The US population is aging, and the life expectancy of the average adult is increasing. According to the US Census Bureau (2009), by 2050, 20 percent of the total population will consist of people who are sixty-five years or older. There are several issues that challenge older adults from myths regarding aging to the significant life changes such as retirement. •Explain some of the things that may change because of the increasing life expectancy and a growing older adult population. •Describe some of the myths that deal with both physical and psychological aging. Explain some of the realities that dispel these myths and identify how older adults are engaged in their lives both in leisure and in work activities. •Explain some of the reasons individuals who are sixty-five years or older are still part of the workforce, both from a psychological and a social perspective? Identify ways in which older adults are looking for other career options than simply retiring.
Justify your answers with appropriate reasoning and research from your text and course readings. Comment on the postings of at least two peers, and provide an analysis of each peer’s postings while also suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response.
Part 2:
Grieving occurs due to the loss of a loved one or someone they had a close relationship with. The process of grieving differs depending on cultural (social) norms. One way in which end-of-life has been described is through Kübler-Ross five stages of dying. •Describe the dual-processing model regarding grief. Explain how this model may explain how some variations may differ across cultures. •Describe the Kübler-Ross five stages of dying. Explain the differences if any in how the different age groups may deal with end-of-life such as adolescence and older adults.
“ THE RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY TO MY LIFE” Discuss various ways in which an understanding of human behavior is relevant and important to you and your future. Think of your everyday behavior and the roles you may find yourself in later in life. Give SEVERAL specific examples that show
Various Ways in Which an Understanding of Human Behavior Is Relevant and Important To Me and My Future
Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer: Paper Instructions:
Explain what you have learned about the principles guiding general education from this course and the courses you have taken in the past. What are the most important concepts you have learned (a) from this course and (b) throughout your time as a university student? What are your plans for putting your education to use within your community? How might your newly-acquired knowledge and skills shape your personal and professional development?
Human nature is a concept that is derived from the fundamental characteristics of how human beings naturally act. This included the ways of thinking, behaving, feeling, and acting. This is basically the essence of humankind. Human nature has four beginnings of morality according to Mercian theory (Brown, 2003). These beginnings include a sense of compassion that enables one to show acts of kindness and goodness to other people. Another concept of human nature is having a sense of shame and contempt, which develops into respect and righteousness. Without a sense of righteousness, one cannot feel scorned about something wrong that they have done. It is important for an individual to feel shameful because of the negative acts that are normally not condoned by society so that they can be able to improve to be better people. The sense of respect and courtesy is another concept that enables one to develop appropriateness and decency. This sense is important for individuals to be decent when dealing with other people to avoid conflicts. In addition, it is in human nature for people to differentiate between the right and wrong things in life. This sense develops into wisdom to be able to do the right thing and avoid doing it. In order for psychology sessions to be productive, counselors need to inquire from their patients about these four beginnings to enable them to get the appropriate approaches to use on them.
There are several theoretical approaches used by psychological counselors to walk an individual through counseling. One of these integrative theoretical approaches is the humanistic approach that explains that humans have within themselves all the resources necessary for them to lead healthy and functional lives and that issues occur due to the restrictions of not using the resources provided to us (Harmon-Jones, 2003). This approach focuses mostly on the present lives and enables clients to achieve their highest potential. Most times people focus more on the negative things that happened in their past lives, which then affects their present and future thinking. It is in human nature for people to get tempted to dwell on their past mistakes and feel like they cannot get past them. When these negative issues happen, people tend to live in that bubble because they are either afraid of making another mistake or they are in doubt that they can make the same wrong decision if they try again. Self-doubt is the enemy of progress and provokes an individual to dwell on their wrongdoings rather than what they can do better in the present. It is not surprising that professional motivational speakers remind their audiences that it is important to fight self-doubt in order to achieve progress in their current lives. In fact, the hardest part of the carrier of psychological counselors is convincing their patients to come from the place of self-doubt to self-confidence. The question mostly asked during counseling sessions is, what makes an individual feel like they cannot progress? By doing so, the counselor wants to identify the issue in one past that influence their patients’ present decisions.
The humanistic approach also believes in the goodness of all individuals. This means that every individual has a sense of compassion and kindness in them (Brown, 2004). Therefore, when people make wrong decisions, they can always make better decisions. It is in human nature to assume that since they have made wrong decisions, they cannot be better again. While this is not true, some people are too shameful of their choices that they cannot do better. This approach enables a patient to realize that they can always do better and that their decision should not affect their present and future choices. Humanistic therapists also emphasize an individual’s growth and self-actualization (Brown, 2004). This means that this approach encourages patients to feel worth and considerable. They are encouraged to focus on improving their present lives and plan for their future. After all, the past will always be the past so why should we focus on our past mistakes. We should learn from them to avoid repeating them. Consequently, humans also have a constitution, which is emotional tendencies that causes them to be kind and compassionate towards others. This is why if people do not behave according to the moral compass set by society, they will feel guilt and shameful. Human nature helps us to be better people. Humanist therapists show genuine care and interest towards their patients, which aids in the recovery process of a patient.
