Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

In project three, your task is to choose where you wish to live, then examine the various factors associated with 
(a) moving to your new location; 

(b) an examination of the costs of setting up your living and accommodations; 

(c) an examination of your expected salary and reasonable start-up and continuing expenses for employment; 

d) an examination of weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly expenses (depending on how you are paid by your employer)

(e) a real-world estimation of your ability (given these other factors) to live in a style acceptable to you.  

This project should demonstrate a clear knowledge (based on your chosen local labor market examination) of the financial aspects of your first job, from travel to family expenses.  

You may find this web page helpful in completing Project 3 (http://www.onetonline.org/). 

(Length expectation:  3-5 typed pages and a cover page). 

The instructor uses the copyright software, do not copy from the internet.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Internally Displacement in Nigeria

1. Introduction:
Global displacement discussion, talk about it as a global problem that needs attention. its a global problem that requires attention ,more action and support for people affected.

talk about other types of displacements, e.g
forced displacement and internally dispacement and reasons why people are displaced.
try to state the difference between both and give examples.
talk briefly about organizations that assist in displacement situations and what humanitarian services they offer.

define internally displacement and reasons that often lead to this.

discuss the main objective of the paper and the flow of the paper (step by step progression)

2. Body: 
Nature of displacement in Nigeria.

Causes of displacement in Nigeria
(Religious crisis/Insecurity/Natural disaster

Challenges faced by internally dispaced persons in Nigeria:
The realities of IDP Camps
problems associated with idp camps
the sufferings ( health ,food,shelter,environment,education,security,protection,

Response of the Government and other international/non-governemental organizations

some recommendations: what is the way forward and ways it could be better handled

3 Conclusion: 

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

We have witnessed a number of devastating hurricanes hit USA specifically in Texas, Louisiana, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. Thousands of families have had to leave their homes due to these natural disasters. In addition, these people have lost their houses, cars, and businesses. Consequently, many families have had to sleep in shelters and some have lost loved ones.

Please be thorough and consider all aspects that may have affected these families.

How will you help them?

Describing your plan as a Socially Responsible student to assist the individuals affected by the hurricanes and earthquakes.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Write a persuasive essay in which you argue for a specific change in the law or government policy. You may choose any issue that you desire. However, it must be something that can be effected by a particular political action (such as passing of a law, development of a constitutional amendment, revision of government policy, etc).

Here are a few of the possible issues that you may choose to write about:
•The right for gays/lesbians to legally marry. The current status of marriage rights is that in some states, gays/lesbians can marry, but in others they cannot. The federal government now recognizes the marriages of those married in states where such marriages are legal. There are a number of changes you could argue in regards to this issue, ranging from advocating marriage equality in all states to outlawing marriage for gays/lesbians in all states.

These are only a few of the issues about which one can write. However, say something original! The same tired arguments have been made about most issues to the point where they lack any impact. Instead, you should choose an issue about which you can develop an intelligent, thoughtful, and unique set of points. So deciding upon your topic is the biggest challenge of this assignment.

For this assignment, you may engage in research to learn more about your chosen issue. This research should be only to gain necessary background information if needed; it should not involve seeking out the arguments of others on the issue. Therefore, YOU MAY NOT INCLUDE ANY RESEARCH IN YOUR PAPER (such as statistics or ideas presented by others). Instead, you must develop your paper based on your own ideas. Therefore, you should choose a topic about which you are knowledgable and believe that you can develop a thoughtful, intelligent argument for change. There are two primary reasons for this "no research" requirement: I haven't yet taught you how to properly credit other people's ideas (so you may end up committing plagiarism if you use research information at this point), plus I really want to see you develop original thoughts rather than repeat what others have already said.

Lastly, remember that the point of this assignment is NOT simply to share your views on an issue. Instead, you are seeking to write a persuasive essay that revolves around a series of logical points. You should not make any assumptions about the reader's view on the issue and should otherwise also adhere to the standards of sophisticated academic tone discussed in our course lessons.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

1. What is a “bourgeois revolution”? What are its causes and its consequences? Refer to both political and economic events or developments, and discuss “class struggles” in your response.

Functionalist, Conflict and Symbolic-Interactionism Perspectives on Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is an almost universal phenomenon in all modern and historical cultures. Domestic violence is any activity that is perpetuated by one member of the family that harms another member of the family. Domestic violence has a variety of causes including severe misunderstandings, poor upbringing and personal insecurities. Domestic violence has many effects including emotional, psychological and physical injuries and serve to hinder the progress of society. The functionalist perspective theory argues that domestic violence is as a result of dysfunctional families. Domestic violence according to conflict sociological perspectives results from power struggles within the family. Symbolic-interactionism attempt to explain domestic violence by analyzing how meanings and symbols are shared in relationships among family members and how the disruption of this process results in violence in the family. Prevalence of domestic violence can be explained through structural functionalism, conflict and symbolic-interactionism sociological perspectives.

