Evil in the Society

1. The author’s main argument is the prevalence of evil in the society. The author does not understand why people tend to commit evil, against other people, and what motivates them to do so. According to the author, the world is full of evil, which is mainly committed by people, towards other people. Most people do not therefore live in peace, due to the fear instilled in them by other people due to evil (Theodore, 2). For instance, a government may support the prevalence of evil in the society, thus making it hard for its citizens to be able to live peacefully. Furthermore, the author argues that the systems of correction are not used as correctional facilities, but as punishment facilities, whereby after a prisoner completes his jail term, the prisoner feels free, as if he or she has paid the debt of his or her crime. This has therefore acted as a motivation, since most people commit crime, knowing that they would only be imprisoned for a certain period of time, after which they would become free immediately after being released.

On the other hand, the author argues that the states are doing less in order to protect their citizens from any forms of evil. This consequently means that the measures put in place by the countries are either to further discriminate the citizens, or to instill fear in them, thus making it easy for politicians to be able to rule freely without much opposition from the society (Theodore, 4). Dictatorship has kicked in, making people to suffer, so that the politicians can be able to enjoy committing atrocities without fear, hence living the poor to suffer.

2. The author supports his argument through providing evidence based on what he has experienced as a doctor and while working at a prison. As a doctor, the author has been able to meet with people of all walks, whereby he says he enjoys serving the poor rather than the rich, since serving the poor seems more enjoyable (Theodore, 7). The author has been able to talk to many patients, and he has come to the conclusion that the world is not a better place as it might see to be people are going through a lot of problems in their lives, and this has been attributed to the evils being committed to each other by human beings. Depression and stress levels among most people have risen, making them to feel sick, thus reaching out to doctors for support.

In addition, the author also uses ancillary argument as a form of evidence, when he talks about the Great Britain. In as much as the country is claiming to be fighting against crime, its citizens are very vulnerable to act, by the government itself. The government is therefore doing nothing to make sure that it protects the security of the citizens. Instead, torture chambers have been set up in the streets, whereby most people particularly those who owe drug barons money (Theodore, 9). They are therefore subjected to torture, with the knowledge of the government, and it is consequently doing nothing to make sure that such deeds are done away with. Moreover, dictatorship has killed democracy in the country, thus making it hard for political leaders to offer support to their subjects. Instead, political leaders have become more concerned with their own self-interests, thus forgetting about the interests of the citizens. The author has consequently used ancillary argument in order to create an understanding of how the government pretends to be protecting its citizens from evils, whereas it is doing nothing to make sure that the citizens do not suffer.

3. I completely agree with the author’s argument, due to the reasons that he has provided regarding his argument (Theodore, 9).
4. I agree with the author, simply because he has been able to provide evidence, which shows why people are suffering. A good example is about the patients he treated while in hospital. The author says that most people are depressed, a thing which consequently makes them to fall ill, hence trusting on doctors to support them. According to the doctor, these patients’ are not sick, but they feel sick due to depression. This depression has not been cause by sickness, but by other people. Patients consequently recount to the cruelty they have been subjected to, a thing which shows just how cruel human beings can be to the human race. Human beings are affecting each other, in the sense that they will even go ahead and use others for their own gains. For instance in Liberia, where six hundred people had taken refuge in church and they ended up being slaughtered under the authority of the government. This explains how human beings have turned against each other (Theodore, 12). The government which was elected by the citizens’ ones against the rule of law and decides to kill its own citizens. Political leaders have decided to use all means to make sure that they get in power, forgetting about the innocent lives.

Work Cited

Theodore Dalrymple. The Frivolity of Evil: City Journal. 2004. Print.

Should Foreign Adoption be Illegal?

Introduction

Foreign adoption is a type of implementation whereby a person or even a couple become legitimate parents of a child, whose nationality is different from the couple’s. In order for one to adopt a kid, he or she should be able to meet the requirements of adopting children. In addition, the person should meet the child adoption requirements of the mother country. If one meets these requirements, then he or she can become the parent of the child, and is entitled to provide the child with total care. On the other hand, the person adopting the child should also meet the requirements of his own country, in order to be able to successfully live with the child in peace. Different countries consequently have different laws concerning the adoption of foreign children, and it is therefore necessary to review such laws before adopting a child. Child adoption has been very successful over the years, however, different countries are coming up with strict laws against foreign adoption, since most people adopt children only to use them for evil purposes. This paper is consequently going to look at the positive and negative impacts of foreign adoption, in a bid to provide the reasons as to why foreign adoption should be illegal.

Most children who are usually adopted come from developing countries, due to poverty, the high rates of HIV/AIDs, and war in these countries (Fenton, 2014). Orphans and street children from developing countries end up being adopted, since they do not have parents to take care of them. In most countries, particularly African countries, due to the spread of HIV/AIDs, most teenagers end up being impregnated and infected with HIV/AIDs while looking for money through prostitution. After giving birth, the young mothers end up losing their lives, leaving their children with no known fathers. This makes it hard for poor families to be able to take of such children, hence sending them to orphanages, while others end up in the streets (Kim, 2017).

The children who end up in orphanages are not usually very luck, since the orphanages are usually supported by well-wishers (Pertman, 2011). This makes it hard for the orphanages to be able to fully cater for the needs of the children, since they may not have enough funds to cater for the huge demands of children in the orphanages. This therefore brings in foreign adoption, which is usually thought to be a very good way of supporting these children.

Positive Impacts of Foreign Adoption.

            When a child is adopted by a well of foreigner, this allows the child to be able to enjoy the privileges which he or she could not be able to enjoy while at the orphanage (Kim, 2017). These privileges include being taken to a good school, receiving all basic needs and even getting parental love from the new parents. In addition, the orphanages tend to benefit from foreign adoption, since foreign adoption enables them to reduce the number of children in the orphanages (Fenton, 2014). This therefore saves the child from poverty, allowing him or her to be able to grow up and become a better person in life, rather than suffering while in the orphanage.

            The child’s mother country, also benefits, since the child will be able to receive all the basic needs which he or she may require. In addition, this reduces poverty levels in such countries, since children whose parents are not known, or both parents are dead can be taken good care of by a well-wisher (Schwarzwald et al, 2015). In most cases, developing countries tend to fully benefit, since the cost of taking care of such a child is reduced. Hence, most developing countries allow foreign adoption, and they not also have strict regulations regarding foreign adoption.

Reducing the levels of poverty is also another major impact of foreign adoption, since it allows orphaned children, to be able to move to countries with better health and educational services. This consequently reduces the effect of poverty in developing countries, since the adopted children can be able to benefit from the adoption (Fenton, 2014). When orphans living in orphanages in developing countries grow up, they may not be able to get higher education, due to the high costs of education. This consequently makes them to end up in streets, or even indulge in crime in order to cater for their needs. When foreigners adopt such children while young and move with them to their countries, this consequently helps in improving the security of developing countries, since such kids can be able to improve their lives as they grow up (Pertman, 2011).

Negative Impacts of Foreign Adoption

Foreign adoption has currently been linked to child trafficking, whereby a foreigner adopts a child, and ends up using the child for evil purposes (Kim, 2017). Most people tend to sell such children abroad where they are used for the production of child pornography. This consequently goes against the dictates of international adoption (Pertman, 2011). A person is supposed to adopt a child, only if he or she is able to take care of the child, and to offer parental love and all the basic needs which the child might require. Foreign adoption is allowed in order to allow children to be able to enjoy their basic needs and not to be abused.

On the other hand, some people use these children as slaves, where they are forced to work in hotels and night clubs in their teenage ages for no pay, or even for less pay (Schwarzwald et al, 2015). They are consequently not allowed their rights to go to school, thus making them to suffer, and be at the risk of contracting diseases while working in night clubs, particularly if they are raped. Due to such factors, the international community had to come up with very strict regulations regarding foreign adoption, in order to protect the rights of adopted children (Pertman, 2011).

Most countries are currently experiencing child laundering, since foreign adoption has become more of a business (Fenton, 2014). Kidnappers are currently kidnapping children at their very young ages, these children are not usually orphans, but they are kidnapped and taken to orphanages for foreign adoption. This has consequently increased the rates of child laundering in the world, since most people have turned foreign adoption into a business. When a kidnapper kidnaps a child and sells him or her for international adoption, the kidnapper earns a lot of money, a thing which has consequently made most people to lose their children to kidnappers who end up selling them. Children are now being used as a means of gaining wealth (Kim, 2017).

According to my point of view, I strongly believe that child adoption should be illegal. This is basically because no one knows the type of life that the child will lead after being adopted by the foreigner. In addition, the child might be use for illegal means, a thing which might end up affecting the child either physically, emotionally or even mentally (Pertman, 2011). For instance, when an adopted child is sold for sex trafficking, no one can be able to protect the child from such acts, and this is because the child’s mother country has no control over the child, while he or she has been adopted and taken to a foreign country. In addition, there are no regulations which are put in place, in order to make sure that the child does not pass through any forms of mistreatment. This consequently makes adopted children vulnerable to sex trafficking and even being abused (Fenton, 2014).

Instead, poor countries, and countries which are currently being faced by war, should consequently partner with the international community, whereby the rights of the children will be protect, and not to be adopted by foreigners (Schwarzwald et al, 2015). This will consequently allow such children to be able to enjoy their liberty, since the international community will be able to cater for their needs, hence being able to reach their future goals when they grow up. This will consequently allow such children to benefit fully, other than being foreign adoption, whereby the intentions of the person adopting the child are not known (Fenton, 2014).

Conclusion

Foreign adoption was one of the best ways of dealing with the issue of orphans in developing and warring countries. This has however changed, since most people have turned foreign adoption into business, whereby they can be able to adopt children, and end up selling them for sexual trafficking, thus earning themselves a lot of money. In addition, the rates of child laundering in the world have also risen, whereby most people are being attracted to the lucrative business of child trafficking. Most families have ended up losing their children, who are usually kidnapped, and sold for adoption or even to foreign countries, where they are used for sex trafficking or even for supply of illegal drugs in different areas. This has consequently made it hard for the adopted children to be able to enjoy their rights, since they are in most cases adopted, in order to be used for money making purposes. Foreign adoption should therefore be illegal, since it is becoming more of a business, than a means of supporting orphans.

Reference

Fenton-Glynn, C. (2014). Children's rights in intercountry adoption: A European perspective. Cambridge: Intersentia.

Schwarzwald, H., Collins, E. M., Gillespie, S., & Spinks-Franklin, A. I. A. (2015). International adoption and clinical practice.

Pertman, A. (2011). Adoption nation: How the adoption revolution is transforming our families-- and America. Boston, Mass: Harvard Common Press.

Kim, O. (2017). Effects and Implications of Kazakhstan's Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards. Columbia University Press.

Aronowitz, A. A. (2009). Human trafficking, human misery: The global trade in human beings. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

Fundamental Role Played By Social Movements in the Identification of Family Violence

            Despite the fact that social movements did not eradicate family violence and abuse, they were able to identify the violent acts such as acts of rape among women which was not taken as an offense. These social movements played a significant role in identifying these violent acts. To start with, battered women came from nowhere who led to the emerging of feminist lawyers, therapists and anti-rape workers. These groups played a significant role as discussed below.

The feminist lawyers who later formed two major branches that is; women’s liberation movement and women’s rights feminism (Thomas, 2001). These feminist lawyers acted as a voice for women to defend the abused women because the major cause for their abuse was lack of voice. Women could not be listened at even at the courts of law. Therefore this marked the start of recognizing women power in the society. The two feminism branches responded to the material subordination and discrimination experienced by women and also helped to create an atmosphere for women to understand and speak out battering (Thomas, 2001).

            Anti-rape movement created awareness and redefined parameters of what would be tolerable by women. It unearthed many ways in which victims of rape were being blamed and silenced. Because many women would keep it a secret when found victims of rape for fear to be treated as criminals (Thomas, 2001). Therefore, this movement demanded for legal and institutional reforms. Women were entirely abused in the family and could not have any right, but through these, movements fought to bring models of freedom for women. Women started working for wages which gave an options for them to fight against male domination.

References

Thomas, J. (2001). Social movements and violence. New Delhi: Mittal Publ.

Part 1.

Social Movement Theory and Conflict Theory

The Social Movement and Conflict Theories consequently explain why social mobilization occurs, particularly when there is an imbalance in service delivery and allocation of resources in a country.

1. Introduction
2. The Social Movement and Conflict Theories consequently explain why social mobilization occurs, particularly when there is an imbalance in service delivery, and allocation of resource in a country.
3. Social Movements are formed due to the feeling of misrepresentation or being deprived.
4. When people feel misrepresented in a country, a state or a union, they tend to form social movements, which help them in airing their views.
5. Due to the feeling of being deprived some good or even resources, social movements are formed, in order to help create a strong voice which can be able to easily reach the relevant authorities. This movements are consequently important, since they are used as a means of improving the social status of the people.
6. Social movements also provide a means of empowerment which the members of a given group did not have, thus motivating them to be able to act according to their demands.

• Conflict theory explains the reasons as to why conflicts are encountered due to favoritism or misrepresentation.

