Organ trade, sales, or donation should be illegalized.

The legalization of the sales, trade, or donation of the organs will create a condition for human organ trafficking that will affect the lower class more while benefiting the higher class. The difference is that the case is made legal when a willing donor donates the organs. The donation has appeared to be the most effective legal way of acquiring organs for a patient with organs failure. The involvement of trade in the sector has led to human organ trafficking that is an illegal activity. Commercializing the topic has led to the development of organ trafficking agencies involved in the illegal removal of the organs from unwilling donors, followed by the sales and purchases of the organs in the dark market. The increased number of patients in need of organ transplants has led to organ transplants in the market, as the demand for the organs is very high. In the United States, more than a hundred thousand patients were reported to require organ transplants by 2020. The organs commonly donated include the kidney, liver, lungs, heart, pancreas, hand, and face (Cleveland Clinic, 2021). Most of them can only be donated after the donor is dead, as they cannot survive without the organs in question. Similarly, there are several organs that a donor can donate when alive. They include one kidney, one lung, a part of the liver, pancreases, and intestines. The fatality of the trade and sales of the organs is considered when the sales involve people taking another person’s life to get the organs for the sales. The problems associated with the commercialization of the practice affect the lower class more through the cartels' whole harvest of the organs without considering the patients' health.

The most common problem associated with organ sales and trade is organ trafficking which is known to cause death to ninety percent of the donors. The harvesting of the organs involves the people in the underdeveloped countries where most people are uneducated, homeless and refugees or cases of creditors improvising on the debts ((United Nations, 2018). Mostly the operation during harvesting is usually performed by untrained personnel, causing death to the unsuspecting donors. Harvesting of the vital organs like the heart offers high profits to the organ traffickers, whereas the patient involved in the harvesting cannot survive the operation causing their death. The corrupt nature of the practice prohibits the practice in most communities where they consider the actions life-threatening to cause the traffickers to engage in illegal activities to obtain the organs. In most cases where the patient survives the harvesting, they are associated with a complication from the lack of one organ in their system. The most common health issues associated with the victims of organ trafficking involve infections from the dangerous medical procedures performed on them, diseases like diabetes, anemia due to loss of blood during the harvesting of the organs among others. The unprofessional harvesting of organs in the patients and donors involved in the practice has led to the increased cases of complication among the victims (Srour, 2018). Cases of infection among the victims have been reported making the life of the victims a lot more risky in cases where the other organs fail to function. The most common effect is the psychological trauma caused by experiencing the whole process leading to depression, helplessness, and shame among the victims. To eradicate the trauma caused by the whole experience the government should ensure the security of the poor to protect them from exploitation through policy development and financial support as well as offering post-trauma counseling to reduce cases of suicides.

Even if f the donor was involved in the process voluntarily, cases of complications in their body are usually experienced. The risks involved include high blood pressure, high levels of protein in the kidney donors, and increased risks of kidney failure. The surgery-related risks to the donor whose health condition was not at risk include pain, cases of infection from the surgery, hernia, cases of bleeding and blood clotting, and sometimes death (Mayo clinic, 2021). The psychological issues are associated with developing mental issues leading to anxiety and depression to the donor. The cases where the organ fails to be operational in the recipient causing their death leads to resentment and regret to the donor where they may develop depression. Despite the good intension of the donor, the surgery can result in a complication that can lead to their death after the recipient fails to survive from the transplant, especially in cases of incompatibility of the organs.  Despite the known advantages of organ transplant among the patient who have undergone the whole process, cases of complication are among the main causes of death among the recipients. The patients of an organ transplant have to deal with the side effects associated with the transplant, including high blood pressure, anemia, and cases of blood clotting, among others (Khatri, 2019). The whole process is made risky due to the risks associated with surgery and cases of incompatibility of the organ donated. This makes the case more unsafe as it operates with probability, as many factors are not certain despite the medical test conducted on the recipients. Cases of organ rejection in the recipient body can be hyperacute rejection, acute rejection, and chronic rejection. to ensure that the patient doesn't undergo the transplant the government should ensure that the patients' condition is treated with other means through facilitating development in the health sector. This will include early screening and practices like dialysis for kidney patients.

To facilitate the protection of the lower class people from the higher class and offering remedies to the organ harvesting cartels, the government should develop policies to make the trade and sales of organs illegal. Similar policies were implemented in countries like Canada, where the government has developed Bill S-240 that prohibits importing human organs in the country (Doctors against Forced Organ Harvesting (DAFOH). 2019). This law considers it a criminal offense to receive organs from individuals without their consent. This among other policies are the key to the mitigation of the human organ trafficking thus helping in saving of life lost through the practice. Cartels involved in the criminal activities of organ harvesting are not allowed to get into the country, thus protecting the citizens from the practice. Furthermore, in developing a declaration against organ trafficking, consideration of the community and cultural norms can be used to offer remedies to the problem. In this, the government is required to develop clinical measures that will help prevent organ failure cases, thus eliminating the market for the organ cartel. To ensure the program’s success, the government should research various ways to reduce and prevent conditions like hepatitis, hypertension, and other conditions that lead to organ failure (Martin, et al., 2019). The program's success can be enhanced through occasional screening of the patient to provide an early analysis of the organs before their failure. In cases where organ transplant is avoidable, the government should devise a program that allows them to acquire the organs from deceased people, thus catering to the high demand for the organs in the hospital. The source of information on the organ cartels can offer a freeway to controlling the trafficking market. In this, as the people at the center of the whole operation, the health care professionals can provide variable information on the organ trafficking network to reduce cases of individuals engaged in organ donation through the cartels searching for money. (Scannell, et al., 2018). The health professional should provide the patient with detailed information on the relevant risks associated with the practice. Revision on the policies restricting the physician from providing necessary information on the individual involved in an illegal transplant should be revised (Caulfield, et al., 2016). The policies can help them provide the information necessary to reduce and eradicate the sales and trade of organs, thus eradicating organ trafficking. Information on dealing with the patient involved with illegal transplants should be provided through the policy to ensure the health care workers have been equipped with the right measure to remedy organ trafficking.

Conclusion.

According to Immanuel Kant, an eighteenth-century philosopher, the human body should be treated with dignity and respect. In this, the proposes that the human body has worth beyond any price that they can be offered on it; thus, the selling of the organs is the degradation of individual dignity and respect to the human body. The increased demand for organs has led to the involvement of people in illegal activity for personal gains. Similarly, legalizing the practice in the developed countries can be effective to these countries. Still, it will lead to increased effects on the underdeveloped countries, especially to the poor people in the community. The concept of trafficking involves the harvesting of organs from the poor and selling them to the rich, thus to will cause more effects to the lower class leading to the class war. Legalizing sales or trade on organs will translate to legalizing organ trafficking, thus disregarding the sacred nature of the life of the victims. Legalization of the practice will increase the number of people dying from practice making the trade on human organs an international trade, thus causing more death than a saving strategy. Making the case of organ trade and sales illegal will offer a way of protecting human dignity from extreme measures enforced for globalization that includes human trafficking for organ harvesting. Despite the need to reduce the cases of a human organ, trafficking the information on the need to donate organs to people in critical health conditions is necessary. On the other hand, the need to reduce and offer remedies to human organ trafficking will require cultural and religious intervention to help provide education to the community members whole are in the process of selling their organs for financial satisfaction. The provision of funds by the international financial institution to facilitate development into underdeveloped countries can help reduce cases of poverty eradication the need for organs sales to sustain one life.

References.

Caulfield, T., Duijst, W., Bos, M., Chassis, I., Codreanu, I., Danovitch, G., ... & Shin, M. (2016). Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal and the ethical and legal obligations of healthcare providers. Transplantation direct, 2(2).

Cleveland Clinic, (2021). Organ Donation and Transplantation. Retrieved from, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11750-organ-donation-and-transplantation

Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting (DAFOH). (2019). The United States, Canada, the Czech Republic, and Israel Act Against Organ Trafficking. Retrieved from https://dafoh.org/newsletter/the-united-states-canada-the-czech-republic-and-israel-act-against-organ-harvesting/

Khatri,M( 2019). Dealing With Side Effects After an Organ Transplant. Retrieved from, https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/life-after-transplant-dealing-side-effects

Martin, D., Van Assche, K., Dominguez-Gil, B., Lopez-Fraga, M., Gallont, R., …, Capron, A. (2019). Strengthening global efforts to combat organ trafficking and transplant tourism: Implications of the 2018 edition of the Declaration of Istanbul. Transplant Direct, 5(3). DOI: 10.1097/TXD.0000000000000872

Mayo clinic, (2021). Living-donor transplant. Retrieved from, https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/living-donor-transplant/about/pac-20384787

Scannell, M., MacDonald, A. E., Berger, A., & Boyer, N. (2018). Human trafficking: How nurses can make a difference. Journal of forensic nursing, 14(2), 117-121.

