Understanding Abnormal Behaviours

1.Various methods of assessment are used by the clinician to assess the patient.  These methods include clinical interviews, questionnaires, psychological testing, and measures of behaviour. A proper evaluation is one that gives definite information about the patient thus helping the clinician to understand the patient problems better and to recommend appropriate treatment. The clinical interview is the most form of assessment used by the clinician to diagnose. It involves patient, and client meeting face to face and the client is asked to describe the illness. Psychological tests are used when a clinician what to evaluate specific traits of a patient. The clinician has to carry out a Neuropsychological assessment which will determine whether the patient has psychological problems have caused brain damage. The behavioural assessment shows whether there are mental traits and dispositions (David, Derald and Stanley 55)

2. Anxiety is term used to refer to several disorders that cause fear and worrying and they affect people feelings and also their behaviours. Anxiety is referred to how people receive information or threats which are uncontrollable and avoidable. Anxiety sometimes does not bring bad things to people rather it helps an individual to be watchful and focused and thus help people to solve different kind of problems. People normally experience anxiety when they encounter or face something more challenging for example sitting for an examination and attending interviews.Worldwide anxiety disorder has become one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Free-floating anxiety is when individual experience anxiety when no challenges and dangers are existing. Free-floating anxiety is also referred to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and it is not triggered by any specific issue. People view free-floating anxiety as anxiety that affects someone, and it disappears randomly. This anxiety makes one to feel anxious about a specific thing. For example, worrying that something bad might happen to you even though there is no valid reason to think about it. Also, free-floating anxiety makes an individual feel from far that something is not going well, but he or she is not sure what it is. Bound anxiety is anxiety that causes alterations that’s makes an individual to doubt whether the world is real, losing of memory and forgetting their own identity or pretending to be a new self ( David, Derald and Stanley 85)
3. Endogenous depression is a type of depression which affects an individual for no reasons. It caused by chemical and genetic, this depression makes one to feel guilty, unimportance and not able to enjoy pleasurable things in life. In endogenous depression people who are affected by this depression sees word as a bad place because of their existence. While reactive depression is normally caused by outside things such as stress, for example parents divorcing, losing a job, losing a loved one and life difficulties. In reactive depression the word is seen as bad because of what is taking place or happening in an individual life. This type of depression does not have visible symptoms such as having no appetite and lack of sleep.
4. Depression and anxiety are serious illness that requires strong medication. Depression result to sadness, social withdrawal and emotions, both depression and anxiety are treated using antidepressants treatment though not all patients responds well to some (David, Derald and Stanley, 173) Some of these drugs have long-term effects on the patient, and there was the need to develop a faster treatment. SSRL and SNRL can be used to treat anxiety and depression disorder. These both treatments have no chemical properties in them and they have fewer side effects compared to other treatments.  They are quite safe given that their lethal doses are a bit high.
5. Mania is a depressive illness also referred to bipolar disorders that leads to brain disorder. A person affected by this illness experience mood swing, thinking and ability to function. Bipolar disorder symptoms are critical and can lead to suicide, poor performance in school or job and poor social lives. There are two types of bipolar disorder. Bipolar I disorder is when an individual experience manic for one week and they may or may not experience depression during that episode. However, bipolar II causes hypomania which is less critical form of mania. (David, Derald and Stanley 175)
6. Schizophrenia disorder is caused by physiological factors such as genetic, structural factors and biochemical. Genes code in an individual causes schizophrenia thus there is higher chances of family members or relatives to acquire this disease since it is inherited. According to statistics around 1%, world population is affected by this illness; it shows that it is not caused by environmental factors. The people who are at big risk of being affected by schizophrenia are those relatives who shares more than 50% of their genes (David, Derald and Stanley 295).
7. Neuroleptics are a medication used to treat psychosis which includes hallucination, disorders and paranoia though they have not been effective in treating negative symptoms such as social withdrawal, lack of energy or emotion and apathy.
8. Schizophrenia is a mental illness disease and it has three stages. The first stage is known as prodromal stage, it is known as the year before the illness developed. The second stage is referred to actual stage, when an individual start experiencing symptoms such as hallucinations, weird behaviour and misbeliefs (David, Derald and Stanley 299). The last stage is called residual stage which character resembles the one of prodromal stage. Individuals in this stage shows negative symptoms such as they show no emotions, they have low energy and lack of expression. Schizophrenia has five major subtypes which are identified depending on the symptoms that a person is experiencing and these subtypes can change as illness develop. Paranoid schizophrenia shows positive symptoms and unreasonable suspicion. Catatonic schizophrenia is rare since it result due to untreated illness. An individual with catatonic schizophrenia may decrease or increase their movement. Undifferentiated schizophrenia is for people who cannot be categorized in catatonic, disorganized and paranoid schizophrenia (David, Derald and Stanley 300). The final subtype is referred to residual schizophrenia is when a person does not currently experience hallucinations and wired behaviours, disorganized and speech.
9. People affected by Schizophrenia illness have higher chances of attempting or committing suicide. This is because this illness can lead them to act on suicidal thought especially those individuals who have succeeded in life before they were identified with the illness due to depression.
10. Suicide is given more attention in this book. Suicide is among the leading cause of death all over the world. Most people who attempt or commit suicide are most likely to have a mental illness disorder.
11. The America psychological association prefer to use the labels in a manner that are more accurate and less difficult. For example, using labels such as a person with schizophrenia this will result to create awareness of the stigma. This will eliminate a person being objectified by classifying them into a group without minding other aspects.

Work Cited

Sue, David, Derald W. Sue, and Stanley Sue. Understanding Abnormal Behavior. Boston,            MA: Wadsworth/CENGAGE Learning, 2010. Print.

 Good Samaritan

Introduction

                John Darley and Daniel Batson were behavioural scientists; they studied the psychology of prosocial behaviour. The act of helping behaviour was the dependent variable while the independent variables were time and religion. The first hypothesis viewed that people who are in a hurry have a low probability of offering assistance to the victims. The second hypothesis indicated that people who encounter a victim while thinking religiously have the lesser chance of helping compared to people who are thinking other things.  The last hypothesis indicated that thinking religion and not thinking does not influence the helping behaviour. A person who follows and believes in the faith of Samaritan their chances of offering assistance is higher compared to those of Levite religion (Batson, 2016).

             A study was carried out; the participants were students of Princeton theological    seminar. The students were given questionnaires to fill about their religion to help them answer the research questions.  The students were to walk into the immediate building to meet with a team and narrate their sermon of Good Samaritan.  On their way, they met a man who has collapsed in a path.  They were in a hurry because they had two more tasks to complete in the other building. One task was to give a speech about seminary jobs, and the other one was to talk about the story of Good Samaritan.  The students in one condition reported that they would be late for the job and in the other one they stated they had less time though they will handle the matter later (Jordan, 2014). As they were walking down the alleyway, they met a man sitting collapsed in the doorway the man was moaning, and he coughed severally.