1. Conflicts consequently bring about the issue of class differential, whereby a certain group of individuals, tend to use conflicts as a means of separating themselves from a class which they think is of a lower level than that which they are in.
2. Through conflicts, those who are perceived to be stronger, tend to instill fear in those who are weak, thus making other groups to feel inferior, hence falling into the lower classes.
3. Conflicts are usually socially, politically and materially motivated, thus baking people to create a distance between themselves and others.
4. Social Movement and Conflict Theories allows us to be able to understand things in a different way.
5. When one thinks about Social Movement, the mind only thinks about violence and demonstrations. However, social movement theory explains how different forms of social movement may not be violent, and instead they may conducted in a manner which might not involve violence.
6. When it comes to conflict theory, the theory provides a broad insight of how conflict is consequently used, in order to create class differential between different groups or classes. This theory therefore enables us to understand how conflict can be used as a means of separating people based on class, and not through involving war or otherwise violence. Even though some forms of conflicts might involve violence, but it is not guaranteed that conflicts must lead to violence.
7. Social Movement and Conflict Theories are linked in the sense that the two work hand in hand, in order to foster the grievances or opinions being aired.
8. Social Movement and Conflict theories work hand in hand, since they are the two theories which interlinked, in the sense that they explain the reasons as to why people tend to form groups in order to either demonstrate or to air their voices. According to Social Movement theory, people are forced to form a social movement, with the aim of empowering themselves, hence being able to air their grievances.
9. In conflict theory, this is a similar strategy such as that of the social movement, whereby people of a similar class come together, and form a group whereby they can be able to make themselves superior than groups which were thought to be superior.
10. The two theories are therefore linked, in the sense that they work in the same way, and groups of people may use both social movements and conflicts, as a means of being able to achieve their needs, and airing their grievances.

Part 2

Bacallao-Pino, L. M. (2016). Agents for Change or Conflict?; Social Movements, Democratic `Dynamics, and Development in Latin America. Voluntas: International Journal Of Voluntary And Nonprofit Organizations, (1), 105. doi:10.1007/s11266-015-9574-2

Annotation

In this article, Bacallao-Pino, examines what Latin American governments tend to go through particularly when they implement public procedures for progress and alongside poverty meet with social activities which indulge in practices of ensuring change, empowerment and the reduction of poverty. The author therefore analyzes the interaction between the two processes, hence unfolding its conflicts in three different dimensions (Bacallao, 2016). These dimensions are: self-governing, environmental and material dimensions. Social movements are consequently advocating for change, particularly when the governments are allocating resources in certain areas and not in other areas. Instead of the government dealing with the issues being raised by social movements, they react through social conflicts. This article consequently relates to the main topic of this paper, as it provides the reasons as to why Social Movement theory and Conflict Theory are linked. The article may have provided a different reaction from the government, but social movements and conflict are bound together particularly if the grievances being aired are not taken seriously.

Abstract from the author

Social Movements are becoming very significant actors in current societies, as they help in airing the grievances of the oppressed in the society (Bacallao, 2016). This social movements in Latin America have consequently led to changes in political systems, since the traditional forms of politics have been faced out by social movements which advocate for change. This article has therefore found out that not only does the social movements help in improving developments in the Latin America, but it also allows the government to change its perception towards minority groups in such regions.

Savrum, M. Y., & Miller, L. (2015). The role of the media in conflict, peacebuilding, and international relations. International Journal On World Peace, (4), 13.

Annotation

In this article, Savrum and Miller have examined the extent at which the media affects the security of a country, through airing news which might be one sided. Most people in the present day society, have turned to the media for an understanding into critical matters which affect their lives (Savrum & Miller, 2015). However, the media is not only doing its work of passing information, but it is also changing and shaping the perception of people concerning different issues. This is because, the public believes that the media provides unbiased information, which is accurate and reliable. This article has consequently found out that the media does not at all times provide unbiased information. In addition, sometimes the media is forced to provide one sided information, in order to increase their sales. This has consequently resulted into the formation of social movements, particularly if the media provides information which shows the biasness of the government. This article therefore relates to the main topic of this paper, in the sense that it explains how social movement evolve particularly if the government seems to be bias.

Abstract from the Authors

The conflict in Cyprus, shows how effective the media is, and how it can be able to establish peace in a country. The media in the country have proven to be very effective in addressing issues which seem wrong according to the public, but it is very hard for the same media houses, to be able to pass peaceful information to the public, and restoring peace in the country (Savrum & Miller, 2015). The public has now turned to the media, to provide information which aims to divide the security of the country.

Amenta, E. (2016). Thinking about the influence of social movements on institutions. Canadian Review Of Sociology, (3), 356.

Annotation

            In this article, Amenta has analyzed the ways through which people can be mobilized into forming social movements, whereby they can be able to execute their tasks in a very effective way. The article therefore reviews the strategies, the resources and the way the public is mobilized into joining the movement (Amenta, 2016). This article did not however find these approaches very effective when organizing a social movement. The media, and other institutions are usually targeted, since they can reach many people thus making it easy for the groups to be formed. When a movement is fully formed, then it starts acting through airing the grievances of the public. This article therefore relates to the main topic in the sense that it explains how social movements are formed, and what their aim is.

Abstract from the Author

            Social movements in most cases target states, political parties, news media, learning institutions and religious organizations. The scholars of social movements consequently reach this movements, as a means of being able to attract most people (Amenta, 2016). However, it becomes hard to transform a movement from an explanation object to a potential explanation becomes very hard. This makes it hard for the movement to be able to reach scholars, hence becoming a nightmare to influence scholars to join social movements.

Reference

In Roose, J., & In Dietz, H. (2016). Social theory and social movements: Mutual inspirations.

Snyder, B. L., & Matsueda, R. L. (2013). Policing the police: Conflict theory and police violence in a racialized society.

Bacallao-Pino, L. M. (2016). Agents for Change or Conflict?; Social Movements, Democratic `Dynamics, and Development in Latin America. Voluntas: International Journal Of Voluntary And Nonprofit Organizations, (1), 105. doi:10.1007/s11266-015-9574-2

Savrum, M. Y., & Miller, L. (2015). The role of the media in conflict, peacebuilding, and international relations. International Journal On World Peace, (4), 13.

Amenta, E. (2016). Thinking about the influence of social movements on institutions. Canadian Review Of Sociology, (3), 356.

PART I: International Marketing

Cultural Analysis

Executive Summary

Rwanda is the country of export that I have selected. Rwanda is among the youngest states in terms of economic as well as social development. More than 50 percent of the population has no access to mobile phones which is a major force that is required for the economy to progress due to effective communication. The Republic of Rwanda is a landlocked state that is located in the east-central of Africa. The country is still attempting to make recoveries after suffering from ethnic discarded that terminated in a huge genocide that was sponsored by the government in the middle 1990s. The country has in particular struggled with its reputation regarding ethnic tension that is directly linked with the traditional discriminating or unequal relation amid the minority Tutsi and Hutus who are the majority in the state. Currently, the state is struggling in the attempt of rebuilding its economy and creating better relations among the ethnic groups mainly by promoting business activities with coffee as well as well as tea growing and is currently amidst the main exporters globally. The remarkable achievements have been praised in particular by the World Bank stating that through this operations the state has been able to deal with inequality issues while promoting economic growth. The country’s population is about 11.2 million individuals in an area of about 26,338 kilometers square. The main languages are French, English, Swahili, and Kinyarwanda with the primary religions being grounded on traditional beliefs and Christianity. Despite the fact that business has begun to develop the state is ranked among the poorest state globally thus the socio-economic classes in the state are far from being successive.

Introduction

T-Mobile U.S is a mobile phones company that is headquartered in Washington, Bellevue as a German telecommunication corporation subsidiary with its establishment dating back in 1994. The corporation plans on exporting its wireless, digital and easy to use phones so that it can facilitate the communication needs of individuals in Rwanda. Most of the Rwandese are not able to acquire mobile phones based on the high prices that are associated with the product in the market. Therefore the company will penetrate the market using affordable prices and availability to all. In addition, the company will ensure that the phones spare parts are easily available to increase consumer’s satisfaction. The population does not only suffer from poverty that makes it challenging to afford mobile phones but the populace suffers from poor networking. Therefore this creates the need for mobile phones with high networking power while still regulating the cost to create better communication solutions (Carney, 2016). This product will permit Rwandese to stay connected as the possessing longer battery life and make it easier to handle business which will additionally impact sectors such as health and education by allowing them to access more information in regard to their surrounding and globally.

With little or zero access to quality care, the potential of contracting illnesses such as HIV and tuberculosis are quite high. The living status in the society has proven to be quite difficult particularly in the interior areas where income sources are normally based on the governmental benefits. Most of the people in Rwanda mainly rely on agriculture in order to acquire survival but farming tends to be vulnerable due to the lack of proper farming practices, poor logistics as well as communication. The education system is one that cannot be praised given that most individuals are forced to exit school before completing primary education. This, therefore, implies that the highest percentage of both young and old individuals is uneducated which has, in turn, slowed technological adoption such as the use of mobile in business deals and easing communication (Straus & Waldorf, 2011).

Brief Discussion of the Country’s Relevant History

By the year 1994, the general population in Rwanda was approximately 7 million and this comprised of three ethnic communities which are the Twa, Hutu as well as the Tutsi. Before the colonial period, Tutsi was occupying the highest social system while that of Hutu was lower. Social mobility was highly possible since one would be assimilated to the other group after owning a large cattle number or another form of wealth (Straus & Waldorf, 2011). Ethnic conflict however started since German which is that state’s colonial power lost the country’s possession in the WWI where Belgium took over. This resulted in the loss of most privileges that had been owned by the Tutsi resulting in increased resistance. Even after acquiring its independence in 1962 ethnic violence and conflict intensified forcing most individuals to seek refuge in the neighboring nations (Carney, 2016).

A Civil War began despite efforts from a different organization attempting to create peace through encouraging of power sharing. The agreements were delayed by the individuals in power and this resulted in increased rights violation. The death of the country’s president that occurred on 6th of April 1994 in an airplane crash after an attack stirred several weeks of systematic and intense massacres. In the mass killing, approximately 800,000 individual from the Tutsi ethnic group and a moderate number from the Hutu community were killed by the dominating Hutu administration within a span of a hundred days (Carney, 2016). More than 200, 000 women were raped. This resulted in the rise of a poor state one that individuals died due to exposure to unsafe water, food as well as poor living status (Carney, 2016). The country has been engaging in efforts on trying to restore its glory but still remains among the poorest socio-economically.

Geographical Setting

1. Location

The republic of Rwanda is a landlocked state that is located in the east-central of Africa. The country’s population is about 11.2 million individuals in an area of about 26,338 kilometers square. The country is based on just several equatorial degrees and does not have a seaport. It is surrounded by states such as Tanzania, Uganda, Congo and Burundi (World-meters. (2017).

1. Climate

The state’s countryside are comprised with rolling hills and grasslands that are characterized by a temperate climate. Despite the fact that Rwanda is situated in approximately two degrees equatorial south the high elevation in Rwanda creates a temperate temperature. The country is characterized by for main perceptible seasons which are the long dry season which ranges from long dry to short dry to the long dry and to the short rainy season. The average temperature during day time is about 24 degree Celsius and the highest being 30 degrees Celsius.

1. Topography

Rwanda is amidst the country’s that are universally known as lands of thousand hills.  It is a hills landscape that is covered with green, gardens and agricultural tea as well as coffee plantation.

Iv. Social Institutions

1. Family
2. The Nuclear Family

The nuclear families within Rwanda are comprised of between three to 5 members per every family mainly since the birth rate is not that high in particular. Most of the families on average have between two and three children.

2. The Extended Family

Per every extensive family in the state, the populace is between forty and forty-five people within the sum of only three generation in each. The population of older individuals is averagely between 54 and 57 years.

3. Dynamics of the Family
4. Parental Roles

In every family based on the societal norms in Rwanda the father is considered to be the families heal and he is primarily responsible for making different decisions. This is because the society is a patriarchal one. For the poor communities having children outside marriages does not place the father with the responsibility of the child’s upbringing. In addition, the rate of separations or divorce is low in a relative manner. Women are responsible for the needs of the house and those of children by ensuring that all the domestic duties are accomplished.

1. Marriage and Courtship

Marriage is more different in the state when compared to the western setting since in some settings on the grounds of tradition polygamy is widely practiced. However, the law was already replaced by permitting monogamous families but this has not be achieved in the whole state. Based on law all the partners are generally entitled to the ownership of properties or even sharing in case any sort of separation.

4. Female/Male Roles (Changing or Static?)

Gender roles in the country seem to be static as they are mainly based on tradition and modernization is taking place slowly. The male is normally involved in guiding the family. Making a decision, providing as he is responsible for working so that the whole family can be fed. On the other hand, females are responsible for taking care of the general household and bringing children up and teaching them all the required norms within the society.

1. Education
2. The Role of Education in Society

The occurrence of the civil war in the state and the mass killing left the economy in the worst situation. The education system was also not spared because it was left in a situation that can be regarded as critical. Despite the fact that the country is engaging in different reforms to recover from this negative surrounding a comprehensive system transformation has not been acquired. In 2012 the country began to focus on a 12-year basic education which is divided equally amid primary as well as secondary education. The country operates under a 6-3-34 educational system where six years are spent in primary three in junior secondary three in upper secondary while four years are at the university level (Straus & Waldorf, 2011). Education is free up to the secondary level. However for most acquiring a higher education is usually challenging due to poverty. Low socio-economic status in the country impacts the learning system in a great way. The objective of the government offering free education is to create relevance and quality education but the schools, in turn, offer more than just learning because they are forced to provide food and cater for the needs of orphans and the most vulnerable. Most of this schools operate with inadequate resources and inadequate skills since most of the teachers in the primary school have not passed the secondary level (World-meters, 2017).

1. Primary Education

The six years of primary education is usually free and a necessity in getting to the junior secondary level.  Despite the efforts made by the current administration in improving the education system learning is of low quality given that the teachers lack the necessary skills and knowledge. In addition, the ratio of teachers to students is not balanced as one teacher is forced to handle hundreds of students. It is not surprising that these teachers teach more than three subjects per given population and in covering the challenges of this shortage they are forced to work about two or three shifts. The rate of primary education is below 50 percent because most of them leave before the third year to cater for more pressing necessities such as food.