Srour, M. (2018). Human Trafficking for Organs: Ending abuse of the Poorest.

United Nations. (2018). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf

Crime in a Social Phenomenon

Many interpretations of crime as a social phenomenon have been continually passed over to us by the bible from ancient times. Moral teachers refer to the crime as a fruit of individuals' disobedience to the Biblical Commandments, that is, individuals' immorality. Also, crime is a social phenomenon that is interpreted as the inability of individuals, or deficiency of mental capabilities to distinguish between what is good and wrong. But following sociological interpretation, society is to be blamed in a greater portion than individuals because it does not meet the needs of everyone. Consequently, individuals must go beyond the boundaries of the law to meet their satisfaction or daily needs for sustenance. Recently, unemployment, drug addiction among many others, have emerged to be the main sociological causes of criminality. This suggests that, if society will not allow every individual to prosper, there will always be the existence of crime and perpetrators.

The issues of conflict, power, and social action can be used to explain how crime is thought of as a social phenomenon. Conflict. As we all know, there always exists every sort of conflict within the society in which we live and are inevitable and at the same time, they seem to be normal in our social life. Conflicts usually exist in societies with distinct value structures and existing societal groups (Eqbal, 2015). From experience, it is very difficult to find consensus on all values and norms in such societies. Also, as we all know, many groups that exist in society have their cultural components. These cultural components usually cause conflicts between the social units as a result of social differentiation. Contrary, social integration and stability may be realized in some social groups. Hence, crime can be thought of as a social phenomenon in reflection of what is happening in our society.

      Power. Different distribution of power often yields conflicts between the groups involved and whenever individuals stay together, the aspect of conflict and fighting over power is inevitable. Hence, this defines power as the ability of individuals to determine the behavior of other individuals. The enforcement of power usually affects the distribution of values and values also affects the distribution of power. The institutional approach is used in our society to officially come up with sets of values and thereafter enforce them to the whole population (Kamali, 2019). There is an unequal distribution of access to the contribution of public policy-making due to the restrictions subjected to structural arrangements of the political state. The main assumption here is that public policy is formulated to take care of the interests and values of individuals in power (Roepke, 2017). This means that those who are not in power have to go beyond the boundaries of the law to meet their needs hence committing a crime.

Social action. The recent issue of Contemporary Social Science is dedicated to a range of inequalities that are highly productive and their varying consequences. The study that was carried out by Myketiak on the mass shooter, shows how these inequalities affect individuals by making them feel of low worth to society (Canter & Youngs, 2019). Hence, we should not blame society, but the social inequalities perceived by an individual in demonstrating his advancing anger and frustration. The other view of this exposal is about public attitudes to minorities which in return affects their experiences (Roepke, 2017). Thus, prejudice against minorities is experienced due to lack of interaction and ignorance and this is relevant to the recent attitudes towards Muslims.

In conclusion, crime is one of the actions that are inevitable across the world and can take place anywhere in the globe. Crime and criminal activities have become the discussion of the day in the United States. Specific regions of the country have emerged to be the areas of interest due to the recent increase in violent crimes within those areas as compared to others. An example is the city of Chicago and its increasing assassination rate. Therefore, crime can be thought of as a social phenomenon since it is usually caused by some social activities that affect minority groups or those who are not in power.

Reference

Canter, D. & Youngs, D. (2019). Crime and society: Crime and Society, 1-6. doi:10.4324/9781351207430-101

Eqbal, A. (2015). Crime and society. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications Pvt.

Kamali, M. H. (2019). Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, 306-309. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190910648.003.0029

Roepke, W. (2017). The Social Reality of Crime: The Social Reality of Crime, 3-26. doi:10.4324/9781315135014-1

Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies

1. Definitions

Qualitative methodologies entail collecting, analyzing, and evaluating non-numerical data such as texts, audio or video, to understand different concepts, experiences, views, or opinions. Moreover, it is used to collect in-depth information insight into a research problem, thereby generating new statistical analysis and research ideas. Qualitative studies attempt to understand the evidence that cannot be seen or touched, such as emotions and behaviors. It is commonly applied in social sciences and humanities, such as anthropology, education, history, health sciences, and sociology (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018). Analyzing quantitative data is easier since it is based on numbers. For instance, applications such as SPSS, excel, or R are used to calculate the reliability and validity of data, average scores, the correlation between two or more variables, and the frequency a particular answer was given.

On the other hand, Quantitative methodologies involve collecting, evaluating, and analyzing numerical data. Moreover, it relies much on experiments and surveys to gather measurable numerical data using statistical processes. Qualitative research methodologies are used to obtain patterns and averages to facilitate making predictions, testing casual relationships, and providing generalized results from larger populations. Quantitative methodologies, however, are used commonly used in natural and social science fields such as chemistry, psychology, marketing, biology, and sociology, among others.

1. Pros and Cons

Starting with Qualitative methodologies, it is more of experience and captures people's feelings and opinions. The first advantage is its ability to capture the changing attitudes within a target group and explore more topics in depth and detail than quantitative research. Besides, it is economically friendly as it is less expensive as it does not need to recruit many participants or use extensive methods (Anpar, 2020). This makes it flexible in terms of locations and timing. On flexibility, the researcher or interviewer can ask any questions within the subject matter context. Also, Qualitative research encourages discussions as participants can introduce new topics that were not considered since they expand and express why they feel and act in a particular manner.

However, Qualitative methodologies are limited to the small number of sample sizes. This is because the methods involve engaging in-depth to get people's opinions, and therefore it is time-consuming, resource-intensive, and associated with small sample sizes. Besides, it is challenging to obtain generalized results due to the small survey samples involved (Rahman, 2020). The methodology lacks anonymity; for instance, the participants may be willing to respond comfortably to some topics through anonymous quant surveys than in discussion groups and one-on-one interviews. Lastly, some questions may not be suitable to some participants, thereby offending them. Also, a researcher can only get answers limited to what he asked.

The pros of Quantitative methodologies give it the advantage to be applied in natural sciences such as biology, anthropology, and chemistry. First, the large sample sizes give detailed results as it involves more subjects and broader studies. This makes it easier to generalize results (Bhandari, 2020). Moreover, the methodology involves objectivity and accuracy since fewer variables are involved in relation to the close-ended information. This makes data collection more accessible and faster as it can be done automatically in different regions at the same time. Furthermore, it is cost-effective as compared to qualitative methodology

The disadvantage of quantitative methodologies lies in the closed-ended questions, thereby providing fewer details since the results are based on numerical figures. Furthermore, positivism cannot support how social reality is shaped and monitored or how individuals interpret their actions Madrigal & McClain, B. (2012). Another weakness is that it tends to take a snapshot of the situation; for instance, it measures variables at specific times regardless of whether the photograph focused on the one looking better the one looking disarranged.

1. How to Use Them in Different Scenarios

Quantitative methodologies can be used in social science research as it emphasizes objectivity, measurement and statistical analysis of data. This facilitates the decision-making process and action needed. For instance, in a healthcare scenario, the quantitative methodology can be used in developing the ability to measure blood sugar levels, and the results may provide a better basis for the treatment of diabetes. Today, technology has led to a more significant change in the healthcare industry, and there is a lot of data mined that has unpredicted patterns and therefore needs quantitative analysis (Donnon, 2018). Also, quantitative research is predominantly being used in medical education, involving experimental studies from observational research, surveys, and correlational studies.

On the other hand, Qualitative research can be used in psychosocial research scenarios. This is because they can obtain factual data required to answer the research question (Kelly, 2017). The methodologies have been used to reveal opinions, views, preferences, and attitudes as far as different variables can be identified. For instance, the potential problems that result from elective single embryo transfer trials can be revealed and opinions obtained through small-group discussions. However, qualitative and quantitative methodologies can be best utilized when combined and grouped into faces (McCusker & Gunaydin, 2015). For instance, qualitative research can be done first as exploratory, followed by quantitative research that tests the hypothesis.

