Religions and society in West

According to Augustine, the spirit is capable of keeping a body alive forever. The first man on earth was created out of a soul that was living and not a hastening spirit (Chapter, 1). Augustine argued that human beings were created as a reward for obedience. The body was never meant to be hungry but out of disobedience, God was provoked. “And therefore his body, which required meat and drink to satisfy hunger and thirst, and which had no absolute and indestructible immortality, but by means of the tree of life warded off the necessity of dying, and was thus maintained in the flower of youth,—this body, I say, was doubtless not spiritual, but animal; and yet it would not have died but that it provoked God’s threatened vengeance by offending” (Chapter, 23). This implies that the spirit in human was enough to sustain him forever but as a result of eating the forbidden fruit hunger was brought to man and hence the manifest of death.

The spirit is able to keep the body alive because the spirit that raised Jesus from the dead can be able to give life to a soul “But if the Spirit of Him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell in you” (Chapter, 13).  The spirit replaced psyche that could have kept the body alive. This means that if the spirit is well maintained without committing any sins the body can be able to live comfortably with spirit alone as there are no external powers destroying it. The spirit has trinity power that is God “Ye shall be as gods”. This portrays a man as an obedient being that adheres to their supreme and they are true to themselves.

Reference

St. Augustine . City of God and Christian Doctrine. Chapter 1. Retrieved from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XI.1.html

St. Augustine . City of God and Christian Doctrine. Chapter 13.  Retrieved from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XIV.13.html

St. Augustine . City of God and Christian Doctrine. Chapter 23.  Retrieved from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XIII.23.html

Title: Racism

Topic: racism in the society

Outline

1. Introduction.
2. Body
3. a) History
4. b) Racism in today’s world.
5. Effect of racism.
6. Conclusion.

Introduction

Racism can be defined as any action of discrimination or segregation due to someone origin or skin color. This is a word used when describing evil or wrong done to due to culture or ethnic basis. In most cases, racism exists where the majority group is misusing their power to segregate the minorities. The engine of racism is when a particular race thinks or believes they are superior to the other. What defines a character is an inner person which is determined by where you were born.  Racism creates the hatred of one person to another by having some believes that the other one is less human reason being his or her skin color or the language he or she speaks or the place of birth. Racism can cause war among nations or tribes.

Racism is being created when some people group themselves according to the way they look like. Also if a certain group of people develops a feeling of unworthiness, they will feel uncomfortable with other people and start mingling together. Some people may start living in a certain environment due to ignorance and lack of proper education forcing to the formation of certain segregation to be created (Jones 22).

Racism in the history

In history racism was more rampant than today’s history, for example, there was a huge racism in past years on western towards the Asians and Africans. This racism was so serious to an extent of Africa acting as slaves in the west countries. In 15th centuries some Portuguese invaded African territories and started owning without any consultation, this is another definition of Racism. After Portuguese missionary stated missionaries in Africa they even made African work for them for free (Fredrickson 65-67).

During the colonial era in Africa there was a huge racial segregation in some countries, for example in some of the countries there was some schools for white people and others for black people. There were still some public vehicles where no any black could be allowed to use. Some Africans were still not even around to use some of the roads conserved for the white settlers.

Racism in today’s world

In the today's life, racism has reduced but it has not come to an end. Even In this century few individuals still have that negative perspective of their fellows depending on their skin color. For example in the U.S politics even if a huge progress has been made when electing a black president still the hold huge shares in the elective posts. Some of the white politicians can be heard during their campaigns making some negative points regards the fellow American due to the color or origin. This shows that the racial prejudice has not been exhausted. Some of the employers also deny people employment opportunities reason being they are of a certain race. Some of these employers employ people from their own community even if they have not qualified for those positions as compared with others (Trepagnier 09).

Most of the citizens are less concerned when it became in creating racial dialogue reason being their prejudice. Racism is being brought by a fundamental misunderstanding. Most people fear to interact with others depending with their fear of places they come from. Some of them think they are poor as compared to others. Some are not aware these fear can only be brought to an end if there is some exchange of ideas.

Effect of Racism

In most case, racism can cause social and psychological problems which can cause death due to lowering of their esteem. People will create negative mentality every day towards their relatives, boss, and friends which can cause depression and finally death.  It can also result in a huge division within the community. As people continue to get mistreated they develop a sense of humiliation which can force someone to be very dangerous hence can cause violence and death. Racism can destroy the individual and the entire world in whole because the bottom line of harassment is genocide (Bell 88).

Conclusion

All the above arguments are being based on wrong understanding of the word race. People are not supposed to be grouped according to their races, shape and so on. In some white countries, we can be able to identify some unique characters that can develop something on the similar basis some Asians; Chinese and African have the similar skills. This explains how human beings are similar in the entire universe.

Every individual should be given similar opportunities no matter where he comes from or how they look like.  In today’s date united states have tried to provide some equal opportunity and fight racism but have they have not fully managed. If we manage to interact by dialogue we are going to encourage intercommunication. In schools, the syllabuses should always emphasize on racial segregation. The student may be encouraged to create groups which talk about racial problems and their effect on the community. Any barrier to end racism should be eliminated by both citizen and government bodies.