1. Secondary Education

In Rwanda secondary schools are characterized by two differing levels where with a division of three years each. The first division is referred to as junior secondary the second being the advanced one. English and French are mandatory languages in all the learning levels while Swahili is optional. Equally to the primary schools this level is also characterized by teacher’s shortage, underdeveloped teaching knowledge, and skills as well as low rate of completion.

1. Higher Education

Given that most of the Rwandese fail to pass the prime and the secondary level the total populace that attends and completes higher education is categorically low while being compared to other states in its economic status. Rwanda accommodates both privately owned as well as public schools but the government is working on retaining students in school.

2. Literacy rates

On the grounds of statistics acquired in 2012, it was established that 68 percent of the general populace in Rwanda from the ages of 15 and beyond are literate while 32 percent depicts the uneducated population (Carney, 2016). This, therefore, shows that the literacy level of the country is growing at a desirable rate in the recent. This implies that the population that has no understanding of reading, writing and understanding global changes is particularly low but the gap needs to be covered because it is still high. In addition, education quality varies since girls tend to be educated less as compared to boys on the grounds of cultural reasons. Most of these girls are forced to leave school before 15 years so that they can get married and provide for their families.

1. Political system
2. Political structure

Rwanda operates under a multi-party system where the president becomes the state’s head. The parliament is made of two chambers which are the deputies’ chamber and the Senate. Its parliament has the highest women population on the global context since 24 seats out of the total 80 are primarily reserved for females. This is usually the approach on the grounds of how the genocide affected women (Briggs & Booth, 2010). The president has the responsibility of selecting the vice president and the respective ministers. Based on the passed referendum as per 2017 the president is permitted to serve two consecutive terms with each being accounted for 5 years (Briggs & Booth, 2010).

2. Political parties

Rwanda is a multi-party nation but has one dominating party which is referred to as Rwandan Front party which after the genocide has continuously won majority seats within the parliamentary section. Other parties with significant influence include Imberakuri Social Party, liberal and centric democratic parties. RPF is the dominating and the ruling party in the state. The party is headed by President Paul Kagame and it has been involved in the country’s governorship since the end of the armed crisis that resulted in genocide back in the year 1994 (International Monetary Fund & Rwanda, 2011). The party is more focused on generating social and economic development by creating a democratic surrounding.

3. Stability of government

The state’s government is particularly stable despite the roaming tension after the president advocated for an additional ruling term and the presidential term was added thus permitting him to vie again which he won with less competition. However, the relations in the country are stable since a majority of the citizens supported the referendum but some hold that some political leaders are greedy and want to remain in power for an extensive period.

4. Special taxes

For the not residents persons they are supposed to make payments for each income that they acquire in the state which includes employment income at the general suppression tax rate of 15 percent.

5. Role of local government

The local governed is responsible for ensuring that a favorable surrounding that citizens can coexist in peace and contribute to the quest of solving social issues. This incorporates monitoring ventures made within the state. However, the purpose of the local government is mainly affected due to the lack of necessary resources, necessary services, and effective information provision. The local governments are not present on all the areas since most are involved in monitoring major cities as well as towns where more economic and social initiatives are accommodated.

1. Legal system
2. Organization of the judiciary system

The judiciary in Rwanda is particularly an independent branch that operates separately from the executive and the legislature branches. It is mainly comprised of the appeal courts, high courts, magistrate courts, and one Supreme Court.

2. Code, common, socialist, or Islamic-law country?

The legal law that exists in Rwanda has grounded on the German as well as the Belgium civic codes including the customary law.

3. Participation in patents, trademarks, and other conventions

Rwanda patent protection is accessible via a state’s filing as the state is a member of ARIPO, PCT, and international convention. An application filing mainly necessitates the authority of the attorney general, specification copy authored in French as well as a certified priority application copy that has a confirmed translation.

1. Social organizations
2. Group behavior

In the country, groups are regarded to be of great significance as compared to an individual which is mainly linked to their communal agricultural cultures. If one is not linked to a given group them they are considered to be of no use.

2. Social classes

As indicated by a survey the general rate of an individual that lives under poverty in the country has decreased by at least 5.8 percent from the previous status in 2011 which was 44.9 percent up to 39.1 percent in the year 2014 (Adekunle, 2007). The economy in Rwanda as per the current is experiencing a domination of the servicing sector due to the increased significance that has been acquiring in reference to agriculture during the recent several years.

2. Clubs, other organizations

Boys, as well as girls, are free to associate with each other in groups rather than individually. Most of the acquired friends are those that are within the communities of given families while most individuals associate with those from similar gender. Friendship matters much and is considered as a form of responsibility.

3. Race, ethnicity, and subcultures

Rwanda is characterized by a number of ethnic communities and the largest group is that of Hutus that comprises of more than 85 out of a hundred of the entire population while the Tutsi are 14 per hundred and the Twa just one percent.

1. Business customs and practices

Similarly to other states greeting prior to engaging in any conversation is one of the important aspects of a business. There is a more customary norm where individuals have to be acknowledged formerly. Based on their practices punctuality is of great significance and individuals engage in informal talks prior to getting to business deals. Deals are mainly made in French as the language is the state’s official language and considerable thoughts are made prior to deciding.

1. Religion and Aesthetics
2. Religion and other belief systems
3. Orthodox doctrines and structures

It is believed that Rwandese are mainly engaged in indigenous beliefs and traditions as well as Christianity.  More than half the population of the country is mainly linked to Christianity while a significant number is claimed to be committed to traditional beliefs.

2. Relationship with the people

Christianity holds the greatest influence within Rwanda. The theory and norms of this religion believe in togetherness, love and being kind. This is why the state is mainly focusing on creating peaceful existence amid individuals and growth to promote better survival.

4. Which religions are prominent?

Christianity is the predominant religion which encourages high tolerance of self and others. In this context, individuals are encouraged to act right based on the Christian beliefs without subjecting any form of suffering to others.

5. Membership of each religion

Even those that practices traditional customs and are not involved in Christianity are expected to learn and understand the acceptable values as well as principles. This is to ensure that togetherness as the main norm is encouraged. Nevertheless, some individual’s holds diverse beliefs from either where some tend to exist independently.

6. Any powerful or influential cults?

There are no powerful cults since the dominating ones are Christianity and indigenous customs and practices.

1. Aesthetics
2. Visual Arts

Artistic work is mainly utilized in an expression of traditional, historical and religious beliefs. For the Rwandese art is an important part of their culture but it is unfortunate that the ethnic conflict led to the destruction of some of the most significant cultural establishment such as buildings and museums.

2. Music

Music is one of an essential aspect of Rwandan culture as well as indigenous beliefs which mainly plays part in during traditions. Music is utilized in religious expression, a representation of the state’s heritage as well as culture. In addition, it is used in the expression of feelings such as sadness and love.

3. Drama, ballet, and other performing arts

All the musical aspects play a significant responsibility to most of the ceremonies in the society as they are perceived as significant. Traditional dances are not widely practiced in the praises of customs rather there are utilized as signs of respecting religion.

4. Folklore and relevant symbols

Folk music and narratives which normally involves the retelling of certain stories is particularly driven by its colonial authority. The state’s culture is occupied by stories, myths, and proverbs that are passed to each generation. Symbolism is utilized in the representation of important aspects such as patriotism and togetherness.

1. Living conditions
2. Diet and nutrition
3. Meat and vegetable consumption rates

In most of the urban locations such as in the cities and towns white and red meat are essential parts of diets as they are regarded to be special. The general consumption of maize, bananas, cassava, and millets tends to be much higher. Most families in the rural sectors are entitled to two meals while those in the urban tends to consume three daily.

2. Typical meals

The staple food in Rwanda includes cassava, sweet potatoes, beans, and plantains.  Porridge is usually derived from millet, maize, and sorghum.

3. Malnutrition rates

Since most of the families rely on farming for survival most of them particularly those from the rural areas are subjected to malnutrition due to the lack of proper dieting. This is usually the case due to the lack of energy, protein and necessary nutrition’s which is a result of poor dieting.

4. Foods available

The most available foods include sweet potatoes, cassava, beans, millet, maize as well as sorghum. These foods are acquired from the farmers directly.

1. Housing
2. Types of housing available

The traditional rural houses are made of made which are mainly huts. The huts are characterized by thatched roofs. However, currently most of the houses are made of cement blocks and metal roofs as modernization is occurring is a rather slow rate with the designs changing from being circular to rectangular.

2. Do most people own or rent?

Most individuals rent houses particularly in the urban locations while a large population in the rural areas lives in their own homesteads.

3. Do most people live in one-family dwellings or with other families?
4. Clothing
5. National dress

The trendy and fancy dressing has been adopted highly particularly by the young generation but traditional remains where individuals are expected to be dressed decently. This means that short clothes such as skirts and tops are not encouraged.

2. Types of clothing worn at work

The official dressing is highly encouraged in the formal working organizations while casual wear is adopted in the informal sector.

1. Recreation, sports, and other leisure activities
2. Types available and in demand

In Rwanda, the most available sports are volleyball, basketball, athletics, and football. The most popular sport in this sector is Football.

1. Social security

Social security within the state is complementary, compulsory and non-contributory.  This ensures that the poor families are provided with basic welfare provision while the compulsory includes offering education insurances and social protection.

1. Healthcare

Diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria remains to be the leading death causes. Most individuals are faced with the challenges of healthcare access and those that acquires it is not of good quality. It is estimated than below 5 percent of the population has access to care while the highest population lives far from health sectors.

VII. Language

1. Official language(s)

The official languages include English, Kinyarwanda, and French.

1. Spoken versus written language(s)

Most of the spoken languages are Kinyarwanda and French while the writing is more of French as compared to English.

1. Dialects

There are two dialects within Rwanda which are Kinyarwanda and Kirundi which is mainly comprised of a group of Bantu mainly a language that is utilized in Central Africa.      References

Adekunle, J. O. (2007). Culture and customs of Rwanda. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Greenwood Press.

Briggs, P., & Booth, J. (2010). Rwanda. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides.

Campioni, M., & Noack, P. (2012). Rwanda fast forward: Social, economic, military and reconciliation prospects.

Carney, J. J. (2016). Rwanda before the genocide: Catholic politics and ethnic discourse in the late colonial era. Place of publication not identified: Oxford University Press.

International Monetary Fund. & Rwanda. (2011). Rwanda: Poverty reduction strategy paper: progress report. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund.

Straus, S., & Waldorf, L. (2011). Remaking Rwanda: State building and human rights after mass violence. Madison, Wis: The University of Wisconsin Press.

World-meters. (2017). Rwanda Population. Retrieved from http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/rwanda-population/

Appendices

Appendix 1: National Flag

Appendix 2: Appendix 2: Map of Rwanda

PART II: Economic Analysis

Executive Summary

Rwanda’s economy has experienced a significant growth since 1994 when the civil war ended. However, its economy has remained to be underdeveloped as it is ranked among the poorest states globally with a GDP of 8.096 USD as per 2015. However the country is experiencing a growth of about 6 -8 percent increase each year. In developing its economy the country mainly relies on agricultural investment. In addition its foreign investors are not usually taxed and by doing so the government is purposed at attracting a higher investment so that the economic status can evolve.  Road transport is the most developed infrastructure and regardless of the high literacy and poverty rate the government is attempting to grow its telecommunication sector. Agriculture is the highest contributor as it has employed more individuals and contributes up to 40 percent of the state’s GDP.

Introduction

In penetrating the market successfully T-Mobile is required to understand the economic status of the state so that it can create a competitive position. Due to the ethnic conflict the economy has remained low and individuals are struggling to regain it. This means that the corporation will apply more efforts in rand marketing and creating awareness which will facilitate products adoption. Given the nature of the market affordability is important with the application of relevant knowledge (Santander, 2017).

1. Population
2. Total
3. Growth rates

The annual populace growth rate as per 2015 stood at 2.3 percent.

2. Number of live births

The population of the state is equal to O.16 percent on the global scale. With a population of 12, 137, 676 people and is ranked 76 in regard to population globally (Santander, 2017). 

3. Birthrates

The birthrate is indicated to be 3.90 for every woman. Every day 1086 children are born (Santander, 2017).

1. Distribution of population
2. Age

The median age totals to 19 years. For the male the median is 18.7 years while that for females it is 19.2 years based on the estimation made in 2016. Half of this populace tends to be younger while the other half is older (Santander, 2017).

2. Sex

Currently the ration of male to females stands at 0.965 where per every 965 males they are one thousand females (RDB, 2017). The population is particularly lower when compared to the global sex ration. The population of men is depicted by 49.1 percent while that of females is 50.9 percent which represent 5, 967606 and 6184 368 respectively (RDB, 2017).

3. Geographic areas

In 2015 the general population in the rural areas within Rwanda was estimated to be 71.9 percent while 29.1 are located in the urban areas. This therefore shows that the less population is located in the urban sector (RDB, 2017).

4. Migration rates and patterns

In every a thousand individuals the migration rate is indicated to be about 68.8 percent which makes it apparently high.

5. Ethnic group

The prime ethnic groups in the country are Twa, Hutus and Tutsi. The Hutus occupies about 85 percent, Tutsi 14 percent and Twa 1 percent (RDB, 2017).

III. Economic statistics and activity

1. Gross national product (GNP or GDP)
2. Total

The general GDP of Rwanda as per 2015 was 8.096 USD which increased by 6 percent in 2016. Rwanda is a state that holds the lowest corruption among all the African state and it is ranked 44 on the global scale due to transparency (RDB, 2017).