            The amount of the urgency in the students influenced their helping behaviour, but the task given did not.  It is clear that there was no relationship between religion and helping behaviour. Religion as a quest was the only variable that influenced the helping behaviour. In the real world people hurry because they are needed somewhere by somebody at a specific time (Ross, Nisbett, & Gladwell, 2011).People should stop using excuses and self- justification when helping people. Also, people should slow down and not be in rush through life. If encountered with such a helping situation no matter the hurry it is important to stop and help the victim. People behaviour may say very little about their personalities. The research studies were correct since it was a field experiment and it was carried in a natural way thus increasing the legitimacy of the study. Given that the study was carried out in one day means it achieved realism.  In conclusion, individuals in hurry are less likely to offer assistance. The study of the Good Samaritan is about being kind to others no matter the situation. The results of the Good Samaritan study can be used in real to teach people the importance of offering assistance to the needy people.

References

 Batson, C. D., & Oxford University Press. (2016). What's wrong with morality?: A social-psychological perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jordan, T. (2014). A year of living virtuously: Weekends off: one woman's search for meaning in an ordinary life.

Ross, L., Nisbett, R. E., & Gladwell, M. (2011). The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology. Pinter & Martin Limited.

Psychological Traits

Successful business persons have a number of mutual traits with each other despite the fact that everyone has his approaches to handling business (Kuratko, 2016). To begin with, my personal entrepreneurial psychological traits are similar and yet different from those that are shared among business persons. I am a risk taker in general. In that, in most cases regardless of the anticipated challenges and uncertainties, I will readily dive into a venture. However, similar to successful entrepreneurs, it is not all about the will to risk resources but also the risk has been taken within a strategic plan. In that, the first thing is to evaluate the rewards, challenges, and risks that underlie a given venture and if the rewards are high then with a strategic approach success is easy to achieve. Also, passion and morale are the most important traits in operating any business successfully. Entrepreneurship is not an operation that is solely motivated by monetary gains but rather it is fueled by having a dream (Mukherjee, 2016). In most cases, the used resources and time normally exceeds monetary gains but more rewarding psychologically. Throughout the challenges of operations, an entrepreneur usually gets an internal reward by acknowledging that they are focused on acquiring greater benefits.

On the other hand, besides being a risk taker for most entrepreneur’s resilience is key to successful operation (Mukherjee, 2016). In that, success can best be attributed the capability to raise from a single disappointment to another without the loss of passion. Evidently, as an entrepreneur, one is bound to experience failure but the most unfortunate thing is the fact that with every fails one should be willing to drastically brush off the fail regardless of how hard it might appear. Rather than accepting to fail successful entrepreneurs are those that acquire some sort of learning from all the fails without focusing on the negative part of the venture. In addition, they hold a powerful understanding of self which is similar to mine. This means that although there are challenges to be encountered such as funding with confidence and being self-motivated then success is absolute. It is not about thinking that a certain approach will be beneficial but it is believing that it will be rewarding (Kuratko, 2016). More so, successfully entrepreneurs are those with a vision and flexible as well. One must have the highest capability of adapting to transitions and obstacles while having a vision enables them to point the existence of business opportunities in all directions as innovators seeking to enhance and create diverse ideas (Kuratko, 2016).

As a risk taker, self-motivated, passionate and confident person I am able to successfully navigate the challenging decision-making process in entrepreneurship. In that, I tend to focus on ensuring that the set vision is achieved without focusing on the risks and benefits. This is because success is not measured by the acquired gains rather by the efforts made and the achievements in general (Storr & John, 2015). The motivation and confidence act in fueling my abilities even in instances when the challenges make it hard to even believe that success is a possibility. Enhancing my psychological traits would be beneficial in instilling discipline, open-mindedness, creativity, and determination. In that successful business ventures are those that are fueled by the discipline which is the ability to adhere to a set of principles beyond personal gains. Through experience, the traits can be developed by making them more practical and beneficial in general in developing business and capturing newer opportunities (Center, 2012).

References

Top of Form

Center, Y. A. (2012). Get ahead for business: Owning a business tool kit. Place of publication not identified: Lulu Com.

Kuratko, D. F. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning.

Mukherjee, K. (2016). The psychology of the successful entrepreneur. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management, 1(1), 25-32.

Storr, V. H., & John, A. (2015). The determinants of entrepreneurial alertness and the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. Culture and Economic Action, 68.

Bottom of Form

 Memory and identity

Memory forms an important part of being human and gives identity to an individual. Memories shape the way people think, their beliefs and attitudes. Memories make up an individual. Memories build up and shape the personas of individuals in society. Some may disagree on the impact of memories in differentiating humans from other creatures but the truth of the matter is that our human identity is in interaction with our memories. Memories dictate feelings and attitude that eventually influence the decisions we make. Decisions end up forming habits and habits influence beliefs. The storage of memories is what give humans the ability to solve complex problems as they can analyse by the help of their memories (Agnew, 2005).

In his book, the man who mistook his wife for a hat, Jimmy is a patient who has been diagnosed with Korsakov syndrome. Jimmy could only remember early details of his life. When Jimmie was conversing with Sacks, Sacks noticed that he talked about World War 2 as though it was present time. Jimmie did not know his age and believed he was a youth. He was shocked when sacks gave him a mirror. Jimmie thought it was a practical joke being played by Sacks. When Sacks left the room and then returned after a moment, jimmy did not remember him. Jimmy has no capacity to store short period memories and covert then into long term meaningful memories. Jimmy is not aware of his situation and therefore he is not sadden by the loss of his memories. Sacks describes his patient as isolated and living in a separate moment that has no past or future and therefore it is meaningless. . Oliver sacks enlightens on the importance of a functioning brain in creating an identity by storing memories. Memories gives one a sense of time which in turn gives their life context and meaning. Meaning gives life understanding and purpose (Sacks, 2015).

Memories seems to be dormant and consisting of the past and have no contribution to the future. It seems like an event which happened in the past and has stopped in time. A keen analysis of memory and identity seems to dictate otherwise. Memory and identity are dynamic and coexist together. Memory and identity connect the present, past and the future. Cultural memory usually links to identity. Therefore, memory associated with cultural identity is used as a foundation upon which one builds their identity as members of a certain group. This is made possible by remembering various facts in one’s memory. To belong to a certain group one must be able to remember particular rules and how they are applied within the community. The facts are what constitute cultural identity. If culture would be erased from existence, it would entirely rely on memory to create a new identity. If one can control and interpret past memories, they will have an upper hand in bettering of their future. Gloria Anzaldua acknowledges the importance of identity as demonstrated in her book. She grew up in south Texas which had multiple cultural identities. Different cultures integrated in south Texas .Gloria decides to stick to her original roots by identifying and piecing together Chicana, Indian and the North American cultures to make up her true identity. She succeeds by balancing languages such as Spanish and English. She uses her Indian culture in her thinking. In doing so, she creates her own identity without losing any integral part of herself. In order to have cultural identity, it is not a necessity for one to have similar features as others neither is it a must for one to be named in a similar way  as those he or she perceives as belonging to the group he wants to join. However, their conscious sense should be the same. Memories and identity are core indicators .They reveal to people the reason as to why they fit in a particular group instead of other groups despite of the differences with other members. Cultural identity is propelled by sharing various relationships formed as a result of social interactions within the group. Therefore, the importance of Gloria Anzaldua in fragmenting various pieces with the purpose of creating an identity through memory is justifiable (Anzaldúa & Keating, 2009).