References

Anpar, R. (2020). Retrieved 29 April 2021, from https://www.anparresearchltd.com/post/pros-and-cons-of-qualitative-research-vs-quantitative-research

Bhandari, P. (2020). What Is Quantitative Research? | Definition, Uses and Methods. Retrieved 29 April 2021, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/#:~:text=Quantitative%20research%20is%20widely%20used,%2C%20sociology%2C%20marketing%2C%20etc.

Donnon, T. (2018). Quantitative research methods in medical education. Retrieved 29 April 2021, from https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199652679.001.0001/med-9780199652679-chapter-53

Kelly, K. (2017). A different type of lighting research–A qualitative methodology. Lighting Research & Technology, 49(8), 933-942.

Madrigal, D., & McClain, B. (2012). Strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research.

McCusker, K., & Gunaydin, S. (2015). Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research. Perfusion, 30(7), 537-542.

Rahman, M. S. (2020). The advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods in language "testing and assessment" research: A literature review.

Rutberg, S., & Bouikidis, C. D. (2018). Focusing on the fundamentals: A simplistic differentiation between qualitative and quantitative research. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 45(2), 209-213.

One of the greatest challenges faced when collecting information through interviews is research bias. Her approach however helped her to focus on the research in question and rely on accurate information from the respondents. Her findings add on to the recurring theme where the stage of human development is influenced more by the experiences that people have than their age. Her findings further revealed that different individuals believe that they should be classified in different categories other than those suggested by their age. Their opinions are however influenced by the desire to remain in a specific stage of development as they feel they are yet to achieve what they intended before moving on to the next developmental stage. Although some individuals may associate with the characteristics of a higher or lower development stage, age remains an ideal way of determining what stage of development the individual is in.

Grant Proposal

Abstract

Dallas children’s advocacy center in non-profitable organization located in 5351 Samuel Blvd, Dallas, TX 75228, United States of America. We have over 70 centers of varying size and population in which children from all background, ethnicity and gender are absorbed. In total, Dallas children’s advocacy center has over 15000 children in the 70+ centers. (Rancher et al, 2019: 73).This is a children advocacy center where children comes together, and we offer them quality services such as protection against all forms of child abuse and mistreatment in the outside world, law enforcement, we offer them lawyers, prosecutors and medical health professionals who take care of them whenever they are sick. It recruits all children in need who are below the age of eighteen years. We do provide faster response and cognitive measures to all victims. Our main objective is restoring hope for these children and make sure we take the perpetrators to face the law. We make a child friendly environment so as to accomplish our needs of investigating, help children heal wounds of mistreatment and hold offenders accountable of their cruel actions.

The project has over the years teaching her children and as we speak, some of our children are now our lawyers and doctors. We want to make sure that at the end of next year, we have built five more centers   because the already available centers are congested which is threat during this period of covid-19. Since the government is trying all means to defeat this pandemic and at the same time trying to reduce the number of child mistreat cases, we appeal for this grant since us Dallas Children advocacy center are trying to do exactly what the government is trying to achieve (Herbert, Walsh, & Bromfield, 2018: 85). For us to accomplish our mission of building five new advocacy centers, we need a minimum of $150000 which will be distributed to the five centers. We are grateful for any assistance that will be accorded to us.

Problem Statement

Since the start of covid-19, Dallas Children Advocacy Center has had a lot of challenges. Usually the organization build two centers each year but since the end of 2019, it has been difficult to manage the same. The budget that was set aside to be used in 2019 was utilized to fight the pandemic. We came up with the in centers renovations and improvement such as making new desks for social distance and coming up with new boarding sections to enforce the same (Herbert, Walsh, & Bromfield, 2018: 54). Since the mission is to give these children  hope and making sure all their needs are met, it is good to first meet their core need; health. According to US government spokesperson, the number of covid-19 cases are increasing daily and they are likely to go on a long term. We must therefore make sure the children are protected against this deadly pandemic (Patil, 2019: 45). For now, we are still using the budget meant for building new centers to renovate the already existing ones in terms of boarding sections, coming up with sanitization areas and many other things.

Experts have warned us that the congesting environment is one of the major agent of covid-19. They further advised us to make sure no more than five children sleep in one cube (Patil, 2019: 45). Our cubes are accommodating ten children as per now. This is another reason why we have decided to build more cubes. This problem, of congestion in hostel rooms can be well solved by building new centers. We cannot add further cubes to the existing centers because even the space left is very minimal. In one of the centers, we used the playing ground to build 100 more cubes due to inadequate space left. Not dealing with this challenge we put these children in very high risks of contacting this deadly disease and as we all know that this disease is very dangerous considering these are children, their immune system is not very strong than those over sixteen years (Rancher et al, 2019: 39). Since we have already came up with places that are suiting our centers, once we receive the grant, we will proceed direct to building these centers. We have our sustainability plans, there are very many organizations that we have contract with that do provide us with our basic needs.

Goals and objectives.

The mission of Dallas Children Advocacy is improving lives of those children who were once abused in Dallas and any other neighboring areas. It also provide a national leadership skill on child abuse issues. It also coordinates with department of criminal investigation to, make sure all the culprits are held accountable. Having said that we do improve lives of abused children, it is good to come up with the new centers to reduce chances of contacting covid-19. This is one of the core values of improving lives. We improve lives by improving the health standards of the children. Another way is by buying hospital equipment that will enable our doctors to manage these children without any fear that they can get covid-19. We should buy them protective gears, masks and those reagents for testing covid-19. This is goal number one of improving lives. If we improve lives of our doctors, we improve lives of our children. According to the research done by our experts.

The cost of protective gears is estimated to be $3000 and the cubs that we are planning to add in the remaining 40 centers is $20000 (Shuman, 2019: 36). These two and all those minor expenses we are going to use the budget of 2020-2021 which was meant for additional centers and use it in that purpose which we plan to accomplish within the first seven months after successfully receiving the grant. All children aged 3years to 7years will be taken to certain centers and the others taken to different centers. Our centers will be based on age brackets (Shuman, 2019: 66). This makes easier because some children needs special attention therefore we are going to know which needs this and that and which ones do not need. A survey that was conducted by our digital and marketing team showed that 80 percent of children in our centers are proposing the initiative of separating them in terms of age groups. 87 percent of their parents are advocating for the same. We therefore plan to initiate this in the beginning of next year. Another objective is reaching out to people and get all those children whose rights are violated so as to help them.

Program Design

The objective of separating the children in terms of age brackets will be accomplished by building more centers. Though we can accomplish this without building more centers, it will not have solved the other problem of congestion (Shuman, 2019: 74). Since currently the number of children is fixed and know, the issue of transferring means will not increase the number of children nor reduce the number of centers therefore, they will actually fit well. This is possible but through creating new centers we could solve two problems at once. Reducing congestion and grouping the children centers in term of age groups. Before we combat on building these new centers, Surveys will be done to establish which land is good and non-risk to children centers (Shuman, 2019: 66).

Research will be carried out to establish the extent to which grouping students will have effect to them both positive and negative. Secondary data will be read to know everything concerning covid-19 and how we are going to protect our children from this disease. The management will also do a number of experiments to establish if the grouping will be effective (Patil, 2019: 45). Dallas children advocacy center will hire researchers to investigate whether the cases that are in the court are taking the right course. We are going to reach out to all people in the city and villages, we engage them, we try to know those children whose rights were violated, take them and give them hope in our centers. We are going to work hand in hand with the department of criminal investigation department to make sure all these culprits are brought in to account. Since we do need quality of results we are planning to engage government officials and researchers to help us find the extent and exact results.

Evaluation Plan

The Dallas children advocacy center will be evaluated quarterly to evaluate the progress and success of the previous meetings and plans (Patil, 2019: 33). This will enable us understand the challenges, big gains and areas that we need to work more on. It will assess the impact of the previous plans in the children in our centers, the children’s parents and the local community at large in response to the government initiative of improving the living standards of all children who are facing social injustice and living in a violence free society. One method we are going to use in evaluation is the use of modern technology, online evaluation.

We are going to supervise these events using the CCTV cameras that are going to be built in all of our centers (Smith, 2017:45). The building sites will also have some to monitor the ongoing projects. We are also going to input people in these sites that wills supervise the construction of the five centers. Weekly reports will be sent to the main servers for weekly evaluation. All progress will be with the corresponding goals, targets and aligned protocols.  Evaluation will consists of both summative and formative measure of performance of the day to day activities.

