The Discovery of Rose Theatre

Introduction

The Rose Theatre which originally known as the Rose Playhouse Theatre was built in the year 1587. It was among the five theatres built in London and also the first in Bankside to be built in the course of that year. The theatre was commonly used for vacation attractions which included gaming dens, brothels, as well as bull/bear-baiting arenas. The theatre had been built near Thames, on land which has been recently regained by the river. The land had been initially leased to Philip Henslowe, who was a developer in the year 1585, and in 1587, he had the theatre built on the land by carpenter John Griggs. The paper will consequently delve deeper into the history of the theatre, before finally focusing on the discovery of the theatre.

The history of the theatre had not been recorded until 1592, when Henslowe began keeping a record which he had inherited from his brother. In the same year, Edward Alleyn an actor by profession, married Henslowe’s step daughter, and from that point onwards, the actor associated himself with the theatre and its fortunes. The theatre was octagonal in shape, and was partly thatched, and was also made of timber and plaster on a foundations of bricks. Lord Strange’s men accompanied by some of the Admiral’s men as well as Alleyn the actor resided in the theatre. While residing in the theatre, they presented a number of plays, which included the following, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay by Robert Greene, The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas kyd, The Jew of Malta by Christopher Marlowe, and Henry VI Part 1 by William Shakespeare (The Rose Playhouse, n.p).  Sussex’s men resided in the theatre for a year while giving the Titus Andronicus as they first performance by Shakespeare.

In 1600, Rose theatre was facing a stiff competition from the newly built Globe Theatre, while it was in a bad condition, which required renovations. Henslowe had moved north of the city by this time where he had constructed a new theatre which was popularly known as the Fortune. On the other hand, Rose theatre remained operational until the expiration of Henslowe’s lease in the year 1605, whereby it was demolished afterwards (The Rose Playhouse, n.p). After the demolition of Rose theatre, much of its story was somehow forgotten and until the construction of the Dulwich College, when the recorded materials were discovered. It was not until 1989 when the remains of the theatre were discovered.

Alleyn would later on in 1619 found the College of God’s Gift which is currently known as Dulwich College, where most of Henslowe’s papers as well as accounts had survived. The book provides details of the expenses of constructing the theatre from 1592 (The Rose Playhouse, n.p). In addition, it also provides details of the plays afterwards staged there, of the audiences that they fascinated and even buttresses and costumes. Together, the Dulwich records comprise a uniquely rich source for study of the Elizabeth stage, enabling the establishment of the history of the theatre in far and also greater facet as compared to any other current playhouse.

The discovery of the well preserved archaeology was exposed in1989 in the course of a routine fact-finding excavation held in the intermission between site clearance and re-development of an office block. This led made the theatre a significant international news story, and the site also led to the attraction of thousands and thousands of visitors. A campaign dubbed ‘Save the Rose’ and safeguard it from revitalisation was hurled with enthusiastic support intellectuals, the members of the public, as well as most popular artists including the likes of Lord Olivier, who gave his final speech on behalf of the theatre. Following improvement up to the 1950s was adequately non-intrusive to allow a remarkably high degree of archaeological existence, in spite of the comparatively flimsy nature of the theatres construction, the location of the theatre which was near a marshy river helped in preserving the theatre organically.

The “save the Rose” campaign was endorsed by the acting theatre community who believed and wished the Rose theatre needed to be preserved (Trueman, n.p). Actors such as Sir Laurence Olivier gathered support from renowned actors all over the world in a bid to campaign for the area to be considered an archaeological site. In addition, Dustin Hoffman an American actor also flew to London from the US in order to witness the excavation of the Rose and to also offer his support. The acting community has been strongly advocating for the site to be preserved as an archaeological site, hence the site should not be used for other purposes rather than for the remembrance of the theatre as a historical site.

The government has the authority to stop the development and preserve the Rose through asserting it a reserved ancient monument. Nonetheless, this is not the case, based on the amount of money which will be required to compensate the developer, making it to reconsider its move. Originally, archaeologists had been given small extensions to carry on with the excavations. From time to time, campaigners would gather outside the site of the building, closing with all-night watch in 1989 as a means of turning away building service providers (Trueman, n.p). The campaign’s efforts proved successful and archaeologists were given six more months to continue with the excavation, whereby the new building which was to be erected was halted in order to allow for the preservation of the Rose underneath, where people are able to visit and see it up to date.

The developer together with the government had spent more than £11m on additional archaeological examination and reshaped the new building to house the theatre (Trueman, n.p). As most archaeologists had noted, if a valuation had taken place before planning authorisation was approved, the contractor could have made plans for the archaeological work and possible building modifications. After a year, the government came up with new planning direction, which essentially changed the role of archaeologists. Under the first-hand regulation together with its ensuing replacements, archaeology became part of the planning process. Site valuations by archaeological professionals before the planning permission became the norm.

The part of the site was available for investigation in the year 1988, following the demolition of the Southbridge House which had been built in the 1950s. The archaeologist has consequently discovered three quarters of the of the theatres ground foundation in May 1989, the archaeologist were from the Museum of London (Trueman, n.p). The discovery signposted that the Rose which had been built in 1587 was slightly smaller, and irregular in structure based on a fourteen sided polygon geometry. The foundation of the theatre which was composed of chalk and stone for both inner and outer walls survived as well as some parts of brickwork. The theatres yard was composed of a mortar flow which slanted down towards the stage, apparently to enable audiences at the back an unhindered view and to enable drain since the theatre had been built on a wet area which was frequently covered in water from the river.

The stage’s position had been clearly demarcated and a large timber box-drain which was essential for carrying water away to the north of the theatre had also subsisted. In addition, the remnants of a tiled floor from a smaller distinct building were also found in the southwest corner of the site. This seemed to have been an existing site which had been initially mentioned in a catering contract of the year 1587 (Foakes, n.p). Which had been planned by John Cholmley who was a grocer, for the purpose of serving his catering operations. Similarly, evidence of considerable later modifications to the stage and the northern half other theatre, extending the shape of the amphitheatre to take a flat oval shape in the plan.

All the small objects discovered which were than 700 in number, from the Rose theatre have been stored in the Museum of London in innumerable stages of preservation and display (Trueman, n.p). These objects included jewellery, tokens, coins, and wreckages of the moneyboxes which were used in the collection of money at the entrance from the audience. Nonetheless, the remaining third which was on the eastern side could not be explored in 1989 owing to the fact that it had been occupied by the City of London’s Technical Service Depot. When Rose court was constructed over the site of the theatre, the devoted underground room space offered for the future display of archaeology of The Rose that protracted eastwards so as to integrate the supposed area of the theatre itself. Nonetheless, it did not consist of the original eastern borderline of the Little Rose Estate, which is situated within the space between the eastern wall of the display space and the western side of the Southwark bridge approach ramp, inside the remaining area of the city’s Storehouse. A trial which was undertaken in the year 2001 by the RTT in collaboration with the city and financed by English Heritage exposed a share of the original border ditch and recommended that the level of the archaeological survival on this side of the theatre site up to and also including the trench is a as complete and possibly as important as the existence to the west designated by the 1989 excavation (Fitzpatrick, n.p). English Heritage is however on the lookout for the enlargement of the perimeter of the Scheduled Monument to integrate this area.

At the moment, the theatre can offer the visitor with a lot of information concerning its life in the ages of between 1587 and 1603. Red rope lights on the site are significant for the indication of the size of the theatre, as well as its courtyard and the location of the two stages. The lights also provide a viewing platform, this display is not only about the rose but also it is also about the area of the Bankside which it had occupied later in 1959 to early 1600s (Foakes, n.p). The site provides inspiration to actors in the same way as it did for more than four hundred years ago. There are significant events together with performances all through the year that are responsible for making use of the theatres unique space.

The discovery of the Rose theatre is not only significant to actors but also to the general public. In as much as contemporary constituents in an inner city may not see the need of preserving ruins, the runs are of great importance. The theatre symbolizes the ancient culture of the United Kingdom, through the way they carried out different roles through the plays which were acted in the theatre. Moreover, it also encourages young actors to remain focused on their course, for the reason that their talent may be of help to them in the near future. On the other hand, a lot of information concerning the culture in London in 15^th century, since recorded information about the flow of events while the theatre was in operation were discovered. The discovery of the theatre also showed its links to Shakespeare, even though the site hand lost sight for more than 350 years after its construction (Trueman, n.p). Most of the things discovered from the excavation were taken to the museum, where they will be used to tell future generations about the past events, how the culture changed, and how it relates to the current culture. The Rose theatre is also believed to be the fifth purpose stage to be built in London and where a number of performances took place. This information was also discovered from the remains of the recorded information which made it easier to understand what transpired in the early years.

In as much as the site is maintained as a historical site, the site is still in danger of being developed. The proposed neighbourhood Planning and Infrastructure Bill could be the reason for the development of the site. The bill advocates for the construction of 250,000 new homes each year, as a means of speeding up the planning process through reducing delays occasioned by pre-commencement planning conditions (Morris,, n.p). As a matter of fact, if the bill is passed into law, the archaeological site will be in danger of construction, and all the efforts put by the campaigners would be in vain. The developers would also lose a lot of money, since they had already invested huge amounts of money in order to aid in the excavation.

Conclusion

The discovery of the Rose theatre offers a significant source of information concerning the activities which place in London in the periods of between 1500s-1600s. Moreover, the site is also significant as it aids in understanding the events which took place in the theatre. The theatre also explains the significance of actors and how they dominated London through different plays. The theatre which was majorly managed by Alleyn also featured Shakespeare’s play among other plays. The competition between theatres in the UK was also stiff, since Rose theatre faced competition from Globe Theatre, which meant that acting was a major form of entertainment during that people in England, and through acting actors could be able to showcase their prowess.

Work Cited

The Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica. Rose Theatre: Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. March 30 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rose-Theatre-London

Fitzpatrick, Tim. Playwright, Space and Place in Early Modern Performance: Shakespeare and Company. , 2016. Internet resource.

The Rose Playhouse. In its Prime: The Rose Playhouse Banksides first Tudor Theatre. 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.roseplayhouse.org.uk/discover/the-history/

Foakes, R.A. 'The Discovery of the Rose Theatre: Some Implications.' Shakespeare Survey 43 (1990): 141–8.