2. Rate of growth

The annual GDP change per 2015 was 6.9 percent. The growth rate from the year 2000 up to 2106 is averaged to be approximately 43.33 percent. The state is among the fastest growing economies in Africa generally based on its consistent in development (Mutabazi, 2017).

1. Personal income per capita

The GDP per capita in the latest 2015 record was 689.69 in American dollars which is generally equivalent to the global average five percent (Mutabazi, 2017).

1. Average family income

The annual income per every family in 2015 was $ 400 (Mutabazi, 2017). However this amount represents the male gender while that of the female is depicted by half the earning.

1. Distribution of wealth
2. Income classes

There are several members of the elite population who are currently existing in rather wealthy life but the highest population is existing in poverty. The wealthy society enjoys the highest income and live mainly in the cities. Based on the growing entrepreneurial investment there is a growing middle class population.

2. Proportion of the population in each class

The population of the middle class mainly represent 34 percent with more than 50 percent of the poor individuals living in the rural areas as compared to the less than 40 percent in the urban setting (Mutabazi, 2017).

3. Is the distribution distorted?

Income distribution in the country is distorted since it tends to benefit the elite group. Despite the fact that the generation of income that is being acquired from agriculture is quite beneficial the income is unequal.

1. Minerals and resources

The mining within Rwanda is constitute of several mineral such as tantalum, tin as well as Tungsten. Some of the resources include Nickel, Gold, Colton and petroleum which are some of the highest source of income export earnings (Trading economics, 2017).

1. Surface transportation
2. Modes

Road transport is the most developed form of transport in Rwanda. These systems are connected to the best links that offers much connection to major ports and the neighboring and trading states.

2. Availability

Road being the most developed is readily available to the commercial and personal consumes needs both in the rural as well as the urban setting. All the paved roads are grounded amid Kigali which is the capital city and all the major towns and cities.

3. Usage rates

More than two third of the transporting routes are mainly allocated to cargo transport while the remainder is utilized by passengers. More than 80 billion passengers utilized road transport in 2015 with a total of over 80 thousand vehicles while more than 20,000 vehicles were utilized for commercial purposes (Trading economics, 2017).

4. Ports

The main ports in Rwanda are Gisenyi, Kibuye and Cyangugu (Trading economics, 2017). They are the one that accommodates the highest cargo shipment on annual basis and they connect the state to major trading countries such as Congo.

1. Communication systems
2. Types

Communication is mainly achieved through mobile networking. The government is pushing and trying develop the telecommunication system so that communication can be effective. The mobile are connected to 2G and 3G network and the use of landlines is rare based on the effects of the violence. The internet is present also but it only exists in exclusive packets. 

2. Availability

Mobile communication and networking is readily available for those in the urban setting but remains a challenge for the individuals in the rural areas. With the assistance of different organizations the government hopes on creating more opportunities for the adoption of mobile use and availability of internet which will mainly facilitate communication.

3. Usage rates

The average mainlines communication users are about 6.9 million people and it is ranked 40^th in reference to the use of cellular mobiles with only 30 million users as per 2010 ranking. The telecommunication system despite being of good quality is not utilized by more individuals due to mobile expensive prices (Trading economics, 2017).

1. Working conditions
2. Employer–employee relations

Due to the high illiteracy rate most of the relations amid the employers and the staffs tends to be informal. In addition the relation does not necessarily require the signing of working contract. Half of the working employees are the ones that have engaged in formal agreements. This contracts have specified details regarding the working duration, employee benefits and wages.  The informal approach has mainly been influenced by low awareness of the basic privileges by employees.

2. Employee participation

Due to the informal working setting employees are rarely involved in decision making. Employees are usually represented by unions in acquiring what they want while they are permitted by law to engage in peaceful demonstrations but not for all the governmental and private fields.

3. Salaries and benefits

Most of the individuals working in the informal sector are entitled to little or zero social benefits. For those that are under the professional sector the employers normally contribute to their housing and health coverage among other benefits. Without having social benefits this implies that the acquired income is usually utilized in the basic provisions and thus employees are left with almost nothing for saving.

1. Principal industries
2. What proportion of the GNP does each industry contribute?

From each Sector in Rwanda the GNP contribution is as follows: agriculture 48 percent, servicing 48 percent and industries at 8 percent.

2. Ratio of private to publicly owned industries
3. Foreign investment
4. Opportunities?

The primary sector that is dominated by foreign investment is the telecommunication field with an estimation of over 110 million dollars in 2013 (Santander, 2017). The government has made reductions in taxes so that foreign investors can be attracted. This is a great opportunity that can transform Rwanda to be among the leading economies.

2. Which industries?

The dominating industry for foreign investments are tourism, telecommunication, fishing and agricultural business. The nature and the presence of unexploited mineral resources offers opportunities for attracting more foreign investors.

1. International trade statistics
2. Major exports
3. Dollar value

In 2015 the country exported and acquired a value of 740 million dollars while that of import represented approximately 1.91 billion dollars. The export has since increased by 15 percent (Santander, 2017).

1. Trends

The most exported Rwandan commodities are coffee, tea, Iron Ore, Colton, Tin and animal hides (Santander, 2017). Cofee export is worth more than 66million dollars while than of petroleum generates about 81 million dollars every yaer.

2. Major imports
3. Dollar value

The value of import represented approximately 1.91 billion dollars which is higher as compared to export (Santander, 2017).

1. Trends

The most imported commodities to Rwanda are food commodities, steel, cement, petroleum products, construction gods and equipment.

3. Balance-of-payments situation
4. Surplus or deficit?

The payment balance is a deficit one given that its import outweighs the export thus creating an imbalance. In that exports are worth 740 million dollars while import represented approximately 1.91 billion dollars (Santander, 2017).

1. Recent trends

Rwanda has in frequent cases suffered from payment deficit which forces the state to acquire money from foreign states thus increasing the debt rate.  The payment balance is mainly reliant on the servicing and the agricultural sectors success annually. However, the success of the agriculture industry depends highly on uncontrollable conditions like weather. This therefore result in the development of unstable economy.

4. Exchange rates
5. Single or multiple exchange rates?

The exchange rate is a multi-one. A hundred US dollars are equal to 82765.01 RWF which is the country’s currency (RDB, 2017).

1. Current rate of exchange

A hundred US dollars are equal to 82765.01 RWF which is the country’s currency.  While one RWF is equal to 0.12 dollar (RDB, 2017).

1. Trends

Similarly to other states the Rwandan exchange rate has been involved in fluctuations in the recent era but the last two years have experienced some sort of stability.

1. Trade restrictions
2. Embargoes

In relation to trade the country operates under free market that are restricted to minimal restrictions and this means that the sale of commodities is usually heightened. This is because consumers have a higher power of bargains which makes it favorable.

2. Quotas

In Rwanda trade is regulated by a preferences generalized system which permits free quotas and duty access to a number of commodities. This is usually the case for most of the basic commodities that are required by the consumers.

3. Import taxes

The taxation of import is dependent on the commodities. Rwanda tariffs and duties application are within those of the EAC which are common. Customs duties are usually levied amid 0 up to 100 percent with the average rate of 25 percent (RDB, 2017). The value tax subject to imports is 18 percent that is placed on CIF value and any duty that is applicable.

4. Tariffs

Rwanda holds an average rate of all tariffs being 25 percent in exclusion of VAT which is 18 percent (RDB, 2017).

5. Licensing

Rwanda acquires a significant revenue from Licensing which includes copyrights, trademarks, patents, designs and industrial processes and agreements.

6. Customs duties

As per 2015 the customary duty in Rwanda was 8 percent.

1. Extent of economic activity not included in cash income activities
2. Countertrades
3. Products generally offered for countertrading

Agricultural produce are the ones that are given for countertrading in Rwanda.

1. Types of countertrades requested

The countertrades that have been requested involves making direct trading with the east African states communities.  Under this proposed deal the country can acquire commodes that they necessitates from the different state to create a balance in the country.

2. Foreign aid received

The acquired foreign aid is anticipated to cover at least 30 percent of the state’s budget while the remainder is to be allocated from several domestic operations. In the past five years the acquired foreign money is utilized in catering for the public spending and its general dependability of foreign assistance has depreciated to more than a third of the general financial plan.

1. Labor force
2. Size

The size of the force labor back in 2014 was 5,694, 092 persons (RDB, 2017). However the force tends to vary in differing seasons since workers in sectors like agriculture are forced to exit and back.

2. Unemployment rates

The degree of unemployment in 2016 February was 13.2% the rate is depreciating over the years as compared to the beginning of the century (Mutabazi, 2017).

1. Inflation rates

The average rate of inflation is approximated to be 6.25 percent amid 1997 and the year 2017 which was particularly high in 1998 with a record of 28.10% (RDB, 2017).

1. Developments in science and technology
2. Current technology available

The internet and computers are highly available but are primarily utilized in educational setting and by the elite class. This means that for the average and poor Rwandese such pleasures are not available. The health, serving and the industrial sector are the leading in technological adoption. The government has continuously focused on the growth of technology inn health services in monitoring and evaluating progress of such illnesses like HIV and malaria.

1. Percentage of GNP invested in research and development

More than 1 percent of the country’s GDP was subjected to development and research operations in 2015.

1. Technological skills of the labor force and general population

It is only a low percentage that holds proper technology skills which is mainly driven by the high illiteracy, poor education and the lack of training.

1. Channels of distribution

This section reports data on all channel middlemen available within the market.

Later, you will select a specific channel as part of your distribution strategy.

1. Retailers
2. Number of retailers

The distinction amid wholesalers and retailers is hard to establish in Rwanda. This is because most of the wholesalers offers retailing services where goods are distributed to the minor retailers who are involved in supply within the state.

2. Typical size of retail outlets

The general size of both retailing and wholesaling outlets is large relatively when compared to that of other sates in its economic state. The outlets deals with more than 3000 products and services  which includes supplying as well as wholesaling of building products such as cement.

3. Customary markup for various classes of goods

The markup of goods varies based on region and the type of goods. The markup rate in Rwanda is known to be about 1.200.

4. Methods of operation

The primary operative methods utilized in Rwanda are wholesaling and retail with the use of both cash as well as credit in overcoming competition.

5. Scale of operation

For both the retailers and the respective wholesalers in the market the operation scale is large.

6. Role of chain stores, department stores, and specialty shops

Specialty stores have gained much popularity within the market within the retail field since the business operates by emphasizing goods specialty to a given group. The stores are responsible for the provision of customized goods.

1. Wholesale middlemen
2. Number and size

The size is large generally.

2. Customary markup for various classes of goods

The wholesale sector utilizes standard markup of products

3. Method of operation
4. Import/export agents

Most of the agents are located in the cities where they operate under the warehouses.

1. Warehousing

Warehousing is utilized in the storage of general commodities wholesome have special designs in accommodating specific goods.

1. Penetration of urban and rural markets

The penetration usually encompasses the use of affordability since the preferences for both the rural and the modern settings varies.

1. Media
2. Availability of media
3. Costs
4. Television

Advertising using television is not expensive and on average a minute advert will normally cost about 200 dollars.

2. Radio

Radio advertisements are funded by the government by about 60 percent but its revenue additionally relies of this sources. Community owned radios are not permitted to make commercial adverts.

3. Print

Print advertisement appears to be the most expensive since a single page may cost more than 300 dollars.

4. Internet

The internet is inexpensive but is highly available to a selected group which makes it to be ineffective.

5. Other media
6. Coverage of various media

The general media coverage creates millions of dollars to the state. Television and radio are the highest contributor as it generates more than 40 percent. The general coverage of these Medias account to more than half the population with free airing.

1. Percentage of population reached by each medium

By 2015 more than 30 percent of the populace owned televisions while more than 60 percent owned radios. The users of print media account for one million as compared to the general population.

References

Mutabazi, S. (2017). Rwanda Steady Rise of Africa’s Middle Class Is Critical. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201408210710.html

RDB. (2017). Infrastructure. Retrieved from http://www.rdb.rw/rdb/infrastructure.html

Santander, B. (2017). Rwanda Foreign Investment. Retrieved from https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/rwanda/investing-3

Trading economics. (2017). Rwanda’s GDP per capita. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/rwanda/gdp-per-capita

Appendices

Appendix 1: GDP per capita

Appendix 2: Rwanda GDP Growth

Part III: Market Audit and Competitive Market Analysis

            Executive Summary

            T-Mobile has a great potential of fitting into the Rwandan market which is characterized by low competition. Despite the fact that the corporation will be offering affordable and quality commodities it should be ready to overcome competition based on resistance since most individuals prefers to embrace goods that are generated locally. The phones will be made available both to the urban as well as the rural setting. However, given that the high populace is located in the rural setting it is apparent that the company will focus its operations there. The goods will be offered through retail sales to create both accessibility and availability. Radio will be the primary advertisement means so that a wide large of consumers can be accessed. The company will be engaging in competition with some international brands which are doing well in the market but through a differentiated approach.

1. Introduction

            Rwanda is ranked among the youngest economies globally as after the war it was focused to start again. Most individuals are not therefore able to acquire quality phones that have high signals in communication. In addition the lack of proper education and the illiteracy state hinders most of them from understanding in general the significance of communication (Index Mundi, 2016). Most of them in the rural setting are forced to walk longer distances in search of networks or to deliver information. T-Mobile is the real solution in this case because it will seek to ensure that communication is enhanced. The company’s phones will have the potential for accessing social media sites which will create the means for acquiring information and bridge the existing gap. The corporation is seeking to create its positive impact in the specific industry through the provision of safe and convenient communication. This venture will positively grow the economy and transform individual’s lives.