Identity helps one to fully understand oneself and it is said to be influenced by one’s memory. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind tries to explain the intrigues of memory and identity through its characters. The movie evaluated the influence of memory in understanding ourselves. It also shows the consequences of losing memory and how it affects the nature of an individual. Joel’s interaction with his memory gives him experiences from his past that builds his character which in turn influences his life and his relationship with clementine. When these memories are erased he becomes a plain man, ready to go on in life without any influence from the past. Memory and identity cannot be separated from one another. Our past realities are what makes us who we are. If one forgets their actions and the consequences attached to those actions, they really do not know their identity as the actions carry traces of their character. What if one starts to think of himself as a teacher but he or she is student? In the movie, Clem and Joel clear their memories and as a result they forget each other. They were in a relationship for two years. After clearing their memories. They become empty and disoriented. Joel and Clem cannot reclaim their past life because their identities have been changed by erasing their past memories. After Joel’s memory is erased, his perception of himself is interrupted. His character and behavior are portrayed as meaningless. Loss of memory has affected his behavioral and thought patterns. A person is entirely made up of memories of his past which help them to survive the future. When memories are wiped out, the mind does not become blank but is infested with fissures and as result, the person becomes incomplete. Lacuna’s idea of washing away memories, damages the personality of an individual and prevents one from learning from mistakes committed in the past and how those mistakes can be avoided. Characters in the movie are disturbed by the fact that they do not understand themselves and this exposes them to past mistakes. Kaufman, C. (2004).

The Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind characters can be excused for assuming that erasing stressful memories could help in solving their suffering. Erasing memories came at a great cost. Memory loss is accompanied by loss of knowledge and recognition. Creation of memories is important in the formation of identity (Kaufman, 2004).

References

Agnew, V. (2005). Diaspora, memory, and identity: A search for home. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press.

Sacks, O. W. (2015). The man who mistook his wife for a hat.

Anzaldúa, G., & Keating, A. L. (2009). The Gloria Anzaldúa reader. Durham: Duke University Press.

Kaufman, C. (2004). Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind. S.l..

Deception in research psychology

            Deception in research psychology refers to the act of misleading someone about the true nature of a given situation. It may range from minor omissions, for example not telling people everything about your study, to absolute falsehood about the nature of study. In the field of psychology, deception has always become a debatable issue. Some psychologists claim that the act of deception leads to dishonesty hence a participant is denied of the true information about the experiment (Cardwell et al, 190). Other psychologists claim that deception helps the participants behave in their natural way. Psychological ethics refers to the rules that govern the process of research in order to prevent harm, such that the participants are well informed about the nature of study. This paper will argue whether deception is necessary in the research psychology or not.

            There are a number of problems associated with the use of deception. Even when the participants will be debriefed later on, some participants may not have confidence in research. Normally, participants are able to figure out the true nature of study even if the researcher tries to hide the truth. Deception may negatively affect the attitudes of the participants concerning behavioral research (Cardwell et al, 190). No one likes to be lied to, even if it is in research, people will always expect factual information. Additionally, deception may also affect the researcher negatively because it can produce distrust where people will always distance themselves from the researcher. It has been argued that the use of deception by psychologists may be replicated by the community and this can cause deception become the order of the day. Along the same line, in order to eradicate deception completely, all movies and illusionist shows that are deceptive should be prohibited. This argument, however, seems to be exaggerated.

            Because of the dangers of deception, there is a need to avoid deception in research. IRBs have always received many complaints because of deception. However much it may look advantageous to mislead others, people need to understand the other alternative ways of obtaining information without deceiving (Kantowitz et al, 86). Instead of telling lies, there is a possibility to get the same information with full disclosure that cannot cause distrust among people.

            Nevertheless, deception in research can be acceptable under the following conditions; when there is no other nondeceptive method to be used in the study of a given phenomenon. Deception may also be acceptable when its results make significant contributions about the study (Kantowitz et al, 86). It may also be acceptable if its results will not be harmful to research participants. It can also be allowed on condition that deception will be made known to participants as soon as the research study is released.

Despite the fact that deception is unethical just from the moral point of view, it is not considered to be completely undesirable, aversive, or unacceptable. In the same way, however much we condemn this act of deception, we shall at some point need it for experiments to work. In studying unethical behavior, researches will always need to deceive because participants may hide their true behaviors when they realize that they are being observed hence full information may not be got (Kantowitz et al, 87). Thus for this case, researches need to deceive in order to obtain the right data.

            One example of deception is a research conducted by Stanley Milgram. He did not inform participants his purpose of study at the start of the research. His research centered on obedience to authority. He had one participant act as a teacher and another act as a student. The teacher would ask the student questions and punish the student for any question failed. The punishment was electric shock with increased voltage. Despite the painful punishment, the teacher was to obey authority and act responsibly regardless of the complaints from the student. The results finally showed that 65% of participants obeyed authority and administered punishment as required regardless of the complaints(Cardwell et al, 191). Milgram later explained the true purpose of his study after the experiment. In reality, we can say deception was necessary for this particular experiment.

Work cited

Cardwell, Mike, and Cara Flanagan. Psychology As: The Complete Companion. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, 2005. Print.

Kantowitz, Barry H, Henry L. Roediger, and David G. Elmes. Experimental Psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.

Abstract

            This paper will summarize article “physical exercise and it impact to psychology” written by Trevor Archer. This article was published in January 2016. This paper will discuss the multi-dimensional impact of physical exercise on behavioral science and psychology at large.

            The impact of physical exercise is linked within four welfare domains; the first is exercise and cognitive performances, secondly, exercise and developmental trajectory, thirdly, exercise in alleviating disorders, and then, epigenetic sign of exercise. The impact of exercise can be determined within a few weeks of the exercise (Arther, 2016). For example, for an athlete undergoing physical exercise, improvements will be observed on physical fitness, body composition, isokinetic strength and anaerobic capacity. Compliance with regular physical exercise, results in to psychological well-being in various domains of life such as, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, epigenetic, and so forth. Consequently, physical exercise is known as a remedy to in fighting against illnesses and other damages such as clinical depression, developmental disorders, traumatic brain injury and aging. Physical exercises help to shape such conditions hence reconstruction (Arther, 2016). Additionally, a regularly exercising individual exhibits less behavioral and physiological responses to stressful provocation and can recover quickly from such provocations compared to sedentary individuals. Thus, studies from cognitive domains emphasize the necessity of physical exercise.