Overview of domestic violence and the functionalist perspective

Violence that is perpetrated by one person against another in domestic partnerships such as marriage is termed as domestic violence. In this type of violence, there is a pattern of abuse activities to a partner between individuals who are married, dating one another or are members of a family. Like most forms of violence there has to be an aggressor or aggressors and the victim or victims. Aggressors can be men, women or older children who may attack or abuse elders, their spouses, dating partners or children (Blume, 1996). Domestic violence can take many forms and may include burning, pushing, choking, punching, slapping, hitting and various types of contact that inflict injuries on the victims. Domestic violence is a social problem that is almost universal and only differs in intensity from family to family. It is difficult to determine the exact prevalence of domestic violence because most people, both aggressors and victims, are reluctant to admit to occurrence of the matter in their lives. Thus, domestic violence has many facets which makes the problem very difficult to solve easily.

Functionalist sociological perspective posits that every aspect observed in society serves a specific purpose. According to this theory, the family serves a purpose which if disrupted results in domestic violence. The theory advances the idea that each member of the family, play a role to ensure stability and balance in the family (Author, 2016). The failure to meet these responsibilities lead to imbalances that escalate into instances of domestic violence. On the other hand, the effect of domestic violence is that it interrupts the normal functioning of the family (Chapter n.d). Functions of the family that may be disrupted by domestic violence according to this perspective include socialization of children, reproductive function, and the establishing of educational and economical foundations for the members of the family. Thus the functionalist theory views domestic violence as an anomalous phenomenon and stress that domestic violence hinders the normal and the naturally intended functioning of the family.

Causes of domestic violence and symbolic-interactionism

Domestic violence is attributed to misunderstandings that often escalate to frequent events of violent behavior. Inequality among members of the family also create resentment which is often expressed through violence. Domestic violence can also arise from feelings of inadequacy that may prompt the aggressor to resort to it to reassert their authority over others in order to feel powerful. Changes that are introduced in society such as the shifting of gender assigned roles are also thought to contribute towards violence in the domestic unit. Domestic violence is perpetuated whenever acts of violence towards others in the family go unchallenged (Carline & Dehaghani, 2018). Societal indifference towards domestic violence and in some cases cultural tolerance serve to endorse the practice. Domestic violence may also be inherited from one’s family background as children raised in violent homes tend to resort to violence during adulthood (Theories, n.d). Hence the general causes of domestic violence are wide-ranging and dissimilar depending on the various factors that affect different families.

Symbolic-interactionism examines the relationships between individuals which are facilitated by shared meanings. This theory posits that people make sense of their surroundings and communicate their ideas through symbols. People also create new meanings which they share with others through social interactions. The theory can be applied to explain broad social phenomena and can also explain the occurrence and the results of domestic violence (Meltzer & Reynolds, 2020). Depending on the cultural background of the family in which domestic violence takes place, symbolic interactionism may explain the phenomenon in a variety of ways. However, the central cause of domestic violence according to the theory is breakdown in communication as a result of the inability to effectively convey meanings and understandings. The frustrations that ensue due to misunderstandings are often vented through violence within the family.

Effects of domestic violence and the conflict perspective

Domestic violence negatively affects the aggressor, the victim, the witnesses and society. Children who witness domestic violence are affected negatively as this impacts their social, emotional, cognitive and behavioral development. Such children end up being more aggressive, anxious, and suffer from poor social skills making it difficult for them to have meaningful friendships, quality family relationships and positively respond towards authority. Victims of domestic violence suffer from medical problems such as internal bleeding, lacerations, head injuries, broken bones and bruises. Emotional and psychological effects of domestic violence to victims and children who witness it include high levels of anxiety, fear and stress that may translate to lifelong depression and anxiety disorders when left untreated through counseling and other emotional support interventions. Victims of domestic violence also suffer from the inability to cope with various social situations and tend to be melancholic and reclusive due to poor self-image. These effects also may translate to difficulties in advancing educationally, professionally and eventually result in poor financial outcomes for individuals, families and societies.

Conflict sociological theory was first proposed by Karl Marx to explain the existence of conflict as an essential part of upholding the social structure. Different members of society according, to this theory have to compete for scarce resources resulting in endless conflict. Thus power arises from influence on these resources and is gained, maintained, and perpetuated through dominance and control. On the other hand people who have insufficient resources strive constantly to gain advantages a situation that leads to constant social conflict between the powerful and the powerless (Learning, n.d). In the domestic context dominance and coercion are also exercised to maintain power. Domestic violence is mostly perpetrated by males according to this theory because dominance is viewed as a masculine attribute. Domestic violence thus is the result of actions by males who believe they are exercising dominance over their female partners. An alternative interpretation of this theory is that dominance may also be influenced by the economic power one may have over another in the family.

In conclusion, domestic violence is reported to exist in virtually all societies and manifests itself in different forms in various families. It consist of various activities that result in physical, emotional, spiritual and social harm that is inflicted by aggressors on others within the family context. The causes and effects of domestic violence form a wide spectrum of problems and their impact making it one of the most significant problems faced by society. Some of the causes of domestic violence include misunderstandings, power struggle conflicts, and confusion over the roles and responsibilities to be played by different members of the family that are defined by factors such as gender and economic capabilities. Various sociological approaches have been used to explain domestic violence. Structural functionalist theories interpret domestic violence to be the result of confusion over roles various members should play in the family in a changing world. Conflict and Symbolic-Interactionist theories show that domestic violence results from powers struggles and misunderstandings within families respectively.