Sustainability and Supplementary materials

Because this is a non-profitable organization, we have come up with the means in which in the case that the grant has come to an end, we can afford to take care of ourselves. One of the means is that we have started poultry farming whereby we do rear chickens mainly for sale (Rancher et al, 2019: 91). We have large farm where we intend to cultivate some of the common basic crops in the area. We are going to use the produce for consumption and at the same time for sale.  This will create money for our needs. Since we are not planning to hire new workers nor planning to increase any expense, the cost expenditure for next year will remain the same (Smith, 2017:18). This will reduce the chances of requesting another grant in future. We have never approached any other organization for a grant (Rancher et al, 2019: 73).

References

Herbert, J. L., Walsh, W., & Bromfield, L. (2018). A national survey of characteristics of child advocacy centers in the United States: Do the flagship models match those in broader practice?. Child abuse & neglect, 76, 583-595. Retrieved: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213417303666

Patil, S. G. (2019). How to plan and write a budget for research grant proposal?. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 10(2), 139-142. Retrieved: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0975947617301328

Rancher, C., Jouriles, E. N., Johnson, E., Cook, K., & McDonald, R. (2019). Self-blame for interparental conflict among female adolescents who have been sexually abused. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(8), 982. Retrieved: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-22217-001

Shuman, K. M. (2019). Grant Proposal Preparation Readiness: A Glimpse at the Education Level of Higher Education Faculty. Journal of Research Administration, 50(1), 89-107. Retrieved:  https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1213259

Smith, D. W. (2017). Grant Proposal. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved: http://www.science.earthjay.com/instruction/HSU/2015_fall/GEOL_553/research_proposal/students/GEOL_553_grant_proposal_smith.pdf

Civil discourse

The existence of a democratic society depends on the nature of interactions among people living in it. Sharing ideas of ideas through political discussions for example helps members of the community to understand the issues that exist around them and how shaping up public opinion can improve the state of the community they live in. these interactions also helps to spread ideas and ensure that information reaches people in remote places thus making them part of the developments that occur. Although the discussions and interactions do not always bear positive results, the outcome can be influenced through approaches like civil discourse. Influencing positive interaction in different platforms enhances the efficiency of communication and level of understanding which is achieved through civil discourse. Despite the challenges that exist, people in society have done commendable work when engaging in civil discourse in different aspects of society.

The term ‘civil discourse’ refers to interactions that occur in the form of conversations that are meant to create more understanding of a given topic. It differs from arguments in that, the parties engaged in the discourse have opposing viewpoints on the topic being discussed and express their opinions without trying to prove they are right or wrong. When done correctly, civil discourse can help build more understanding on a topic to encourage personal and academic growth. To enhance efficiency in civil discourse, different organizations have started encouraging their staff and stakeholders to share their opinions on specific topics in unstructured debates that encourage people to share ideas more than alter other people’s opinions. Organizations like schools encourage students to discuss topics through approaches that seek to add information about specific topics without trying to change other people’s minds on the topic being discussed. Each individual is encouraged to give their opinions and discuss facts as a way to add to the already existing information. The debate approach where each side was expected to show why their side is right and the other is wrong has been substituted with discussions that seek to add information from both sides of the discussion. Although some interactions spark tension when the debate gets heated, people have mastered the art of civil discourse and the discussions remain civil.

The use of civil discourse in schools is therefore an ideal example of the progress that people have made when engaging in civil discourse. In the past, professors relied on structured debates as it gave them more control over the direction the conversation would take and therefore allowed them to influence the students’ opinions and attitudes. It also reduced the likelihood that the discussions would create a hostile learning environment because the students were limited when choosing the topics to discuss. People’s success when using civil discourse has however shifted people’s perceptions of unstructured discussions in the classroom and professors are more willing to allow students to openly share their perceptions and beliefs about specific topics. Concerning students, learning occurs best when students can identify a specific topic and formulate their opinions about the topic. The implementation also requires the students to take a stance, stick to it and add on the information they have through research and interactions with others who share similar opinions. In addition to taking their stance, civil discourse is also used to develop an understanding of the importance of listening to other people’s contrasting ideas without questioning their own or shifting their stance. The approach that people take therefore allows students and society in general to have their own opinions; share with peers and other members of society, and further interact with others who share contrasting opinions without the interaction resulting in conflict.

Civil discourse is also being used to promote diversity and promote peaceful coexistence regardless of the differences that people share. The platform created through civil discourse allows people to discuss topics that are considered controversial in an accommodative tone that discourages conflict. When each individual is given the chance to share their viewpoints, those with similar ideas and beliefs get to learn more about their stand and also to get a better understanding of those on the opposing side. Since everyone is given the chance to share their ideas, every discussion acts as a learning experience because the interaction focuses more on sharing information rather than proving others wrong. The freedom to discuss topics that may be controversial also teaches individuals how to interact with people with varying opinions. A diverse community not only exposes people to each other’s differences but also helps people to identify approaches that are acceptable regardless of the differences that exist. People not only earn about their differences, but they also discover how their opinions may affect others and this restricts the discourse to only sharing information without the desire to change the opposing side or prove that their beliefs are wrong. This in turn enhances interactions and promotes diversity as people continue to interact despite their differences.

Civil discourse is also being used to promote interaction on platforms that were previously used to spread propaganda. The effective communication that is facilitated by civil discourse has enabled people to interact and share ideas on the internet. In the past, discussions about the public affair were not common over the internet because the anonymity created made it difficult to regulate what people would say. The ability to use pseudo accounts and avatars meant that people could hide their identity but still share their opinions and beliefs about topics they were passionate about. This however encouraged conflict as people would post negative comments and other means of communication to strongly disagree with another’s point of view. The efficiency of civil discourse however prompts people to assess how their communication will affect others regardless of whether it occurs face to face or over the internet. The exposure created by the internet also encourages people to engage in civil discourse as it allows for sharing of ideas and gaining more knowledge.

Human beings seek out different ways to create an ideal community that embraces diversity. Although interactions are common, there are also occurrences where people disagree and conflicts arise as a result of the varying opinions and attitudes that people have. Despite these differences, however, civil discourse has proven effective in promoting positive interactions among diverse groups. Through it, people can share ideas and increase their knowledge about topics they are passionate about. Its continued use in society only proves that civil discourse is an effective tool in helping members of society to embrace diversity and peacefully coexist despite their differences. The continued success in promoting effective communication and facilitating interactions among a diverse population only proves that we are doing a commendable job when engaging in civil discourse.

Cultural Responsiveness in Occupational Therapy

Introduction

Occupational therapy refers to the evaluation and application of appropriate interventions that help in solving issues that disturb individual’s capability to carry out things that are very essential to them like taking care of themselves, undertaking leisure and productive activities (Reitz and Scaffa, 2020). It is an allied health profession done by occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants. Occupational therapists always deal with individuals with mental problems, disabilities, injuries, or impairments. The American Occupational Therapy Association portrays an occupational therapist as someone who helps individuals to solve issues or problems that affect their capabilities to carry on their essential activities by use of appropriate interventions and thus, enhancing them to return to their normal life (Pizzi & Richards, 2017). Mutual occupational therapist interventions used to help individuals to return to their normal life routine include injury restoration, helping kids with disabilities to take part fully in institutional and social events, and offering support to older adults undergoing cognitive and physical challenges.

The majority of the occupational therapy literature that addresses cultural competency is old fashioned, descriptive and concludes by issuing guidelines for clinical practice based on specific cultural descriptions of particular cultural groups. Cultural groups most often discussed about are populations that have emigrated to the Australia, the UK, Canada, or the USA or the native people seeking occupational therapy in their own countries, for the Aborigine and Yanomani populations. Some of the expression related to addressing culture in occupational therapy displays that occupational therapists are beginning to study cultural influences on activity choices, culturally based deviations affecting rehabilitation and culturally based clarifications of health and illness (Farmer, 2021). Although an individual’s ethnicity or immigrant status are still in the foreground in most of the studies carried out, researchers have also addressed other dimensions of culture, such as economic and social dislocation or the power of affection of refugee trauma and level of acculturation. However, there is a paucity of research that has tried to specifically examine the process of providing culturally competent care in occupational therapy and much of the research that is available is old fashioned.

Occupational Therapy Ethics Codes

• Multiculturalism

Multicultural communities from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds exist all over the contemporary world. Cultural diversity is expected to rise due to the availability of better transportation, an increment in inflow of immigrants, and the outcomes of war, such as increasing number of refugees and shelter seekers. As a consequence, occupational therapists will continue to frequently encounter individuals from various cultural environments in their everyday activities. It is generally accepted that culture has a major influence on health care practice, and that culturally competent practice has emerged a professional obligation (Tétreault et al, 2020). However, there is contradictory in the delivery of occupational therapy services to customers and to avoid marginalization based on background, cultural requirements, and features.