            Research indicates that physical exercise prevented long-term and short-term shortages in aversive, memory performance and stress damage that occurs as a result of deprivation schedule. In older adults, physical exercise has helped to reduce symptoms of depression, hence improving executive functioning

            It can therefore be concluded that the impact of physical exercise is evident in a number of domains of life, including psychological well-being, memory performance, mental disorders, aging problems, and so forth.

References

Arther T (2016). Physical Exercise and its Impact on Psychology. Published Date: January 10, 2016

 Attitude change

Based on the social psychology lecture by Professor Marci Lobel, Attitude refers to the reaction towards something. The reaction may be in terms of behavior or beliefs, emotions or when one is in a certain situation .Attitudes are made up of four theories: learning of the message, transfer of the affect, desire for consistency and counter arguing. Learning of the message assists one to learn and understanding the intended meaning of the message which in turn helps in initiating attitude change. Attitude change can occur when the intellectual (cognitive) part and the emotional (affective) part link. Most people’s behaviors do not march other people expectations, feelings and faiths.  This is known as desire for consistency. The theory explains reasons why people prefer others’ beliefs and actions to march their own. When there is an inconsistency in behavior, ideology and beliefs, an individual often become uneasy. For example if an individual drinks alcohol, the other individual will advise him or her to stop. This will cause a change in behavior. Attitudes are formed in various ways. Most young children imitate their parents or guardians’ attitudes through learning of their messages. Transfer affect is one of the main way through which attitudes are formed by associating an object with something that may influence the overall appearance of the object. Advertisers often use beautiful models and good music to advertise their products. Counter arguing is a common way of forming attitudes and is normally used by lecturers and parents. Attitudes are created through candid experience and learning of various facts. When one comes into contact with a certain object be it a leader, songs or clothing, their attitude is likely to be influenced and changed by the object. There are four elements of attitude change process: the communicator, the communication, the target and the situation. A communicator is a person who conveys the message with the intention of gaining other people’s attention. A good communicator must be credible with his information in order to be deemed as trust worthy. After picking an efficient communicator, one must pick the type of information he or she wants delivered to an audience. The message should be understandable. It also should be free from any discrepancy and fear arousal. A firm information should contain evidence that can help in persuading people to change their attitude. The third factor to consider after choosing the message is the target audience. The communicator must ensure that the audience he has chosen are receptive to the message and show commitment. The audience must also be thoughtful and process the information presented to them by blocking any distractions. An audience will also help in predicting the route information will take. A message can take a thoughtful route or an unplanned route. Any route is acceptable because either can be successful in delivery of the message. Some situations may contain audience with strong self-esteems that may resist persuasion. One way of growing attitudes is through forewarning which involves giving people a prior caution that someone may come bearing a persuasive message in the future. This puts them in a forewarning position to refuse persuasion. Inoculation is another way that might help an audience prevent persuasion. This approach is done by developing the cognitive part of an attitude through presenting a shaky argument on the current attitude with the aim of assisting the individual make counter arguments attacks on any persuasion that may be presented in the near future.

Hidden Figures is a movie that has many instances of attitude change. The movie is a true story based on a book by Margot Lee Shetterly. The movie narrates the true story of three black American women: Kathrine G Johnson, Mary Jackson and Dorothy Vaughan who worked at NASA’s research institute in Hampton. The ladies played a key role in one of the most important times of history: catapulting the late John Glenn into earth’s orbit. Attitude change is seen through racism and segregation and even class.

In the movie Hidden Figures, attitude change is seen when Mary has to battle it out in court in order to be admitted in the University Of Virginia. She needed the engineering courses so as to qualify to attend the training program in NASA. Sadly for her she is black and this puts her in a forewarning position that leads to fear arousal. The campus does not admit black students in spite of a directive from the government and Supreme Court. The judge maintains his stand that Virginia is a segregated state. Mary listens to the judge keenly without any distraction and evaluates the message of the judge, she then argues out her case on the matter based on logic rather than discrepancy. Mary pleads with the judge to allow her into the institution. She goes further to explain that she will be the first woman to attend the university just as the judge was the first man in his family to be educated. The judge allows her to attend evening classes only. The judge changes his attitude towards Mary by trying to fit in with her predicaments and feelings. On the other hand, Mary counter argues the statement of the judge by trying to alter his beliefs and feelings. Mary’s husband is against her decision to go to court as he believes that freedom is not given but   fought for. He later changes his attitude when Mary persuades him so as to achieve desire   for consistency.

According to the movie, there is a scene where the trio’s car breaks down while they were going to work. Mary fears that they might lose their jobs due to their lateness. Kathrine acknowledges Mary’s worries and suggests that she should probably walk the remaining distance or sit in a segregated bus which reserves back sits for blacks. Two questions arise that reveal attitude change. Why live very far from their work place? And why don’t they have a better car? Before answering the questions, a white police officer arrives to confirm what was going on. Before he could listen in, Mary retorts, “no crime in being a negro” Kathrine replies back to Mary, “nobody wants to go to jail because of your mouth either” the minute Mary tries to defend herself, the officer conclude that she is ill-mannered .The officer seems to be inoculated to conclude that Mary is rude and he could not be persuaded by her. When the officer finds out they work for NASA and they are assisting in putting a man on the moon before the Russians, he offers to escort them. In the conversation between the officer and the three women, attitude change process is initiated when the officer finds credibility in their occupations and this shifts his behavioral change towards them as he escorts them to work. The officer took a liking to them which built his trustworthiness toward the ladies.

Based on the film, Hidden Figures, when Mr. Harris realizes discrimination and racism hinders Kathrine from performing her tasks, he goes to the west wing to pull down the sign ‘colored bathrooms’ from one of the bathrooms and allows everyone to go to any bathroom near their respective workspace. Harris shows his commitment to change his attitude toward black people who worked at NASA. He then takes a forewarning position and lets other whites know that there is nothing special about bathrooms and black people and white people pee the same color.

The Bully Effect  

 All people can be victims of bullying but school children are more vulnerable than adults. Bullying is a violent act where people treat others in destructive way by undervaluing their mental or physical health.  Bullying is a societal problem  and the rate of victimization in school children is high.  In school, students develop aggressive behaviors toward other students and this creates a detachment in that the psychological well-being of the victim is affected and this creates negative relationship with peers (Goldblum, 203). The problem becomes worse as many students do not report due fear of being embarrassed and so they end up suffering physically and emotionally. In many cases, bully-victims are associated with physical or mental problems and bullying worsens the condition as students develop psychological distress (Goldblum, 203).

 Bullying is associated with longer run consequences not only to the victims but also to parents, teachers and friends. From the movie, young children are vulnerable be to bullying and they experience long-term consequences in life. For example, children who are bullied in school suffer from depression that leads to suicidal thoughts. Other consequences include low self-esteem, social phobia, anger, poor academic performance and more. Bullying is an issue of concern since school students are vulnerable to these social issues which affect their social life, academic life and adulthood (Goldblum, 203). For example, students’ performance is affected since they reduce the school attendance due to anxiety and depression.  Other students react to the issue in a negative way such as by showing irritation and loosing enthusiasm in daily activities. It is the high time to implement effective measures in order to avoid the negative consequences.