Science vs. religion and the influence on human history

Science is the knowledge that is acquired by a human being from experiment and observation so as to bring the proof of early human history. On the other hand, religion is set of beliefs in the human being concerning the cause, purpose and the nature of the universe without experiment and observation acquired which contain moral affairs of human conduct. Both science and religion contain the information of the human history whereby they are all giving out the explanation without enough evidence. Some of these theories of early human history that are conducted by the science and the religion are positive and others are negative. Religion and science both are aiming to engage the human origin of the scientific presentation. This paper is focusing on science and religion as well as their influence on human history.

According to Collins (1999) in the current technology, it has permit Scientific to gather the information from various sources and a high advance level along with the view of particles that make up the world. Religion has gathered the information of human history from cultural phenomena which comprises of sacred texts, literature, the practice of traditions, and sacred places among others that convey the ultimate meaning as well as transmitting an understanding of the human history. Early human history and globalization are influenced by both religion and science in such case unity and religious faith amongst the men has a strong belief that there is God but the Scientific have bombarded the human being belief by proclaiming that there is no God and no need of believing the religion. The reason for both the science and religion are manipulating the early human history is because they are both looking for the truth, for this reason, science and religion are considered to influence the early human history and globalization.

Although both religion and science have historical traditions that exhibit development over time in the early human history, conflict between the two schools of thoughts have existed since they are competing hence bringing the manipulation in the globalization. Dismissed of the truth from the science and religion have exists since none of the school is accepting the truth of the early human history which tend to bring manipulation of the human history and globalization. For instance, religion is claiming no need to believe the science because is distorted and abandoned. Conversely, science is claiming not to believe in religion history of early human history because religious are neither doing experiment nor observation hence both schools tends to bring conflict which makes human history and globalization being influenced (Draper, 1875).

The influence that has being brought by the science and religion toward the early human history and globalization is the confirmation within the both school of thought. Religion was understood in the terms of its own natural existence before the Aristotelians but it was later bombarded by the science which makes human beings lose the belief of the religion. This attitude has tended to the separation of the unification of the science discovery and religion belief. Through the religion, beliefs were claimed true in the previous philosophy upon the examining reliant. Science starts performing ancient doctorate of surgeries and medical practices which are claimed to bring the aspects of the purpose of human race. The science and religion are influencing the globalization and early human history in through separation (Malone, 2009).

Science and religion have influenced the globalization and the early human history by the interaction. Interaction has brought a view of religion and science value for the reason given that, science and religion can be more constructive through the engagement benefit which can make both schools of thought bring envisions of convergence and perspectives. This view is generally encouraging human being to explore the significance of religion understanding and science understanding and the vice versa. For instance, the human being may ignore the finding of science if they are interacting by visiting the museum of which science remains relevant beyond the museum for this reason human history and globalization tend to be manipulated by the two schools of thought (Miller, 1999).

Religion and science can clash because without religion there is no science this is implied by the literature. The science main foundation of early human history is based on technology whereby science relies completely on the evidence whereas religion is based on conjecture and faith. Religion and science cannot coexist because between these two schools are bringing conflict which makes other people even not to believe about them hence this can show the evidence of clashing rather than coexisting. Although science is not against God but it also implies on there is no God existing because by scientific experiments and observation it only proof no God existing in the early human history.  On the other hand, religion is implying there is the existence of God because of their strong faith which can make science and religion to clash at the end because of bringing separation.

References

Miller, K., 1999, Finding Darwin's God. New York: Harper-Collins.

Draper, J. W., 1875, History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 5th ed.

Malone, J. (2009). Psychology: Pythagoras to present. MIT Press Cambridge: MA

Collins, R. (1999).A Scientific Argument for the Existence of God: The Fine-Tuning Design Argument Neil Manson (ed.) New York: Routledge

Deviance and Social Class

There are three major perspectives in society. Symbolic interaction focuses on the use of symbols such as face to face interactions whose analysis level is micro. For functionalism perspective, it focuses on the adaptive aspect of the society which relates to the relationship between parts of the society (Brent & Lewis, 2014). It is a macro analysis as well as the conflict theory that focuses on the competition for the scarce resources that tend to have a control to the weak and poor place (Garner & Hancock, 2014).

Symbolic interaction is the most relevant perspective as it entails in everyday life activities (Brent & Lewis, 2014). As a student interaction with other students is important. Verbal communication that consists of spoken words and predominant symbols facilitate the learning process. According to Max Weber individuals act upon information according to their interpretation of its meaning. Effective communication between other students takes place when the words used by the sender have the same meaning to the receiver. The conversation becomes more effective and exchange of important ideas takes place (Garner & Hancock, 2014).

Symbolic interaction is most significant as it gives a serious thought of how people act upon a given symbol and then seek to determine its meaning individual and that of others.  School uniform is a symbol of that identifies us as students in a given school different from another school place (Garner & Hancock, 2014). The interaction the student and the teacher help in conveying academic knowledge through symbols such as books that are understood well by both. The teacher also takes up the duty of explaining some of the text to the student by use of a simple language that can be well understood by all. Therefore symbolic interaction is important in conveying information.