1. The product
2. Evaluate the product as an innovation as it is perceived by the intended market
3. Relative advantage

            Customized cell-phones are beneficial due to their low prices, convenience, flexibility and usage ease.  T-Mobile phones are the affordable communication means which will ease the daily operations. In addition the phones are resources friendly since they can last with charge for up to a week which means that for those without electricity it will be a friendly venture.

2. Compatibility

            The income of individuals in Rwanda is particularly low given that the economy is still in its development stages. This therefore means that the directed budget for the secondary expenses is also low. T-Mobile offers compatibility because it necessitates low maintenance and purchasing budget as compared to what is being offered by other companies. This will ensure that the Rwandese benefit from convenient and quick communication.

3. Complexity

In using the products less skills are required since the items will be customized to fit into the experience of the consumers. This are simplified that even those without basic knowledge will have the capability to operate.

4. Trialability

The goods can be evaluated in a limited time which will include a minimum of two different trials where one will be focused on the urban populace while the other will be objected to create awareness within the rural setting.

5. Observability

The phones are compatible with the economic situation in Rwanda which will be utilized for a number of purposes. These include emergencies, business communication, interactions and for leisure while using the internet.

1. Major problems and resistances to product acceptance based on the Preceding evaluation

Despite the fact that the company will be venturing using low cost the populace is bound to resist.  The investment may be categorized as unnecessary because several other communication products have been adopted. These issues will be overcome through proper marketing while introducing the products in the market. Mostly more resistance may be acquired given that most will consider it to be a foreign investment that does not benefit the state.

III. The market

1. Describe the market(s) in which the product is to be sold
2. Geographical region(s)

            T-Mobile products will mainly be sold to the urban as well as the rural setting. The focus in the urban location will be in large towns and cities. Given that the country’s road transport is well developed this be useful in easing exports. Thus this will require creating awareness on the low prices, ease use, availability and low maintained in all the regions.

2. Forms of transportation and communication available in that (those) Region

            Most of the communicating products are highly available in the urban setting while the rural areas are more limited to such products. This is influenced by the conditions of the areas where retails stores are not available and those that are present offers specialized goods with high prices. Information access is mainly acquired through radio and television since the internet phones are priced highly and this hinders their adoption. Most of these phones cannot access adequate communicating signals and most of the residents can barely purchase the actual phones.

3. Consumer buying habits
4. Product-use patterns

            Most of the products are acquired on the grounds of social pressure. However the buying tendency is low because most of the buyers are conscious about the prices. Most of the products remains in the store without any purchase.

1. Product feature preferences

            What most individuals assess while buying products are prices, quality and availability. Quality is mostly preferred but most are not willing to pay higher based on their income situation. Trendy is an addition buying force where more than 50 percent of the population will make purchases due to being fashionable (Weisskopf & Schlumberger, 2014).

1. Shopping habits

            The East and central African regions tends to be particularly loyal to certain commodities but most are always willing to make trail of fresh products.  Most will spend much time in search of goods with low prices so it is essential to align the products with the appropriate prices.

4. Distribution of the product
5. Typical retail outlets

The product will be typically sold in normal retail shops in the urban setting and the rural locations of the retails for the goods is not Customized.

1. Product sales by other middlemen

Second hand phones are sold by middlemen via classified advertising through direct sales.

5. Advertising and promotion
6. Advertising media usually used to reach your target market(s)

            The primary advertising means is the use of radio for the general target population given that most individuals own a radio and the kind of commination can additionally reach those in the rural settings. Given that most individuals hold zero or little reading skills print advertising might not be useful (Rwanda, 2016). Word direct conversations are also useful which may create a positive reputation.  Work of mouth is therefore a recommended marketing strategy which will also create awareness.

1. Sales promotions customarily used

            Customarily and sales production strategies are not common since the products can be enjoyed using the prices offered on retail basis.

6. Pricing strategy
7. Customary markups

            Most corporations engages in donations of basic products to the poor individuals. The establishment of most companies is to operate within reasonable costs and values. Through affordability consumers are able to acquire the products while the company acquires its profit.

1. Types of discounts available

Given that phones are offered at minimal prices discounting is never an option since it might results to losses.

1. Compare and contrast your product and the competition’s product(s)
2. Competitors’ product(s)

            T-Mobile phones will mainly be provided at reduced prices in all the location within the state. In addition the company’s products are customized to meet the illiteracy and skills needs of the consumers. This therefore implies that unlike the products offered by the competitors these goods will be friendly to user. In addition the phones will have higher abilities of acquiring signal especially in the rural areas. The better life is extensive which leads to being cost efficient.

1. Brand name

            Samsung is the leading seller of phones in Rwanda. However based on the brand name the company offers products that are highly prices which hinders the capability of most individuals from buying.

1. Features

            Samsung mainly offers quality and advanced products. These phones are however characterized by high prices. The phones are fit for the telecommunication in the state but the barrier is the prices and the unfriendliness to user due to be more advanced.

1. Package

            The packaging is normally different depending on the model and trend. Typically they are characterized with different colors and sizes to suit what the consumer’s needs.

2. Competitors’ prices

            The competitors pricing is grounded on user benefits and market pricing. This is because the products are advanced and given that the consumers are to enjoy a number of benefits the pricing is usually high.

3. Competitors’ promotion and advertising methods

            In particular the competitors utilizes radio and television advertising. This is on the grounds that it has the potential of reaching an extensive number of individuals. Promotions are usually held annually where goods are offered at discounted prices.

4. Competitors’ distribution channels

            The company utilizes both retail and wholesale as the main distribution modes. These outlets are preferred due to the ease of accessibility and also in ensuring that products are available when required.

1. Market size
2. Estimated industry sales for the planning year

            Based on the current data it was established that in 2015 the company sold a total of 30,000 phones (Pottier, 2002). The company is currently the leading one since it ventured in the country a few years back. There is the potential of experiencing growth within the market because the competition will grow and individual will learn about the fresh ventures.

2. Estimated sales for your company for the planning year

            T-Mobile believes that it will sale 5000 phones in the first operation year while in the quest of promoting better communication (Trade Government, 2017). The competition will mainly be focused on both the urban as well as the rural setting. This is because the company seeks to create awareness on the shortest period and grow extensively.

1. Government participation in the marketplace
2. Agencies that can help you

            USAID is one of the leading agencies that the company can depend on as it is objected on lowering poverty by eliminating obstacles and creating more opportunities for investment. The agency can be essential in the creation of opportunities within the domestic market.

2. Regulations you must follow

            Foreign investors are required to acquire licensing from the commerce ministry. Moreover all the import products are subject to taxes and phones are not an exemption but no additional charges will be necessary.

            References

Ensign, M. M., & Bertrand, W. E. (2010). Rwanda: History and hope. Lanham: University Press of America, Inc.

Heshmati, A. (2016). Economic Integration. Springer International Publishing.

Heshmati, A. (2017). Studies on economic development and growth in selected African countries. Singapore: Springer Nature.

Kimanuka, O. (2009). Sub-Saharan Africa's development challenges: A case study of Rwanda's post-genocide experience. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

West, D., Ford, J. B., & Ibrahim, E. (2015). Strategic marketing: Creating competitive advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Appendices

Appendix 1: Market Analysis

Appendix 2: Market Analysis

PART IV: Preliminary Marketing Plan

            Executive Summary

            T-Mobile’s target is broad because the products can be utilized by anyone as they cover all the age brackets. However, the company will mainly focus on the ages between 15 and above. Since the corporation anticipate to make 5000 products sales within the first year the annual sales should account to 500,000 dollars. The company owns high capital and this therefore makes it easier to venture the market that is characterized by a number of uncertainties. So that the company can acquired a competitive position the company can start by researching on the suitable pricing approaches. Minimal modification of the goods will be necessary based on the economic status of the country. The objective is to ensure that the products are adopted easily and widely. The company will seek to work on minimal cost ranging from staffing and transportation. This will therefore facilitate the objective of reaching a wide consumer range.

1. The marketing plan
2. Marketing objectives
3. Target market(s)

            The general target market of the companies are the middle aged persons and the youths who are always willing to make fresh purchases based on fashion trend and the need for innovation. The group is appropriate when it comes to mobile phones usage.

2. Sales forecast years 1-5

            The forecast for the first up to the fifth year will be 6.7 million dollars as the sales will increase with an increase in wariness as well as marketing. The company has confidence that its efforts will pay.

3. Profit forecast years 1-5

            The forecast for the five years profit will be about 2 million dollars (Ensign, & Bertrand, 2010). After a few operation years the company intends on creating more market for its products.

4. Market penetration and coverage

            The marketing saturation is targeted amid the middle aged persons and youths who need to adopt to trend and technological products.

1. SWOT Analysis
2. Strengths

            Some of the internal strengths held by the company includes human resources, positive reputation, physical resources and low completion as an external force.

2. Weaknesses

The project might necessitates more staffs and additional resources due to the complexity and this may result in high costs.

3. Opportunities

The company holds the opportunity of improving the state’s economy by creating more jobs which will in turn build a positive name for the corporation and high sales.

4. Threats

Opposition of change by locals is the main threat. In addition time delay based on the transportation mode and the issues of acquiring stores based on the setting of some areas may be additional issues.

1. Product adaptation or modification
2. Core component

            T-Mobile will be offering economic friendly products that will seeks to offer more value to the cost conscious persons and those with low operating skills. The design will seek to fit the general needs of the individuals within the setting with some tuition features that will offer more value to its consumers.

2. Packaging component

            Trademarks for all the goods will be featured visibly along with the logos, colors and features that will create familiarity with these products. The trade-name has been simplified to EC0-Mobile. The products will not be customized as they do not possess any irrelevant labels. However customization and adding more simplified features will be a necessity.  Pricing will be affordable so that it may reflect the general income for the consumer’s income levels.

3. Support services component

Simplified manual both written and audio will be provided to all the buyers. These instructions will be authored in French and English. Based on the low level of understanding the instructions will be accompanied by visuals to make the easier.

1. Promotion mix
2. Advertising
3. Objectives

            Advertising will mainly be objected at creating awareness in all the areas. Given that more than 70 percent of the populace exists in the rural areas there is a need to accessing them (West, Ford & Ibrahim, 2015). So that the investment can be worth the messages will be promoted through advertisements.

1. Media mix

            The primary advertisement media will be radio since it is available to most individuals in all the settings. In addition they create more opportunities for broad casting in different languages. T-Mobile will request the public to embrace the products based on the benefits that they will acquire print media and television advertisements will also be incorporated to suit the lives of urban places.

1. Message

All the advertising messages in general will be designed to be able to promote awareness of the company’s goods while showing the effects that the products will bring. Given that the products are ease to be operated and highly affordable this will create favorable relations.

1. Costs

            T-Mobile has allocated at least 300,000 dollars that will be funding marketing campaigns and advertisement. The funds will be distributed in portions where the first portion will be for radio advertisement alone and the rest will be serving other advertisement channels like prints and television.

2. Sales promotions
3. Objectives

Sales promotion will mainly be objected at attracting new consumers who are interested in both affordability and quality.

1. b. Coupons

During the holiday dates coupons will be made available where the consumers will acquire products at discounted prices.

3. Personal selling

            The company will not be focusing on personal sales due to the cost involved but it will focus on retail sales.

4. Other promotional methods

Sales campaigns will be held so that the company can promote mobile phones acceptance and adoption.  This events will seek to create better relations amid the consumers and the corporation.

1. Distribution: From origin to destination
2. Port selection
3. Origin port

            The origin port will be Gisenyi where the phones will be delivered in containers to Kibuye and Cyangugu. This will create direct distribution to retailers who will distribute to the retailers until the consumers accesses the products.

1. Destination port

Kibuye and Cyangugu will be the destination ports which will create opportunities for export.

2. Mode selection: Advantages/disadvantages of each mode
3. Railroads

            Given that most of the railroad were destroyed in the war period the infrastructure is still under construction and may not be effective. However this kind of transportation can be used in reaching more people.

1. Air carriers

            Air ways is fast on delivery but expensive where the cost may affect the products prices and therefore not necessary.

1. Ocean carriers

            Ocean transportation is cost efficient and reliable despite the fact that they need more time. Due to the unpredictable natural forces this mode may not be beneficial.

1. Motor carriers

            In short distances road transport is highly necessary but the road system is good in Rwanda which makes it convenient in some regions.

3. Packing
4. Marking and labeling regulations

            Labeling will be emphasized during transportation to ensure safety of the products. This will be done in English.

1. Containerization

Conternarisation will be adopted in minimization of transport cost as well as creating flexibility, safety, reliability and convenience.

1. Costs

The involved costs will be involved.

4. Documentation required
5. a. Bill of lading

The lading bill will incorporate the shipping details, weight of shipment, number of goods and destination. This can be used in acknowledging goods delivery.

1. Dock receipt

A receipt dock is utilized as the receipt of conformation in reference to goods being received

1. Commercial invoice

Commercial invoices are required to establishing goods value to international transport. The invoice identifies the weight, shipment total, goods description, and value, charges of insurance, date and sales terms.

1. Pro forma invoice

The document offers a description of goods quantity and type which includes weight, charges of transport and value. This is a seller’s estimate to the consumers before delivery is done.

1. Shipper’s export declaration

For commodities that are over 2,500 dollars in value this document is needed.

1. Statement of origin

            This is similar to the origin certificate that is necessary in some states for certain or all goods. This requires the exporter to make verification regarding the need for the consumer of freight forwarder’s knowledge regarding it.