Parent, teachers and community can prevent bullying through building social support network. Parents should observe signs such as depression and anxiety, create an open-ended conversation and take appreciate measures to address the issue. In addition, teachers should always give positive message and create a supportive environment (Goldblum, 205).  The school administration should make bullying an illegal act through teaching students the importance of unity. Rules and regulations should be developed so that students can adhere to response and responsibility and be accountable of negative action toward others. The community should not be left behind as it should implement bullying prevention strategies such as school-community partnership in spreading the anti-bullying message to the community (Goldblum, 205).Teachers and parents should encourage students to report bullying.

  Cartoon Network is doing a recommendable job by presenting children’s shows with important life-applicable messages. The television channel is raising awareness and creating positive relations by delivering the anti-bullying message to the victims, parents, teachers and all those who are involved. The Cartoon Network has created the pledge “Stop Bulling: Speak Up” which presents a pro-social campaign to ensure that children, teachers and families unite together in stopping bullying (Goldblum, 205). Note that silence promotes bullying and the only way to address the issue is through encouraging children to speak up. Cartoon Network has all tools and resources to ensure that all people especially kids   get an advice which they should apply in their daily life. The good thing with  the campaign is  that it is motivating  children to report the bullying  and this not only promotes a healthy friendship with others but also the child well-being (Goldblum, 205).  Families are not left behind as they encouraged taking the pledge and the method is working effectively.  Other recommendation is that more anti-bullying campaigns should be developed by other networks apart from Cartoon Network to provide prevention effort to parents, teachers and students.

Work cited

Goldblum, Peter. Youth Suicide and Bullying: Challenges and Strategies for Prevention and Intervention. ,

2015. Print.

Psychology theories

 The Freudian Theory involved a development of a topographical mind model and in his description, the function and structure of the mind was given much attention. Using the iceberg analogy, Freud described the various levels of the mind which including the conscious, subconscious and unconscious. The consciousness comprises of thoughts with a focus on the present, the preconscious comprises of whatever is retrievable from memory and the unconscious involves the various processes that define human behavior and personality. The unconscious mind of human consists of mental processes that cannot be accessed by consciousness but in which behavior, feelings and judgments are influenced. The human behavior emerges primarily from unconscious mind and like any iceberg the most important section of a person’s mind is the visible one (d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004). The intentions, feelings and resolutions of someone are to a great extent influenced by their past experiences whose storage is in the unconscious minds. The three parts were applied to human structure of their personality or rather psyche, which comprises of the id, ego and superego. Freudian theory regards id a being wholly unconscious while on the other hand m ego and superego is the section comprising of unconscious, preconscious and conscious aspect. While a person is completely aware of any occurrence in their conscious minds, they do not understand what is stored in the part of mind that is unconscious(d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).

 All kinds of important and disturbing information is in the unconscious part and these needs to be kept out of one’s awareness since their threatening nature makes it impossible to acknowledge them.   A person’s primitive wishes are stored in their unconscious minds while the impulse is stored in the preconscious mind by which it is also meditated. Moreover, the unconscious mind has the biological instincts including thanatos and eros from which sexual aggression and urges emerge. The theory thus related a person’s libido with behavior, but the theory also argues that an individual’s primitive urges in most times cannot reach consciousness since the conscious and rational selves cannot allow them (d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).  Moreover, humans develop a range of defence mechanisms like repression in order to avoid the knowledge of their unconscious feelings or intentions.  The Freudian theory primarily assumes that a person’s behavior is governed by the unconscious mind to a larger extent than one can suspect. In fact, the aim of psychoanalysis is to achieve revelation of using such aspects like defence mechanisms and therefore, ensure the unconscious is conscious.  According to this theory, the unconscious influences are revealed in different manner such during dreaming and the slip of one’s tongue(d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).

 The life instinct is the Eros which assist in a person’s survive and at the same time directing activities that sustain life like eating, respiration, sex and eating. In Freudian theory, libido is the energy resulting from life instincts, while Thanatos (read death) is presented as various destructive forces found in every human being.  Once this kind of energy is directed towards other people, it comes in form of violence or aggression. However, Eros is considered to be as strong as Thanatos which enables individuals to survive instead of self-destruction. The ego aims at satisfying id’s demand in a way that is socially safe and acceptable.  The superego is developed at the childhood stage and ensures the various morals standards in place(d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).

 On the other hand, Jung‘s Unconscious Theory differs with the notion of sexuality and involved more of psychoanalytical aspect.  The theory disagreed with Freud in regards to his explanation of the role played by sexuality and his believe was that libido did not just involve sexual energy but also generally involved the psychic energy.  As per Jung’s theory, the aim of psychic energy was to provide motivation to a person in various essential ways that comprise of creativity, spirituality and intellect. It provides the motivation to a person to reducing conflict with others and seeks pleasure.  Whereas, Freud’s theory described the nature and goal of one’s libido as providing psychic energy whose specific goal is for sexual gratification, Jung’s theory views libido as just a general basis of psychic energy that motivates various behaviors (d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).  In addition , Freudian theory views unconscious as being a storage for  unaccepted desires for a particular person that have been repressed, where as the Jung’s unconscious theory views unconscious as a storage for various memories that have been repressed  , both for a specific person and his or her ancestral past.  In addition, Freudian theory perceives past experiences as the real cause of past behavior while Jung’s theory view’s a person’s behavior as resulting from their past experiences plus their future desires or aspirations (d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).

The two theories, however, agreed on various fronts in terms of a person’s unconscious part of his or her brain. Like Freudian theory, the Unconscious Theory by Jung viewed psyche as being made up of various separate systems that are constantly interacting. For the Jung’s Unconscious Theory, the collective unconscious, personal unconscious and the ego are the major systems of the psyche.  As such, the ego is a representation of the conscious mind since it consists of thoughts, emotions and memories that an individual understands.  The identity and continuity feelings broadly results from the ego. Like the description of Freud, the Theory of Unconscious by Jung placed emphasis on the role of unconscious in regard to personality of a person (d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).   However, his proposal comprised of two parts which are a person unconscious and transpersonal or collective unconscious.  The personal unconscious part is basically similar to that of Freudian theory on unconsciousness.  The unconscious consists of information that is temporarily forgotten and the repressed memories. The complex if an important aspect of personal unconscious and involves a set of aspects like feelings, thoughts, memories and even attitudes that places focus on one idea.  The greater these elements are attached to a person’s concept, the more they will have an influence on him or her. According to this theory, the personal unconscious is believed to be much closer to the surface than suggested by Freudian theory and as such, Jung’s therapy had little concern for childhood experiences that have been repressed. For him, the present activities and future aspirations formed the key for analyzing neurosis and the treatment of the condition (d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).