Another integrative theoretical approach is the behavioral theory. These theories help individuals in problematic thinking and habits when their surroundings support them (Harmon-Jones, 2003). When an individual’s environment is the same as that in which a traumatic or wrong decision was made, then the issue will keep recurring. It is important for individuals to avoid places that remind them of the mistakes they made or issues they struggled with, for instance, drug addicts cannot stay in the same area as their dealers if they want to get better. This is because they will be motivated to keep doing them; for instance, in the case of a recovering drug addict living in the same block, it will be easy to meet since they share most social circles and this will cause them to relapse. It is in the human nature to stay in a comfort zone (Brown, 2003). Human nature does want to leave something it was accustomed to. It is no wonder that getting used to something is easy but trying to do something is hard. I recommend this approach because its reminds the patient that when all is said and done, they have to be willing to let of the past if they want to get better. It also warns them to keep off this can remind us of our past and probably force them to relapse.
The behavioral theory is also based on the ways of behaving that are learnt. This is the classic conditioning is used in behavioral therapy that focuses on the effects of a learnt response (Cooper et al, 2010). This can be well explained by the use of an animal like a trained dog. Some dogs are taught that the sound of a bell means that it is the meantime. This is achieved by using a repetitive stimulus like ringing the bell twice. Operant conditioning is another method used in behavioral therapy (Cooper et al, 2010). This entails the use of rewards to motivate the learner to learn quicker. It increases the chances of behavioral changes and punishments to lower the chances of another behavior. Behavioral therapists work with the patients to change their negative and destructive habits by the use of behavioral modification strategies. This could be both positive and negative influences. It is human nature to want to win and get rewards. Human nature is competitive and that is why this approach works well (Brown, 2003). If you motivate a patient, they will want to get better so that they achieve. It could a small token but because they achieved a goal and won a set prize, this motivates the patient to do better. For instance, when parents promise gifts to their children if they perform well in school, those children are likely to do very well in school. Learning this technique can be very in counseling session. I would also use it in my counseling sessions.
Motivating patients is an important aspect of counseling sessions because the patients feels safe in confiding to the doctor. Humanistic and behavior approaches encourage counselors to be genuine and motivate their patients for better results. I will combine these approaches in my practice to enable me to offer the best care to my patients. I believe that people are willing to change; they just need some care and help getting back to the right position in life. I also believe that while others may want directions to the right path, others would just want to be shown genuinely compassion and love, then they will change. It is crucial for therapist to understand their patient to be able to offer the best care. If I was writing a counseling theory I could say that; human being are compassionate beings who only need to be shown some acts of kindness and love and they will open up and rich their full potential. It is amazing that it only takes one professionally trained individual or just compassion to save another from going down the wrong path. My theory focuses on the sense of compassion and respect.
References
Brown, D. E. (2004). Human universals, human nature & human culture. Daedalus, 133(4), 47-54.
Cooper, M., Rowland, N., McArthur, K., Pattison, S., Cromarty, K., & Richards, K. (2010). Randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counseling for emotional distress in young people: Feasibility study and preliminary indications of efficacy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4(1), 1-12.
Harmon-Jones, E. (2003). Anger and the behavioral approach system. Personality and Individual differences, 35(5), 995-1005.
Lev Vygotsky and his contribution to psychology and learning.
Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist born in the year 1896 on November 17. In the western part of the Russian when Russia was an empire. His educational achievement includes his degree at the University of Moscow State University in 1917 (Cherry, 2020). He partook in various subjects and topics in the university and his psychology classes, including sociology, philosophy, and linguistics. The development of his career in psychology as a psychologist started later in life in 1924when he was involved with the institute of psychology in Moscow. He graduated in 1925, submitting his dissertation to indicate the end of his study, and was granted a degree in psychology that year.
His diversion from psychology as a career was due to his health issues after he experienced acute tuberculosis that caused him to miss his graduation. He was then involved in research aimed at helping students with language attention and problems with memory. His involvement with the student through research allowed him to become a writer with more than six published psychology books. His main area of interest was children's development and the arts and language development among the children through his research. His research involvement helped him develop various theories on human development that include the sociocultural theory and the views he had on the zone of proximal development. His health deterioration due to the development in his tuberculosis condition caused his death at the age of 37. His death was contributed by the understandable behavior together with the increased criticism from the communist party.
His contribution to psychology was mainly through the development of the sociocultural theory through his research. His views on sociocultural theory is based on the children's development and the effects of the community social life on In his theory, he considers the learning in children is based on the interaction of the Child and the social environment that involves their peers and parent among other people around the Child. Their contribution to child development is based on the story of the higher-order functioning in children's lives. Among the factors that affect the children's development in this theory, he determines the effects of the people around the Child and the contribution of the culture and beliefs in the community. This is the key to determining how the learning process happens in children.
According to Vygotsky, the Child's social environment plays a vital role in the Child's development socially, cognitively. At the same time, the cultural beliefs in the community are the basis of the learning of the Child. In this, he emphasized the influence of social interaction on the child's cognitive development, where the difference in culture affects mind development differently. His argument was based on the views he had that different cultures have different beliefs that affect the child's cognitive development differently. Additionally, he has involved a description of the proximal development zone where he explained that it is the distance between what the child knows and what they have yet to discover. The acquisition of unknown information requires the peers' contribution in problem-solving. The child's achievement in problem-solving development is based on the peers' guidance and any other capable community members.