5. Insurance claims

Based on contingency measures a number of insurance coverage’s will be made. This will be used in covering both lost as well as damaged commodities. In addition pictures of the products prior to shipping must be taken and records documentation stored properly.

6. Freight forwarder

            Freight forwarder will be required in moving goods amid the consumers and different transportation services. This helps in creating better communication, maintaining safety of the products. Offering advice of the suitable transport mode and keeping documents for export.

1. Channels of distribution (micro analysis).
2. Retailers
3. Type and number of retail stores

Retail stores occupies a large segment within the market with over 3000 stores.

1. Retail markups for products in each type of retail store

Retailing markup is standardized for all products.

1. Methods of operation for each type (cash/credit)

Credit and cash are the acceptable payment modes in both wholesale as well as retail.

1. Scale of operation for each type (small/large)

The operations scales for all is usually small and middle sized based on the operation cost.

2. Wholesale middlemen
3. Type and number of wholesale middlemen

The number of wholesalers is large generally.

1. Markup for class of products by each type

For products markup they utilizes standard markup of products

1. Methods of operation for each type (cash/credit)

Credit and cash are the acceptable payment modes in both wholesale as well as retail.

1. Scale of operation (small/large)

            The operations scales for all is usually large and middle sized based on the operation cost as well as the wide range of commodities.

3. Import/export agents

            Africa Trading Company is the selected import as well as export agent and they will be assisting in products transportation. The company is a leading logistic company in Africa that will assist T-Mobile in acquiring a competitive edge.

4. Warehousing

            The prime warehousing will be done in Kigali. This is to facilitate goods access and to make transportation to the different locations. The wholesalers will locate their own warehousing and storages individually.

1. Price determination
2. Cost of the shipment of goods

            In every cubic note the shipment will cost 10 dollars and deliveries made in Kigali. All the costs will thus be included in the general cost of transportation.

2. Transportation costs

            The general cost of transportation will be minimal since the items will be packed and this might require one container.

3. Handling expenses
4. Pier charges

Staff fee will be 15 dollars

Handling charge 75 dollars

CFC release 75 dollars and pier charge being 5 dollars.

1. Wharfage fees

Every vessel will be charged on the grounds of the loads in the container for a about 4 dollars.

1. Loading and unloading charges

Loading and unloading fees will vary but will be indicated on the appendix section.

4. Insurance costs

            The insurance is bound to cost at least 5000 dollars which is expensive but necessary based on the goods vulnerability.

5. Customs duties

Customs duties in Rwanda are in average about 5 percent.

6. Import taxes and value-added tax

            No additional charges will be necessitated after paying customary. VAT will be 18 percent of the revenue.

7. Wholesale and retail markups and discounts

            In particular periods strategic discounts are usually applied in retails stores annually without affecting the sales. Based on the fact that the company does not focus on creating high margin markups are discouraged by the corporation. Affordability is what matters.

8. Company’s gross margins

            The units of sales will be 5000 items, the cost per every unit being about 80 dollars leading to 540, 000 as the forecast sales, expenses will be able 1,000,000 and the profit leading to a profit forecast of 460,000 dollars.

9. Retail price

The minimal retailing price is 80 dollars.

1. Terms of sale
2. EX works, FOB, FAS, C&F, CIF

            Ex work can be regarded as a term of trade that mainly requires the delivery of goods by the seller while the cost of transportation and other additional cost is grounded on the buyers (Heshmati, 2017). On the other hand FOB is a board indication that the sale procedure has been accomplished (Heshmati, 2016). FAS necessitates the seller to make goods delivery alongside a designated naming of the respective buyer (Heshmati, 2017). C and F represents freight and cist send this implies that the seller is to make payment of the shipping cost while the buyer is generally to pay for insurance. CIF represented freight cost that has been insured. This means that the buyer is to bear the shipping cost as well as insurance to the shipment designation (Kimanuka, 2009).

1. Methods of payment
2. Cash in advance

Cash advance as a payment mode will be accepted

2. Open accounts

Open account will also be accepted in payment

3. Consignment sales

Consignment will be made for products delivery.

4. Sight, time, or date drafts

All the transactions will be recorded

5. Letters of credit

Credit letters will be accepted as a payment mode.

1. Pro forma financial statements and budgets
2. Marketing budget
3. Selling expense

The sales expenses will be incurred by the retailers and wholesalers.

1. Advertising/promotion expense

Advertising and promotions costs will be incurred by the company.

3. Distribution expense

            The wholesalers will be reliable in distributing goods to the retailers who will be forced to bear this cost of distribution. Any distribution cost will not be charged on the corporation.

4. Product cost

            The product will mainly be determined by the producing company where the price of each should be lower than 80 dollars.

5. Other costs

            The company needs to design its website so that the consumers can access information regarding any products and the associated cost. This will cost about 300 dollars.

1. Pro forma annual profit and loss statement (first year through fifth year)

III. Resource requirements

1. Finances

            The general budget for the company is 1,000,000 dollars. About 50000 will thus be distributed in the manufacturing, distribution to the retails and 300000 will mainly cater for the marketing and promotion and the remainder will be allocated to unanticipated expenses.

1. Personnel

            Properly trained staffs will be employed with adequate, knowledge skills as well as knowledge regarding products and the mission of the corporation. All the outlets will be managed by managed professional.

1. Production capacity

            For the foreign investment the company has about 5000 units. As the brand name increase the market share and the profit for the corporation will grow to 10,000 items and above by the fifth year.

            References

Ensign, M. M., & Bertrand, W. E. (2010). Rwanda: History and hope. Lanham: University Press of America, Inc.

Heshmati, A. (2016). Economic Integration. Springer International Publishing.

Heshmati, A. (2017). Studies on economic development and growth in selected African countries. Singapore: Springer Nature.

Kimanuka, O. (2009). Sub-Saharan Africa's development challenges: A case study of Rwanda's post-genocide experience. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

West, D., Ford, J. B., & Ibrahim, E. (2015). Strategic marketing: Creating competitive advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Appendices

Appendix 1: Market Analysis

Appendix 2: Market Analysis

Reliability and Validity

Instrument

Telephone

Description

            Telephone survey is where data is collected from a sample population by use of a standardized questionnaire. This method of survey involves the use of cellphones as a medium to contact respondents for opinion polling. Of all methods of survey, telephones are preferably used to maximize the response rates. Telephones can also be regarded as the most effective instruments to obtain data from the public because most people today can access phones. Additionally, it is also accurate that is; according to the study on telephone coverage that showed that over 97% of the population can be reachable by telephone (Leong & Austin, 2006). They are also quicker than face to face interviews in terms of time saving. Another advantage is that telephone survey is cheaper compared to other instruments of survey. The interviewer can also have time to explain and react to the responses. Nevertheless, personal observation is not possible.

            To ensure high quality data collection in survey research, responsive management has designed a facility that has put a training for telephone interviewers. These facilities are staffed with professional interviewers experienced in conducting computer assisted telephone interviews. They are also trained according to the standards of American survey research organization. Computer assisted telephone interviewing has put in place computing systems that help interviewers perform basic data collection (Alexander, Groves & Conference, 2001). Under this format, survey questions are displayed on the computer screens, the interviewer reads the questions to the interviewee and enters the responses by the keyboard.

Psychometric properties

            Reliability in survey refers to the degree to which different questions used in survey produce similar type of information each time they are used. Reliability confirms satisfaction. The mode of data collection used can affect the reliability of the information. Reliability in telephone survey can be influenced by the following factors; most cellphones have caller identification that allow people to view the number before responding to it, thus the respondent may change the mood of response after knowing the caller hence distorting the reliability of information (Leong & Austin, 2006). Different people use their cellphones differently; for instance there are those who turn off their phones at a certain time thus, they may not be reached by the time they are needed for interview. Additionally, people may be contacted while in places with less privacy and this can affect their survey response especially while answering more sensitive question, thus the reliability of the information may be affected. However, telephone survey is reliable because it is quick and the information is obtained there and then (Leong & Austin, 2006).

Validity refers to the degree to which a given survey measures exactly what it was supposed to measure. Validity in survey is the genuinity of the findings. Validity in telephone survey can be agreeable because of the large scale accessibility it can cover. Therefore, the information needed can be found depending on the number of people covered in the survey (Tourangeau, Rasinski & Rips, 2000). Another reason is that telephone interviews can be recorded and this can help the analyst to reassess and analyze the behavior and the attitude of the respondents so as to measure the reliability of the information, thus validity.

Psychometric properties of the instrument

            From the above information there is sufficient evidence on the reliability and validity of telephone survey in the field of psychology. This is because of large scale coverage of telephones.

references

Leong, F. T. L., & Austin, J. T. (2006). The psychology research handbook: A guide for graduate students and research assistants. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Alexander, C. H., Groves, R. M., & Conference. (2001). Telephone survey methodology. New York, NY [u.a.: Wiley.

Tourangeau, R., Rasinski, K. A., & Rips, L. J. (2000). The psychology of survey response. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Zomia: Peoples, Societies, and Cultures of Upland Southeast Asia

Livelihoods and diversification in the northern Vietnam uplands

The article addresses the issue of diversification within communities and how embracing diversity increases the potential for survival. Diversification has increased in the recent years since cultures and individuals are no longer separated by distance (Tugault-Lafleur, & Turner, 2011). The article particularly considers Hmong within Vietnam’s northern upland as the primary location that is impacted by diversification. The article asserts that Hmong’s ethnic minorities have utilized the benefits of cultural associations, increased resources access and the fluctuation of demands by consumers in diversifying and sustaining livelihood in the recent years.

Despite the Hmong belongs to Horticulturists they have shifted and embraced the production of rice as the community’s staple food. Cultural interaction has not only been limited to gaining fresh insights on agricultural production rather individuals within the setting have interacted and acquired the benefits of better infrastructure, education and social development.  Among the minorities, economic and social progress has been acquired from the interactions and this trend is the best approach in promoting cultural connections and improved interactions (Tugault-Lafleur, & Turner, 2011).

Reaction

The article undoubtedly highlighted the traditional culture of Hmong’s ethnic minority and the different transformations that have been acquired from cultural interactions. Under this influence, the communities have been able to acquire benefits such as agricultural focus shift, improved education, and better infrastructures. In addition, the different forces that have driven this transformation have been highlighted and supported with facts in details so that the readers can understand.

Critique

The article failed to offer the different initiatives implemented by the government or the relevant bodies in ensuring that the interactions are successful. The article, therefore, lacks clarity in regard to the impact of cultural interactions towards development and the barriers that affect the ability for the interactions to be effective.

Understanding the heritage of Luang Namtha

The article discusses Luang Namtha’s ethnic diversity and the basis of its general heritage of living. According to the article, Luang Namtha offers accommodation to more than just twenty different ethnic groups which make the province to be remarkable in reference to being a source of ethnic diversity as well as indigenous knowledge. The article claims that due to cultural diversity inter-ethnic fights have been resolved and encouraged peaceful coexistence. In addition, the province is characterized by low population and this creates adequate space and natural resources that facilitate the success of subsistence life (Schipani, 2008). However, the self-dependability tradition has been altered by the accommodation of cultures from outside which have created increased pressure for the residents to change their cultural and production systems practices. As per today, the emergence of commercial inactive agriculture along with the exposure to increased communication is the depiction of modern lifestyle that is grounded on materialism and a market economy with no cultural restrictions (Schipani, 2008). From this practice, most individuals are being forced to abandon a number of practices that are grounded in traditions in order to embrace the transformations.

Reaction

The article offers a detailed description of Luang Namtha’s ethnic diversity and highlights a number of features that characterizes its diversity as modern on the grounds of materialism and traditional practices. In addition, the article highlights the impact of ethnic diversity in creating change and how the benefits can be acquired for the betterment of the society and economy. Some of the ethnic groups are mentioned and described in terms of the changes that have been acquired.

Critique

The article fails to offer the undesirable effects that have been created by Ethnic diversification and the challenges that the groups are facing in embracing diversification. Despite the fact that the article classifies data in an organized manner there is the lack of coherent and it becomes challenging for the readers to establish particular information.

Comparison

The two articles are essentially similar in the context that they utilize reliable, accurate, clear and detailed information in the ethnic diversity subject.  However, despite the fact that they address the same issue they address different communities and applies similar and differing perspectives in regard to changes achieved through diversification. Regardless of the differences both as similar in reference to the strategies and material content.

References

Schipani, S. (2008). Understanding the Diversity of Luang Namtha. Unesco Bangkok. Pdf

Tugault-Lafleur, C & Turner, S. (2011). Of rice and spice: Hmong livelihoods and diversification in the northern Vietnam. Pdf

America Hook up culture

Critical analysis of America Hook up culture

The revelation of American hookup culture by Lisa Wades opens with a flow of statistics that have much to say.  They represent hook up culture as a normal part of college life, and yet the drunken encounter as it is presented tells only a small portion of the whole story. The writing by Lisa tends to rise above moralizing and misinformation by offering a definitive account of this culture and shows that the truth is more enlightening and disturbing that one can barely think. The statistics she delves into shows that the average senior has had at least one hook up each semester or eight times within four years of high school. Nearly a third of the students do not engage in this hookup culture , while those who do have mixed feelings about this experience where one out of three indicating the intimate relationships they had as being distressing or very difficult to deal with (Wade, 2017). The writer highlights that the existence of a persistent discomfort, and a deep disappointment that cannot be defined. With such an unbiased introduction, it would be expected that the writer will remain sober while objectively discussing sex and experience of an individual student. The immediate pages following this introduction present a more vivid view showing the different impression that college students are fornicating all over, like many bunnies enclosed in one place.