References

[Author removed at request of original publisher]. (2016, April 08). 15.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family. Retrieved August 29, 2021, from https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/15-2-sociological-perspectives-on-the-family/

Blume, T. W. (1996). Social Perspectives on Violence. Michigan Family Review, 02(1), 9. doi:10.3998/mfr.4919087.0002.102

Carline, A., & Dehaghani, R. (2018). 7. Domestic Violence and Abuse. Family Law. doi:10.1093/he/9780198749653.003.0007

Chapter 2. A Functionalist Perspective. (n.d.). On Studying Organizational Cultures. doi:10.1515/9783110882476.21

Learning, L. (n.d.). Sociology. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-theoretical-perspectives-on-marriage-and-family/

Meltzer, B. N., Petras, J. W., & Reynolds, L. T. (2020). The genesis of symbolic interactionism. Symbolic Interactionism, 1-52. doi:10.4324/9781003074311-1

Theories of Causation. (n.d.). Intimate Partner Violence Women’s Health Issues, 21-35. doi:10.1007/0-306-47586-3_2

SOC-505 The Family and U.S. Society Worksheet

Because family is such a major societal institution, there is a dynamic interplay between family and society. They affect one another. This assignment will help you learn this concept.

Complete the worksheet by responding to the following two questions. Cite two to four scholarly sources to support your answers.  Your responses should be 450-500 words each and in APA format. A Reference section will be located at the end of each question.

SOC-505 Seasons of Marriage: Fall and Winter Worksheet

Complete the worksheet using The Four Seasons of Marriage. You will be responding to questions regarding two seasons: Fall and Winter. Citing two to four scholarly sources, your responses should total of 900-1,100 words and be written in APA format for all of the questions regarding each season. Use your own words in questions 1 – 3 of each topic rather than simply quoting or paraphrasing the text’s descriptions. A Reference section will be located at the end.

References:

Arumugam, A., Shanmugavelu, D., Parasuraman, D., Ariffin, D., Manickam, D., Vadivelu, M., & Kanapathy, K. (2021). Effective Communication Skills Among Married Couples: An Overview. EPRA International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD), 35-45. doi:10.36713/epra8135

Chapman, G. D. (2012). The 4 seasons of marriage: Secrets to a lasting marriage. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House.

Overall, N. C., Chang, V. T., Pietromonaco, P. R., Low, R. S., & Henderson, A. M. (2021). Partners’ Attachment Insecurity and Stress Predict Poorer Relationship Functioning During COVID-19 Quarantines. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 194855062199297. doi:10.1177/1948550621992973

Wang, Y., Wang, D., Feeney, B. C., & Li, F. (2016). What will I tell you about my marriage? The relationship between attachment and autobiographical memory of married life. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(7), 963-983. doi:10.1177/0265407516664417

Public Art Funding and Its Importance To The Community.

I am for the public funding of arts in the United States; this is because the practice involves promoting the creative thinking of the artists and the artists as individuals. Even though the financing takes money from public finance, it helps in generating revenue for the artists. The case implies for both the individual and the government through tax generation tax from the project. Moreover, art funding creates a chance for the young generation to get into the ground by using their talents to generate funds for themselves, thus promoting business development. Arts provides opportunities for young people to promote creative and critical thinking and provides grounds for other forms a core for other forms of innovation in the various fields that include technology, engineering, and science, among other areas.

The funding has a positive effect on the US economy where it helps achieve and promotes economies through funding of small organizations in the community. This helps promote the various skills in the community as most of the community that receives this funding are the small-scale individuals in the rural areas. The impact of the grant is more effective when the young population gets the funds, thus utilizing it for practical activities after schooling. Therefore, the practice is the key to innovation, therefore, the development of an essential profession; furthermore, the funding provides the youths with a chance to advance and recognize the academic achievement in the various fields.

Similarly, the program has been effective in creating employment for the youths and providing Americans with a chance to access culture and arts. In the 1930s, the government used the skills to stimulate the Cold War war's economic and cultural stimulation. In other cases, the funding of art increases people's interest in activities that involve creative arts.  This activity eradicating instances of stress and depression; sometimes, it reduces criminal activities as it keeps the people busy and occupied, thus reducing idleness in them (Davis-Cotton, 2020). The action has effectively reduced illegal activities in the community, especially in areas affected by racial crimes. In other cases, they have also been effective in exposing the work of poor artists in the community by providing them with a chance to present their work to the community.

The funding on the art from the public funds is usually applied through a grant to the arts organization and program. Another financing is done through tax increment financing; this is done in Memphis, where the state government has allocated a building for artists for housing. The grant provision is usually made through the national endowment for arts and humanities (NEA, NEH). The primary sources of art funding include the state and federal governments. Through personal development projects, private developers also provide financing where they are funded through loans

Artist has various community responsibilities that include contributing and ensuring the individuals in the community are healthy and providing cultural transmission. This is done through providing they are stress feel eradicating cases of depression. The availability of creative writers in the community is essential as they drive innovation, providing joy by creating jokes and other forms of entertainment. Arts is also necessary for transforming and changing. Most of the work done by an artist is based on a story behind it, which can be used as an inspiration to other community members. The hardship experienced by the artist in producing their work and success in the profession is through struggle, persistence, and perseverance, which are excellent inspirations to other people never to give up to attain their goals.