• Cultural Responsiveness

Culture refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that includes thoughts, actions, communications, beliefs, customs, values, and institutions of a racial, ethnic, religious and social group. Culture affects all aspects of occupational therapy service and cultural context is defined within the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework as beliefs, customs, behavior standards, activity patterns, and expectations accepted the society of which a client is a member (Ching et al, 2019). It is a central opinion of occupational therapy to consider the culture of individual clients and their families as culture molds an individual’s identity, roles, and perception of independence. Sometimes, a family’s cultural beliefs may interfere with best clinical practice.

 In the course of these situations, it is important to consider Occupational Therapy Ethics Code and Ethics standards. These standards guide individuals moral practice so that where differences exist, occupational therapy personnel will pursue efficient efforts for resolution (Kearney & Kimberley, 2018). This code gives practitioners seven principles to guide them; non maleficence, beneficence, autonomy/confidentiality, procedural justice, social justice, fidelity, and veracity. While pursuing these standards and respecting a client’s values and culture, occupational practitioners should work together with client and/or famine to come up with the best medical plan.

Current Successes in Occupational Therapy

Largest number of occupational therapists in World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) member countries, have continued to be employed in institutional setting. In a number of developing nations, there is a strong tendency towards community-based practice whereas hospital-based care seems to be decreasing (Halle, Mroz, Fogelberg & Leland, 2018). Other fashions include an increased attention on geriatric care, application of occupational therapy concepts to industrial setting and the growth of private practice. As stated earlier, Community-based rehabilitation programs are being applied in many growing nations to extend rehabilitation services to rural areas and reach wider range of the population. Although, occupational therapists in less developed nations tend to be less specialized compared to those of technically advanced nations. But in many countries where some form of health service exists, occupational therapy services must be fitted into this health care system.

Current Disparities in Occupational Therapy that Affect Marginalized Groups of People

Although occupational therapist is known as an allied health profession, its source as a profession in the USA was concerned about the relationship between health and society. There has been a frequent tension between the biomedical concerns dominant in healthcare and occupational therapy objectives of enhancing participation in daily life. Occupational therapy has not often looked into detail the importance social concerns but there has been an increasing deep penetrations on the study of implications of taking part in everyday life as a social justice issue in the past few decades. Increasingly, occupational therapy literature is addressing practice with distinct marginalized groups. There are many individuals without than within the main influential groups in the social hegemony (Pollard & Sakellariou, 2017). These influential groups pressurize the structure of the society by making sure that there exists uneven distribution of resources toward those who already have. This eventually affects health outcomes among those who are poor and in various ways, marginalized (Ching et al, 2019). Examples include some very important areas such as the occupational needs of women, disabled individuals and of the older gay individuals. Therefore, marginalization may be understood as an aspect of cultural super diversity many societies experience.   

Conclusion

From what I have learnt, to address the needs of the marginalized populations, I will advocate for re-evaluation of the relationship between occupational therapy and biomedical discourses in order to prioritize social concerns. Also, I will try as much as possible to acquire a diversified and marginalized experience which will later help me boost my ability to participate in community and social life in a meaningful manner. Delivering culturally competent practice, requires more than knowledge and understanding of the elements and stages involved, that is, it must also include the meaning of cultural issues to clients and an awareness of attitudes of those delivering health and social care. This shows, in my profession as an occupational therapist, I have to understand clearly the elements and stages involved in delivering culturally competent practice.

Reference

Ching, E., Contreras, E., Dimalanta, P., Duran, L., Freeman, R., Hawe, U., . . . Ramos, W. (2019). Social and Cultural Concepts Module: Curricula to Foster Cultural Responsiveness. Journal of Occupational Therapy Education, 3(3). doi:10.26681/jote.2019.030304

Farmer, L. S. (2021). Culturally-sensitive learning practices. IASL Annual Conference Proceedings. doi:10.29173/iasl7720

Guidelines for Documentation of Occupational Therapy. (2018). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(Supplement_2). doi:10.5014/ajot.2018.72s203

Halle, A. D., Mroz, T. M., Fogelberg, D. J., & Leland, N. E. (2018). Occupational Therapy and Primary Care: Updates and Trends. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(3). doi:10.5014/ajot.2018.723001

Occupational Therapy in the Promotion of Health and Well-Being. (2020). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(3). doi:10.5014/ajot.2020.743003

Pizzi, M. A., & Richards, L. G. (2017). Promoting Health, Well-Being, and Quality of Life in Occupational Therapy: A Commitment to a Paradigm Shift for the Next 100 Years. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71(4). doi:10.5014/ajot.2017.028456

Pollard, N., & Sakellariou, D. (2017). Occupational therapy on the margins. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 73(2), 71-75. doi:10.1080/14473828.2017.1361698

Tétreault, S., Bétrisey, C., Brisset, C., Gulfi, A., Schaer, M., Leanza, Y., & Kühne, N. (2020). Intercultural Experiences Prior to the Educational Program: Occupational Therapy and Social Work Students. Journal of Culture and Values in Education. doi:10.46303/jcve.2020.6

Article Analysis and Critique

Abstract

The critical race theory (CRT), has been extensively utilized in the modern educational literature for the purpose of emphasizing the influences of racism and prejudice on edification opportunities as well as the assets of students of color. In this article, quantitative research methodology appear to the main antithetical to the tenets of the critical race theory (CRT) to some individuals. Despite that, the primary objective of this article entail illustrating the underlying reason as to why this is not the main reason. The perspectives of the author of this article is ultimately based on the contemporary and historical ideologies. To have the potential of building this argument, the author embarks on presenting results obtained from experiential study that utilizes data form the research of undergraduates. Conversely, the measurement theory is utilized for the purpose of quantifying the community cultural wealth of the students. Typically, the CRT framework is also used to describe the cultural assets of the societies of color.                                             

Research Question(s) and Summary of the Research Design

State the research question(s) addressed by the study. Describe the type of research, including the name of the design, the sampling methods, and variables (identify the independent and dependent variables), how data were analyzed and major results.

Research question

1. What are the main factors that makes students of color to experience racism and prejudice in their academic settings?
2. What are some of the social-psychological and sociological factors that increases racial bias?

In this article, the quantitative methods (QMSs) was utilized for the purpose of studying as well as addressing the problems of access and equity of the students with color. Despite that, in the CRT training, quantitative and statistical reasoning is considered to be bias-free endeavors but ultimately related to the White supremacist origins. What this implies is the fact that QMSs is a one of the fundamental components of the critical legal research and is thus a key part of the educational literature. The second sampling method used is the quantitative measurement of the community cultural wealth (CCW) which ultimately assist in lay an emphasis of the CRT framework used to examine students’ assets.  On the other hand, the critical race methodology (CRM) is utilized for the purpose of highlighting racism, race, and intersectionality of the research (Jenna, 2019). Basically, these method is used for the purpose of challenging traditional research texts and paradigms. 

During this research, data was collected through conducting online survey of the undergraduates by taking into consideration two access AANAPISIs (Asian American Native American Pacific Islander-serving institutions) in the United States Pacific. From the information collected, result of this study indicates that the trans-disciplinary observations basically reflects on the manner in which critical quantitative research of race exists in various disciplines beyond the educational literature.                                

Critique of the Research

Considering the perspectives of the author of this article, it implies that counter-narratives cannot be presented by quantitative methods since it is not the main methodology. The underlying reason for that is because it is imperative to take into account combining the tenets of the asset-based CRT with the empirical examples of the QMSs (Jenna, 2019).  On the other hand, additional multivariate analysis ought to be taken into account for the purpose of understanding the impacts of CCW. In return, it is this process that will the potential of advancing critical quantitative methodology in addressing as well as documenting college inequality issues.

Conversely, it is important to take into account demonstrating the items for assessing familial capital, residential capital, navigational capital, and aspirational capital on the validity evidence and preliminary reliability. Conversely, as much as the above methodologies are concerned will have the ability of improving empirical fit, especially at it is related to resistant capital as well as its alignment with the critical racer theory (Jenna, 2019). What this can illustrate is the manner in which implementation and design of the projects using CRT impacts the perspectives of the students regardless of the color of the skin or race.