  A major issue that the writer highlight in the book is how the media peddles lewd stories of college kids obsessed with partying and casual sex.  In the anatomy of the hookup , chapter 1 , the writer begins with a presentation where two female students are applying makes on their faces and  while using skimpy outfits to cantilever their breasts and “going for a classy stripper vibe” (Wade, 2017) . The students are encouraged to get wasted and dress like harlots in burlesque – theme of the part. The celebrations are turned into orgies where there is grinding and bumping as men are given the permission to grope after approaching the women from behind.  Within no time the party will reach its grossest stage.  Unless one is acquainted with other materials covering the subject of students’ hookup culture, they may be forgiven for thinking that the students do not engage in romantic relationships. However, the students do only that most of these relationships starts as hookups before developing into any romance. By the time they are graduating, those who have known each other for long and have developed trust and hence can have a real relationship.  Most by that time that meeting people in parties or bars , having drinks and hooking up  does not develop into anything quality . The students seems to transit seamlessly to real dating when they are done with college life (Wade, 2017).

 While Lisa may have created confusion in regard to students partying and sex culture, such was surely not her intention .The intention was to spell out how modern college students engaged in mating rituals. She represents a simple theory tending to hold that if the students are experiencing consternation and anxiety due to sex, the problem does not emerge from the practice of hooking up. It results from the culture that surrounds this hookup which can be said to be a worrying psycho at times (Wade, 2017). The writer does not come by as a moralist but one who recognizes the impact of this culture and associating it with various progressive social actions or movements that offer the students a feeling of liberation in matters relating to sex.  She seems to opine that human traditions have not evolved to an extent that hookup culture can be made safe.  Love and pleasure are still under the control of man while women are turned into anxious and desperate rivals and when alcohol and partying is involved, the results are all types of ugliness, depredation and selfishness (Wade, 2017). In regard to the students who are abstaining and not engaged in hookup scene, there is an implication that they do not opt out. They are shown to be left out because they did not belong, being people of color or a given working class. Presented with the same environment and opportunities they could behave in similar manner by embracing this hookup culture.

Theme analysis of America Hook up culture

 In the book, Lisa offers important insight to educators, parents and students and relates the hookup culture to an evaluation in higher education, sexuality and its history and the continuing feminist revolution.  The statistical research maps out a distressing emotional landscape filled with competition on the basis of status, unequal pleasures and even sexual violence.  The discussion leads to a discovery that the hookup culture is more prevalent among many of the high-class students, while others practice it ambivalently.  While the appearance of this culture causing panic among teachers, parents and administrators due to their imagination of these students as being depraved and avoiding  emotional attachment , the writer seems to emphasize hard data and information aimed at pushing back such misconceptions . The information presented by the writer reveals truths into the role of influence which leads students to engage in the hookup culture.

 Using direct quotations and narrative vignettes, the writer presents the real college life and how the starting of the hookup culture among the students. In “Sex in Drunkworld” chapter , Wade discusses the issue of Naomi and Mara, young women who are best friend and how they are at first reluctant to attend Greek lie at Penn State but  eventually join due to the  role played by alcohol on campus . The writer  present various scenes from a nightlife in college; Naomi is intoxicated and Mara is pressured to have a sleepover at a room belonging to a young brother and this explores an analysis of why the college student in America have accepted this culture of having a good time in the moment(Wade, 2017) . She represents college as an institution and traces how private clubs have emerged in campus. While exploring the cases of students like Mara and Naomi and using an academic or sociological analysis, Wade welcomes any reader to empathize in the midst of such critical issues.  One is made to feel explicit or implicit distress and depression of the students as the writer is trying to demonstrate the culture in which they belong and how such situations came to be. However, she does not show the students as being victims of circumstances as seen in Mara’s description of a recent hookup as being “the ultimate douchebag” and her friend as symbolizing “the slutty college girl persona” (Wade, 2017).

While providing a mixed range of intricate college life picture, Lisa manages to keep way from academic analysis of this culture and inciting readers to realize the emotional effect of a subject that has been examined with a moralistic view for quite some time. The firsthand accounts are rendered by the writer with a narrative flare and emotional sensitivity and presenting a myriad of characters without making them to appear like caricatures. Lisa presents the case of Omar where she outlines the exceptional sexual awakening appeared from moment he learnt how to achieve the balance between an interest in sexual exploration and commitment to his Christian faith (Wade, 2017).  The reader is made to analysis the paradox in Omar’s interest in his religion and being extremely drunk.  The young man acts as an example or dabbler, whose is used in demonstration of various unique relationships of the students to their hookup culture. 

One group is represented as abstainers, forced by circumstances not party and engages in casual sex while another group is showed to be dabblers who are very curious such as Omar. While some are struggling to take part in the culture but find themselves shut out, the enthusiasts have an uncritical gusto that makes them indulge easily (Wade, 2017).  Labels such strivers and dabblers used by the writer server to debunk the thinking that hookup culture is dominant and consuming every American college student. Such notions pales when compared to the subtle insights presented in this book.  By deciding to position the larger content of the book in reference to the difference between students who embrace and those who stay away from the culture, she may have neglected a greater chance of analyzing this culture in a broader way.  She could have looked into how factor such as racial privilege and class affect the failure and success of an individual in being enjoined in hookup culture.  The issue of sexuality handled expertly and in a sensitive manner.

Reflection on America Hook up culture

  Lisa Wade’s book has covered a lot on the hookup culture in American college, and has shown that the culture has become more devious and dominant.  The data and facts provided provide an insight to those who may have had misconceptions about this culture including parents, students and educators. It is easy for a student to overrate the extent to which others are engaging in this culture, and their view may contrast with statistics on the actual degree of indulgence. In reality the number of times an average student participates in partying and casual sex is not as high as may be hyped in the media, by parents and educators.  The difference between the real hooking up and a hookup culture that is pervasive is clearly indicated. One can avoid hooking up at all but still feel prodded by this sexual and drinking culture in the name of having the best moment in college life. In addition, this culture can be a major source of distress or unhappiness for those who take part in it.  The writer grapples genuinely with the problems of this culture and attractions that pulls a person into it. However, she seems to have left out some basic aspect such as the notion of women liberation as major driver of this culture. She fails to mention that the desire or women to feel free, they feel the need to be engaged in casual and meaningless sex just like men. This could relate to her assertion that the hookup culture requires carelessness, punishes kindness and rewards selfishness.  

The scenario presented by such a culture gives women an opportunity to hookup casually while not being attached. As such, everyone is completely free to choose. An important aspect that has been left out in the book is why the minority opt out of the hookup culture in college life. A further exploration would have shown why working class and poor students do not engage in the practice. Apart from the suggestion that they are risk-averse m having already gone a milestone in getting to college, other factors such as varying cultural values relating to sex, family and career can contribute. It could also be that such students know they have to work hard and pave their way through college and this leaves little time for engaging in partying (Wade, 2017).  An exploration would give an insight into the level to which the students from the minority groups participate in hookup culture.

The issue of equality may extend to unequal pleasures where the writer connotes as orgasm gap. Other surveys done have shown men as likely to achieve sexual pleasure from hookup culture that women; women are more likely to experience pleasure within a relationship. Women have viewed casual sex as allowing men to use their body. In fact, Wade seems to fault this culture since it gives priority to male orgasm while assuming the orgasm gap as being biological (Wade, 2017). Relating this to the hookup culture rather than hookup itself can raise a big debate. The insinuation that sexual encounters should be enhanced through creativity, communication and confidence only encourages kinder sex but fails to recognize the challenges that arise from casual sex.  This kind of relationship requires commitment which the writer has largely left out, and a factor that serves as among the predictors of sexual enjoyment for women.  Commitment raises the level of trust and kindness which are important aspects that enhances sexual encounters.

 A major critic of the approach used by Wade is the challenges presented by a hookup culture.  It is hard from a woman point of view to support the notion that casual sex is good   while not appreciating the problems arising from such a culture including indifference m cruelty and selfishness.  A major reason why casual sex is not usually cold is due to the difficult and mess surrounding it and keeping the right emotional distance is not as easy as it seems.  If hookup culture is to be made normal, attachment has to absent or avoided and behaviors associated with hookup culture prevent attachment. Still, aiming at changing the hookup culture may fail since it is the need to engage in meaningless sex with no emotional attachment that brought about the culture itself.

References

Wade, L. (2017). American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus.

Effects of Divorce of Children and their Education

Introduction

In today’s contemporary society there is an increase in the number of social ailments as well as the stigma that accompanies the family unit. One of the most predominant disadvantages in regard to the structure of the family is the one acquired from parental divorce. Based on the increased freedom of choice as well as an expression for both genders parental divorce has grown to be a normal trend today. However, the acceptance of these conduct fails to account for the short and the extended term consequences, particularly on children. Divorce presents a challenging emotional transition for children and education tends to be the most affected aspect due to emotional impairment (Amato & Keith, 1991). Divorce can thus be described as an event that is rather unfortunate than beneficial specifically for those with children. Based on the recent studies it has been established that more than 25 percent of parental divorce children suffers from academic, social and psychological impairment at a certain point in their existence. As a result of divorce education performance for the affected children is usually impacted in their attempt to adapt to the fresh environment.

Ending parental marriages is not just a turn off event since it is a long procedure that impacts the whole family without excluding children and this impacts all the aspects of life generally (Fagan & Churchill, 2012). Divorce normally creates negative emotions where children are usually involved in hatred, judgment, anger and the loss of both affection and love. This is a form of a Psychic implication that requires more emotional efforts from the children in adjusting to the different surrounding of being raised by one parent and lacking affections from both (Fagan & Churchill, 2012). During this phase, children begin to develop a sense of security threat and low personal esteem while comparing themselves with peers. In order to adapt to the kind of life, children are usually subjected to behavioral as well as emotional disorder. This implies that as compared to children in families that are still intact children of divorce are usually subjected to agony and one of them being reduced educational performance.

Self-esteem becomes a norm among the children based on social stigma that comes from being a divorce product. This creates a form of fear, loneliness as well as rejection which is usually triggered by hatred towards the decision made by parents without being accounted for (Furstenberg, Peterson, Zill, & Winquist Nord, 1983). Social interactions become challenging and the difficulty in creating new friends as well as adjusting to the fresh surrounding are some of the leading causes that create poor grades as everything necessitates more effort as compared to their prior comfort zones. Based on the loss of power to control things this may create lots of conflicts with their peers which results in isolation. Children have low abilities in adjusting to all the changes and this inability usually creates a sensation of guilt on the ground that they were the source of divorce for being a burden and that they need to amend the relation between their parents (Bryner, 2001).

According to Demo & Acock, (2015), divorce in most cases will result in a child missing out one of the parents who was their role model, confidant, a source of inspiration and the individual who always offered guide when they went wrong. Most of these cases create a missing father which might create a sensation of less importance and deserted on the child. Children have differing ways of expressing divorce feeling and some will opt for rebellious and violent behaviors while others opt on building sexual relations with individuals from intact families to feel incorporated (Bryner, 2001). In addition, divorce creates a negative perception on children in reference to social relation and future marriages since they lose trust so easily which causes relations instability. Trust is lost based on the experience acquired from their parents as they tend to believe that relations are never that important and can be broken at will. Under circumstances where parental marriages are involved in constant conflicts and open arguments children will tend to acquire relief when divorce happens. On the other hand, those that are usually affected are those from families with no obvious or apparent arguments that might have resulted in separation. This, therefore, makes it crucial to ensure that children understand the mutuality of the decision and the fact that they will be supported and are never the divorce causes (Fagan & Churchill, 2012).

Conclusion

Divorce creates a sense of low self-esteem and security threat to the affected children which affects their emotional wellness. This is usually the case because children are never involved in discussions of their thoughts and feelings regarding the matter. A parent should, therefore, spend qualitative and interesting time trying to understand how their children and persuade them to accept the event as a situation in life rather than a challenge. This should not, therefore, incorporate any form of blames amid parents as children should be made to understand that the decision was mutual. In addition, this is the period during which children should be encouraged to engage in more social activities as this creates a distraction, lowers undesirable thinking, increases sharing and improves their self-esteem thus eliminating isolation. Through this, their emotional wellness is sustained thus creating better learning grounds and improving education performances.

References

Amato, P., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A                         meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 26-46.

Bryner, C. (2001). Children of Divorce. Medical Branch Clinic. CLINICAL REVIEW, 14(3). Retrieved from http://www.jabfm.org/content/14/3/201.full.pdf

David. H. Demo, D., & Alan C. Acock. (2015). the Impact of Divorce on Children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 50(3), 619-648. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/352634

Fagan. P., & Churchill, A. (2012). The Effects of Divorce on Children. Marriage and Religion Research Institute. Retrieved from http://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF12A22.pdf

Furstenberg, F., L. Peterson, J., Zill, N., & Winquist Nord, C. (1983). The Life Course of Children of Divorce: Marital Disruption and Parental Contact. American Sociological Review, 48(5), 656-668.

Resiliency makes People Stronger

Introduction

The life that one leads while young tends to shape the way he or she might become in future. Most people tend to stick to the morals which they taught while young, thus shaping their future. In addition, the way a person behaves or relates with other people is also defined by the type of morals that one was taught. The environment, is a very significant aspect which consequently affects the behaviors of people, and this may also influence a person into behaving in a particular way. There are two categories of people in this world, the first category being of those who grew up without experiencing any forms of resilience, and the second category being of those who grew up experiencing different form of resilience. In a bid to understand how resilience makes people stronger, this paper is going to critically analyze the effects of resilience on one’s future.