In other cases, artists provide education to the community on important issues affecting the community. Most artists are involved in addressing the moral grounds of acting as role models to the younger generation. This is attained through the philosophy that dictates the actions and behaviors in public. The story and effort in the industry are meant to provide education to the community of working hard to reap individuals' fruits. The artists have the responsibility of recording time. This is done by their production, where they are rated about the time they were produced.  Sometimes the artist uses their work to express the actual condition of the community in ways that are not harming the community interest, thus providing a clear understanding of the community's trends.

The regional issue in the USA includes cases of disparity in the living standard of the people in the country. The difference in the individual living standard is the crucial factor determining the availability of the public funds for arts by the federal government. If the individuals in a community have a good living standard, they are not eligible for art funding, as they can support and nurture the talents in the community.  This is because the fund should be meant for the poor in the community who cannot fund their work, thus providing funds to the small organizations. In doing so, the fund is supposed to offer the people with low living standards

Other regional issues like unemployment positively affect the production of public funds as the government tries to avail opportunities to the citizen to engage in self-employment. Art in the community provides the unemployed community members1). The unemployment cases thus increase. Crime in most states in America has risen as a priority in regional issues. This affects the public art funding by expanding it to help eradicate the idleness in the community to reduce cases of crimes and drug abuse. Similarly, some artists engage in activities meant to provide remedies to most environmental problems where their skills involve utilizing the available waste to create new items.

Arts is an essential feature in the formation of a national character. Each nation is characterized by possessing specific cultures and values characteristic to the government or a community. The role of art reflects the nation's cultural values, beliefs, customs, and a way of preserving the community (Landry, 2020). Similarly, the skills of a specific country apply the country's culture and values, making it unique for the government as it represents the communities’ culture and heritage. The involvement of art in a nation's economy is essential. It provides the government with success in industry innovation, thus providing a chance for its economic growth. In some countries, the aspects of art are essential for aesthetic various and attracting tourists to enjoy the beautiful sceneries.

One of the ethical considerations of art is the originality of the ideas and innovation of their work. It is honorable for an artist to provide ideas and work that is their work rather than being involved in other people's work and claiming ownership. The problem has been a common occurrence where measures are taken by individuals registering their work to reduce these cases. The registration of individual work protects the original owner of the content from other people's content without their consent. In music, piracy is where an individual takes other people's songs and reproduces them as their own, which is a crime punishable by law. The development of rules and regulations to govern the process has reduced the cases, thus protecting the artists.

References.

Cheng, R. W. (2021). A Study of Arts Community and Local Identity at Toucheng District.

Davis-Cotton, D. (2020). Arts integration: a survey of attendance at school and community arts events in Florida. Arts Education Policy Review, 1-13.

Landry, C. (2020). Arts, culture and the city: An overview. Built Environment, 46(2), 10-21.

SULAIMAN, B., & Bint Sadaka, I. (2020). TRADITIONAL FOLK CULTURE AND ARTS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA AND ITS ROLE FOR DEVELOPMENT SOCIETAL. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Heritage Research, 3(2), 40-44.

Effects of race, class and gender to discrimination and inequality in the community.

Intersectionality theory revolves around the connection between the categorization of society based on race, class, and gender and the interconnection in their identities that helps them understand the common discrimination cases they face. The theory revolves around the different reasons or features of discrimination that affect individuals or a group of people due to their differences in race, gender, and class (Coaston, 1). In this, the theory identifies the identity markers that are sources of oppression to a group of people and their connection with each other in expressing the oppression among the community members. According to the theory, the makers are connected in that gender oppression is also linked to racism and other makers like class and religion.

Kimberlé Crenshaw, a social theorist, who was addressing marginalization, first introduced the concept in 1989. She was trying to address the issue of the marginalization of race and sex on the blacks (Mandelbaum, 4). The black women were facing pressure from the feminist movement about being homemakers as the community regarded that the black people are all men while all women are white. This creates the interconnection between the different identity makers where the race was facing the same oppression based on gender. This helps us understand how the concept of inequality is connected to the different oppressive makers where the cases of race affect gender while showing independence between the identities in theory.

The differences in the cases of food security have effects depending on the individual race where the food production in America is under the control of the white affecting the people of colour. The white people operated as operators and owners of the farms while the people of colour were working in the fields at lower wages, thus facing the cases of food security (Myers, and Painter, 5). This made the clear relation between race, poverty due to the low wages among people of colour, and cases of diet-related diseases. In this context, the white women had a chance to practice food while the women of colour had to deal with what is available to survive in a community full of food insecurity.

The dehumanization of the mammy involves depriving the black women of their good culinary quality. The white suburban homemaker used the chance to credit the black genius cook by demeaning them as chance cooks. The act of racism hindered the ability of the black chefs to demonstrate their prowess to the white suburban housewife. The concept of dehumanization thus involved the process through which the wife housewife used a race to demean the black magic chef they superb skills due to the racial discrimination.

The similarity in the two Spoonbread and Strawberry Wine and Vibration Cooking are based on the concept of change. The concept obtained from the Spoonbread and Strawberry Wine is that of the togetherness in the black community and provides a thing for recalling the past for the afro American. The two recipes provide the cultural event of the blacks where the concept of change was being enforced by the twenty century. The transition was through the engagement of the blacks in the white institution, indicating a concept of change in the community. Smart-Grosvenor is involved in the transition by the recognition she makes on the black geniuses in the culinary, thus eradicating the concept of racism in black culinary.