The collective unconscious brings about the most significant difference between the theory by Juan and Freud and to Juan’s Unconscious theory forms his original description of an individual’s personality. The collective unconscious is the extent of unconscious that a person shares with fellow humans and includes the latent memories dating back to evolutionary and ancestral past.  In this sense, the nature of the world into which an individual is born is inherent.  The mind of a person has some inherent features that are already imparted on it in the entire evolution process.  The shared predispositions can be traced from the ancestral past of a person; an example of such predispositions includes the fear of spiders, snake or even darkness.  The images archetypes and ancestral memories are the aspects comprised in collective unconscious that have been developed into different personality sub-systems (d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004).

 According to Juan’s unconscious theory, the psyche is viewed as system that is self-regulating and one whose aim is to maintain a balance between qualities that are not agreeing and at the same time striving to achieve growth.  However, the ego is the seen as being central to the consciousness level and the psyche level where a person conscious awareness is stored together with his or her sense of existence and identity. The parts act as a fundamental command where a person’s thoughts , senses , feelings and insight are structured while at the same time regulating how the memory can be accessed.  Through the ego, the inner and outer environments are linked together and at the same time forms how the person relates to whatever is external to them.  The way an human being will relate to their external world is determined by the extent of  introversion and extraversion  and how the functions of their senses are used. Some individuals have one or more of such facets developed in them than fellow humans and this determines their perception of the environment (d’Heurle, Adma and Tash, 2004). Just as unconsciousness is perceived to be significant in Freudian theory it is similarly perceived by the Juan’s unconscious theory.

References

d’Heurle, Adma Jeha and Tash, Robert C.  (2004). Classics in the Social and Behavioral Sciences.  3. ed) Acton, MA:  Copley Custom Publishing Group

Language development

Introduction

Language is a major cognitive factor that define humans and which differentiate them from other species whose communication does not involve infinite expression of ideas using words and speech sounds. Language development is an essential process that begins in early stages of human life, where infants are born without a language but as they grow and develop, they start communicating through babbling and speech sounds. The ability to develop language is remarkable but what seems to be remarkable is that studies have been finding evidence for mastery of the skill in more and younger children. These researches have come up with psycho-linguistics theories of how languages are leant and these have come to be widely accepted.  The process of language development can be traced right from the birth of an infant to the interaction with people around them. The initial words uttered by an infant may appear as their language development but by the time they speak the first word at around 12 months, the process has been undergoing for many years. It takes just a few years after birth for all the children that have a normal development to master skills that are necessary for listening and then listening.  

 In the 12 weeks before a baby is born, sounds from the outside world can be clearly heard. The auditory system of a fetus normally develops by the 24^th week and mothers who are expectant may feel the fetus moving in response to a loud voice.  The first experiences of an infant with language can be traced to their early speech sound memories. Infants who are newly born demonstrate a remarkable ability to differentiate various speech sounds happening in languages around the world which is a proof for listening ability (Gerken 2009). The ability of these young ones to recognize various syllables in a speech is influenced by their experience’s frequency.  This ability confirms the new parent’s notion that infants may be able to understand a language before uttering their first words (Jones, 2014). However, the very first utterances by infants after birth most surely crying which is the first essential mode of communication. On their first 3 months, these infants develop cries that are distinct when trying to indicate discomfort, anger or hunger and by the time they are in their third month start cooing and laughing. In the following months, they can produce some sounds that are elongated which then become more complex with time. By the time they are in six month, they are in the babbling stage which where they start babbling through repetition of one syllable (Jones, 2014).  With time, the babbling becomes increasingly complex as sequences with different syllables are produced.  It is remarkable that as the infants attain 1 year of age, they use less speech sounds which are not represented in the home languages; it is suggested that as they lose the ability to differentiate the speech sounds that they do not regularly experience as they listen, they become less likely to utter those particular speech sounds.

Among the first words may be names of what they like or may be invented and they consistently use the words in reference to a given action of object but the adults do not use them. The inventions of the words are referred to as idiomorphs, but their use is normally short-term as the children inter-change them with those worlds preferred by adults (Kennison, 2013). The quality of words produced by children improves with time as they master some sounds more quickly as compared to others.   Eventually, majority of the children achieve the right pronunciation personally  while some may need  lessons for speech therapy whey are provided with direct instruction and even practicing for certain speech sounds (Kennison, 2013).

Vocabulary building

As children growth, their learning process and environment influences them to learning the various vocabularies used in their home language and also in the learning institutions. For a child to attain the adult-sized vocabulary, they have to continuously learning some words on daily basis, usually a minimum of 6 daily on average. It has been observed that the rate of vocabulary acquisition by a child is not normally steady, a phenomena that has been referred as word spurt (Shulman & Capone, 2010).  This could possible due to children’s experience of naming insight , where they realize that there exist a name for everything ; or the possibility of internal changes happening on how a child understands words , which then enables them to learn new words.  Referential learning is the earliest strategy children uses to learn words where such words refer actual environmental aspects and this may involve asking the adults.

 Another strategy is whole object bias, where the children tend to assume that a new word is referring to the whole object rather than part of such an object like texture or color (Shulman & Capone, 2010). Taxonomic bias is another strategy where a child assumes a new word refers to a kind of a thing or object instead of a particular object. To the child, a dog may refer an entire species of animals.  Mutual exclusivity assumption involves the fact that upon associating an object with a given label, another label will not be used to refer to it. In the vocabulary development, overextensions errors happen where the use of words by a child may not confirm to how the adults prefer to use it (Gerken, 2009).

Sentence construction

By the time a child is five years, their skills in language involves understanding and combining words that builds active sentences. The 5-8 years period involves a lot of stories in the process of development and the stories by the children are likely to be more detailed and hence , longer.  During this period, children might combined various words in the right manner , various types of sentences in presenting similar information , employ pronouns and have improved understanding between inferential and factual sentences. The earlier sentences may involve using single-word utterances whose meaning is more complex than can be defined by a single word.  By three years, utterances grow similar to those used by adults’ sentences.  The child masters the sentence skills through various stages which start with appreciation of the meaning of a particular word while figuring how to use the word in the right way. Secondly, the child use affirmative questions to order the verb and subject in the right manner, while in third stage, a child comes up with questions that have the right order of subject verb for both affirmative and negative questions. The measure of the language development and skills is mostly the repetition of a sentence rather than memory limitations.  The repetition also implies that one has mastered the speech and the vocabulary which are the basics of language development (Klem et.al 2015).

Theories of language development

Some key theories have been developed with an aim of explaining development of language. These include the linguistic, behavioral, social interactionist and cognitive theories.  Behavioral theory involves a belief by behaviorists that language is measurable and observable and that the need to utilize a language arises from stimulation. To the behaviorist, what is important is not the language rules competence but the ability to speak the language (Lemetyninen,2012). The environment conditions the children to respond to a specific stimuli using a language and when a child speak his or her parent’s language , they become skillful as a reward. Their ability to respond in a way that relates to environmental stimuli obtained from parents shapes their language more easily than rules’ knowledge. The theory has not been proven in the labs even though it is mostly agreed that an environment rich in language assists communication success in children. Second are Nativist linguistic theories which hold that language development occurs due to   child’s ability to organize language laws but requires human presence to utilize such abilities (Lemetyninen, 2012).  However, the child does not require formal tutelage for this happen. A child already has major language principles at their birth and various parameters and thus, when exposed to a specific language, they can set these parameters and then, deduce different grammatical principles.  This theory has been perceived to be controversial and hence many psychologists oppose the notion of a language being innate. However, that similar fundamental structure is present in all languages and existence of rules in specific languages through which the structure are transformed into particular patterns is used to support this theory (Lemetyninen, 2012).