Resilience acts as a means of foreshadowing a person’s future life, an act which humbles the person. In Pete’s case, he was separated from his mother at a very young age, and he was consequently taken to an orphanage (Brown, 75). Pete never received the motherly love which most children tend to receive while young, but this did not affect his future. Pete grew up as a very humbled and disciplined man, even though the type of care that he received while young, was not enough to make him act in the right way. Pete consequently grew up to be a man who respected his wife and family, and he never ever raised a hand before any woman. Pete knew how it felt to treat other people in the wrong way, a move which made him to realize that it was not good to treat other people in a bad way. Pete was consequently happily married, and after the death of his wife, he was able to raise his children in the best way possible, making them to become disciplined (Freado, 22). In most cases, people who pass through a lot of obstacles while young, tend to learn from such obstacles, hence changing their behavior when they grow up, in order to protect their families from experiencing such atrocities.

Hardships are meant to streamline a person, making him or her to be able to understand the obstacles to a better life. When a person passes through a lot of hardships while young, he or she is able to understand how painful it is to pass through such type of life (Freado, 23). This consequently enables one to be able to learn, and come up with proper ways of avoiding such a type of life. For instance, a child who has grown up in a family where both parents are drunkards, better understands the effects of alcoholism. When such a child grows up, he or she will avoid the abuse of alcohol and drugs, simply because he or she understands how hard it is to live with parents who are drunkards, and the problems that alcoholism comes with. The behavior of the person’s parents tends to mould the person, thus making the person to gain experience, hence keeping away from drugs, in order to lead a brighter life in future. The same applies in children who have grown up through a lot of hardships, due to poverty. Due to the pain that one goes through while being poor, the person becomes motivated to work hard, thus being able to move out of such a state (Brown, 77). Children raised from poor families tend to become hardworking and determined, due to what they have experienced. Moreover, poor children tend to work very hard in their lives, since they have nothing and no one to look up to, a thing which makes them to become their own role models. When a person becomes his or her own role model, then it means that the person will work very hard in order to change his or her previous life, or otherwise the opinion of other people concerning him or her. Hardships consequently seeks to mould a person for a brighter future.

 Struggling disciplines the mind, making a person to look for alternative ways of shaping the future. Most children who have passed through a lot of hurdles, do not consequently end up passing through such hurdles when they grow up. This is basically because of the past experience that they have. Struggling consequently helps one to be able to reason, and to come up with proper ways of avoiding such obstacles (Brown, 79). A good example is a person who has grown up in a family where both parents are criminals. The person better understands how it feels in such a family, and the way one lives in fear, because at any moment he or she might be killed or arrested. A child from such a family consequently seeks to improve the type of life which he or she will lead, thus works very hard either in school or in any other field, hence improving the type of that he or she will lead in future. The mind of such a child becomes disciplined, making the child to understand the proper ways of living without fear.

Counterargument and Refutation

            In as much as suffering and resilience makes one stronger, it is not guaranteed that those who have had a very tough life while young will lead a better life when they grow up. This is consequently because some people tend to follow whatever their parents used to do, thus becoming even worse parents (Freado, 25). There is no way that suffering can better the life of a person, since it makes the person to believe that he or she cannot be able to achieve more in life. The feeling consequently makes it hard for the person to be able to focus in bettering his life, hence leading a worse type of life than the previous on. For instance a person who has grown up in a family where both parents are drunkards, may end up becoming a drunkard, hence making his own family to pass through the trouble that he went through while young.

Conclusion

            Suffering and resilience only makes one harden, thus coming up with ways of dealing with the problem. This results in success, since for one to be able to overcome suffering and resilience, he or she would need to work very hard, a move which results in success. In addition, hardships are responsible for streamlining a person, making the person to understand that even when passing through a lot of struggle, one can become successful. This consequently makes the person to focus on working hard, since his or mind becomes disciplined, hence achieving the best in life. Suffering and resilience do not last forever, and if one puts in the right effort, then he or she can change his life for the better, since a person’s life is not defined by what one has passed through.

Work Cited

Brown, Waln K. “Resiliency and the Mentoring Factor.” Reclaiming Children and Youth 12.2 (2004): 75-79. Web.

Freado, Megan. “Resilience: One Family’s Story.” Voices of Youth 20.3 (2011): 22-25. Web

 Facial Discrimination

Act Utilitarian is a school of thought that believes that the actions of a human being are acceptable as long as they bring about acceptable results in the context in which he or she made them. Utilitarianism involves considering a particular action and analyzing the action in terms of happiness. For example, it would be wrong for me to deny someone a job based on the fact that he or she is unattractive rather than consider academic and other qualifications. Act utilitarian also considers the fact that one does not have time to examine the results of their action even if they have time, they will choose it based on their pleasure or happiness, for example choosing to work for a charity group which will benefit a lot of individuals or buying a television, one will obviously lean on a choice that brings him pleasure. Act utilitarian can agree with facial discrimination. This can happen when one selects more attractive people in a company than selecting based on academic merits. If the consequence of this action benefits the company, act utilitarian will support the action and this will promote more facial discrimination. Therefore, act utilitarian focus on the overall result (Landy, 2005).

Facial discrimination, is stubborn as it comes in many concealed forms especially in the work places.it can affect the ability of qualified individual to gain employment as the employers may view him in terms of their facial attractiveness. Employers often set standard rules that require one to be properly groomed while at the work environment. Employers may make salary increment and promotional decisions based on appearance .This criteria may also apply when they want to lay down workers, they may discriminate based on looks. This has become a serious problem especially when the company performs poorly due to the fact that other qualifications were not considered nor given a chance. In learning institutions students may favor the teaching style of an attractive teacher than an unattractive one and when ranking is done, the attractive teacher will probably have the upper hand than the teacher students find unattractive despite the content and service delivery being similar. Appearance cannot be linked to the performance of the employee. This is unfair to the persons qualified for the job but is left out due to appearance .This shows the value society places on attractive people ( Laycock,2005).

In general, the society values appearance .Men and women strive to improve their looks through plastic surgery, cosmetics and other grooming methods. This has rationalized facial discrimination as individuals tend to be more receptive to people they find attractive than to people they find unattractive. Physical attraction tends to overshadow other habits and forms the main basis of first impressions. Attractive people tend to be perceived as having good personality traits. Good personality and acceptable traits are more likely to be associated with attractive people than unattractive people. Example of such traits are honesty, courage and generosity. On the other hand, unattractive people will be perceived as dishonest, lazy and unproductive. Some professional fields physical attractiveness is a requirement that is vital to the success of the company and its clientele. Examples of such professions include modelling, actors, flight attendants, advertisers and even secretaries. This professions find it as a key tool to sell their products to the masses (Ross, 2008).

If a law should be drafted to deal with job discrimination based on or caused by ones physical appearance, the law should be inclusive and standard. It should show variance across age, race, health, ethnicity and weight. It should also ensure that qualifications and accomplishments is a top priority in comparison to physical appearance. The law should also have a penalty in case the law is ignored or disobeyed. Another major step can be to ban the facial discrimination at work places. The law should also force the society to change its opinion by enforcing the law to companies which rely on physical appearance .Therefore, the law should be applied equally to all companies so that its effectiveness may be felt by employers .Coming up with dress code policies may reduce dependence on physical attributes and maximize on other changeable attributes that can ensure customer satisfaction (Player, 2013)

Companies and other businesses can take various measures to ensure that facial discrimination is not used in their premises for the purposes of hire, promotion and even advertisement. Steps which can be taken to ensure this happens is by conducting interviews that seek to analyses the accomplishment of potential employees. This will automatically eliminate discrimination in terms of physical appearance. One of the first steps is to become familiar with available laws on facial discrimination that can be easily implemented and followed to the latter. This will immediately eliminate physical discrimination. This laws can be made familiar by having an employee visit seminars where they can learn and have the opportunity to teach others. Another step is to create a policy that will be easily understood by the employers of the company or business premise. An easily to understood policy will enable it to be easily implemented, followed and regulated by everyone including the top management. The third step is to train employees on the laws through different programs that will enable them to put in practice. Step four involves selecting an investigator who will investigate immediately a complain arises .lastly, there should be analysis of company decisions to ensure they do not bring about facial discrimination. Homogenous businesses brings about trust ,loyalty and productivity which save on costs, fairness and loyalty in the work place .In order to achieve this, facial discrimination should be done away with (Solotoff Kramer , 1994)

Reference

Landy, F. (2005). Employment Discrimination Litigation: Behavioral, Quantitative, and Legal Perspectives. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons

Laycock, D. (2010). Religious liberty. Grand Rapids, Mich: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.

Player, M. (2013). Federal Law of Employment Discrimination in a Nutshell. West Academic.

Ross, S. D. (2008). Women's human rights: The international and comparative law casebook.

Solotoff, L., & Kramer, H. S. (1994). Sex discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. New York, N.Y. (345 Park Ave. South, New York 10010: Law Journal Seminars-Press.

Social Classes in Britain

Introduction

The current social classes in Britain are not categorized by the upper class, middle class and the lower class. Things have changed in Britain, making such classes to be unrecognizable. In the past decades, before the Second World War, social classes were based on these three categories, due to the separation of people based on their jobs and education. This however changed after the war, which marked the end to segregation in the country. Due to economic growth, different aspects in the country have consequently changed, and the social classes can no longer be categorized into the three social classes. Most people can now be able to go to college without any problems at all. Social classes in Britain are currently based on the mode of speech, level of education, general world overview and expectations of the world. In order to provide a clear explanation on the modern social aspects in Britain, this paper is going to analyze different books and movies.

An accent is one of the main determinants of social classes in Britain, as it explains the category in which a person falls under. A person who cannot be able to speak fluently in Britain is deemed to be either a foreigner, or a person who has not been able to acquire education, which is also a class in Britain. The level of education is very significant in the country, as it helps in shaping the classes in Britain. In the movie, The Lavender Hill Mob, a woman who runs a souvenir kiosk opens up a marked box from Eiffel towers for sale, due to language mix-up instead of holding back the boxes (Michael, n.p). The languages mix-up, consequently explains the class of the woman, as different people tend to have different accents based on their level of education. On the other hand, the woman could not be able to properly understand English language, a move which consequently led to the mix-up, making her to put open the box, and put it on sale. This consequently explains the class under which the woman false in Britain’s social class, which is lower class.

According to Kate Fox, the type of English which one speaks tends to define his social status and culture. This is consequently because, English has evolved in Britain over the years, making the language to change from time to time (Fox, 26). The type of English language being spoken by a person, such as the use of words like sportsmanship, tend to explain and can also be used to categorize a person in a certain social class. People who tend to use old version of British English, may consequently be grouped into a certain level of social class. Moreover, people who use the old version of English, tend to possess certain social characteristics, which consequently makes them to fall under the same social groups. Similarly, they tend to possess a similar culture, which consequently defines them, and puts them in a similar social class in Britain. The type of English language spoken by a person is largely affected by his or her level of education, thus making him or her to better understand how to use certain levels of language. For instance, a person who has reached a high level of education, may not speak the old version of English, since the person is able to understand and to know how the language evolves from time to time. This evolution leads to the changes in the language, thus defining the person’s social class based on the type of which one speaks.

The type of vocabulary which one tends to use can be used to determine a person’s level of education. The level of education, which is a social class, can be easily explained through the type of vocabulary which one uses (Fox, 28). For instance, if a person uses an old type of vocabulary, and also has an old type of accent, then this consequently means that the person’s level of education is low. On the other hand, a person who uses the modern version of English with modern vocabularies, can be termed as a person of a higher level of education, hence making him or her to be of a relatively different social class from that of the person who uses an old type of English vocabulary.

The movie, The Monarch: The Queen at Work, seeks to explain the different types of social classes in Britain. The movie depicts the old version of English rule, which is a very important aspect in the development of the country. Throughout the movie, the queen, who lived in the ancient Britain regime, has now adopted the new form of English (Matt, n.p). The queen is currently using the modern dialect as she speaks, thus making her to seem more updated than most people. The queen consequently depicts the evolution of the social classes in Britain, as it was not allowed for people to enter the palace. The queen can now allow photographers together with their kids to enter into the palace and take some photos of her. Moreover, this explains why the country’s social classes have evolved, since the queen does not discriminate people based on their classes, thus making them to interact easily with her.

In the Queen’s movie, The Queen 2006, the movies depicts the old social classes which existed in Britain. The movie consequently shows the way the queen perceived herself as a person of the upper class, hence no one was supposed to dictate what needed to happen during the burial of Queen Elizabeth II (Andy, Christine & Tracey n.p). In addition, the president of the US Tony Blair, could not visit or even attend her burial, since Blair was determined to modernize Britain. After the death of the Queen, Britain was finally modernized, a thing which led to the death of the upper, middle and lower classes in the country. The economy of the country grew, people were allowed to continue with their studies, a move which consequently led to the emergence of modern social classes in the country.

Conclusion

Social classes in Britain have consequently changed, due to the development of the country, a thing which has consequently led to the improvement in the social status of the country’s citizens. In addition, due to civilization, the country’s social classes had to change, since more people became employed thus making it hard for people to be grouped into different social groups of classes. New forms of social classes consequently emerged and this included the level of education, general world overview and worldly expectations. The level of education being the most dominant social class, since most people really value education in the country.

Work Cited

Fox, Kate. Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behavior. , 2014. Internet resource.

Michael, Balcon. The Lavender Hill Mob. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LoVnpITdX8 1951.

Andy Harries, Christine Langan & Tracey Seaward. The Queen (2006). Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iu5T-_wfUvI 2006.

Matt, Reid. The Monarch: The Royal Family at Work. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEpeIxOALgY&list=PLRDgPg-PTbk_wdf42lK_8y5EBYu20giuP 2007.