Nonetheless, since CRT is one of the tenets in educational settings, it implies that the general advancements of the social justice as well as the implementation of the QMS will have the potential of informing policy disclosure. In return, making empirical connections between methods and theory ought to be modeled in the prevailing critical-quantitative research. Nevertheless, it means that traditional quantitative studies in education policy research might fail to have the likelihood of engaging or addressing issues regarding race and prejudice (Jenna, 2019). Furthermore, it can be argued that cultural assets can be extremely rationalized to the extent of leaving means for deficit interpretations.

The primary reason for that is because institutionalized racism might be ultimately absent from the interpretative explanations and theoretical frameworks. Similarly, it can be argued that differences based on race can be propelled beyond meek descriptive statistics by critical QMs to inferential dimension and theoretic modeling (Jenna, 2019). Therefore, the educational policy research ought to be scrutinized so as to understand the dynamic of race and how the existing methodologies addresses such issues.

Reference

Jenna, R. S. (2019). Can You Really Measure That? Combining Critical Race Theory and Quantitative Methods. University of Maryland College Park

The Fetishization of Asian Women in America

Abstract

            The fetishazation of Asian women in America explores an unexplored hidden potential within the group and as an impediment to foster their interests. The image of a women of Asian descent in the mainstream media and the American public, is that of an exotic dancer always willing to entertain. They are usually geisha or courtesan. The dressing and hairdo are stereotypical adopting postures, which are sexually suggestive, but submissive. The portrayal of Women with Asian descent features stereotypical text alluding to quiet and subservient characteristics. Nevertheless, making claims about a whole group of women of Asian descent runs the risk of generalization. It is more politically correct and accurate to separate women as Japanese, Vietnamese or Chinese rather than Asian in scholarly works. Thus, approaching fetishazation of Asian-American women in a comprehensive methodology is important to expose the stereotypical nature in scholarly works and mainstream media in America. In analyzing how Asian-American women are subject to misrepresentation, the current exploration will delve into portrayal of the group and a history of stereotyping and its impacts. The aim will be to establish how Asian-American are portrayed in various avenues consumed by the public in form of film and mainstream media. The postulation of the research is that the group is adversely portrayed, forming part of the adverse representation of the group in America today. The narrative has to change to foster a positive opinion of the group in the America we know today. The solution is eliminating stereotypes while curtailing the narrative.

Introduction

            The portrayal of women of Asian descent is that of an entertainer possibly a geisha or courtesan. The image that comes to mind is a woman wearing a pseudo-Chinese dress and hairdo. She curls her hands in front in a dance-like manner. The notions are what comes to mind of many Americans because of fetishization of Asian women.  

            However, the thousands of Asian-American female life experiences in the United States have not made a large enough impact, for the image of the "Oriental Woman" continues to exist at all levels of discourse: from the level of mass media to the level of interpersonal exchanges in everyday life (Creef 56). The stereotypical images of Asian women in American media propagate the modern phenomenon of the "Asian fetish", which refers to the sexual preference of Asian women had by Caucasian or other non-Asian males.

            In exploring this notion of the media creating such a “fetishization,” the analysis took on an interdisciplinary approach. Through a process of combining methods of the critical study of scholarly works on American images of Asian females with creating artistic works regarding the subject, which allowed the two modes of exploration to influence each other. It is important to recognize that the preference, the fetish, the interaction dealt in is precisely the heterosexual interaction between the Caucasian or non-Asian male and the Asian female, American or non-American. While the term, Asian fetish, has expanded to encompass the opposite situation where the Asian male is preferred, and while it is sometimes used when referring to homosexual relationships regarding preferences of Caucasian or non-Asian males.

            In Western popular culture, the men afflicted with such behavior are sometimes referred to as “rice kings,” “rice chasers,” or “rice lovers.” These loaded terms and nicknames are used by Asian Americans and other Westerners and have become accepted slang terms in their vocabulary. The terms refer specifically to Caucasian or other non-Asian males who are attracted to Asian females with more intensity or frequency than is shown for other groups of women. The Asian women of interest are primarily East Asians, such as Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Koreans, and Taiwanese. While the term regards interracial associations, it is not meant to concern customary, healthy interracial relationships and marriages.

            While this question often arises as Asian Americans and Asians come into contact with Westerners, a deeper analysis of racism should be explored. The Oxford Dictionary (2005) lists two entries for racism. The belief that there are characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to each race. Discrimination against or antagonism towards other races. Due to a history of slavery and bigotry, Americans may be inclined to correlate racism with the latter description. However, according to the first definition, whether it is like or dislike, a judgment about someone, how he or she might think, behave, appear, or anything else, according to his or her race, is a form of racism.

            It is vital to note that when such pre-judged categorization pertains to cross-cultural expectations and exchanges it poses a threat to the group and daily existence. The term “Asian fetish” is becoming commonplace. The terms also relate to racism targeted at a specified group. Matthew Wray, a renowned sociologist, ascertains that it pertains to racism arising from commodity fetishism and sexual fetishism. In regards to racial fetishism as a type of commodity fetishism, Neomarxist defines it as a process by which things, which have no important value, for example, money, have an exchange value, such as the exchanging for essential values. Racial fetishism takes an added value in that Western culture portrays them in a given frame. In the Western sexual stereotypes, they are submissiveness, innocent, and display latent promiscuity forming part of their daily living reality.

            In regards to sexual fetishism, this is a situation wherein the object of affection is an inanimate object or a specific part of a person. A phenomenon studied and reworked by Sigmund Freud, his theory on fetishism declared that this behavior in men is the result of childhood trauma about castration anxiety where a boy, curious to see his mother's penis, averts his eyes to an object or body part in terror when he realizes his mother has none (Freud 252). While a shoe or a glove serve as examples of objects of sexual fetishists’ affection, the newly coined term Asian fetish appropriates the concept, and what is fetishized is an ethnicity. For Asian-American females, here lies an arena in which racism and sexism intersect.

            The answer is that it is not normal when on the receiving end of that attention, Asian and Asian-American women such as Mizuno, Liao, and the women of whom they speak feel objectified and not valued as individuals but rather for their race, stereotypes, or perceptions of the culture from which they come. Thus, it is evident that, at the very least, discussions must be drawn by the woman on the receiving end. Also, as the research contends that American society should communicate and hold open dialogue regarding the phenomenon and its effects on life experiences, it is vital to note that the stereotypes propagating the Asian fetish and the subsequent experiences have evolved over nearly one hundred and fifty years.

A History of Stereotypes and Their Impacts

            In past centuries, the term "Oriental" denoted the exotic difference of distant, foreign land east of the "Occident" the Western world. Today, in the global world, this definition of the Oriental can be found at times in the West. It can be evoked by exotic environments, artifacts, and other markers of far-away culture, as well as a person’s race categorized by his or her physical appearance (Kim et al. 67). Thus, on one hand, the Oriental is objectified in terms of culture and geography, and on the other hand, it is also objectified.

            The United States media depicts Asian-American women as glamorous, sexy, and subservient. The image portrayal can be analyzed into two contrasting stereotypes. First, is diabolical, immoral, seductive type of Lady. Second, is docile, passive, obedient doll the Lotus Blossom (Uchida 162). The paradoxical portrayals are both extremely sexed and highlight the progression of white America's encounter with Asian women largely through U.S military presence and immigration in countries of Far East Asia in the twentieth century. Particularly, there has been significant character development of Chinese and Japanese women as women of oriental background, reflecting the historical forces of the last one hundred and fifty years (Harper’s Magazine). As mass media popularized it, the image of the Oriental Woman has come to represent Asian-American women in American cultural memory; and consequently, this impacts Asian-American women's individual life experiences.

            In the U.S today, the "typically Oriental" woman is usually a woman of East Asian origin, regardless of if she may be American and may have lived her entire life in the U.S. It is true that Confucianism, a complex Chinese system of moral and religious thought, influenced many East Asian cultures and deals with certain patriarchal, sexist ethical standards that shape cultural notions and practices toward women; however, the circumstances under which America came into contact with East Asian women have had a more direct effect on the creation of the Oriental Woman (Uchida 163). The origins behind the dominating and defining of Asian-American women can be found in the anti-Chinese period from 1870 to the 1900s during which the Oriental Woman image emerged initially as "seductive and sinister” (Okamura 90). The following is a brief overview regarding the major elements during this time that fostered the stereotype.