Social interaction theory employs the context and environment in which the development of a language occurs. The focus in this theory is the language pragmatics instead of grammar which should follow. In this sense, a person beginning to speak and an experienced person such as a child are normally in a setting that is negotiated and where it is possible to receive feedback (Rudd & Lambert, 2011). In this sense, the approach places more emphasis on a cultural environment or a home that makes it possible for a child to acquire a language. The vocabulary is informed by the context or the culture within which a speech is understandable and important. According to this theory, language is usually not universal but is time-bound and into context. A major point of supporting this theory is the notion that utterance will only make sense if an experienced person like a teacher knows the context (Rudd & Lambert, 2011). Cognitive theory holds that a language consist of structures and symbols but is demonstrated as the mental ability of a child attains maturity. The basic insight in this theory is the role played by maturation as the capacity if a child to understand their surrounding increases (Lemetyninen,2012). As such, a child will only understand and speak a language only if they are mature psychologically.

Conclusion

Language defines humans and differentiates them from other species and hence language development is an essential part in human development. Language development is a process that begins even before infants are born and it takes different stages to be achieved fully. Various theories have been proposed in understanding it although no single one has completely explained this complex human quality.

References

Jones, M,(2014).Universal baby sounds .Vol. 15, 10 . Retrieved from: http://www.talk4meaning.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Early-Years-Educator-babbling-PDF.pdf

 (Lemetyninen,2012). Language Acquisition. Retrieved from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/language.html

Functionality Paper

Clinically, functionality refers to the physiological superiority of the overall state of actual practicability (Alwin & Hofer, 2013). As an individual begins to age there are several fluctuations that are expected to develop without being escaped (Alwin & Hofer, 2013). Gaining is directly connected with the consistent deficiency of body functions which might include motor management, reasoning, remembrance, and responsiveness. The changes can start mainly with their general capabilities to practice cognitive tasks. Some of the cognitive function that might be altered include operative memory, thoughtfulness, insight and long run memory. An individual may establish that the aging person is not capable of recalling individual’s names at ease as before (Alwin & Hofer, 2013). Forgetting the actual directions to specific places which they wish to access is usually a common occurrence which is an impact that is fueled by cognitive functionality loss. The coordination between hands and eyes will start to lower as age progresses. The occurrence of these changes makes it particularly hard for an individual to take proper care of themselves which steal their independence. Once the changes begin the affected person might acquire the sensation that their life’s superiority is being withdrawn based on the changes (Alwin & Hofer, 2013). Despite the fact that having an extended life is pricey, possessing positive social relationships and support is essential given that it is the only thing that can offer the aging person happiness, individuality, and superiority of life.

According to Carter (2016), the loss of functionality in every day’s living can best be described as the incapability to perform a given function within the assortment that is accounted as standard in regard to independent existence. When an aging person begins to lose their independence characteristic this changes impact the general life’s quality and perception. Cognitive functions are described as every mental procedure that incorporates figurative procedures like memory, sensitivity, imaginings as well as reasoning. In other words, cognitive functions involve both judgment aptitude as well as awareness (Albert, 2004). Attention being one of the mental functions that are particularly altered by the aging process refers to the capability of an individual to focus on a single objective or thought. When the individual’s attention starts to decrease it is usually very challenging to focus on activities that were once well known to them.  Attention procedures are usually made of divided, discriminating as well as continued attention. Selective attention, in this case, refers to the capability to process and respond to numerous distinctive actions that operate at the same period (Albert, 2004). On the other hand divided devotion is the general capability to focus on more than a single task in a given period.  When an individual’s capability to focus on different tasks is affected it is usually hard for the aging adults to focus on different activities as they would when younger. This is especially obvious when there is high demand for two pressuring tasks. When older persons are gaining the allocation of responses to the given activities is not usually accurate. Sustained attention is also impacted which is the capability to focus on quantified activities for a longer period time (Albert, 2004).

When an individual’s operational remembrance deteriorates this affects other distinctive body systems like language, long run memory, judgment making and problem resolution (Alwin & Hofer, 2013). With the distortion of the memory, the capability to recall previous memories or events becomes particularly challenging. In that for the affected persons recalling faces, names and a different location is a major signal of the loss. The memory loss is bound to exist in a limited time period which re-originate afterward. In some cases, an individual might not recollect their remembrance given that the issue worsens with the progression of time. An additional signal of memory distortion is language decline where the individual’s speech becomes slur as well as the incapability to form different terms (Alwin & Hofer, 2013). Attention, information dispensation rate and rapidity as well as the incapability to obstruct inappropriate data are the essential functions for effective cognitive tasks enactment. 

Perception is an additional function that declines with aging which is impacted in two distinct ways. For some individuals, their world’s perception is likely to rise given that they develop a more improved obligation of the surrounding (Carter, 2016). It is universally established that an older individual holds more enhanced appreciation in regard to life as compared to a younger person on the basis that they have observed and experienced different things in their extensive existence. This does not imply that life is not appreciated by younger persons rather with aging an individual begin to gain comfort with all that they own. An individual’s independence is severely impacted by the general elderly effects (Carter, 2016). As the individual’s remembrance, movement, and the general functional capability start to reduce their general capability to care appropriately for themselves begin to lower. For example, the aging persons are characterized by eyesight decline and in this case activities such as driving which requires proper sight are affected. This can develop to be a major issue thus affecting the caregivers because it means that they become significantly dependent on other persons to direct them or perform certain activities on their behalf (Carter, 2016).

Activities which in the previous were primary routines like dressing, cooking, eating as well as cleaning becomes almost unbearable to be conducted without help. A single type of routine that in most cases are alters their independence is movement (Colón-Emeric et al, 2013). In other words, this implies that with declining movement coordination and poor sight this necessitates an individual to depend on others support as a means of survival (Colón-Emeric et al, 2013). This can be a major issue especially if there are not offered any kind of help or those that are close are unwilling to offer the needed assistance. In this context, most of them are faced with the likelihood of getting into long run care facilities. For most of these individuals, the transition that occurs from independence to dependency is usually challenging which might result in consistent stress or depression due to the development of a negative perception in regard to their existence. Independence refers to the general capability to accomplish tasks that one wishes to achieve without any given assistance (Colón-Emeric et al, 2013).

