health status of the sampled individuals, migration and other comparative analytics shall be conducted.
3) Assess community needs and capacity for health education.
Through a community health needs assessment, the team members shall evaluate problems such as limited health care resources, inequalities in health and the availability of public health interventions, a clear understanding of the community needs shall be reached. Areas of improvement shall be identified and strengths being upheld.
4) Develop culturally-tailored health education programs and communication using health behavior theories and models.
Community based and educational programs as intervention as well as prevention strategies in the provision of improved health care to a diverse community are the most suitable. The programs are mainly objected at reaching to individuals who are located outside the traditional setting of public health.
5) Evaluate the effectiveness of health education programs, communication, and research.
The project will use analytic tools such as CEA and AEI to measure the effectiveness of the intervention program. Diagnostic procedures and other assessment techniques that are suitable in analyzing the capacity of the education programs and communication shall be used.
6) Apply key leadership concepts and skills to effectively administer health education programs and services.
Leadership skills shall be highly exercised by all the intervention staff. This shall be first done through training, encouraging self study and soon they will learn from experience. The expected results shall be as a result of team work, technical support and commitment among other concepts of leadership that shall have been applied.
7) Utilize best practices of health communication to promote and advocate for individual and population health
For the team members to perfectly utilize the best practices of a healthy communication, each person shall be required to first gain an understanding of the participants of the intervention program. The nature of the conversations shall also be made goal oriented for the purpose of making the conversation more meaningful to the project.
8) Apply research principles and methods to address 21st Century health challenges.
For the purpose of researching on the various health challenges that face the 21st century generation, the project shall opt to follow the approach of evidence-based research. This is an approach that is evidence oriented and finds solutions based on laid facts concerning a particular health issue. Much is expected from the principles of evidence-based research and practice.
Initial Score (75 possible points):
Instructor comments: Mohamed: Your budget and justification seem reasonable. Good job with your sustainability plan.
For Improvement: See note on staff line item budget.
Instructor comments (Timeliness):
Timeliness Factor (late points deducted):
na
Total Score (75 possible points):
75
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