            At the end of the nineteenth century, the majority of the Chinese in the U.S. were immigrant men, partly because of White Americans' interest in employing them as contract-based, wage laborers. Caucasians feared Chinese women owing to the "Yellow Peril," the population of Chinese reproducing and thus taking over the labor in the country. As a result, most of those able to immigrate were smuggled in large numbers as prostitutes (Hooks 99). Men of Chinese descent were dependent on the prostitutes to satisfy their sexual needs, and Chinese prostitution flourished in San Francisco's Chinatown in the mid and late nineteenth century; in 1870 almost two-thirds of the Chinese women who resided in San Francisco were prostitutes (Uchida 163), and they were sexually exploited several times a day by both Chinese and Caucasian men. Their widespread prosperity and public slander fueled anti-Chinese sentiments, and Chinese women were generally accused of being sexually corrupt, "demoralizing, tainting the blood of White American youths, spreading diseases, and stealing the jobs of white boys and girls, thus forcing them into lives of sin and crime” (Uchida 163).

            The anti-Chinese sentiments were also reflected in media, such as in Hollywood films, which further perpetuated the convictions regarding Asian women. Although the audiences understood that the movies were fantasy, the visuals of exotic, corrupt, deviant Chinese women only strongly enforced their already misconstrued perceptions. In the “Thief of Baghdad” (1924) Anna May Wong played a Mongol slave girl who assisted the evil ruler from taking over the world (Eranios 67). The image she portrayed was a dangerous, mysterious, seductive vamp, from which came the Dragon Lady of the silver screen. Wong was the only widely watched Asian female actress in Hollywood during the first half of the nineteenth century since most Asian women were played by Caucasians due to such disapproval of Asians and Caucasians kissing onscreen. To achieve the “seductive, exotic look”, Caucasian actresses used the technique of placing tape over their eyelids to create “slanty eyes”.

            During this time, the Oriental Woman was cast into a desirable light compared to earlier in the century. Using sexism and racism to objectify Japanese women was a psychological tactic aimed at instilling a mentality necessary to become effective soldiers, or in other words, effective killers (Uchida 166). Perceiving them as “dolls useful toys or something to play with” enhanced the notion that Asians were something less than human and thus much easier to kill in battle (Uchida 166). The dual characterization of being sexually exotic and passive was perpetuated for the soldiers in another aspect of their media with cartoon character, “Babysan.” The comic strip, created by an American serviceman, was featured in the pages of the Far East edition of the Navy Times and spoke directly to these contradictory qualities (Hume 37). Sketched in short, see-through, American-style. It dresses, the images of the young, curvaceous, slanted-eyed woman were juxtaposed with texts depicting "Babysan” as childlike, playful, obedient, and naïve.

            The stereotype of dually exotic and subservient creatures able to please men in special ways transferred to characterize Asian-American women as well; however, images of bar girls and geishas were not the only impressions of the Oriental Woman that the soldiers brought back to the U.S. After World War II, the U.S. Congress passed the War Bride Act, which allowed the country's servicemen to bring Japanese and European wives home (Uchida 166). Along with the war brides, America became saturated with impressions of Japanese women as excellent homemakers with “wifely virtues and male pleasing attributes”, not so different from the geisha as they both represent the same image of an “Oriental Woman who exists to please men (Uchida 166).

            Notably, it is crucial to compare the image of the war brides to the earlier image of picture brides of Asian immigrant men. “War brides of the Western Man are acceptable, but picture brides of Asians are not” (Uchida 166). This may have occurred because the war brides symbolized the winning of the war; they were war prizes. Moreover, the segregation between the Oriental Woman and the White Woman was still upheld, for the "virtues" of the Oriental Woman did not transform her into a white or even Western woman. Anti-miscegenation laws not repealed until 1967 evidenced this (Huisman 6).

Once again, the silver screen of Hollywood during the 1930s mirrored U.S. views towards Asians during monumental political events. The antagonists at the time were the Japanese. The films portrayed Japanese men as evil and abusive towards their women. In turn, the storylines depicted the Japanese women   played by Caucasian actors as submissive and always supportive of their husbands and even their mistresses.

            Subsequently in the 50s in post-war Japan, the Geisha girl was released, with Japanese actresses playing leading roles. Among the films portraying geisha girls include Madame Butterfly, which glorifies servitude and suffering of an oriental woman for her love for a white man. "Teahouse of the August Moon" (1956), a film about the Americanization of Okinawa, Japan, after the war starring the popular and prominent Marlon Brando as a GI whose needs are catered to by the character, Lotus Blossom. It is important to keep in mind that film was popularizing during this time, thus media portrayals of ethnic groups and the racial difference became more powerful in creating something real for the Caucasian American society.

Conclusion

            The storylines of Asian theme became more common in the late 1900s as the Oriental Woman image became more desirable to watch. Accordingly, Asian-American actresses gained more onscreen exposure but still played characters such as the memorable Suzie Wong, who again projected the image of being secretive, subservient, and sexy. Also, as media had previously reflected political activities repeatedly, Vietnamese women became the new performance subject during the 70s and 80s with the Vietnam War. Evidence of this can be found in the highly acclaimed films Deer Hunter (1978) and Good Morning Vietnam (1987). According to Uchida (168), the popular, modern musical, Miss Saigon (1989) is yet another adaptation of Madame Butterfly by only changing the historical context into the circumstances of the Vietnam War softening the explicitness of the Orientalist theme.

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Uchida, Aki. The Orientalization of Asian Women In America. In Women’s Studies          International Forum. 1998. Vol. 21, No. 2. P. 161-174. USA: Elsevier Science Ltd.

Effectiveness of Curfews

Parents and guardians have sought out different ways to discourage bad behaviour in children. The different methods used serve as both a form of punishment and deterrent. In addition, parents and guardians impose restrictions to discourage bad behaviour. A good example is the imposition of curfews by parents and guardians as a way to keep teens out of trouble.

            The use of curfews heavily depends on the teenager’s willingness to respect the parent or guardian’s wishes regarding the curfew. Since there is no physical means of ensuring that the teenager adheres to the curfew, its success in keeping the teenager out of trouble will depend on the relationship that exists between the teenager and the authority figure. To some extent, curfews do help to keep teenagers out of trouble because the limit the time in which teenagers spend without supervision. Teenagers will therefore spend their time in school and short periods with friends before going home in time for curfew.

            Curfews also help to keep teenagers out of trouble because they help build on family relationships that mentor positive growth. Curfews help families to stay together as a unit and share bonding experiences such as sharing meals, playing games and other activities. This gives the parent enough time to spend with their children and mentor them on how to lead positive lives. The family experiences teach teenagers to care about other people and this is further extended to the community. The teenagers therefore develop the need to do good rather than engage in bad behaviour. The curfews also give the parents and guardians enough time to get to know their children and discourage any bad behaviour that they may have picked up.

            An argument can be made that curfews do little to discourage bad behaviour because the teenagers can engage in the same activities when they are allowed to be outside. Since bad behaviour is not limited to specific time periods, teenagers can engage in immoral activities during the day as much as during the night. Advancement in technology also means that the teenagers can communicate and share ideas through different platforms such as social media, video chats and other means of communication. Since the curfew does not restrict access to the web, teenagers can engage with one another and negatively influence each other even during curfews. While this may be the case, curfews act as a symbol of both respect and control by the parent or guardian. Teenagers choose to respect the parent’s curfew because they either agree with its purpose or respect their parents enough to do as told. Respecting the parents wishes therefore means that the teenagers can also discern right from wrong and stay out of trouble out of respect for the parent.

            Curfews are an ideal tool for discouraging bad behaviour amongst teenagers especially because their success hinges on the trust established between the teenager and the parent. The lack of physical restrain means that the parent views the teenager as a responsible individual who can properly manage their time and get home in reasonable hours. The parent trusts the teenager and this in turn makes them more responsible and thus discourages bad behaviour. Although there are occurrences where teenagers break the curfew or end up sneaking out of the house, such occurrences are rare and the parent has more control over the teenager’s upbringing, thus discouraging bad behaviour.

Poverty in society

Problem statement.

Poverty is becoming a more disturbing issue, where people continue to face the difficulties associated with the lack of basic needs in life due to lack of means to fund resources. The development of policies to solve the cases faces many difficulties due to inequality, unemployment, and illiteracy among the poor, making taking them from their miseries impossible. Despite the effort in the policy development, which includes means-tested welfare policy, minimum wages, among others, where the policies to reduce poverty are implemented by the government; the case is still severe due to the differences in the needs of the poor and lack of a long-lasting solution to the problem.