The differences in the recipe include the possessive nature of the Vertamae Smart-Grosvenor in ″Vibration Cooking, where they view the Caucasians as the community dictating the American kitchen.  In this setting, according to the writer, they have the notion that the food recipe was created for the whites through their behaviours where they express their foods like their own invention. The recipe, in this case, is used to differentiate the class between the lower-class blacks and the high-class whites. ″Spoonbread and Strawberry Wine: informs the concept of race, class, and slavery through their link of the recipe to their family roots (Zafar, 7). This, in return, helps to illustrate the effects of slavery on the African Americans and the class division through their family root as slaves. The condition of slavery greats the basis for the lower class, where the family recipe is different from the high class. It is used to demonstrate family pride and not the aspect of culture and racial superiority.

The concept of racism was based on recognizing the white's foods as foods but not the blacks. The racism was rooted in the failure to recognize the blacks' culinary skills where they were termed one-time things, whereas they were miracles in cooking. The representation that Smart-Grosvenor gives on the blacks' foods in the presence of the whites' food shows the sexism in the food way between the blacks and the whites. Despite this, the inspiration in developing a new culinary for the white is based on the development of the black in the culinary. The presentation of Darden's culinary history based on its content indicates African Americans as the base for the culinary development of the whites despite the racism and sexism associated with the food way.

In the "Authenticity in America: Class Distinctions in Potato Chip Advertising." The food language used is a representation of the class identity in relation to socioeconomic factors. The advertisement for an expensive bag of potatoes chip represents the difference in the socio-economic class, this being the higher class. The inexpensive bag represents the middle, and lower class described using simpler language with less claim about health (Seghers, Boone, and Van Avermaet, 702). The use of terms like the finest and less fat indicates the difference n taste between the higher class and the lower class. The difference in the language is an indicator of the class identity and education among the various classes. Having the language simple for the lower class indicates the lower socioeconomic class, and the details are made simple for the lower class.

 The political economy plays a role in the assumption on the social class by encouraging the production of the commodity bases on the socioeconomic status of the buyers. The policy creation in the community affects the higher class in the community; thus, they have bases to complain and have the policies in their favour while the lower class voices are never had (Bullock, 142). In this, the higher class has the final say on how the economy should be developed, as they are the individuals in the government as politicians making policies on the economy. The involvement of the economist in the higher class in the making of the political economy policy supports the concept of social class as they seek to maintain the classes through policies.

Advertisement in the article has promoted classism and stereotypes through the difference in the branding and advertisement methods they use. The language they use is based on the stereotype that the lower class is not educated, thus using simple language to promote the stereotype. The authenticity used for the social class differs from the higher class to the lower class through the choice of words used in the advertisement. The expensive brand, authenticity is based on the product's naturalness with detailed information of how they are cooked, ingredients, and the cooking techniques (Freedman, Josh and Dan Jurafsky.53). The case is different for the working class and lower class, where the authenticity is based on family history and the locality. This represents the cultural belief in the community where the lower class and working-class education are considered to be lower, thus using the simpler language in the inexpensive commodity.

4.

The food stamps in America represent the national consumers' leagues (SNAP) meant to provide people in the lower class and the disabled with financial assistance to purchase food. The myths surrounding the stamps include that it serves the welfare queens. This is incorrect as the main goal of SNAP is the provision of assistance to the people in the lower class to help them afford food. The second myth is that the program is based on deception and thus associated with abuse of the funds. The program involves a well-operated program controlled by the federal government as it is under its management where the purchase of the food is done using a debit card.  The third myth is that a program is a form of economic drain to the federal government.  This is incorrect as the program tries to drive the growth of the local economy by keeping up the market for the market products.  The fourth myth is that spending in the program is uncontrollable, but the case is a myth, as the program operates depending on the country's economic state.

The American cultural beliefs are based on cultural values such as patriotism that helps in the positive approach to the issues as means of one's love for their own country. The helping of the needy in the society falls under the American dream where every American is to live in a better world, allowing them to help the poor through food provision. This influences the program by ensuring that all Americans have financial needs such as food to promote the community transformation. The provision of food to the poor is the role that should be played by the national and the federal government in an attempt to protect the citizens. Classism affects the division of the community through the concept of individualism for an individual as an entity. This affects the consideration of others and community members, thus causing differences in the social classes and racism.

5.

The hunger industry represents the cases where the poor in the community suffers at the expense of the benefit of the capitalist community members. The food insecurity has increased in relation to the people of colours, which is a different case to the whites due to increased discrimination in racial basis causing inequality (Odoms-Young, 5). The cases the hunger does not result from the failure to produce the food in abundance in the country but due to the hoarding of goods by the capitalist to increase their income. The case is thus considered hunger industry as the capitalist in the higher social class benefit at the expense of the lower class suffering as they tend to charge more for the food due to the increased demand. The ways of dealing with hunger have been devised based on providing financial assistance through the NAP program and the SNAP program that involves supplement foods for the poor. It seeks to provide the necessary nutrients to cater to the deficiency associated with the staple meal.