Gurr, Andrew. The Shakespearean Stage, 1574–1642. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009.

Trueman, Matt. Elizabethan Rose theatre set to bloom again: The Guardian. 2016;. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/jul/16/rose-theatre-redevelopment-plans

            Joffie, Linda. Defending the Rose, Where Shakespeare Acted – Maybe: The Christian Science Monitor. 1989. Retrieved from: https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0606/lrose.html

            Morris, James. Archaeologists saved Shakespeare's Rose theatre – but planning reform could threaten future discoveries: City Metric. 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.citymetric.com/horizons/archaeologists-saved-shakespeares-rose-theatre-planning-reform-could-threaten-future

The New Globe Theatre

The Globe Theater is one of the famous theatres in London. Although there were various theatres where actors could perform, restrictions imposed around the time it was operating made it difficult for plays similar to the ones by Shakespeare to be hosted. Shakespeare had been working with the Lord Chamberlain’s Men and even contributed some money towards the construction of the globe. His contribution was used to construct the theatre and this made him a chief shareholder in the company. Through the theatre, Shakespeare and other actors a platform to showcase their work and make profits and also ensured that Shakespeare benefited from the company profits. Being a first of its kind, Shakespeare and others in the globe’s management team had to overcome various challenges. Although the Globe Theatre’s history is full of challenges and occurrences that threatened to bring its operations to an end, the effort and determination put by the management to keep the theatre running is an indication of how far hard work and commitment can take those who refuse to give up.

            The major reason behind the decision to build the Globe Theatre was because Shakespeare’s company and other actors could not showcase their work in the special theatres built within the city. The theatres had special features such as roofed facilities and other amenities that made performing there better than any other theater (Gurr, 2019. An example of this is the first amphitheater that was successful in the city and was referred to as The Theatre. When the lease for the land that the theatre was built on was about to expire, a new theatre was built in Blackfriars and it served as its replacement (Gurr, 2019). The restriction on who could perform in the theatre came as a result of requests made by the wealthy class in Blackfriars to restrict access to specific people.

            From its origin story, the Globe Theatre has been a symbol of triumph and achievements made through commitment and sacrifice. Restricting access to some actors and denying others, especially in theatres located within the city put placed those locked out at a disadvantage (Fogg, 2016). Performers relying on their art to earn a living had to struggle to find a theatre to showcase their work. Even when one was available, the location was often remote and could not offer the same opportunities offered to those who could showcase their work in theatres located in city centers. In addition, the artists got more exposure and could therefore benefit more from their work.

            The theatre stood as a representation of the impact that society and its ideologies had on people both direct and indirectly. The wealthy in society had managed to build theatres that were used to suit their interests more than to entertain. They therefore blocked entry to some plays and in so doing, limited the amount of exposure that society got. This made it easier for them to maintain their control and power as there was little that could be done to overthrow them (Dutton, 2018). The Globe Theater however sought a different approach. It was a theatre built by people in the industry of acting and therefore understood more the hardships that actors had to endure. It stood as an icon of what commitment can achieve. Instead of giving up on plays and acting, Lord Chamberlain’s Men decided to beat the odds and start up their own theatre (Fogg, 2016). Once finished, the style of management, popularity among actors and the audience and the determination to fulfill their objective made it possible to not only build a theatre, but show actors that any challenge can be overcome.

            In 1598, Lord Chamberlain’s Men decided to bring about change and decided to build a theatre of their own (Dutton, 2018). Their project encountered great obstacles even in the initial stages. Two of the people contributing funds for opening the new theatre was held up. These were Cuthbert and Richard whose money was inaccessible due to the issue with the Blackfriar’s. this pushed Lord Chamberlain’s Men to approach Shakespeare and four more actors who would become co-owners once the theatre was complete (Forward & Wijngaard, 2005). The management also had to change their original plan to build an indoor theatre in the city and instead took on a more traditional approach. Since the old playhouse was the major asset owned by Lord Chamberlain’s Men, they decided to dismantle and steal some of the timber to build the skeleton for the new building.

            The challenges faced when trying to source funds to start the Globe Theatre did little to affect its performance. The first decade of operation saw the theatre become a favorite for theatre goers and performers alike. In 1608, the company had enough following to create demand for the theatre and construct it using the initial plans (Forward & Wijngaard, 2005). The theatre was able to construct the open air globe style and it was commonly used in the summer while the roofed globe operated during the winter. The management was not only able to overcome the constraints during the initial phase, they also managed to create something that was in great demand in society during that time.

            Success for the Globe Theatre has usually been followed by major catastrophe’s, some of which led to the destruction of the theatre. An example of this is when the theatre burnt down in flames after an accident involving a cannon set the thatch on fire, burning down the theatre. The accident occurred when the theatre was still popular and was doing rather well (Robson, 2014). It was also the time when the Blackfriars had become more popular and was doing better than the Globe Theatre. The increase in profit was however as a result of the high prices charged to customers despite it being relatively smaller. The decision to hike prices in order to make more profits was common as businesses were more interested in making profits. Unlike the Lord Chamberlain’s men who sought to create an ideal environment for plays, organizations often exploited the people in an attempt to meet their objectives (Fogg, 2016). Hiked prices were therefore common and theatres like Blackfrair could rely on their popularity to influence prices. The Globe Theatre was however different as it was more concerned with providing a platform for actors to showcase their work. Instead of hiking prices, members of the company decided to contribute money from their personal savings to keep the theatre operational.

            The Globe Theater also set the standards when it came to determining the theatre designs, some of which are still used today. The first design for the globe was built using designs borrowed from the original theatre that existed in its location in 1576 (Gurr, 2019). The new theatre was unique because it was the first theatre built specifically to meet the needs of an existing company owned by the people in charge of building the new theatre. The arrangement of props and other tools needed for the plays gave an experience that was different from other theatres, and sometimes even better (Gurr, 2019). Plays for instance were conducted in the afternoons to take advantage of daylight as it made actions on stage easier to see as well as setting the mood. It also made it possible for the audience to sit round the stage instead of just in front and this allowed for a bigger audience.

             The New Globe Theatre also borrows from the design used by the other theatres reconstructed. The size, shape and decorations borrow from the old design and while there are slight differences, the theatre bears close resemblance to others put up in its place. Various changes have however been introducing as a result of the various changes in society (Dutton, 2018). The doorway and staircases for instance were built a little bit bigger to meet the requirements of fire and safety regulations. The number of entrances leading into the yard were also increased, conduits for electric wiring were introduced and sprinklers were added to the theatre to help in the case of a fire.

            The changes are also as a result of the blueprint that the builders were working on. When the foundation for the globe were discovered in 1989 after the globe was destroyed. The reconstruction of the New Globe Theatre gained momentum in 1970 when Sam Wanamaker started the globe play-house trust to help fund rebuilding the globe. Reconstructing the theatre was a fulfillment of his longtime desire as it was a symbol of inspiration to him. The thirty_five year old Ukranian however faced a lot of challenges among which was lack of resources. A lot of capital was needed to fund the project and pay researchers to identify the exact location and details on the previous theatre. However, only part of the theatre foundation was retrieved and this forced the builders to improvise (Gurr, 2019). The planned sides for the globe for instance were changed from the intended 24 to 20 and the polygon was erected to 30 meters (Gurr, 2019). Architects and scholars examined old buildings of a similar structure to come up with ideas on the nature of the structure, what style to use, the interior type and the appropriate roofing. The Globe Theatre is a representation of the power than an idea can have throughout history. Partial remnants of a foundation made it possible for architects to rebuild something that had long been thought forgotten (Forward & Wijngaard, 2005). Similarly, drama and plays can trigger the same effect on the audience and Shakespeare and his team wanted to ensure that this power retained with the people, not a select few who were more focused on personal gain that the growth of stage acting.

            An argument can be made that the decision to reconstruct the new Globe Theatre as a replica of the old one is as a way of paying tribute to Shakespeare and teach others important lessons through his plays. The Globe was built by Lord Chamberlain’s men, Shakespeare and a few actors. The globe was therefore designed and intended to offer a platform where the actors could reach their audience through plays for various purposes such as entertaining and informing the public (Robson, 2014). Reconstructing it in the same way acts as a reminder to anyone who is keen enough to want to learn about its history as this will eventually lead to information about the people who built the globe originally, the type of plays that were hosted there, and what the theatre generally stood for (Robson, 2014). Even with all the challenges throughout its history, the globe retains its influence and commands a following as it still stands as a representation of hard work and devotion. The various occurrences where the theatre was brought down, burnt to ashes are a testament of how something can rise up to become relevant even after its destruction.

The New Globe Theatre is a perfect example of how far something as small as an idea can go when backed by perseverance and hard work. The installation of sprinklers for instance is an improvement as a lesson learnt from previous mistakes when the theatre broke down. Borrowing the original design and incorporating new features adds on to this state of progress and evolution. The old design can be seen as a symbolic gesture to appreciate all the efforts made in the past to give actors a place to showcase their work. Retaining it can be interpreted as an indication of the theatre retaining the policies and principles that were sought after when Shakespeare and Lord Chamberlain’s men. The addition of new features is therefore an indication of the ovulation of stage acting and theatre. While the acts of people like Shakespeare created the foundation where drama and stage theatre is built on, contributions from other actors is relevant even today. The act of building and rebuilding the new globe theatre is therefore an example of all the effort that has been put in place to bring drama and stage theatre to the point it is at today.

References

Dutton, R. (2018). Shakespeare's theatre: A history. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Fogg, N. (2016). The Globe: Shakespeare's London theatre. Stroud: Amberley.

Forward, T., & Wijngaard, J. (2005). Shakespeare's Globe: An interactive pop-up theatre. Cambridge (Mass.: Candlewick Press.

Gurr A, (2019) “Globe Theatre” Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved from,             https://www.britannica.com/topic/Globe-Theatre/The-design-of-the-Globe

Robson, D. (2014). Shakespeare's Globe Theater. Reference Point Press

             Movie Review           

            Sound and Fury 2000 is a film that deals with the tales of two family members. The first family deals with Peter and Nina having a deaf girl called Heather Artinian. Although the two parents are deaf, we came to realized that Peter is one of the members of the anti-implant community. As the film unfolds, we realized that Heather Artinian had decided to undergo the perceived medical procedure so as to obtain a cochlear implant. The reason for that is because she desired have an opportunity to converse to hearing individuals. Ideally, she was ultimately interested in hearing any sound that is produced, whether from an animal or any moving object, and so on.