Reference

Brent, E. E., & Lewis, J. S. (2014). Learn sociology. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Learning

In Garner, R., & In Hancock, B. H. (2014). Social theory: A reader : continuity and confrontation. Toronto :University of Toronto Press

The Differences between a Foreign Culture Compared To a Domestic Culture

            Culture can be defined as beliefs, values, experience, knowledge and customs existing in a particular society. The current economy is becoming increasingly multicultural with a mixture of employees born from different countries for example America’s workforce has closely 16% outside employees. Mixture of cultures in business is so important because new skills and new knowledge are being acquired about other cultures (Czinkota& A 2007). This will therefore require a clear understanding of the different cultures. Some of the differences include the different laws and regulations, different buying habits of customers (Alcantara-Pilar et al, 2015). Thus when operating a business internationally, you will have to change your strategies of marketing to fit the ones of the country you are entering. Thus, this paper will focus on the market cultural differences that exist between the foreign market and the domestic market.

To start with it is factual that United States is among the largest countries in terms of both size and development. The population of the country can be defined as a multicultural mosaic population that is composed of more than 300 million people from different races (Schulz, 2007). However, regardless of the ethnic diversity in United States, it is perceptible that there is a distinct business culture (Naylor, 1997). Thus, the business culture in the country is divided in several subdivisions which include basic concepts, communication style, time concept, business language, negotiation and contracts, and meetings (Schulz, 2007). To start with, it is an American belief that one can succeed in a business just by working had. This is the reason behind the fact that the US work life involves long working hours and regular overtime. Additionally, there is a clear distinction between the management crew and the subordinates. The other basic concept in the US business culture is based on the stress on achievement and initiative. This means that professionalism and personal competence is highly valued in the country. Precisely, this creates a stiff competition within the business culture as people struggle for achievement to exhibit their competence and professionalism. In this culture, it is exhibited that the superiors in the business are only consulted when there is no other alternative or when the business is operated autonomously. The other basic concept in the U.S business culture is informality. This makes people use their first name only as business titles citing from the culture diversity of the population (Naylor, 1997). This culture can be deceptive especially for people from different cultures. However, the culture is not intended to disrespect the ethnicity but rather is used as an expression of democratic notion in business culture.

On the other hand, U.S business culture is dominated by the notion that “time is money”. This is the idea of all the culture that are relationship-building based (Schulz, 2007). This means that people believe that time is an asset which can be invested in. Therefore, time can determine the success of the individual or the business if well spent which means that misusing time is as terrible as wasting money (Aswathappa, 2008). It is perceptible that punctuality is vital in business and lateness is regarded as lack of seriousness and disrespectful.

Business language is the other aspect of business culture in United States. It is factual that U.S business language hosts a lot of idiomatic expressions, many of which are taken from day-to-day activities. This poses a challenge to the person who might not be familiar with the business language. Some of the idiomatic expressions used in the language include, “ballpark figure” and “sales went through the roof”. For instance, after the business partnership goes as planned, Americans use the phrase “let us have lunch together” which might not literally refer to the invitation to lunch (Schulz, 2007). Lastly, meeting in the American business culture starts with a hand shake which is followed by the official introduction to the partners. Precisely, introduction is made using the titles and last names that conveys the professionalism and competence of the person. It usual to engage in small talk at the beginning of the meeting which might involve exchange of business cards if one partner wishes to be in touch (Tuleja, 2008). Thus, those are some of the aspects that are exclusive in American business culture. Some of the reasons that define the differences that exist between different economies are highlighted below; 

            The level of competition; foreign markets competition is more likely to be complex than the competition in domestic markets. This is certainly because of many and powerful participants in the foreign market than in the domestic market (Czinkota& A 2007). To assess your ability to compete in a foreign market, one may use Porters 5 Forces tools which assess the power of the buyer, supplier, competitor, and threat of new entrants.

The other difference is market intelligence; the market intelligence required in a domestic market may not require much study like what is required in a foreign market. There are key points to consider while gathering market intelligence on the intended market. It is important to know how the market works, your direct competitors, and the best strategy of entering the market. However, it is hard to get reliable information for some markets especially less developed economies due to less sophisticated statistical agencies.

            Legal systems; different countries have different legal systems. Every government has its own policies regarding foreign firms. This creates a difference between a foreign market and a domestic market. By understanding this, you have to abide by the laws in the foreign market not the rules in your home market. These laws can cause an impact for business long term success and it is always good to consult with legal counsel of that particular country so as to lessen the risk that these laws may affect the operation of the firm (Alcantara-Pilar et al, 2015).

            Technology also causes the difference between foreign and domestic market culture. In case your product needs a high technology to be used, markets with low technology cannot suit that business. Similarly, logistics cause the difference between these two markets due to the difference in the level of infrastructure development. The way of getting your products into the market in the domestic market is different from that in the foreign market. Lastly, forms of media differ in foreign and domestic markets. It is important to know the types of media available in the foreign market basing on your target market at that specific country.