Hunger can be considered an ineffective way of addressing inequality as the causes of inequality are not limited to food security. The cases of poverty stand at the forefront in dealing with inequality as it involves several aspects essential for equality. Equality can be eradicated by providing equal opportunity to the community members in the education forums to provide them with the necessary tool to deal with illiteracy, which is the main source of poverty. Despite this, the most pressing issue is providing help to the community members who are adversely affected by poverty, thus suffering from hunger. The equality in the distribution of resources is the key to ensuring the eradication of poverty rather than providing food throughout the years as a relief. Equality in resources allocation will help eradicate the causes of food insecurity, as it will provide the poor with a chance to work, thus enabling them to meet their basic needs.

Dealing with hunger is a distraction to the high cases of social class and discrimination based on the various identity markers. The key aspect is to reduce discrimination cases to stop the discrimination and stereotyping that affects individuals working in the environment. This can be ensured by accepting diversity in gender, race, and even social class, allowing individuals to live freely in the community. This can allow equality by providing education of the same quality for the rich and the poor, providing the poor with a chance of gaining the upper hand in the community. In an attempt to reduce discrimination based on race, gender, and other identities, acceptance in the community can allow people to exist without conflict through acceptance of individual differences.

Work cited.

Bullock, Heather E. "Social class and policy preferences: implications for economic inequality and interclass relations." Current opinion in psychology 18 (2017): 141-146.

Freedman, Josh and Dan Jurafsky. “Authenticity in America: Class Distinctions in Potato Chip Advertising.” Gastronomica 11 (2011): 46-54.

Jane Coaston. The intersectionality wars (2019). Retrieved from, https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/5/20/18542843/intersectionality-conservatism-law-race-gender-discrimination

Mandelbaum, Jennifer. "Advancing health equity by integrating intersectionality into epidemiological research: applications and challenges." J Epidemiol Community Health 74.9 (2020): 761-762.

Myers, Ana McCormick, and Matthew A. Painter. "Food insecurity in the United States of America: An examination of race/ethnicity and nativity." Food Security 9.6 (2017): 1419-1432.

Odoms-Young, Angela M. "Examining the impact of structural racism on food insecurity: implications for addressing racial/ethnic disparities." Family & community health 41.Suppl 2 FOOD INSECURITY AND OBESITY (2018): S3.

Seghers, Marie, Simon Boone, and Piet Van Avermaet. "Social class and educational decision-making in a choice-driven education system: a mixed-methods study." British Journal of sociology of Education 40.5 (2019): 696-714.

Zafar, Rafia. "The Signifying Dish: Autobiography and History in Two Black Women’s Cookbooks." Food and Culture. Routledge, 2018. 221-235.

 Media Affects Young Girls Body Satisfaction.

Research question.

What effects does media's use on the self-esteem of young girls concerning their body satisfaction?

Does media uses have positive or negative effects on the body perception of the young through the posting and comments provided by the internet users?

Justification.

 Media has been associated with the increases in the negative effects it causes to its users, especially young people. The effects to young girls are concerning the self-image and acceptance of oneself in the context of appearance. Social media, for instance, is associated with the increased cases of cyberbullying that have led to increased psychological and physical abuse of the youths. The consideration of the effects of the media on young girls is a concern in determining the effects of social media on their well-being. As girls are creatures associated with beauty, social media can enhance one's self-confidence or influence one's perception of self negatively.

Theory and Background Research.

Despite the increase in the body image perception to the positive post and comments about the body image, helping to increase their self-esteem, the opposite is also true.  Social media exposure to young girls negatively affects their perception of body image (Rodgers, et al., 2019).  Social media is connected with the development of loneliness among the users, envy, anxiety and depression among the users, and poor social life. The continuances comment on the post on the self-image is associated with some negative post that negatively affects the young girls' perception of their body image. The increases perception of the body image where beauty is based on the stereotypic description and association of thin bodies with beauty and thus high self-esteem.

Globalization has affected the different perceptions of the body image in the developing nation, where they associated the development of the thick body with a perfect body image. The western media has directly affected the perception of body image to women in these countries, causing them to adapt to the western perception of body image (Thompson, 2020). This, concerning the community description, has led to dissatisfaction with the community perception of body image affecting the women's self-esteem negatively. Due to this, the perception of body image has been associated with the concept of financial success as the stereotyping of the thin body in western culture is linked to women with thin bodies. This has led to negative increases in body satisfaction, which is associated with increased eating disorders among women in developing countries as they try to obtain thin bodies.

According to the world health organization, the association of the thin body to the stereotypic definition of body satisfaction has led to the development of unhealthy bodies. Among the women in the developing countries, cases of smaller body mass index have been reported in all cases where they have been exposed to the western media (Tamplin, McLean, & Paxton, 2018). The condition developed through the engagement in unhealthy eating habits has resulted in the development of the body associated with underweight conditions among women. The development in the smaller body index has resulted in the development of diseases and illnesses in women as they strive to attain levels of body satisfaction through thin bodies. The effects on the body image thus lead to reduced dissatisfaction as the individual health is affected through the western stereotype on thin bodies.