            The film also deals with Chris Artinian as peter’s brother and Maria his wife. As the film continues to unfold, we came to realize that Maria and Chris do not have any hearing difficulties. Despite that, when the two parents conceived a deaf son, they decided to consult a doctor about getting a cochlear implant for him. According to the views of the doctor, it was advisable for their child to undergo such a procedure as soon as possible so that he can have the potential to develop normal hearing and speaking skills.

            Nevertheless, although Nina and Peter became somehow receptive about such an idea, her wife ended up losing enthusiasm about such a medical procedure. Nina had initially desired to have the same procedure done to her. But because of her old age, she realized that she was not going to benefit from it. Together with the doctrines held by Peter, they concluded that their daughter Heather was not going to receive such an implant. According to their views, it was important to give their daughter time to grow and decide for herself, whether to get the implant or not. Such reasoning is what made Peter’s to consider him an abusing parent. The differences in personal opinions and reasoning basically resulted into widespread family confrontations.

Personal argument

            Considering the views of the characters of this film, it is evident that deaf culture is one of the complicating factors that arise. Furthermore, the social and emotional bond amongst non-hearing individuals who utilize American Sign Language is what makes such people to keep on cherishing their silent world. The reason for that is because they perceive it as worth preserving. For instance, the eagerness of Peter and Nina’s daughter to jump into obtaining a cochlear implant sounds like she is betraying them. Although her mother knows the truth that such an implant will be beneficial to their daughter continues to get older, she still opposes her views. 

            Conversely, it can be argued that personal choice needs to be respected. The social, political, or cultural organization that a person comes from should not deter another person from making personal choices. As in the case of Heather Artinian’s it is important for them to understand that individual physical disadvantage is not something that must be celebrated upon. What this implies is the fact that it is unethical or illegal for parents to keep their children away from the hearing world. Furthermore, because of their experiences and opinions, it is absurd to let deaf sound like something so beautiful.  Parents with hearing impairments should not take that advantage of rearing their children within the circles of separatist subculture.

Reference

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXNrqKPsac0

Literary analysis about film “Run Lola Run”

 Life is full of many crucial moments and the film portrays how decisions making is an important process in life.  In other words, the film is about choices and the greatest part of it is that decision have great effects on individual life and well as on other people’s lives.  ‘Run Lola Run’ is a film about Lola who tries to save her boyfriend (Manni).  Manni’s boss expects 100,000marks but he forgets the money on the train.  He calls Lola and ask her to help him find the money.  Although Lola has a strong sense of love towards Manni, the film goes beyond   love-bond to   demonstrate   the effect of decision and fate.  From the film, we learn that Lola makes many decisions within a short time frame.  She engages in many things out of her control. In many situations, she breaks the rule or in other words she focus on fulfilling her will.  The purpose of this paper is to   analyze the literary analysis of ‘Run Lola Run’. It is important to understand that literacy analysis is the process of analyzing the elements of literature and examining their meaning. The film has all narrative elements. These include the event, time, cause and effects, plot, theme, character, and other literacy devices that reveals that smallest decisions can change one’s life as well as the lives of others.

Theme

            The film represents many themes that helps the reader understand the deeper meaning of the movie. For example, the film reveals the theme of chance to show that Lola has the freedom as well as the opportunity to make decisions (Whalen, 2000).  The theme of chance is also portrayed in gambling.  Lola is involved in a game of chance and this affects her life in that she is shot by the police though she never die.  This theme of chance also means that chance have consequences, both good and bad.

Decision and fate

            The film reveals that individual are influenced by choices, circumstances and actions.    Lola’s actions do not only affect her life but their affect the lives of other beings.    It is important to note that Lola exercising power to overcome troubles (TUNALI, 2011).  For example, while Lola and Manni are sleeping, Lola thinks about the Manni, her love toward him, and how to save his life.   From the theme of decisions and after, the film reveals that life is controlled by timing, and desire for fulfillment.

 Ignorance

 From the film, human beings   are ignorant of themselves or rather their true identity.  Nevertheless, it is hard to understand our origins as well our destiny since the reality of truth of life is concealed (TUNALI, 2011).   It is important for individuals to ask “who are we”, “what do we know” among other question to examine ourselves.  Such questions will help understand the true knowledge. For example, Lola does not know that she is a biological child to her father.  She is not aware that her mother is alcoholic (TUNALI, 2011).  She ignorantly seeks support from her father only to be rejected.  The father is interests with hos concerns and plans and ignores the interest of others.  In general, the characters thinks they know but the reality is that they lack the truth about themselves.  Thus, it is important for individual to gain realization to understand their identity.

 Feminism

 One can say that that Run Lola Run is a feminist film.  This is because, women are featured not only as women but also as realistic characters (Calhoun, 2013). Lola does not accept to be under the male dominion but she is a heroine.  She focus on fulfilling her interest   and she acts according to what she thinks.  In the film, Lola resist the stereotypes. In fact, her physical appearance such as her hair and clothes shows that she does not conform   to the social norms.  Even her attributes are seen as deviance by the society, she remains to be loyal and reliable (Lebow, 2015).   In most cases, men are seen to be strong and dominant but in this case, Lola is a strong woman than Mann.  Note that Man fears his boss and regards him as ruthless and cruel.   Unlike Mann, Lola challenges the social stereotypes and show the society that she want to achieve the best ending.

 Relationships

            The theme of relationship is revealed the film.  Lola begs her father to    assist her so that she can save her boyfriend from danger.  A point to note that relationship is not between Lola and Manni but there is relationship issues between Lola and her family (Bizzocchi, 2005).  Her father does not give her money but she tells Lola that he is not her biological father (Bizzocchi, 2005).  In the second scenario, she says that “Come one, Help me. Please... (Bizzocchi, 2005). This shows that she is   struggling to manipulate her world.  Lola is a superpower with specialized abilities such as her ability to think,   and her level of endurance.  Her feminist power play significant role in protecting Manni from losing his life.

Game theory

 The film ‘Run Lola Run’ can be related with game theory. This is because, Lola and Minna engage in interaction which putting into consideration possible outcomes.  Lola is a situation where she has a responsibility to fulfill certain roles (Bizzocchi, 2005).  She engages in dangerous situation n to ensure that Mann is not in danger.  The purpose of including theory in the analysis is show that Lola and Minna are in a social situation but they are making independent decisions.  However, the decisions on one individual affect the life of the other

 Time

 Times plays a significant role in the film in revealing the limited twenty minutes.   The reader learns about the life of Lola and Manni within 20 minutes (TUNALI, 2011).  The film teaches that time or every minute is important and every decisions made can have a great effect on life.  It is important to note that with limited time, one can make small things or can make little decisions (TUNALI, 2011).  However, this is different with what Lola does with her time in that within 20 minutes, she thinks where to get the money, deliver the money, among other things to ensure that she saves the life of her boyfriend.  She has less time but she continues to run until she catches up.

 Setting/ location

The setting is very important as it helps understand the narrative. Run Lola Run is set in many areas.  In other words, the characters’ actions while in different locations.  For example,  Lola  goes  to  the bank to meet her father,  Lola and Manni  will meet in Lola’s room,  Lola enters in  a casino and plays  rouletee,  and  Minna robs money from the supermarket (Tumarkin, 2005).  These locations helps understand how the actions as well as decisions cause negative effective to individual life as well to others lives.

Character

 Lola is the protagonist and whose actions reflects the film’s title ‘Run Lola Run’.  In most cases, Men are the protagonist and there are depicted struggling to the life of female characters (Tumarkin, 2005). However, in the novel ‘Run Lola Run’, Lola is an independent character. She is not only a hero but a superhero.  She relies upon himself given that her father   abandons her.  Lola goes beyond the social norms when she enters the casino (Tumarkin, 2005).  Note that she is seen as the odd one out but she does not comfort to the older traditions and values.  She alters the world and changes the environments.

Visual images

 The visuals images the film helps the reader detect the power of post modernism.  For example, color red represents essential message while color red communicates about liberty (Tumarkin, 2005).   The color of the hair symbolizes   disobedience and independence.  The film has circles and spirals that represents a dominant message Msisconceptions and worry. Tykwer also uses language and it play a significant role in communicating the unique experiences of the characters.

Conclusion

            The film ‘Run Lola Run’ contains imaginative recreations that the audiences use to derive engaging and find solutions to problems.  The film has various visual techniques to reveals the meaning. The images and symbols play a significant role in depicting the ideas and themes. For example, motifs such as clocks, red, spirals, time, and other things play a fundamental role in the film.  All these elements have a literacy meaning. All in all, the film engages the audiences   especially through the use of different devices.  Another important thing that the audience can detect from the film is that it is different from Hollywood file.  In most cases, Hollywood film contains a false reality but Run Lola Run moves from naturalistic conventions.

References

Calhoun, S. (2013). Female Representation and the Game in Lola Rennt (Doctoral dissertation).

Whalen, T. (2000). Run Lola Run. Film Quarterly (ARCHIVE), 53(3), 33.

Bizzocchi, J. (2005, May). Run, Lola, Run-Film as Narrative Database. In Conference conducted at the

4th Media In Transition Conference of the Massachutes Institute of Technology, Massachutes,

MA.

Lebow, L. (2015). 'Run Lola run': Celebrating uncertainty. Metaphor, (2), 50.

TUNALI, F. S. (2011). ANALYSING RUN LOLA RUN: MIXED, INTERACTIVEdLIKE BUT LIMITED,

COMPLEX, CHAOTIC AND UNSTABLE, THUS TECHNICALLY PERFECT1. IMAGE, TIME AND

MOTION, 48.

Tumarkin, M. M. (2005). Traumascapes: The power and fate of places transformed by tragedy.

Melbourne Univ. Publishing.

The Need to Obtain Malpractice Insurance Policy

In the current healthcare sector, medical malpractice insurance is one of the common policies that are taken by employers to cover themselves as well as their employees. The policy is aimed to cover lawsuit costs whenever they are claimed. However, nurses face several myths surrounding professional liability insurance, which prevents them from taking their policies. From the period I was employed, I have seen some of my colleagues sued for medical malpractice even in cases where the allegations are unfounded. This paper will discuss my intentions of having the cover and the reasons behind it.