Interview

The first interviewee

Question: Where do you come from?

Response: I come from Switzerland

Question: just discuss the business practices and management styles in your country

Response: in Switzerland, there is a formal and conservative business climate and companies are in a traditional vertical manner structure. The culture of the companies varies depending on the location of that company. We have four official languages that is German, Italian, French, and Romansch. Therefore before establishing a business there, you need to be familiar with those mentioned languages. In most of our organizations, employees have little responsibility. Generally, it is the management that has a large responsibility for planning. Business meetings are impersonal, orderly and task oriented. Negotiations in Switzerland require patience and very precise and cautious discussions. Generally Swiss are known to be fair bargainers.

Second interviewee

Question: where do you come from?

Response: I come from China

Question: just describe the business practices and management styles in China

Response: I will majorly base on the business management of culture in China. We do believe that the way responsibilities are given to the employees determines employee behavior in an organization. In china employees have less personal responsibility at the place of work, meaning they are not always independently accountable for a specific task but rather judged in the group. On the matter of time, Chinese spend much time discussing business and making decisions as a way of building relationship with people before doing business. Furthermore, in china, employees focus on long-term commitments expecting long term rewards. 

            Basing on the two interviews taken, significant differences have been observed on how business is being done in the two countries compared to America. Firstly, in Switzerland just like in china, employees have less individual responsibility hence they are not accountable of a given task. This is contrary to American culture where employees are assigned tasks with designated responsibilities, and they are accountable for the task they perform (Boeing, 2013). Also the way Americans value time in business is very different from the way china does it. Therefore, this can teach us that before establishing a business in a foreign market, there is a need to understand business culture in that specific country.

References

Alcantara-Pilar, J. M., Barrio-García, S. ., Crespo-Almens, E., &Porcu, L. (2015). Analyzing the cultural diversity of consumers in the global marketplace.

Aswathappa, K. (2008). International business. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education.

Boeing, M. (2013). Analysis of cultural differences and their effects on marketing products in the United States of America and Germany: A cultural approach to marketing using Edward T. Hall and Geert Hofstede. Hamburg: Anchor Academic Pub.

Czinkota, M. R., & A, R. I. (2007). International marketing. United States: Thompson

Naylor, L. L. (1997). Cultural diversity in the United States. Westport, Conn: Bergin & Garvey.

Schulz, E. (2007). Time Is Money: Understanding US Business Culture. TCWORLD. Retrieved from http://www.tcworld.info/e-magazine/business-culture/article/time-is-money-understanding-us-business-culture/

Tuleja, E. A. (2008). Intercultural communication for business. Mason, OH. USA: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Whistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley Due

Key characteristic of a whistleblower

A whistleblower is an employee or ex-employee of a company who reveals an illegal behavior in the organization for instance crime to the law enforcement. A whistleblower generally exposes secret information to other workers in the organization that can cause a danger to the employees. The key characteristic of a whistleblower is one he or she must be honest and fearless so that he or she can expose the misconduct courageously and brave enough. A whistleblower has to have tenacity and reasoning characteristics because whistle blowing requires a person who is drawn out process and difficult issue to bear along with all consequences. The other key characteristic of a whistleblower is being able to battle vengeance so as to defend his or herself from being threatened which can help him or her to fight (Jos, Tompkins & Hays, 1989).

The public company that has been a victim of whistle-blowing for the last twelve months is the bank of America. According to Miceli and Near (1992), the Details issue that whistleblower reported of Bank of America is a denial of the loan to the qualified homeowners to access modification programs government loan. The effects of the whistleblower’s action on both whistleblower and the company are they both have penalties against targeted firms, penalties against and culpable employees. Another effect on both whistleblower and the company is the duration of regulatory and prison sentences enforcement actions for financial misrepresentation and total enforcement periods which lead to wastage of time and financial shortage to both the company and whistleblower. Both whistleblower and company are affected is such a way that may experience retaliation by being punished by the authority is they are found in a wrong side. The both whistleblower and the company may suffer the loss of money so as to defend themselves from illegal behavior.

Justification of a whistleblower in reporting company’s actions

The whistleblower was justified in reporting company’s actions because it brought to the notice of the department of firm intention and justice. According to Jos, Tompkins and Hays (1989) whistleblower was justified because of simply reporting the employees’ disasters in the organization. Through punish that a whistleblower might be given by the organization that may persuade other employees to maintain the silent of the secret thus retaliation ineffectiveness to the whistleblower making him or her to be justifiable. By reporting company action, the whistleblower is justified for providing the respective information which is considered to be original as well as innovative information.

A whistleblower can lose his or her job in the case of reporting an illegal secret matter into the law enforcement for that reason a whistleblower is justified in reporting company’s actions. Whistleblower discloses all the secrets in the organization without considering what next consequence will happen in his or her life, therefore, making a whistleblower be reasonable. The whistleblower is justifiable if the report he or she have reported illegal secret is true thus making a motivation to other workers in the different organization that is why whistleblower if justified (Jos, Tompkins & Hays, 1989).