The current detectable poverty indicators among people are defined according to the people's earnings below the income that can support a family in meeting its basic needs, size, and age. In 2019 the poverty threshold was marked at a person who was having $12 486 where the age was under sixty-five years, $16,910 for a household with a total of two people who are 65years or older but with no offspring, $25,750 for a household that has four peoples and two children under 18years (Meyer, & Sullivan, 2018). The people's inability to meet their needs does not allow for the development and acquisition of the basic skills and education that can provide a gateway to eradicating poverty among people. The low income causes the household to stagnate in meeting the basic needs and meeting the health, making the low income the fuel to society's poverty rate (Bosch, et al., 2019). The program that includes the microfinancing of the poor cannot eradicate poverty as the funds are used in the business opening, but due to the high level of illiteracy, the basic business skills are lacking in the people making the operation of the business impossible.

Households under the control of single parents are more susceptible to poverty, where most of them are among the working poor, from the aspect of race affecting most single mothers. The cases are more severe in the white and Asian single mothers, black women, Hispanic women living as single mothers and their children, where most poverty cases are observed in the united states (Damaske, Bratter, & Frech, 2017). These poverty cases are associated with racial discrimination to the social stratification with the people’s colour affecting the distribution of the resources and other factors like employment, causing them to be disadvantaged more by the system. Development in the poverty rates among this group is based on the low education levels among the mothers, unemployment cases, and lack of work experience, causing them to experience the highest levels of poverty.

The eradication of the global problem of poverty can be attained by providing employment opportunities to the community to the people's ability.  In the process, the innovation in the mobile phone financial services, among other microfinancing, will help provide the opportunity to the employment of the poor, helping in creating a source of income for the families (Zhang, 2017). The process involves the provision of education to the people to enable them to start and operate a business, thus enabling them to sustain the source of income. in the provision of the education and entrepreneurial opportunity to them, I would help them in the business opportunity identification and implementation to ensure an as successful business. In the process, the education part's implementation will require the people to have the basic skill in operating a business, thus attained through giving them the education on the fields.

References.

Bosch, J., Palència, L., Malmusi, D., Marí-Dell'Olmo, M., & Borrell, C. (2019). The impact of fuel poverty upon self-reported health status among the low-income population in Europe. Housing Studies, 34(9), 1377-1403.

Damaske, S., Bratter, J. L., & Frech, A. (2017). Single mother families and employment, race, and poverty in changing economic times. Social science research, 62, 120-133.

Meyer, B. D., & Sullivan, J. X. (2018). Annual Report on US Consumption Poverty: 2017. American Enterprise Institute.

Zhang, Q. (2017). Does microfinance reduce poverty? Some international evidence. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 17(2).

Morality of sex selection

Different organizations, groups, and individuals have fought to promote equality and abolish oppression in society especially based on gender. As a result, stereotypes and common misconceptions about gender have either been abandoned to create a more gender-neutral society. Potential parents have grown to accept their children regardless of their sex because society has evolved to accept all genders as equal. Despite this, however, some individuals still hold on to ideologies that make it easier to favor one gender over the other. The desire to bear a child or children of specific sex has led to the emergence of sex selection where parents engage in various practices and seek treatments that increase the chances of conceiving either a boy or a girl. Although parents have the right to want children from a specific gender, the processes involved in sex selection have raised various moral and ethical concerns especially because of the impact that the practice has on the child.

Take the case of Lavinia and Sebastian as an example. The couple had hoped to have a son and a daughter but decided to settle for two daughters. The decision was greatly influenced by their inability to conceive after the birth of their youngest child. Financial constraints were also an issue and the couple decided to stop at two daughters after the father lost his job. Despite this decision, however, Lavinia discovered she was pregnant, which rekindled their hope for getting a son. Despite this, however, the couple still had to consider their options because they were already struggling to feed the two children, and adding another one while the husband was still unemployed would make the situation even worse.

Lavinia and Sebastian’s approach when trying to figure out how to handle the introduction of a new child to the family offers a perfect example of the ethical dilemma revolving around sex selection. When discussing the ethics of sex selection, Dickens (2012) argues that the only time sex selection can be considered ethical is when it is done to protect the child from choric hereditary sex-related medical conditions. His argument is based on the belief that sex selection should only be used as a treatment method rather than a tool to increase the likelihood of conceiving a boy or girl. The decision by Lavinia and Sebastian to abort the baby if it is not a boy can be attributed to the misconceptions regarding a child’s gender and the provision of medical practices that allow parents to change a child’s sex out of preference rather than necessity.

The decision to abort the baby if it is not a boy is unethical because it is based on the parent’s desires. Although both parents suggest that financial constraints have contributed to their decision to abort the child, the provision where they are okay with keeping the baby if it is a boy suggests that the financial situation is not as dire as the parents make it seem. According to Steinbock (2002), some parents may opt for sex selection because raising a boy is a different experience compared to raising a girl. Despite the fight to bring about gender equality, Boys are biologically different from women and these differences mean that parents will have different expenses when raising boys compared to girls. In the couple’s case, however, the determining factor is the parent's preference for a boy.

Although the couple is experiencing some financial constraints, their willingness to keep the baby if it is a boy suggests that they can take on the responsibility of raising a third child. Although the expenses for raising a boy may be different from those of a girl, the differences are not significant enough to warrant the decision to abort the child if it is a girl (Steinbock, 2002). It would therefore be unethical to abort the child on the pretense that the expense would be too much for the family to bear especially because the couple has already expressed interest in keeping the child if it’s a boy.

In Lavinia and Sebastian’s case, abortion, or any form of sex selection done to improve the chances that the baby is a boy would be unethical. Other than being adults, the couple was already aware of their financial situation and should have taken more precautions to prevent conception. Furthermore, their willingness to keep the child if it was a boy is enough proof that the decision to abort is based on their preferences rather than any medical or serious conditions that would warrant sex selection or an abortion.

The decision to abort the child is also unethical because it places Lavina’s physician in a compromising condition. As a caregiver, the physician has a responsibility to offer the highest level of care and refrain from any actions that may endanger the lives of the patients under his care (Rhodes, 2020). The physician is therefore required to conduct the test as it is part of offering medical care to the patient. The dilemma however arises from Lavina’s decision to abort the child if it is female, or if the physician refuses to carry out the test to determine the child’s sex. The physician has to make a difficult decision because whatever decision he makes could result in the loss of an innocent child. The physician should however conduct the test and fulfill his role as a caregiver (Rhodes, 2020). Despite the ethical ramification, conducting tests and informing the patient of possible treatment methods is part of the physician’s job description. He should therefore carry out his responsibilities to the best of his abilities and leave the decision whether to keep the baby or abort to the parents.

An argument can be made that the parents are the only ones who fully understand their situation. The decision to abort the child if it is a girl is, therefore, more complex than what society believes should be considered ethical or unethical. The parents have experience raising two daughters and are therefore more aware of what it will mean if the third child is also a girl (Steinbock, 2002). The abortion can therefore be deemed ethical as it would spare the child from the hardships that the parents have already foreseen. Requesting a test from the physician can also be seen as ethical as it simply requires the physician to perform his duties and offer the highest level of care to all patients, regardless of their preferences or ideologies.

Although parents have more knowledge concerning how to raise a child, it does not mean that they will always act in the child’s best interest. Issues such as abortion and parents abandoning their children are some of the examples as to why all decisions concerning the well-being of a child should not be reserved for parents alone (Dickens, 2012). Parents should therefore abide by the same moral and ethical policies that govern society, regardless of their experiences raising children. While Lavinia and Sebastian have the right to abort the child, the freedom does not make their decision ethical as denies the child the opportunity to live. Their decision to abort is also unsatisfactory as they are choosing to end a child’s life for simply being conceived female. Major decisions such as abortions and sex selection should only be carried out as a last resort as a way to discourage discrimination based on gender.

            The topic of abortion is usually sensitive as it involves the life of an innocent whose life hinges on the decisions made by the parents. Before deciding to conceive, parents should understand the full extent of their responsibility as parents instead of seeking out solutions like abortion. Parents must also e ready to raise their children in the best way possible regardless of their gender. Provisions like sex selection should be reserved for extreme situations to prevent their misuse and abuse by irresponsible parents. In the case of Lavina and Sebastian, the test can be conducted but all requests to abort or engage in sex selection until the couple presents a valid reason to warrant such extreme measures. This will force the couple to fulfill their responsibility as parents to take care of the child they conceive instead of denying it the right to live based on gender.

References

Dickens M, (2012) “Can sex selection be ethically tolerated?” J Med Ethics

Rhodes R, (2020) “The trusted doctor: Medical ethics and professionalism” New York:     Oxford University Press

Steinbock B, (2002) “Sex selection: Not obviously wrong” The Hastings Center Report