It is a myth to claim that physicians are the only ones who are sued for cases of malpractice. Besides, the trend which indicated that physicians are sued more than the nurses has shifted recently with the number of cases involving nursing practitioners rising rapidly. This has been linked with the current recognition of individual contribution to care plans as well as accountability in the part of nurses (Pohlman, 2019). This, together with the possibility of being sued for malpractice based on their decisions and actions for patient care. Thus, it is not just a physician who gets sued; nurses also face those challenges which, therefore, which makes me consider to take my cover just in case.

Besides, employee coverage has a lot of gaps, and it cannot cover all the risks associated with being sued. The fact is that it addresses the interests of the employer primarily (Oliver, 2016). For example, incidences that result in a lawsuit and fall outside the job description or those not within the policy inclusion might result in the failure of the employer to defend you. Also, the employer policy will not cover cases that are filed after termination or resignation (Pohlman, 2019). In other cases, the employer can also file a counterclaim against you when it finds out that you are responsible for the liability they face. Therefore, it is possible to find yourself no covered after all; hence, an employer’s policy is not reliable.

Furthermore, I once believed that you could also be sued when you make a mistake, but it is not the case. Anyone can sue you when he/she believes that you are responsible for certain patient outcomes, even in cases where they are not correct. Besides, a client who has not suffered any harm can still sue you to win a settlement (Pohlman, 2019). Unfortunately, you will incur costs whether the lawsuit has merit or not. However, the good thing with malpractice insurance is that it offers protection against financial ruin that can come in from the case and thus, offering peace of mind.

Besides, having your own malpractice insurance has also a lot of benefits, which includes being given an attorney who will represent your specific needs. In other policies, you are even allowed to choose your attorney. Additionally, being covered by both personal and employer’s policies will enable the firms to coordinate benefits, representation, and settlement of any payments (Correll & Correll, 2018). Other benefits that are not usually in employer’s policy include first-aid expenses, coverage for insult, license protection benefits, and property damage. With all this, I have no doubts about going for the individual policy.

Conclusively, malpractice insurance for nurses is something essential in the current health sector to avoid unexpected frustrations. Several myths are present concerning the issue, but its close consideration will create the need to have a personal cover. Therefore, the benefits and the intentions of being on the safe side are the driving force for me taking the cover.

References

Correll, R., & Correll, R. (2018, December 11). When Should You Get Your Own Malpractice Insurance?: Berxi™. Retrieved from https://www.berxi.com/resources/articles/when-to-get-your-own-malpractice-insurance/.

Oliver, R. (2016, April 18). Should Nurses Consider Medical Malpractice Insurance, Too? Retrieved from https://minoritynurse.com/should-nurses-consider-medical-malpractice-insurance-too/.

Pohlman, K. J. (2019, October 2). Why you need your own malpractice insurance. Retrieved from https://www.americannursetoday.com/need-malpractice-insurance/.

 Abstract

            The “Beauty and the Beast” is alive action version illustrating the story of a vain or hopeless prince Dan Stevens who is bewitched by an enchantress Hattie Morahan. The effect of that curse ended up making him to live a life of a beast in a lonely enchanted castle as one of the means of making him to understand the effect of making value judgments based on personal appearance.  Love is the only way to lift his curse regardless of his beastly appearance. This in return sets up the stage for beast interaction with Maurice (Kevin Kline) the merchant who wanders into the enthralled castle. Before leaving, he decided to give his daughter Belle (Emma Watson) the rose he had promised her but unfortunately he became imprisoned in the enchanted castle for stealing the rose. The only person who finally decides to rescue Maurice from the Beast is her daughter. Although what follows next is a problematic romance as she fail in love with the Beast, the curse is finally broken (Trice & Holland, 2001). 

Clip 1: Maurice being chased by the wolves and later imprisoned by the Beast

            In this scene, when Maurice and Phillippe were on their way to the far, they got lost in the forest. As they tried to get down to a dark path, they encountered wolves and bats. In the process of assisting Phillippe to control their horse, it threw them off and runs away. After recovering from his fall, he shows the wolves approaching and run down the cliff with them wolves chasing him. Fortunately, he shows a gate from a distance and decided to seek rescue there. Although he did not have any idea that it belonged to the Beast, he managed to open it and shut it before the wolves could tear him apart. Once inside, he called for help and he was shown to the Beast’s guestroom. Although he tried to explain to the Beast about what he encountered in the forest, he was locked by the Beast in the dungeon. The reason for that is because the beast thought that he had come to stare at him (Trice & Holland, 2001). 

Significance of the visual effect used: while in the dark forest, it was important to use the real world as well as the fierce noise of the wolves so as to make the viewers to be part of what was transpiring there. From the perspectives of the filmmaker, the need to build a huge front balcony that connects to the front of the castle with night thunderstorm and lightening was to enable the intended audience to have a picture of how it astonishing it appeared to be for Maurice after escaping the wolves (Stephen, 2014).

Clip 2: The singing of the song “Something There” by Belle

            Analysis: As the movie continues to unfold, this song is heard halfway during the scene in which the Beast and Belle had started acknowledging the feelings or affection of each other. Contextually, the essence of this song can be identified as dramatizing the partnership of the two. By directing us to the musical sequence, first, the Beast decided to surprise Belle by introducing her to his library before learning to dine together. As the scene continued, Belle and the Beast started not to let their negative perceptions about one’s appearance and started appreciating their inner qualities. It is this scenario that enabled them to slowly open up to each other (Trice & Holland, 2001). 

Significance of visual effects used: in this clip, the frame enlargement of the Beast with his whole body covered with fur and wearing several clothing aids the viewers to perceive his true nature.  Likewise, bringing the dining table to life and the smooth singing of the song, “something There” enables the intended audience to develop a mental picture of what was transpiring in the mind of Belle and the Beast. Thus, the reason to why these visual effects and others inside the enchanted castle by the filmmakers is to ensure that they have created a real word as well as ensure that the characters have appeared as they were supposed to look like (Stephen, 2014).

Clip 3: Maurice seeking help from the villagers after being freed by her daughter from the beast

            After Maurice is freed by her daughter from the dungeon, she decided to use a horseless carriage to send him back to the village. After arriving, he went to the local tavern to ask for help from Gaston and the villager. Unfortunately, he did not get the help he wanted to free her daughter from the Beast. Believing that Maurice has gone crazy, they threw him out thus giving Gaston an idea of how to marry Belle. After being freed from the asylum, he decided to plan on how to free his daughter without the help of the villagers.

Significance of visual effect used: After arriving at the town and meeting with the villagers, the use of their facial expression and the eyeline matching is what assists the filmmaker to let the audience understand how Maurice was disappointed whilst considering him insane from the Beast tales he was telling them.  It became easier to illustrate what each one of them was thinking about him (Stephen, 2014).

Clip 4: Freeing Maurice from the asylum and the villagers’ plan to attack the beast

            After declining to marry Gaston, Belle used the magic mirror he took from the beast to prove to the villagers that her father was not insane. Finally, Maurice is set free because they understood that he was telling the truth.  Later, Gaston manages to convince them that the Beast is extremely dangerous and decided to come up with a plan to attack it. After locking Maurice and her daughter in the cellar, they are luckily freed by Chip through the use of Maurice’s invention. They rode back to the castle on Philippe (Trice & Holland, 2001). 

Significance of visual effect used: for the filmmaker, the use of dim night light, the frame enlargement of Belle and Gaston aid the audience to have a clear picture of how both were not in agreement about the Existence of the Beast. Moreover, once Belle showed them the mirror with the Beast in it, the gestural and the facial components of acting used aid the audience to develop a mental picture about what could have happened while she was in the castle, how the Beast looks like, and the compare it with the real life circumstances, situations, and emotions (Stephen, 2014).

Conclusion

            Each film ultimately requires unique sets of visual effects. Therefore, from the perspectives of this movie, the use of various textures, paintings, color variations, modeled objects, facial anatomy, and many more others is what assist the viewers to understand what was likely to happen next or what is in the mind of the characters. Moreover, the concept of the artwork used in this movie enables the viewers to invite a clear comparison of each scene and what happens in the real world (Stephen, 2014).

                                                            Reference

Stephen, P. (2014). Movies and Meaning: An Introduction to Film. Pearson Education Limited

Trice, A. D., & Holland, S. A. (2001). Heroes, Antiheroes and Dolts: Portrayals of Masculinity in American Popular Films, 1921-1999. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.

Sociological analysis of the film ‘Legally Blonde’

‘Legally Blonde’ is a movie that narrates the life of Elle Woods the main female character who struggles to prove to the society around her and to herself that she is intelligent and capable as everyone else. Her journey begins when her long-time boyfriend Warner breaks up with her claiming that she was not courageous and intelligent enough for his political aspiration in the future (Luketic, scene 1). Elle hence makes it her mission to win him back by working hard to prove to him that she was capable.

The film can be defined to feminism based in that it helps to show the challenges that Elle as a feminine character have to work so hard to prove that she is just as proficient as the men and the other women who displayed masculine traits. Even though she loves to dress up in pink and always loves to look beautiful, she joins law school to show that she is also intelligent. Prejudicism in the society that Elle lives in is predominant, in that most of the women are presented doing feminine activities like painting their nails, shaving their legs and dressing in pink. All the women who show feminine characters are perceived to be weak and hence could not be trusted to be leaders or to take up serious careers like law. When Elle talks to her parents about joining law school, they are surprised because they do not believe that she is intelligent enough to be a lawyer (Luketic, scene 2).

 The society is prejudiced in that it does not believe in women who portray feminine traits, in order for a woman to be taken seriously she is forced to take up masculine traits like dressing in other dull colours other than pink and engaging in more serious activities other than just making themselves look beautiful. Deviance describes the behaviours that violate the informal social norms set in the society. Ellie shows deviance by working hard to attain a GPA that qualified her to join Harvard law school where she would become a lawyer even with her feminine character.