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of protecting a whistleblower

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is the act that protects the reported illegal matters by the whistleblower to the law enforcement agencies. According to Stephen (2016) under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the whistleblower is protected with a legal extent from the adverse changes in term and conditions of employment. In the year 2002, Securities and Exchange Commission regulations were protected by Sarbanes-Oxley Act as publicly traded companies which were reported in violation of. Whistleblower is legally protected is he or she has blown the whistle that is not revealing the illegal secret of an organization in the case of being engaging his or herself with protecting activity.

Whistleblower is protected with legal extent by the Act of Sarbanes-Oxley if the publicly traded companies create internal and independent as a part of mandating file of the whistleblower complaint. Sarbanes-Oxley Act provides the False Claims Act, the law that protects the whistleblower. With the False Claims Act, whistleblowers who are falsely reporting illegal matter about an organization are protected because they are defending their rights as employees (Stephen, 2016)

In briefly, whistleblowing is the act of protecting the employees in the organization by revealing the illegal secret to the law enforcement. The key characteristics of a person that reveal the secret matter to the law enforcement are, honest, tenacity, fearless, battle vengeance and fearless. With whistleblowing, both the organization and the whistleblower are both affected is such a way like penalties. Sarbanes-Oxley Act protects whistleblower by providing False Claims Act that is used to depend on a whistleblower in false reports.

References

Miceli, M. P., & J. P. Near. (1292). Blowing the Whistle: The Organizational and Legal

Implications for Companies and Employees. Lexington Books, New York.

Jos, P.H., Tompkins, M.E., & Hays, S. W. (1989). In praise of difficult people: A portrait of the

committed whistleblower. Public Administration Review, 49, 552-561.

Stephen M. K. (2016). Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Legal protection for corporate whistleblowers

Abortion

Part 1: Univariate Analysis

            Table 1

            The research was conducted to establish whether a woman under any reason should be permitted to have an abortion. Based on the collected data frequency out of 392 respondents 294 stated that women should not be permitted to have an abortion for any notion. Those  that were in support of a woman obtaining permission to conduct an abortion with a reason were 98 with a valid percentage of  23.3 % while those that stated no were represented by 70%.

From this illustration it is clear that majority of the respondent were not in support of women having an abortion at any period. This means that those that support an abortion are represented by a minority issue. This therefore shows that the issue is debatable since those that were against it represent a valuable static despite the defeat.

            Table 2

The research was conducted to establish whether when a woman is health danger should be permitted to have an abortion. Out of the obtained three hundred and fifty seven responses 301 were in support of the notion while 56 were against.  Those that were in support were represented by a valid percentage of 84.3 while those against represented 15.7 of the total population.  This therefore means that under a health danger a woman should be permitted to have an abortion in order to save her life since she is entitled to life.  In addition health danger is a valid reason of performing an abortion as it requires immediate care.

            Table 3

            The research was performed to establish whether a woman should be permitted to have an abortion if the pregnancy that she holds was developed by rape.  Out of 385 respondents 231 supported that a woman should obtain an abortion in this scenario while 154 were against. Individuals that were in support of the notion represent 60 percent of the population while 40 percent is represented by those against.  This therefore means that an abortion based on pregnancy be developed through rape is supported by the public despite the fact that the difference between those against and those in support being minimal.

            Part 2: Bivariate Analysis

Table 1

            The data represents the individual’s view of sex before marriage in the context of age ranges.  Those between the age of 18 and 30 and started that it is not wrong at all were represented by 48 those between 31 and 43 were 57 and 52 were between 52 and 55. This therefore illustrates that the acceptance of sex before marriage varies with age. However the notion is highly accepted by all age brackets in the modern world.

Table 2

            The data is a representation of individual’s opinion on whether abortion should be permitted to a woman for any rationale from women from all marital status. Married women represented the highest number in support of the notion with a count of 100 out of 161 widowed women 6, divorced 18, separated 4, and never married 33. This therefore shows that the married women highly support the notion followed by the never married.

Table 3

            The data is a representation of political views of a woman having an abortion for any reason. Liberal views stood highest with a registration of 67, moderate 55 and conservative 38 for that that supported the study query.  Those against the liberal were 49, moderate 93 and conservative 115. This implies the views against the notion had won from all the three status views.

            Reference

Abortion. Bivariate Analysis and Univariate Analysis Frequency Distribution Table

Human development

"Is physical punishment harmful to children?"

Introduction

Physical punishment is also known as corporal punishment and this is an act of providing discipline associated with physical pain to children. Parents are responsible in managing the behavior of their children though they face a lot of challenges. Many parents opt to use physical punishment as the best, quick and effective method of punishing their children for upsetting behaviors.  In the past century, parents argue that they experienced physical punishment and it did not cause any harm but rather they changed their behavior and shaped their lives. Parents argue that physical punishment cannot be neglected since they have the roles and responsibility to punish children with reasonable and fair manner. I urge that physical punishment is an effective way of disciplining if only parents do not apply unnecessary physical force which can cause physical and mental damage. Generally, physical punishment is not harmful to children and it is an effective way of dealing with undesirable behaviors.