Based on Dias & Couceiro (2017) life’s quality is a dynamic concept that normally incorporates subjective analysis of both the desirable and the negative characteristics in life (Dias & Couceiro, 2017). In relation to health life’s quality can impact an individual’s health which might be physical or reasoning capabilities. Some elder persons are bound to experience desirable experiences that are mainly fueled by the provided care (Dias & Couceiro, 2017). In addition, this can be derived from their capability to move or accomplish certain routine activities. The selfless activities which mainly involves assisting others are bound to create a special sensation to the affected persons by improving their lives in general. When no effort is made in offering the required assistance the aging person might feel as if they do not matter based on the lack of adequate care which forces them to end in the care facilities. There is a possibility that in such cases individuals will develop a sense of loss thus getting into depression given that their existence turns to be stressful (Power, Dalton and Rice, 2013). As individuals age, they grow to be particularly sensitive to all issues that are associated with the physical and mental impairment. This leads to the general development of downward spiral thus affecting their lives. The recognition of such losses might create anxiety thus causing them to respond negative such as crying and screaming. In the quest of enhancing their physical and cognitive capabilities, it is good to create a comfortable surrounding that promotes independence (Power, Dalton, and Rice, 2013).

In summing up, the general aging reality is a thing that is likely to be faced by every individual. Based on medical advancement, the general existence is prolonged and of high quality but this does not imply that the aging person’s functionality changes should be underrated. In that, these people are emotionally affected by the functionality transition and in order to improve their lives physical, monetary and emotional assistance is necessary. Regardless of how well an individual handles themselves, the effects of aging cannot be evicted given that there are apparent likelihoods of reduced cognitive function. Life’s quality, perception, and remembrance are bound to be altered with aging progression (Dias & Couceiro, 2017). The changes affect the physiological performance which mainly results in the loss of important functionality abilities such as judgment, reasoning, and problem resolution. In this scenario, the most important aspect is offering support in accomplishing the needed activities which result in happy existence thus lowering issues such as resistance.

References

Albert, S. M. (2004). Public health and aging: An introduction to maximizing function and well-being. New York: Springer Pub.

Alwin, D. F., & Hofer, S. M. (2013). Handbook of cognitive aging: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Los Angeles [Calif.: Sage Publications.

Carter, K. E. N. N. E. T. H. E. P. H. D. (2016). Learn Psychology. Place of Publication Not Identified: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Cathleen S. Colón-Emeric, Heather E. Whitson, Juliessa Pavon And Helen Hoenig, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. (2013). Am Fam Physician. 2013 Sep 15; 88(6):388-394.

Dias, G. N. F., & Couceiro, M. S. (2017). Active ageing and physical activity: Guidelines, functional exercises and recommendations. Springer.

Geoffrey A. Power, Brian H. Dalton and Charles L. Rice. (2013). Human Neuromuscular Structure and Function in Old Age: A Brief Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2013.07.001.

Social Psychology

Social psychology is basically the essence of having an understanding of the individual behaviors in the social context. The scientific understanding of the people’s thoughts, behaviors and their feelings which are influenced by an imagined, actual or the implied means by other people constitutes to social psychology. Behaviors, feelings and the thoughts are all psychological variables which can be measured in a human being (Funder et al., 2014). Having an imagination or an implied feeling that other persons may be present in a specific setting gives a suggestion that humanity is subject to the social influence whereas the identified persons are not present for example during watching or when there is a following of the cultural norms which are internalized. The social psychologists indicate the behaviors of the humanity in terms of their behavior which is as a result of some interactions with the mental status and the immediate situations in the social settings. Social psychology is mainly concerned with the identification of the way the beliefs, feelings, interactions, goals and the thoughts are formulated and in the way the psychological factors are used in influencing the interactions with people (Stephens et al., 2014).

Education is typically a form of an applied social psychology in more ways than one. In every occasion where there is more than one person together with a goal of getting them educated, there is a need and an open opportunity to use the social psychological guidelines which will be very influential in the learning of an individual. This is very effective in making sure that the students are interested in learning, reduces the idea of anonymity, provide a difference of the academic success and in any case the failures are reduced through demonstration of the teachings (Funder et al., 2014). The kind of educational system that is currently in place is one of the most complex forms of education where the players and the educators, in general, are involved in creating a way for the students to gather enough confidence and education for the benefit of their future academically. In place, there is no even a single approach to learning which can be termed to have worked for every person. It is therefore very important to identify the various methodologies which can are used in making sure the students capture close to everything taught or discussed in the course of teaching (Stephens et al., 2014). The basic interactions between the students and the teachers is a valid and an effective form of social psychology that helps students understand better the causes of living. Learning can only be defined as an endeavor that is of a lifetime. Individuals do not only make an improvement of learning in school but also learn while they are working, in the social settings and also when they are performing the simple minded or the physical tasks in their homes (Hussein, 2015).

Science in psychology is the highest contributor when it comes to the performance of a student which is helpful in making the teaching very simple and basic for the students involved. Learning and being an educator are linked to the behavior and social aspects of human development which includes the motivation, communication, cognition and the social interaction. For example, the principle of the teachers having a very high expectation on their students can impact the students by making him or her very motivated and therefore success is assured. However, if a teacher identifies a particular student to be lacking the capability to perform and he or she does not verbally say it, the mental state can communicate to the student and similarly make him or her to performs worst.  Social psychology is applied to every field of learning and this makes it very possible for the students to either perform better or perform worst with regards to the environment (Fayolle & Liñán, 2014). However, if the teacher has a very high level of expectation to basically all the students in a class, this can create an impact on the students’ performance in general thereby making them perform in a better way.

 Psychology is a very intrinsic part of the education and also pre-service educators are not sufficiently equipped with the social psychology part of learning. In the education system, cognitive and behavioral aspects of social learning are ever present. The cognitive aspect is a field which is involved in studying the relation in which people perceive, acquire, communicate and remember any information. The behavioral aspect is more concerned with the tendency to modify the behaviors with regards to their consequences. Social research is very important in education, personal life and at work since it allows the students and the general society identifies the various methodologies to deal with upcoming situations in the lives of people in general. For example, in education, a student is able to build the required knowledge and similarly get the most efficient form of learning. In every profession, research is required to build a basis on certain issues (Funder et al., 2014). At work, for example, an employee is able to avoid certain activities that might hinder the success and performance level for effective delivery. This also applies to a personal life where individuals are able to project the necessary moves to succeed in life situations such as determining what one should do when faced with certain situations.

References

Fayolle, A., & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663-666.

Funder, D. C., Levine, J. M., Mackie, D. M., Morf, C. C., Sansone, C., Vazire, S., & West, S. G. (2014). Improving the dependability of research in personality and social psychology: Recommendations for research and educational practice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(1), 3-12.

Hussein, A. (2015). The use of triangulation in social sciences research: Can qualitative and quantitative methods be combined?. Journal of Comparative Social Work, 4(1).         

Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., & Destin, M. (2014). Closing the social-class achievement gap: A difference-education intervention improves first-generation students’ academic performance and all students’ college transition. Psychological science, 25(4), 943-953.