Gender roles are also conspicuously displayed throughout this film. After Warner breaks up with her, Elle she sobs loudly as is anticipated of women while Warner remain uninterested and unremorseful (Luketic, scene 1). This basically implies that women are delicate while men are tolerant. At the law firm, fetching food and drinks for the professor is only done by females which greatly dishonour the females who worked just as hard as the male interns to earn the internship. Patriarchy is a system of belief that men are more powerful than women, who serve as more of their helpers. Women are in the film presented as supporters and also sexual targets of the male characters. This argument is supported by Elle’s experiences, one is the video that Elle makes for her Harvard admission; the video was senseless and erotic which in other situations would have led to a dismissal. The admission board however which is made up of men admiringly watched the video and enrolled her into the school basing most of their arguments on her attractiveness (Luketic, scene 2).

The film also brings out a lot of stereotypical thinking on matters of heteronormativity.  All the people in Elle’s life, her parents, friends and all the fraternity members are heterosexual. They are great believers in true love, marriage and they are greatly disappointed when she breaks up with Warner (Luketic, scene 1). Being a single woman in this society is something that is greatly criticised which could be the reason why Elle was so determined to win Warner back. Discrimination can be defined as the unjust treatment that an individual gets on grounds of their race or social class. Elle was greatly discriminated against when she joined the law school, no one wanted to be associated with her because they associated her feminine trait with dumbness. The society around her used her social status against her to try and bring her down and discourage her from achieving her goals. Elle’s race was also used against her implying that as a white woman she did not need to study hard because she was beautiful and had a perfect body.

The labelling theory argues that an individual’s self-identity and behaviours can influenced by the way that the society around them describes or classifies them. Ellie was discriminated against based on her ethnicity; the campus society was racist in that it was too quick to judge her as a white woman calling her ‘dumb and self-obsessed’ without giving her a chance to show her strengths and capabilities (Luketic, scene 3). She was seen as white privileged woman with no perception of the real problems that the normal society faces. This discrimination led her to be segregated that is to be set apart in the law school. Her classmates did not look at her as their peer but rather someone who was below their intelligence standards (Luketic, scene 3).  Elle used the labelling to her advantage, she worked hard to prove the society wrong not at any time reflect on her whiteness or privilege, and this helped her successful in the end.

Achieved status can be defined as a social status that one is able to acquire as a result of hard work. At the end of the film, Elle achieves her status by proving that she was intelligent and being feminine did not in any way affect her intelligence. Social integration happens when minority groups are incorporated into the social structure. This was established in this film as the law society accepted that white feminine women are also intelligent and they can achieve anything they want. Elle was able to solve the murder case as an intern and she ended up graduating top of her class showing that women can also succeed and become great people in society even in the male dominated careers.

Works cited

Luketic, Robert. “Legally Blonde.” IMDb, IMDb.com, 13 July 2001, www.imdb.com/title/tt0250494/.

Manufacturing Industries

Introduction

SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) is one way of doing assessment of a certain business in terms of its resources and its environment. The analysis is done in order to make the business to understand the potential investors to business in terms of its market range. SWOT is used to discover what the business is good at, how to improve the business, identifying opportunities of the business and changes that may be encountered in the market. The purpose of this study is to identify the SWOT analysis of manufacturing industries in Indian and why they do well in manufacturing products compared to other countries.

 New opportunities and elimination of threats is done by; completing a SWOT analysis program. This will guide you to understand the core values of the business and help one reach out the greatest opportunities of the business. Singh, cooper, Cole, Gnanapragasam & Shapley (2019) states that complex businesses need to be managed through leadership skills who will build commitment to the organization. Also will help in highlighting areas that need changes. Using your analysis from the information you have collected, learn and build your strengths and plan how to minimize your weaknesses. Having understood your opportunities where they are, make maximum utilization of them and try to change your threats into opportunities and put everything into a plan.

Another one is using SWOT analysis for the next ten years as it is a continuous exercise. Singh, cooper, Cole, Gnanapragasam & Shapley (2019) further states that business environment keeps on changing so as SWOT analysis is an ongoing activity which needs to be carried on throughout. SWOT analysis is never done once but should be updated all the time to cover new emerges to the business. Lastly, relying all the time on SWOT to provide all answers about your business. This is a useful guide that will take you through analyzing your business and your potential market. It will guide you to come up with a better strategy to attack your competitors and also attract more customers.

            Indian industries are expected to do better in their businesses because they have evolved globally and have become very much competitive in nature. Robert, Eden, Chung & Mike (2017) states that opportunities seen will make manufacturing industries grow drastically. This depends on the overall investment and infrastructure and the natural resources that are available to the global market. The strengths of Indian manufacturing industries are; high demand for domestic industrial goods having found out their products are mostly consumed locally, skilled human resources who are available on low cost and there is increasing investment in real assets across industrial areas. The weaknesses of Indian industries are; high industrial sickness which come from the pollution of chemicals used in the industries, there is poor infrastructure which delays in delivery services and most of the industries operate on small scale sectors.

Indian industries have widened their growth of investment overseas to market access and this is due to outsourcing of opportunities has led to its growth. Robert, Eden, Chung & Mike (2017) states that the emerging economies are due to the result of low-income and growth of economies. There is a wide market to explore and the growing competition which will lead to efficient and quality of products. Some of the threats are; stiff competition from other countries like China industries which shows that customers will shift if measures are not to be taken quickly, having large informal sector will lead to poorly working conditions and have low income, environmental safety that may affect industries sustainability and the growing of cycling industries which will also affect their products as the cycling one will be cheap.

  Industries continue to exist because of their stronger and firmer standing in their operations, despite issues that are entering to the market will increase and intensify market rivalries. For example, can lead to bargaining power of suppliers by selling their products at a higher price and exercising their powers to make industry profits which will be their advantage. Another one is the bargaining power of customers by putting more pressure to lower down prices, or at the same time their power will increase the product’s quality. The extent of substitute products will impact the industry by customers switching to other industries willingly and that is due to customer loyalty to different products being manufactured. But this depends also the switching costs on the same products. Prem & Martin (2002) states that the existence of raw materials are used to overcome the problem of skilled labor and capital needed .The competitive position within the industry is incurred due to the intense rivalry of the industries. This will lead to price wars, having intense product promotion and intense investment in innovation and coming up with new products to the market.

Conclusion

The SWOT process gives information on internal strengths and weaknesses of the business staff, products, and employer. SWOT also helps also in pointing out external opportunities
and threats that in one way or another may affect the business too for example financial matters, changes in technology and market and consumer trends around the business. . Businesses should take into account their weaknesses more carefully and should suggest possible ways of addressing them quickly in order to avoid severe interference to the business. Manufacturing industries should revise their SWOT program throughout because this will help them strengthen their weak areas and be ahead of their competitors. A company needs to be a head of their competitors and performing into its existence in the market, there is need to act smart always.

References

Singh J., Cooper T., Cole C., Gnanapragasam A. & Shapley M. (2019). Evaluating approaches to            resource management in consumer product sectors: An overview of global practices, vol. 224.

Prem S. & Martin W. (2002).The elasticity of substitution in India’s manufacturing sector.

https://doi.org/10.1016.0304-3878 (81)90019-5

Robert E., Eden C. & Mike W. (2017) strategy in emerging economies       https://doi.org/10.5465/1556394

Introduction

The aim of any instrumental motion picture is chiefly to expose and narrate a story in the best possible way. Throughout the years, the film industry grew tremendously. Most of the times films directly increases efficiency and development in the society through the stories narrated. From time immemorial, films have always entertained and educated the larger masses simultaneously (Burrell, 201). Currently the advancements conversation on movies center on the new verses the old, nevertheless movies always served the same purpose. This essay will analyze the industrial, historical, and stylistic contexts of the ‘3rd voice’ film.

Summary of the movie

After Harris chapman spurns Marian Forbes, his clerk, monetary consultant and lover of many years, she secretly commences plotting a revenge and forms an association with a specific male coworker. The guy was to impersonate Harris and by doing so, rob his identity, daily live and position in life. In the meantime, Harrison planned a vacation to Mexico while Marian takes advantage of his absence to put in place her revenge mission (Hubert np). In Mexico, Marian takes her colleague through the nitty gritty details that would enable him take the place of Harris without any worry. For instance, his behavior and personality. To cut a long story short, she murders Harris and the ‘3^rd voice’ replaces Harris. The aim was to steal $600,000 from Harris. It is vital to note that Harris dumped Marian for another woman and she did not take it lightly.

 Historical analysis

‘The Third voice’ released in the year 1960, is an American suspenseful story movie directed and inscribed by Huber Cornfield. It has the same story line as the book, ‘all the way’. As it is common knowledge, film production in the 1960s was not as sophisticated as it is today. The movie relied on a formal office setting, common, decent, and relevant for that particular day. For instance, Marian was in a long free dress, specifically meant for official purposes and on the other hand, Harris donned a suit hence cementing the theme and the storyline of the movie through the dress code of the movie (Tolia-Kelly, 67). Associate producers did a wonderful job in putting the film in a spectacular setting for the film. For a minute, the producer seemed like he would do, the film injustice but he proved the audiences wrong through the integration of various stylistic devices.

            The production team went above and beyond the expected nature of movies, worked out the differences, and solved challenges that would water down the plot of the movie. The film took place in the 21^st century studios (Hubert np). The advantage of shooting a film in one place is the full utilization of dynamic and good acting styles rather than taking advantage of beautiful sceneries and exchanging it with poor acting. More over, a good location saves time and space by giving directors enough time of setting the movie sceneries and exposing the whole picture from various perspectives.

 In terms of characterization of the movie, the main characters were Harris and Marian. Edmond played a pivotal role and helped shape the outcome of the movie. He assumed the role of Harris after he met his untimely death (Hubert np). Edmond helps Marian take revenge against Harris. The, man takes all the traits of Harris and even habits, tonal variation. Through his role, the viewers get a chance of seeing another side of Harris. A familiar character that naturally stands out is Olga San who was a prostitutes and helps shape the narrative of the movie as it moves forward variating from the main themes and painting a new picture, Olga helps shape the narrative and returns the main theme to the top of the story.