Oas (2010) asserts that corporal punishment such as spanking is an effective form of discipline. Various studies on children and punishment have confirmed that majority  of parents  use physical punishment, and the important point is that even psychologists  use physical punishment  and  they recommends parents to apply this method. The author  assert that  despite that  there is a public controversy on physical punishment, several researches and meta-analyses shows that  physical punishment  is very effective in  eliminating undesirable behaviors and hence  influences positive  behavior (Oas, 2010).  He argues that physical punishment is not associated with physical abuse as opponents assert. There is a difference between physical abuse and physical punishment in that the  former  is related with injury such as kicking, burning, slapping and so on while the latter is associated with  physical force  such as pinching ear or hand  which is intended to cause pain  so that a child can change his behavior (Oas, 2010).  Physical punishment does not cause any injury and its purpose is to get the child’s attention through pain rather than physical abuse which cause damage.  ‘The National Clearing House of Child Abuse’ puts it clear by asserting that a punishment which does not cause physical injury  is known as corporal punishment  and vice versa (Oas, 2010). There is also evidence from various professional literatures that physical punishment is not associated with physical aggression. For example, the literatures show that ‘controlling spanking’ is an effective technique of discouraging anti-social behavior and reinforcing compliance. Rather than using other disciplinary tactics, professional literatures concludes that ‘conditional spanking’ is the best method as it is associated with positive outcomes. Finally, the author asserts that corporal punishment is an effective method for ‘back up techniques’. This means that parents tend to value physical punishment rather than non-physical methods since the methods help them to implement milder disciplinary techniques (Oas, 2010).

Romano, Bell and Norian (2013) argue that physical punishment is not harmful to children and many liberal democracies have authorized the physical punishment as an effective technique of providing discipline to children. The idea of ‘pain-inflicting practices’ is morally permissible with respect to persuasive justification. The authors support their arguments by introducing the Canadian Criminal Code Section 43 which states that parents are allowed to use physical force in disciplining their children.  It states that ‘by way of correction’ both parents and teachers should provide discipline to the children as a way of controlling their behaviors (Romano, Bell & Norian, 2013).  Physical punishment is associated with favorable attitude of disciplining. The law puts emphasizes that corporal punishment involves pinching, shaking, spanking among more. The act is intentional and its purpose it to change behavior and create a positive mindset in children. The Canadian Criminal Code recognizes that parents have the responsibility to use physical actions in bringing up children.

According to my own opinion and with respect to my faith, I understand that physical punishment is not hatful but rather it shapes the children behavior and helps them in their development. I believe that in parenting, parents should not spare the rod so that they can create desirable behavior in the entire life of the child. I experienced physical punishment from my father when I was young and this did not affect my physical and mental ability. In my development, we had a close connection with my father simply because when he was punishing me, he had a positive attitude of shaping my whole life. I support my opinion with credible information provided by Flurry and Swimberghe (2016). Both authors   introduce a new aspect of child development and assert that adolescents’ ethical judgment is determined by the   parenting style. According to this review, I understand that children gain cognitive development, moral standards and ethical decisions with respect to the environment they develop in.  In cognitive moral development, children   experience three stages namely; preconvectional- children shape their behaviors and create ethical decision as a result of physical consequences of an action. Convectional-children understand the acceptable behavior and apply social rules and moral decisions in doing what is right. Postconvectional- children use universal standards and understand the right and wrong actions with respect to law and justice (Flurry, & Swimberghe, 2016).  Thus, I believe that physical punishment is for behavior change and child development.  Other important point of physical punishment is that a child is able to make sound judgment and personal assessment on the right and wrong actions. The cognitive development theory asserts that   positive parenting shapes the behavior and children develops with knowledge of evaluating positive and negative behaviors and the time they are matured, they are able to make sound judgment on their behaviors (Flurry, & Swimberghe, 2016).

There a great controversy between opponents and supporters on whether physical punishment is harmful or not. Wilson, (2002) states that physical punishment is inflicting physical pain on the offender’s body   in response to the wrong actions done.  He argues that pain is unpleasant and it is better to deal to apply pain in physical punishment rather than incarcerating the wrong doer. Physical punishment does not cause any harm but rather the invasive and irresistible pain affects the personality (Wilson, 2002). The author supports his ideas by asserting that physical punishment is quick and effective in preventing the occurrence of wrong action. In addition, the fear of physical pain creates reformation where a person tends to change behaviors to avoid reoffending.  Other important point is that in 19^th and 20^th century, physical punishment  was an important technique of punishing students  and  it was associated with positive outcomes as  students were motivated and  behaved in an desirable manner (Wilson, 2002).   Thus, physical punishment does not cause harm but rather teachers use it as a social way of motivating behavior.

 The readings have strengthened my mind and gained a comprehensive understanding of the topic on human development. I have understood reasons why some parents like and other dislike physical punishment. The credible information has helped me to take my position and to argue that physical punishment is not harmful and it is the effective way of punishing.  I have learnt that children develop differently in that some children can engage in undesirable behavior in their adolescence if they are physically punished and others can be able to make sound judgment of their actions in their adult life. Questions which emerge after reading the source materials are: ‘How will children make ethical judgment between wrong and right if parents will not punish them physically?’ ‘Can other alternatives of punishing a child bring positive outcomes and influence cognitive development?’