The development of the women eating disorder is associated with earlier exposure to the media where the thin perception body is introduced. The linking of the thin body with other positive attributes forces the development of the thin bodies as they are driven by social pressure and bias toward the thick bodies. The failure to engage in the diet to obtain a thin body leads to the development of body image dissatisfaction, thus poor body image perception (Damiano, et al., 2015). Similarly, the body image development characterized by the smaller body image due to an unhealthy diet also leads to body image dissatisfaction. In this, the dietary procedure is involved in the girls' engagement to the media exposure, and the increases cases of image dissatisfaction. The women perception of the body image and the development of dissatisfaction with the individual body image is related to the time of exposure to the media.

Media exposure affects the women in the community where their focus in the development is the concept of appearance for body image satisfaction. The sociocultural theory stages the concept of the children, especially girls' appearance, to be influenced by the peers, parent and the media exposure. Media exposure is linked to the negative development in the woman body image perception associated with self-esteem (Slater, et al., 2017). The comparison of the character and the individuals' leads to the development of negative body image as the feature of the characters in the games are unideal. This led to poor and bad eating habits to attain the ideal body leading to poor body image perception.

The stereotype associated with the thin body through the exposure to the media has affected the girls eating habits as they seek to maintain the thin body. This affects their self-esteem concerning the description provided about the aspects of beauty. Exposure to social media at an early age in girls leads to developing a positive attitude, which is associated with thinness, thus involving their engagement and involvement in the diet. The diet provides them with the development in cases that causes them to develop diet disorders as they try to attain the thin body for the perfect body description through the thinness. The increase in the perception and stereotypical views towards thinness in return negatively affects the concept of body image and self-esteem, especially when they fail to develop the required body form as appreciated by social media.

The linking of the ideal body image to the socioeconomic prowess among women can lead to the development of a positive aspect in the individual career aspiration. Generally, in the western media, all the characters associated with the career and socioeconomically prowess are presented as thin, leading to the development of the career aspiration to meet body image satisfaction. In this, the body image perception of the women is the drive to attain career prowess in the economic grounds to build the concept of the body image.  The effects on the concept of body image are beneficial in driving the women's aspiration to success. Similarly, in cases where the women express body image dissatisfaction, they are associated with underperformance in the various filed due to the deteriorating self-image and thus self-esteem.

Hypotheses.

If young girls are exposed to appearance-focused media, then they can have lower body satisfaction.

Literature reviews.

According to Rochelle & Hu, (2017), the cases of body dissatisfaction are due to the exposure of the thin ideal media. The increases of the effects have led to the development of poor body image that has caused the development of the poor eating habit among the women to obtain the small body index matching that of the character in the current media. The increase in the pressure on women to become beautiful has been affected by the western media, where women's prowess and beauty are based on thin complexion. The effects experienced include developing a smaller body index characterized with the cases of underweight due to the poor eating habit to attain a thin body complexion.

According to Mulgrew,  Stalley, & Tiggemann,  (2017), The presentation of the individual features through identifying the positive features and the positivity development in thinking can help improve women satisfaction in their self-image. Despite this, the cases do not protect them from comparison associated with the ideal thin body complexion. To counter and promote women's body satisfaction, it involves listing the individual positive elements about their appearance. According to this, the only measure to reduce women dissatisfaction is concentrating on the individual positive reflection to measure their body image satisfaction. 

Reference.

Damiano, S. R., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., McLean, S. A., & Gregg, K. J. (2015). Dietary restraint of 5‐year‐old girls: Associations with internalization of the thin ideal and maternal, media, and peer influences. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(8), 1166-1169.

Mulgrew, K. E., Stalley, N. L., & Tiggemann, M. (2017). Positive appearance and functionality reflections can improve body satisfaction but do not protect against idealised media exposure. Body image, 23, 126-134.

Rochelle, T. L., & Hu, W. Y. (2017). Media influence on drive for thinness, body satisfaction, and eating attitudes among young women in Hong Kong and China. Psychology, health & medicine, 22(3), 310-318.

Rodgers, R. F., Damiano, S. R., Wertheim, E. H., & Paxton, S. J. (2017). Media exposure in very young girls: Prospective and cross-sectional relationships with BMIz, self-esteem and body size stereotypes. Developmental psychology, 53(12), 2356.

Slater, A., Halliwell, E., Jarman, H., & Gaskin, E. (2017). More than just child’s play?: An experimental investigation of the impact of an appearance-focused internet game on body image and career aspirations of young girls. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46(9), 2047-2059.

Tamplin, N. C., McLean, S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2018). Social media literacy protects against the negative impact of exposure to appearance ideal social media images in young adult women but not men. Body Image, 26, 29-37.

Thompson, J. (2020). Western Media and Body Image Dissatisfaction in Young Women in Developing Nations. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 90, 45-66.

An Evaluation of the Affirmative Action Policy

Affirmative Action is a policy whose purpose is to improve the opportunities for and ethnic minorities, people from different national origins, and women who have faced discrimination in the past in areas of education and employment. Distributive justice theories such as utilitarianism, libertarianism, and Rawlsian can all be evaluated to show that they are in harmony with the ideas perpetuated by affirmative action. Utilitarianism in pursuit of the greatest good and happiness for all endorses affirmative actions because its goals align with the ideas of the theory. Libertarianism advocates that people are free to live in the manner they think will benefit them most. Affirmative action allows women the chance to have a career and raise families without being ill-treated for it. The Rawlsian theory is, however the one that most directly supports affirmative action which pursues more fairness in hiring practices.  John Rawl’s theory of justice posits that justice entails fair treatment for all and affirmative action does this proactively by reversing the effects of unfair treatment of women and minorities beyond putting in place a framework where unfairness cannot exist in society.