Historical

 From a social perspective, the idea of `killing a person for vengeance and gaining access to his possessions, has for a long time been the main story line in movies. Hubert Cornfield, as stated earlier wrote, directed the movie, and chose a relative large cast to in order to establish a bond with the audience or viewers (Tolia-Kelly, 67). A social subject often ignored from the public domain is lovers killing the significant other for a certain amount of money hence the coproducer, Maury Dexter claimed that the existence of such a controversial theme would impede the film from reaching a high peak, as people would rather not confront vital issues in the community. Hence, the movie failed to generate a topic for discussion within social circles.

 In spite of the challenges the movie faces regarding gaining momentum and a perfect plot, the plot was interesting and absorbing to the core. The film the power of a woman at time feminism was on the rise and the women were trying to change the narrative and demonstrating that they can do as much as a man can do (Hubert np). For instance, Marian is a secretary and doubles up as an advisor and an administrator, roles associated with businessmen all over the corporate world; nevertheless, she takes the roles and achieves the duties successfully without any query.

 Politics usually plays a significant role in the determining the outcomes of many issues especially when a person breaks the law or plans on how to steal another’s properties(Tolia-Kelly, 112). Any viewer can take note of the greed of Marian and the gentleman seating in a hotel room reciting Harris’s personality traits, and mannerisms. Gradually but precisely, the directors of the movie make it crystal clear the intention of taking out Harris via a prudently laid out strategy. In addition, the two schemers conduct their sleazy arrangement on time. Marian, the avenger travels to Seattle while her partner goes to Mexico, where Harris would be. If the plan succeeds, it would earn them $250,000 from their victim’s pocket. The masquerader is on time and it seems as of the schedule will go as planned, until the unlikely turn out of events, stereotypical of Hollywood. Therefore, the events leading to the death of Harris are a good pointer to the effects of politics at that time and points of view surrounding other issues.

 Stylistic devices

            The plot has a fast pace and takes the viewer through various complex details that the viewer would not notice if the directors did not share a light on those particular area. One of the stylistic devices used is American culture (Burrell, and Gareth 189). The actors reflect the American community and take time to carry their acting through the portrayal of American lifestyles. For example, Americans are not conservation and they smoke go on dates and drink alcohol. Another stylistic device used is foreshadowing and foretelling and this manifests before the death of Harris.

            In the end, the movie was able to capture the attention of its audience with its streamlined easy to understand plot and then put together the pieces of the puzzle that may be hard to handle at first. More so, the main characters of the plot did a good job of persistently sticking to the main plot of the story.

Works cited

Burrell, Gibson, and Gareth Morgan. Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Routledge, 2017.

Hubert Cornfield. The Third Voice. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu_X1mH3pk4 1960.

Tolia-Kelly, Divya P., Emma Waterton, and Steve Watson, eds. Heritage, affect and emotion: politics, practices and infrastructures. Routledge, 2016.

Random acts of kindness

Random is something that has been made to happen without any method. A random act of kindness is defined as an inconsistent action that is designed to make other people happy. A random act of kindness is done without any expectation of reward and can involve anything starting from helping others to taking care of stray dogs. It can be done by a person who makes him\herself known or unknown. There is a random act of kindness day that is set to celebrate and encourage people to carry out more random. Random act of kindness day is on 1^st September in New Zealand, on 17^th of February in the US and the rest of the world celebrates this day on November 4^th. Anne Herbert was responsible for inventing the phrase “practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty” a book that was published in 1993 and has a record of true stories on random acts of kindness.

Many films illustrating random acts of kindness have been filmed. In 2002 Danny tells of a cult he had started, the main objective of the cult was to perform random acts of kindness, he went further to publish a book called, Random Acts of violence. Evan Almighty a film made in 2007 concludes with God encouraging the main character to perform more random acts of kindness with an aim to change the world. Lastly the film. In 2009, McCmbies wrote the book, “The Seventeen Secrets of the Karma Club” that revolves around a club that was started to perform random acts of violence. Many other films have been filmed to explore and demonstrate what acts of random kindness are.

In today’s world random acts of kindness are very rare, and one in todays is highly appreciated. People offering random acts of kindness can be described as selfless people who act not to benefit themselves but to benefit people they do not even know. Acts of kindness mostly are directed towards benefiting human beings but recently, IKEA in Catania is welcoming stray dogs and affording them comfort.  A random act of kindness can be done by anyone regardless of their age. There is an example of teens performing random acts of kindness by taking elderly women out.  A random act of kindness can be considered an act of heroism, since the one performing the act is like a hero or a heroine that comes to the rescue of the one in trouble.

People who perform random acts of kindness are motivated by factors such as compassion and sympathy.  These random deeds of kindness matter a lot and contribute to the wellbeing of oneself. Been kind can impact the psychological health of someone. Mother Teresa the greatest humanitarian acknowledges that the small things that are done with love matter a lot.  Small acts of kindness can include letting someone who is in a hurry to get somewhere overlap someone in a traffic jam, taking care of the elderly and keeping them company out of compassionate for them can be referred to as an act of kindness. An act of random kindness is selfless that can be done by any compassionate person. No matter how small a kind act is it is highly regarded. Performing an act of kindness to make others happy results to internal self-generated satisfaction that is gained after someone makes another happy.

 Disney’s Cinematic Influence and Cultural Representation

Since its inception Disney has been pioneering filmmaking technology. Whether it be the first visual and audio synched animation of Steam boat Willie, the first Multiplane 3D camera created for Snow White and the Seven Dwarves in 1937 or as recently as 1995 when under Pixar they released to first ever-3D animated film. Inventions such as these have pushed filmmaking and specifically animation further than people first believed possible and has also broadened the reach of such technologies. Since 1923 The Walt Disney Company has been one of the world leaders in content creation, entertainment and media distribution. It has pioneered animation techniques, CGI technology as well as marketing strategies and brand management in order to become one of the world’s most powerful companies (The Walt Disney Company (n.d.). Culminating in 2016 when Forbes listed them as the world’s most powerful brand. Disney has managed to turn a small 2D animation company into a multinational conglomerate owning companies such as Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), Pixar, 21^st Century Fox and ESPN. Having ownership over so many different media outlets Disney are able to control what billions of people all over the world see (Dixon, 2018). With such a wide reaching audience and the platform to reach them Disney have a much more significant impact than many realize.

The Classical movies from Disney are especially widely known and loved by most people all over the globe, but particularly to the western population. Disney can basically be defined to have a socialization factor which helps it play a distinct function in the American movie industrial unit. Within the last twenty five years, there has been an array of Disney films that have helped to show that culture is an important theme that keeps re-occurring among the characters and the entire Disney movie setting (Morrison, 2011). Disney has over the years been releasing movies most especially for the children that have greatly raised its acceptance within the society which helps to intensify the alleged magic that there is around Disney.

This research paper investigates Disney’s utilization of culture, most especially the foreign cultures and its awareness of the responsibility that comes with it. The paper will investigate the manner in which foreign cultures are represented in the movies produced by Disney most especially the animated movies. This will help in understanding the levels of representation that are utilized and the manner in which they are brought out. In order to better understand this analysis, it is important to understand what culture is. Culture is in this study denoting the ideas, customs and the social behaviours of various ethnic groups.

The power of the American culture

Due to Disney’s sheer size and cultural reach, it constantly come under plenty of academic scrutiny discussing the organization’s impact on human society. One big cause for concern is the idea of Cultural interventionism (Dixon, 2018). The idea is that the Walt Disney Company regularly performs acts of cultural imperialism, (that is the imposing of the norms, morals and values of one culture onto another), where it not only appropriates another culture’s stories, but then “Americanizes” these stories by the creation of characters who are clearly American in their appearance, motivations and actions (The Walt Disney Company (n.d.).  Credit must be given where credit is due, and the Disney Company’s products have long been considered as entertaining and high quality, but this same quality is part of the reason the company is so frequently accused of furthering American cultural imperialism.

Media interventionism as illustrated by Buonanno (2008) originally emerged as an articulation of the cultural expansionism or prosperity that is applied by nations all over the world platform of politics and finances. Referencing from this, the media imperialism can hence be viewed in the modern day as an instrument that reinforces cultural imperialism (Morrison, 2011). In the case of the movies which depict performances or even courses of cultural control, the media is used to exemplify these actual or illusive imperialist engagements and therefore back the supremacy of both the US and the western world at large. All the same, aboriginal cultures could be more suppressed in their right to be existent because their history is revitalized in the movies. The depictions of the foreign cultures in the American films, is not unusually white washed and it contains caricatures (Buonanno, 2008). US has always been perceived to be the world leader and this could be one of the reasons why the American films try to embed the foreign cultures. It is always common for people to be interested in new things because they always appear to be interesting and at the same time fascinating which is another reason why most Disney American films embed the foreign cultures.

Another reason why foreign culture has greatly been adopted in the American films is because the American media recipients do not like dealing with the unsophisticated truth, thus the truth has to always be adjusted to that level that brings some excitement which makes the story much more marketable (Morrison, 2011). Using the American culture in the Disney movies for the American audience is not fun for them because they like to assume that their world is perfect and they prefer not to deal with the issues that are happening in their society. The foreign culture in the films helps them to enjoy other cultures knowing that this is something that is not happening in their society and so it becomes enthralling for them (Buonanno, 2008). Restriction of movie contents to one’s own culture is wrong and it is racist, so the choice of Disney expanding their contents to the foreign cultures helps to encourage diversity as people from different parts of the world learn about the various cultures that are there and they learn to appreciate every ethnicity without bias.

It is important to consider all facets of cultural influences on and in media, it is only reasonable to make a distinction between the media content and the media distribution. Because of the enormous export and circulation of the American television programs and the films, the American media in one way or another spreads certain pictures of certain cultures which are primarily acknowledged by the audience and viewed as the truth (Morrison, 2011). The integration of the ethnic topics in the media content may subsequently lead to a simulated cultural multiplicity. It is not an infrequent thing to notice that the American media assumes foreign culture and ends up integrating them to become an Americanised creation hence making the foreign culture to become a part of the American media whether they are spread to the world or not (Buonanno, 2008). The adoption of the foreign cultures for the films can be said to be senseless and also redundant, the Disney movies are mostly a blend of ethnic vicinity and racial concession which seems to be fundamental to this inconsistency.  With implementation of a narrative which is played in a foreign ethnic background, into the American way of producing these films, Disney is able to create an ethnic exoticism with simultaneous vicinity. The exotic narrative, background and the characters are all consequently Americanised and this seems to be the accomplishment procedure for Disney.