Conclusion

Corporal punishment is a technique of disciplining a child and both teachers and parents have applied the method for many years. There is a disagreement between opponents and supports on whether physical punishment is harmful or not.  I believe that physical punishment is not harmful and it is an effective way of dealing with undesirable behaviors.Various studies has concluded that there is difference between physical punishment and physical abuse.  Physical punishment like pinching cause’s pain but it is not associated with physical injury.  On the other hand, physical abuse such hitting, burning and more causes injury or in others words it is associated with physical maltreatment. The important thing to note is that physical punishment is intended to shape behavior and it helps a child to comply immediate with the positive actions.  It plays an important role in child’s development as he or she develops with knowledge and skills which helps the child to make ethical and sound judgment. According to my own opinion or my faith, parents and teachers should not spare the rod. This means that they should use physical punishment with credible justification in dealing with undesirable behaviors.

Reference

Oas, P. T. (2010). Current Status on Corporal Punishment With Children: What the Literature Says.

American Journal Of Family Therapy, 38(5), 413-420.

Flurry, L. A., & Swimberghe, K. (2016). Consumer Ethics of Adolescents. Journal Of Marketing Theory &

Practice, 24(1), 91-108. doi:10.1080/10696679.2016.1089766

Wilson, J. (2002). Corporal Punishment Revisited. (Cover story). Cambridge Journal Of Education, 32(3),

409-416. doi:10.1080/0305764022000024249

Romano, E., Bell, T., & Norian, R. (2013). Corporal Punishment: Examining Attitudes Toward the Law and

Factors Influencing Attitude Change. Journal Of Family Violence, 28(3), 265-275.

doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9494-0

ACE ORIGINS OF ADDICTION

Addiction of substance is caused by several factors and like most people I believed it is solemnly caused by property intrinsic of which it extents to the molecular edifice. In my view, any compulsiveness of substance has everything to do with the societal, medicinal, therapeutic and not forgetting the obvious legal consequences. Although, the way I did comprehend how addiction comes by is very different to what any other physician would say and no doubt a confusion of certain mechanism derails the contrivance with the usual root of the problem (Felitti, 2). However, the new evidence provided by group of dedicated team from San Diego has proved otherwise going by their Adverse Child Experiences (ACE) study. This newly fangled discoveries challenges all the initial unadventurous understanding of what really cause addiction, the intense childhood exposure stands at the top notwithstanding how it has always been shelved. The transformation starts from psychosocial know-how to the type of organic issues and mental illness in ACE of which it is capable of even lasting more than half a decade later after the consumption of the substance (Guydish et al, 54). Notably, the same very ACE is key factor responsible for the health and social care of our Nation and thus it is very vital for proper research to curb this menace forever. Additionally, my initial perception got twisted after learning about the new findings in respect to nicotine addiction especially around California in which KP study took place. Consequently, an adverse childhood experience is directly proportional to addictive smokers exclusively on presents of substance users in the households (Guydish et al, 59). In most cases we find ourselves diluting the facts when we get confused with psychoactive advantages and in the event such would lead to development of chronic diseases (Vink, Willemsen, Boomsma, 359). Interestingly, the findings courtesy of Kaiser Health Plan (KP) expounds injection of drugs in comparison to ACE and still the effects majorly rely on dosage response graph unlike what most of us thought (Felitti, 7). Who else knew, despite the fact that the significant discourage of smoking has been ongoing for the longest time, smoking has been on the rise courtesy of the benefits of psychoactive. Furthermore, the positive benefits such as anger control, anxiety and appetite gains are the other reasons why the addiction is constantly rising (Felitti, 7). Bearing in mind the study was very comprehensive and exclusive to the extent of making a follow up so as to attain a match of ACE besides any hospital visits, pharmacy, emergency visits and death is prove that this would be relevant for any nursing research in respect with substance addiction. Outstandingly, the findings would give more openings in regards to what need to be changed in pediatrics and most importantly adult treatment since this the thriving stage. Likewise, the significance of the research would have a lot of impact when it comes to cost and efficacy of the medical needs; coming up with ways of implementation and strategizing on how to thwart compulsiveness for good. Basically, experience indicates that primary prevention is always the better solution compared to treatment at advanced stage and it is for this reasons we are grateful of the findings. Certainly, we all agree by now that, the usual believe on addiction is not what it is and adverse child experiences could be the reason as we are all aware this happens around our homestead.

Reference

Felitti J. Vincent (2004).The Origins of addiction

Guydish J, Jiang Y, Thao L, Pagano A, Delucchi K. Predictors of Tobacco Use Among New York State Addiction Treatment Patients. American Journal Of Public Health [serial online]. January 2015;105(1):e57-e64. Available from: Professional Development Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 17, 2016.