Equal Employment Opportunity Act is an extension of affirmative action which forbids discrimination based on race, religion, color, national origin, or gender in response to institutionalized covert and overt discrimination practices that have been historically prevalent. At the Federal level, equal opportunities laws have been in existence for almost half a century and yet women and minorities still face significant barriers in their pursuit of employment and education opportunities (Benokraitis & Feagin, 2019). Affirmative action is a countermeasure that tends to level the field for women and minority groups who, when considering the difficulties they’ve had to contend with are more than qualified to handle the responsibilities assigned them (Shaw, Barry, Muntean, Issa, Ilott & Catley, 2021). Rawlsian theory of ethics entails seeking out fairness. This view discounts the notions of proponents of reverse discrimination who argue that meritocracy is the most legitimate basis for employment and oppose affirmative action to be merely an effort to undermine this principle (Smelser, Wilson & Mitchell, 2001). Affirmative action at the moment is the most effective strategy to counter discriminatory practices against women and minorities that have historically been the norm with firms, institutions, and individual businesses exercising preferential hiring practices that favored white males.

Contrary to the opinion that Affirmative Action policies impend the dynamics of the free market, affirmative action helps create a more diversified workforce that is more versatile, capable of making better decisions which translates to improved productivity. In any organization, diversity enhances its ability to adapt improves the uniqueness and originality of ideas while increasing productivity through the creation of innovative solutions to the problems it encounters (Sharma, 2016). Women and people from minority backgrounds have all contributions to make that are afforded by the unique insights that arise from the variety of experience, knowledge, and perspective which varies across individuals and which only they can access (Shaw, et.al 2021). Affirmative action is in perfect harmony with principles of merit that govern both education and employment opportunities on which free-market dynamics are based and that provides an avenue through which qualified individuals who might be otherwise hampered by a history of discrimination are afforded opportunities to shine (Smelser, Wilson & Mitchell, 2001). Affirmative action promotes diversity which translates to positive economic outcomes for both individuals and society.

Society is being robbed of the input and insight of women and individuals with potential from minority groups as a result of discrimination in the hiring and employment process which necessitates the enactment of policies such as those promoted by affirmative action. Beyond positively increasing the representation of minorities and women in various social fields such as education, employment, and culture affirmative action seeks to redress wrongs and violations on these groups in a bid to fulfill justice (Shaw, et.al 2021). Under libertarianism women who face discrimination for taking off time to raise a family to have the freedom to act in their best interest without being victimized for it. The utilitarian theory of ethics endorses affirmative action because its central tenet is the pursuit of the greater good for society. By providing jobs for minorities and women besides white males results in increased happiness for the society which is the aim of Utilitarianism. Happiness and utmost good is the overarching principle behind this theory and affirmative action does this by increasing the chances for better economic and social outcomes for all and ultimately for the whole society. Opponents of affirmative action allude to the Jim Crow rules which restricted minorities and people of color and use the term ‘reverse discrimination to protest what they see as an infringement of the rights of white people (Stamarski & Hing, 2015). The controversy surrounding affirmative action can be analyzed through its effects on society and whether it is ethical or based on moral principles. Gender, racial and other forms of discrimination are saturated by controversial complexities that need to be delineated through critical thinking that is informed and supported by valid research.

Affirmative action is presently the most effective policy that strategically combats discrimination in the workplace and education settings and improves the effectiveness of non-discrimination laws within the country.  This policy is relevant in the country because systematized discrimination against minorities, women, and people from different national backgrounds who are legally in the United States is still prevalent creating the need to address the issue. Affirmative action also promotes diversity as a wider variety of people are integrated into the various organizations and firms in the country, this has the effect of making the country more resilient to challenges and more productive thus facilitating economic growth. Denying minorities, women, and others through discrimination is harmful to society and violates the moral values on which the country is founded, this contradicts the principles on which the American constitution is based; the equality of all and the liberty to lead prosperous lives. In conclusion, affirmative action can thus be said to be the most comprehensive effort in the history of the United States to combat discrimination and gender-based inequality in an attempt to solve the social problems that have been affecting the country since its inception.

References

Benokraitis, N. V., & Feagin, J. R. (2019). The Impact of Affirmative Action in Industry. Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity: Action, Inaction, Reaction, 61-117. doi:10.4324/9780429047442-4

Sharma, A. (2016). Managing diversity and equality in the workplace. Cogent Business & Management, 3(1), 1212682. doi:10.1080/23311975.2016.1212682

Shaw, W. H., Barry, V. E., Muntean, D., Issa, T., Ilott, G., & Catley, B. (2021). Moral issues in business. South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia.

Smelser, N. J., Wilson, W. J., & Mitchell, F. (2001). America Becoming Racial Trends and Their Consequences. Volume I. Place of publication not identified: Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse.

Smelser, N. J., Wilson, W. J., & Mitchell, F. (2001). America becoming: Racial trends and their consequences: Volume II. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Stamarski, C. S., & Hing, L. S. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: The effects of organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers’ sexism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400