The most important factor in the American films is for them to be instituted in their exclusive blend of the precise and the worldwide, the local and the multinational. This is normally caused by the fact that America is largely diversified and these ranges of ethnic groups have a great demand variety of media and entertainment. This makes it necessary to progress a production volume with a high gradation of amplitude basically meaning that the industry has to chase the final common denominator. It is however important to understand that even though cultures may blur more and more with US, they are still unique and the omission of cultural facts and choosing to crush into the typical American forms without any precise classification might also induce feelings of ethnic denial as well as racism (Buonanno, 2008). Additionally, this continuous serving of the uncritical average media content could lead to an even louder outcry when the cultural setting of a certain ethnic group is adopted in the movies or in other media programs. Just a small nonconformity could upset ethnics that are characterized in these films and aggravate a huge debate.

 On the other hand, this could also become publicity for the producer and often not many people care about such a devious step because they are not affected on a personal level. On the other hand, it is important to understand that the audience first filter and regroup whatever comes from the prevailing culture and they assimilate it and combine it with the fundamentals of their own historical recollection (Morrison, 2011). Consequently, they renegotiate the arbitrated message because of their own cultural situation and the danger occur when the meaning that is brought out turns out as totally different from what the producer envisioned and much farther from the authenticity.

This brings about the question of who has the right to choose the people who are indigenous and the ones that are external in a society that is constructed on the posterities of the inborn people as well as the European victors. What is the motivation of racism in the media in these eras of globalization? It is the domination of the western domain and the entrepreneurship which also regulates the power dealings and hence panels the depiction of the peculiar and the alien cultures. Americanization in the media scope appears to be as consequences of the American endeavour after regulation through circulation with the aid of the varied content that is unfortunately also standardized (Buonanno, 2008). As a result of this, the cultural risk causes a liberal devastation of the local philosophies, not only through suppression of the local media but also through the proliferation of the Americanised or even totally wrong descriptions of the foreign beliefs.

The construction of the foreign culture in films

As earlier mentioned, the regulated diverse media content is something that has been occurring in Disney world for a while and most especially in the recent classical animated films that are produced. In the years between 1992 and 2000, Disney particularly created a variety of movies that saw the foreign cultures play a great role in the films which can be cited to have been the beginning of the incorporation of the foreign culture in the American films (Olen, 2012). This noticeable build-up may have been as a result of the world wide alterations just before and also during the 1990s. This was the period when the cold war was concluding, the downfall of regimes for instance the apartheids and the independency of many colonial states. This world-wide turn around appear to have been the drivers of capturing and also addressing the cultural issues in the films (Morrison, 2011). With the development of a new aesthetic and the new era of animation, Disney seems to have noticed the potential of capitalization that lies within the genre which has motivated it to implement this animation trend in its films but ensuring that it is Americanized all the same.

The early fairy tales for instance ‘snow white’, sleeping beauty, and Cinderella among others, the legends like the ‘Hercules, Pocahontas’  and the oriental stories like ‘Aladdin’ were produced in the 1990s and their origin was Europe (Morrison, 2011). The stories were mainly bound by the American culture but they were able to cover content from various ethnicities and thus the cultural context of the films was from the modern western world which is diversified. This different context not only makes the movies oriental and exotic but also makes them more appealing to all people irrespective of their culture. The addressing of the foreign cultures in the films is mostly bound to a story that portrays the conflict between the different ethnicities for instance in ‘Pocahontas’ and in ‘Mulan’. These two stories though animated are however not appropriate for children because of the cultural conflicts that are presented that are not easy for children to understand and Disney should not produce them (Feminist Disney, 2011). Disney has acknowledges this fact but tries to assimilate the stories to make them less frightening but tis ends up affecting the principle and emphasis of the stories and hence draws a settled image of the culture.

Gender roles in Disney films

With the need to incorporate different cultures, the characterization also gets altered most especially when it comes to the role of women. The coloured female protagonists have in recent years started appearing to be much more active and strong, with their sexual attributes getting more highlighted as compared to those of the white female characters who are presented to be rather quiet and passive (Gabbard et al., 2008). The women in the foreign cultures are presented to be more brave and athletic a good example being with the case of the films ‘Mulan’ and ‘Pocahontas’ when they are fighting for their people (Olen, 2012). With making such choices of stories, Disney makes the choice to show the strength of other cultures that are different from the common western culture. The physical features, skin colour and costumes of the characters used for the foreign cultured films for instance in a character such as Mulan are all elements that are used to aid to show the diversity of cultures. The costumes are based on the traditional clothes of the particular ethnic groups but they are somehow adjusted in such a way that they seem to be more appealing, interesting as well as modern to the audiences (Feminist Disney (2014).

A good illustration is the dress for Pocahontas, that is short and it leaves her shoulders bare. All these characters are dressed in such a way that a lot of focus is drawn to their physic which is all unlike the reserved dressing of white characters (Gabbard et al., 2008). It can then be assumed that despite the fact that the Disney movies are normally made for children, there are some adult themes that are brought out for instance the fact that women from other ethnicities are signified as sexual objects while the white women characterize the personified innocent beauties that match the conventional female role (Olen, 2012).

On the other hand, the male protagonists are brought out very differently in the foreign cultured films as compared to the classic American cultured films where the male protagonists are always presented as strong and reliable heroes that the women depend on to save them (Feminist Disney, 2014). in the foreign cultures, where in most cases the protagonists females are women from other cultures other than the American; the men are always brought out from the European descent a good case scenario being John Smith in ‘Pocahontas’ and Phoebus in ‘The Hunchback of Notre Dame’ or even Aladdin who is a European look alike who asks people to call him ‘Al’ which is an American name though his skin is much paler. There is always a great difference that is made amid the upright characters and the antiheroes (Joseph, 2007).

The villains are always presented as people who have conventional individualities of the culture that is being denoted while the good characters are always brought out to be people that have some European features even though they are supposed to be the foreigners. A good illustration of this is with King Lion that happens in Africa, two white characters are used to voice simba who is the protagonist while the hyenas that are the antagonist characters are voiced through the use of atypical English language to signify the foreign culture (Moon, 2016). This depiction is a good illustration of racially biased Disney society where the good characters are always expected to be white while the bad characters who are evil are from the foreign cultures. This greatly affects the perception that the audience most especially the children who are the main consumers of Disney have on people from other ethnicities right from when they are young. Disney by negatively presenting other cultures encourages the issue of racism because it implies to the children that other cultures and ethnicities are evil which is not true.

Racism in Disney films

Disney movies do not really contain vicious racism, and this is not their intention however, Disney has the tendency of using subconscious racism and discrimination that can occur either in words, appearance or even in behaviour in reference to their content. A good illustration of this is in ‘The Hunchback of Notre Dame and also in ‘Pocahantas’ where there are many discriminatory vocabularies that are used throughout the films. The titles are already discriminatory enough take for instance ‘Hunchback’ which is a very inappropriate word that is often used to denote a person with some physical disability. Furthermore, the portrayal of the characters with the huge back, warts and a deformed face and the fact that this character is presented as a gypsy is very discriminative (Pewewardy, 1996).

 A term like ‘gypsy’ was historically used as racist terms in history and reviving them in children movies is very conflicting. The same instance happens with ‘Pocahontas; where terms like ‘savage, disgusting race and vermin’ are frequently used in the film to denote the Indians (Pewewardy, 1996). Though these words could be said to help in showing the cruelty of the colonialism era, children can easily adopt this terms and use them in a racist manner to refer to people from that ethnicity hence bringing about the issue of racism in the society. 

Another aspect of unconscious racism that is occurring in the Disney movies is with the fact that the largest ethnic groups that are always the Black Americans have always been ignored or even when they are presented, they are brought out as the inferior race. The animals that are used in the case of the animated films also helps in illustrating the issue of racism, a good illustration of this is in ‘The Little Mermaid’ where the crab named Sebastian has a very resilient Jamaican intonation and it sings about the senseless people that are overhead the sea slaving away in the sun (Moon, 2016). The crab in this film is the inferior character that is desperate and hates everything about their world, which is replica of the lives that the black Americans are forced with.

Another illustration of this is in ‘Lady and the Tramp’ where there are two Siamese cats that have East Asian intonation and they are singing East Asian harmony which is a very cruel representation of the Asians (Moon, 2016). It is however important to note that most of this movies are from a time when racism was a normal occurrence, this should however not be an excuse for Disney to incorporate such contents in their movies. Disney’s utilization of the foreign cultures is still too much driven by the emphasis on the differences between the American culture and the other foreign cultures.

The distinction that is there between the American and the foreign cultures is presented in the Disney world as antitheses which are mutually exclusive. Though the love story can be seen as a reconciliation of the cultures, the foreign cultures in Disney are always degrading with racial stereotype (Larsen, 2002). Their characteristics are way too exaggerated that the recipients cannot fail to recognize the ethnicity of the characters. At the same time, the audience that get in touch with the used ethnicities for the first time have that assumption that these people are inferior, a concept that is not true. With this wrong perception, the children that watch these films may start treating children from other ethnicities with a changed racist perspective because they follow what they watch.

Profit gains for Disney

Disney has made a concerted effort to make their products accessible to people in foreign markets. Their movie Tarzan was dubbed in over 35 languages, and this “localization” is credited by a Buena Vista (a Disney-owned distributor) executive as allowing the Disney Company to take our movies around the world and make them sound like local movies (Davies, 2016). As such, Disney products don’t appear as an imposition from outside the local system but rather as a prolongation or continuation, as something that naturally adheres to fit within local culture (Davies, 2016). While one cannot necessarily fault the Disney Company for trying to expand its consumer base, this expansion has placed the Disney Company as the standard by which local and regional productions are judged (Davies, 2016). 

Disney features in recent times have become highly profitable in Hollywood as studios produce successful films one after the other. Disney marvel films are performing well not only in the United States but around the world and taking up to ninety per cent of the revenue this genre generates. Disney studios have witnessed excellent box office control since 2008, which has led to the creation of Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), which has produced great films such as Captain America: Winter Soldier, Iron Man, Guardians of the Galaxy and most recently Avengers: Age of Ultron. Marvel has exceeded sixteen billion USD worldwide making it be the most successful film franchise in the history of film. Disney entertainment group is built up of a collection of smaller ventures all built around the original characters first created by Stan lee and Jack Kirby back in 1939 when they were first known as Timely comics (McLauchlin, 2015). The group includes Marvel Comics, Marvel Studios, Marvel Television and Marvel Animation. The group was formed in 1998 to bring all of the ventures under the same name and back to the same individual owner. Famously some comics had their rights sold to companies like Sony who bought Spiderman and famously had the highest ever-opening weekend at the time when they made 141million in 4 days (McLauchlin, 2015).