Vink J, Willemsen G, Boomsma D. Heritability of Smoking Initiation and Nicotine Dependence. Behavior Genetics [serial online]. July 2005;35(4):397-406. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 17, 2016.

Website Review

American Psychological Association

Description

APA is the principal professional and systematic organization majoring in psychological affairs with over 100, 000 thousand members including students ( Hibler, 2002). The mission of this organization is to ensure psychological affairs are advanced so that the society and individuals can benefit. The organization ensures psychological information reaches the masses and promoting information and research in psychological affairs. The organization conducts education and research in psychology through publishing articles and papers which will ensure information reaches wide range of people. The organization has a strategic plan which aims at advancing psychology both as a profession and a science. The mission of this organization is guided by core values which include excellence, diversity and knowledge which will enable the strategic plan is successful ( Hibler, 2002).

Usefulness of APA

Good code of conduct is important in this organization and thus employees and researchers are guided by a code of ethics which they must follow as one requirement of being members of the organization. The organization ensures that both the public and police are safe since safety is a key goal of the organization ( Hibler, 2002). The organization ensures that the police maintain law and order in an effective way without violating the rights of the public. Law enforcement is carried out in the most profession manner where police follow the laid down guidelines, rules and ethics as set by the organization in order to ensure the people remain safe.  Police psychology includes ensuring the police are given the best working conditions so that they can carry out their duties in a professional way and remain motivated to carry out their duties. Police psychology also entails guiding the police and ensuring they are not in any way stressed while in line of duty.

Strengths of APA

The site has a number of strengths thus is cite for research in police psychology since it gives detailed information on psychology and usefulness of psychology in relevance to the police. Detailed information is given on psychology where one understands police psychology and its importance both to the society and to the police. The site gives relevant information on the mission statement and gives a clear and achievable strategic plan. The site gives guidelines on the number of members in the organization and types of jobs offered in the organization as well as give clear codes of ethics which are to be followed by those working and aspiring to work in the organization.

Weaknesses of APA

The weakness of the site is the fact that it does not outline its vision which is an important factor in a successful organization. In addition, it discusses several subjects and does not dwell much on police psychology as its major focus. The site does not provide enough and detailed information on the relationship between the police and the public and relevance of psychology to both the police and the public. The site is limited to researches, students and members since one does not participate in the organizations events unless one is a member.

Recommendations

The strengths outdo the weaknesses therefore; the site proves to be an important research tool to be useful by students. The site gives information on police psychology, importance and relationship between psychology and the public. Therefore all students can use this website when carrying out their research on police psychology course since they will get the necessary accurate information.

References

Hibler. N (2002) Police psychology in federal government retrieved from             http://www.apa.org/careers/resources/profiles/hibler.aspx

            Illegal Drugs Trafficking

            Illegal drugs market in the United States is among the most profitable and well-established in the entire world.  Based on this aspect the markets attract most sophisticated, aggressive and violent drug traffickers annually (Bunck, & Fowler, 2012). The enforcement agencies experience numerous difficulties in the attempt of fighting this issue. Drug abuse and trafficking are one of the major acute social issues in American and the entire world today.  As a result of the moral issue, most nations have developed policies to handle the issue.  This, therefore, implies the policies have to be in a match of this advancement to ensure that efficiency is achieved. However,  the issue has been persistent in the recent years despite policies implementation (Bunck, & Fowler, 2012). This is due to technological advancement and improved modes of communication. In addressing the drug issue in the American society several aspects must be considered which includes the rationale behind abuse and trafficking considering the fact that it is an illegal matter. This paper will, therefore, seek to generate an analysis of drugs issue in the society and the effectiveness of the drugs policy.

The formulation of the drug policy was purposed to control and regulate the particular drugs that are termed as dangerous and addictive. This policy addresses both the utilization as well as the supply (Roman, Ahn-Redding, & Simon, 2007). Drugs trafficking are a widespread social issue that is performed by individuals who are from different levels of life. The cost of this issue to the society today is cosmological because it does not only affect the financial sector but also affects individuals personally, professionally, socially and sensationally.  Drug abuse is described as the tendency of medication or drug overuse which involves even the use of alcohol.  Drug abuse is a societal issue because it affects the ability of individual to participate in activities or develop sober decisions.  This issue is, therefore, responsible for the rise of crime, unemployment and well as the growth of the poverty line (Roman, Ahn-Redding, & Simon, 2007).  Drug trafficking involves trading and transportation of illegal drugs and this business is well established in the recent years worldwide.

Research Questions

These analyses will seek to establish answers to the following research questions:

1. In what ways are drug’s trafficking a societal issue?
2. Is the drugs policy effective?
3. In what ways can the policy be adjusted to eradicate the issue?

This assignment will be completed through an evaluation of studies in the context of drugs as a societal issue, the effectiveness of the policy and the associated solutions.  This will help in providing information for future research and policies development measures.

            References

            Bunck, J. M., & Fowler, M. R. (2012). Bribes, bullets, and intimidation: Drug trafficking and the law in Central America. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Roman, C. G., Ahn-Redding, H., & Simon, R. J. (2007). Illicit drug policies, trafficking, and use the world over. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, a division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.