Disney pursues the concept of being a strong brand which was established over decades. With the expansion of their movie repertoire in the 1990s, established the so called ‘Disney Classics’ which are talked up as jewels in the movie history and reinforced by a huge marketing department which develops related paratexts that grab the viewer before he or she influences the text and try to regulate the viewer’s entry to the text (Gray, 2010). This strategy is supported by artificial scarcity, Disney leaves their 14 most successful movies in a safe for seven years and the rereleases them only for a short period of time (Disney. de. 2013).  Disney also splits up the release of their films into phases. This is in order to release them so they can maximize profit for each individual film. Planning their releases this way allows them to avoid clashes in box office weekend with their own films and they can also grab the key release slots. They are also able to build anticipation as well as adding to the storyline in correct order since the actions in every marvel film have consequences in the worlds of almost every other film in some way or another.  These phases are basically the parts in which the entire MCU is divided. Actually, this is done to make all these movies easy to understand for fans and all viewers. If you’ll go into the details of these movies then you’ll find that the timeline of MCU is very complex and all movies are somehow connected that’s why these phases were made (Boxofficemojo.com. 2019).  

Since the 1990s, moreover, the frequency of the published movies increased very so that one could refer to the growing number of Disney Classics as a certain kind of flow with which consumers should be gained and kept.  With these strategies, Disney also immobilizes many people because they are such great fans that they ignore the negative effects that Disney movies contain under their magic surface.

Production advantages for Disney

Disney influences the principle of storytelling by setting the whole film franchise within a short period of time to win the industry with films being set in the same time frame as others while being released separately. Another reason why Disney films have been so successful is the strong and complex characterization of their superheroes. The whole franchise is full of complex and diverse characters and they all have on going creative potential compared to DC whose characters seem to lack originality, which has led to poor branding. Some of the methods Disney used to ensure a tremendous success in the industry include; Disney devoted both money and time building personal stories. The franchise made each film one after another thus expanding its market.  A good illustration of this is with marvel production where the storyline of Ironman created a background and springboard so that when The Avengers was released in 2012 the audience already had a strong idea of the background of the film and the characters. Iron Man also managed to land one of the biggest names in the industry by getting Robert Downy Jr. on board. Marvel created the story so that the viewers were aware of what happened previously. It created a brand for Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) making its product both admired and anticipated within the film industry.   

The simple patterns Disney benefits from is that sometimes the consumption choices are motivated by previous consumption for instance the children may have loved it the first time that they watch it and so the will want to watch it again and again (Gray, 2012). This supported by impressive advertisement like the ‘I am a Princess’ video clip where girls from various ethnicities and ages describe why they perceive themselves as princesses (Disney on YouTube 2012). Through this video, Disney wants to highlight the good qualities that the Disney princess teaches the children and thy may be right to a certain extent because they convey some good and helpful values with their films. All the same, not all the critiques can be wrong in regard to their discoveries about racial and sexual stereotypes and also attempt to whitewash their mistakes and omissions. It is however unfortunate that only a few critiques as compared to the large fan base of Disney notice this fallibility and they will hence go on with their strategies of gaining more fans both adults and children for their brand.

The critical representations of the foreign cultures and otherness could also help Disney to gain even more success because the cultural aspects appear to be a marketing instrument that is incorporated to make the films to become more interesting for the audiences. The cultural discount is likely to attract the people and the American features are more likely to persuade them and make them feel more familiar with the content. Disney has been able to create a market place of culture from which the spectators only have to choose the most liked movies (Lacroix, 2004). All the same, the cultural proximity seems to be more important because when it comes to frequency with which Disney characters are shown, the one that represents the European descent is viewed to be more important and current. A good illustration of this is with Disney online shop where the striking, glamorous princesses like Cinderella, sleeping beauty and snow white are much more visible as compared to the other characters from the foreign cultures like Pocahontas and Mulan who are not presented as appealing hence not matching the Disney princess (Feminist Disney, 2014).

The application of the foreign or the familiar cultures for the children shows could also be a philosophical stroke. The fact that Disney is one of the chief media multinationals in the globe owning television and cable networks; it has so much influence which allows it to spread its values all through the world with their representations and embodiments of ideological values (Lacroix, 2004). Disney basically Americanises all the stories and thus giving them a familiar appeal. The fact that they are able to capture the attention of so many people with their magnificent Americanised ideology in their movies and series, they receive few criticisms as they continue to increase on their profits.

Example of culture misrepresentation in the movie Pocahontas

Pocahontas is a very ambivalent movie in regard to the manner in which it represents culture most especially the native America. The movie is based on true events that are however adjusted so that they fit the Disney structure, it tells the story of an Indian princess that belongs to the Powhatan tribe during the 17^th century in Virginia. The princess who is known as Pocahontas was  12 years of age when the English conquerors arrived in Virginia and she was later on shipped to England to marry an English man named John Rolfe and the by lived at the English royal household (Pewewardy, Cornel, 1996). The movie brings her out as an emancipated adult woman that falls in love with John Smith but in the end feels that she has more responsibility to her family and tribe and she chooses them over her love for Smith.

Pocahontas as the Disney princess is in this case different in that her skin tone is darker and she wears a typical dress, she is brave, physically attractive and she is independent. Pocahontas is designed as a heroine and a negotiator between the local populations and the foreign conquerors. Moreover she is brought out as a very attractive woman who has exaggerated body dimensions that make her look like a supermodel (Lacroix, 2004). This strategic visualization by Disney combined with her good heart help to emphasize her foreign culture and at the same time makes her look adorable and more desirable for the audience. Though she is supposed to represent a view from the foreign culture, she is just basically mirroring the American most basic culturally rooted principles Feminist Disney, 2011). Disney portrays Pocahontas and her tribe as a very wild and uncivilized and thus illustrates them as enormously contrasted to the European Conquerors.

The movie is characterized by a high degree of diversity; it leaves a lot of space for several interpretations because the scenes are very different over the course of the movie. On one hand the Indians are represented as people that are very close in touch with nature. It is very easy for the viewers to sympathise with them because they are the victims, the Europeans can be defined to be the evil ones in that they enter their homeland to find gold and they try to displace them in the process (Feminist Disney, 2012). This movie in the overall presents the Indians as a community that is uncivilised, which could have great effects on the modern Native Americans, making them feel misrepresented and ridiculed by the English Americans (Pewewardy, 1996).

The reaction of the Indian community to the invasion is brought out by Disney as something that was wrong and also the course of the war between the two communities. This is however wrong, the Indians were defending themselves as is normal for people to defend themselves when danger threatens. Standing and fighting a community that invades your way of life is not equivalent to the violence of those that are invading (Feminist Disney, 2011).

Conclusion

Disney has brought a competitive and significant change in the film industry by taking advantage of a huge fan base and back catalogue of previously untouched yet hugely popular material with a cult following, as well as impacting and defining the genre of heroes and princesses by pushing all of the studios to improve their product. These changes have made Hollywood studios look for new ways to fit in the industry as well trying to move in the same direction that Disney is moving. With the current success of Disney it shows that there are various ways of making the industry differ, but the best way of building a brand in any industry is to do something different which creates a change in the market.

 After the discovery of the racial and sexual stereotypes as well as the misrepresentations of the foreign ethnicities and cultures, it is only right to question whether it is condemnable to utilize the patterns in the children movies and whether they evoke feelings of insults among the people that belong to that culture. The answer can be said to be yes but there are a few restrictions. On one hand it is of course reprehensible if someone integrates racist and sexual insults on purpose, on the other hand however, it appears to be quite difficult to avoid stereotypes at large.

It is not really easy for Disney to produce a movie that is based on foreign culture and make it to entirely focus on the foreign culture. The producer has at least to try and obtain as much information as is possible on the foreign culture in order to effectively incorporate it in the film. Disney as an entertainment company that dedicates its productions to capitalism fails in the issue of producing authentic foreign cultures. There are some reoccurring characteristics that are in the Disney movies that can be cited not to be occurring by chance because Disney’s main focus is on children who can easily be impressed and manipulated. It is however important for Disney to understand that it is required to act more responsibly and always ensure that they do not transmit a perverted picture of genders and ethnicities.

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‘My secret self” unravels the story of a young male, Dani, who is learning about his sexuality and decides to become a transgender woman.

 Similarities among the Children in the Documentary

In all cases, the children are young boys who live as girls. One of the boys is 6 years of age, in kindergarten but lives as a girl; the second is ten years of age and also lives as a young woman (My Secret life, 2016). The third boy is a teenager boy aged 16 but suppresses his masculinity with testosterone injections. Simply put, the boys featured in the story all their lives as women despite being boys.

The fact that underlying reasons for gender identity disorder are unclear, some scholars argue that transgender have a psychological issue that needs addressing while some insist on medical aspects of the challenge (My Secret life, 2016). Nevertheless, the intricate issues still keep on persisting within the community.

2

According to a research survey data published in NTDS executive summary, most of the respondents supposed to be transgender by the rest of the school population, experienced ill-treatment in one way or the other (NTDS,2012). The data stated that 54% experienced verbal abuse while 24% were physically mistreated and 13% of the transgenders sexually assaulted. In the work place, the survey showed reported that 30% did not receive promotion or the employer dismissed them from work completely.

3

 Counselling Techniques

Behavioral techniques help one gain insight into high-risk behavior and formulate measures or interventions against the high-risk circumstances that makes the boys engage in female behavior (Farrell, 2018). Behavior therapy maps out the underlying reasons for an action hence revealing the identity of a person. It may take some time figuring out all the specifics but finally avails a lasting solution.

Reference

Farrell, M. (2018). Exploring Non-Binary Transgender Clients’ Counseling Experiences: Empowerment in Counseling (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri--Kansas City).

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National Transgender Discrimination Survey executive summary 2012