The Child's language development and their ability to develop a good thinking process are dependent on the social interaction with the community. As per the learning process, he believes that social interaction is the key in child development, especially in the zone of proximal development where interaction with peers and other knowledgeable community members is essential for the development in learning (Esteban-Guitart, 2018). The ability of children to deal with problem-solving cases depends on the ability of the guidance; thus, the learning process depends on social interaction. Similarly, his main views were based on his belief that children acquire knowledge through their different cultures, thus making the social interaction with the environment. According to their ability in problem-solving, he believed that children could solve problems. Still, the social agent is vital in helping them solve the more challenging issues to their power.
According to Vygotsky, early childhood education requires the involvement of the social aspect to represent the teachers' parents and peers in the learning process. His views on the zone of proximal development early child education depend on the availability of a person who has more knowledge than the learners do as an instructor in the learning process. The availability of the community as a social factor her essence as an educator is helping in observation and when they are practicing the skills acquired. The ability and guidance in problem solving require direction from a person who is more knowledgeable than them in solving problems above their knowledge through the provision of support to the children. In this, the tool in education uses the mind in problem solving, thus helping create solutions to the problems.
In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, the community and family play a vital role in child development and learning. The interaction created through the community, through the community members' knowledge and family, is the crucial aspect in the children's cognitive development and education. The family provides the support needed for the development of the Child to exhibit their full potential. The parents are the basis for children's development as they form the first member the Child interacts with, thus directly affecting their learning and development. On the other hand, the community offers the child the culture and belief that drives the learning process. Still, the difference in cultural beliefs provides different learning strategies. Some community employees the concept of memorization while others understanding. The difference in the cultural norms thus provides the difference in the learning processes. The community member's key to child development includes teachers as educators and people guiding the learning process as it involves the mind in problem solving.
Vygotsky's knowledge and views on the zone of proximal development have been a key to the educators (teachers) by using it to propagate child development. The teachers, in this case, help is in the provision of guidance to children in development through the understanding of the children's ability. Understanding the children's ability is through what they can achieve using the teacher to guide them to reach high levels on their own. The concept of the sociocultural environment as the key to child development has allowed the teachers to enable the children to play to understand the environment independently, thus broadening their mindset. The interaction of the Child with the environment increases their imagination, therefore key in cognitive development. Most school curricula have included physical education in the timetable to increase child interaction with the environment.
The most crucial factor in child development is the social community that includes parent peers and teachers among other stakeholders in the learning process. Cognitive development is dependent on one's interaction with the social environment and the people around the Child. On the other side, the culture provides one with the rules in the use of language as each community has different language and vocabulary, thus vital in the learning process as they offer the first language.
Esteban-Guitart, M. (2018). The biosocial foundation of the early Vygotsky: Educational psychology before the zone of proximal development. History of psychology, 21(4), 384.
Vygotsky, L., & Cole, M. (2018). Lev Vygotsky: learning and social constructivism. Learning Theories for Early Years Practice, 58.
James Vargiu is an American practitioner who deals with counseling psychology and mainly worked with Assagioli. His first book is subpersonality and deals with the phases of the thinking process. According to Vargiu, the five thinking processes are recognition, Acceptance, coordination, integration, and finally synthesis. The five phases work at different levels and can not be predicted in advance. The biggest challenge that faces psychosynthesis is thinking. In thinking a person must consider all the diversity surrounding them to make a profound decision. Rare do people pay attention to their senses and inner complexities. This contributes to resistance in some people in accepting and seeing their personality leading to conflict and anger.
Subpersonality emergy in a person in a different way and need assistance from a therapist. Subpersonalities emerge in a person through dreams, vision, or conflict with oneself. Many people are resistant to seeing their personality than others. Something inside them resists the fact that their personality is made up of different parts. However, when people become aware of this element they do accept them with principles and also continue to reject them when put into practice. This makes people continue to live together in society and think about others and themselves as if they were made to live in one piece. Also, people who are living together commonly judge others based on their current actions or behavior. When a person makes a mistake people in society are angered but when the person changes his behavior they are happy and refer to him as a different person.
People have unity and diversity in their inner life. Diversity in life leads to a different response to different circumstances yet the person is the same. The psychological reality in a person works systematically to reduce the multiplication of elements within our personality resulting in a strong sense of unity and identity. The uniqueness and differences in human beings are an aspect of unity and diversity. Each human beings possess some form of vices, virtues, and tendencies that promote understanding among one another through a particular part of oneself that is similar to another ( Vargiu, 1974 ). Similar subpersonality part among different people generates a feeling of personality that helps people to interact and associate in a friendly manner. Subpersonality varies at different rates in the individual and can only be developed through regular practice and strong disposal of psychological tools to help the person advance. People should first consider their personality before looking into any expectation that of finding the subpersonality that will fit any particular system of the person.
Subpersonality is a synthesis of behavior, habit complexes, and other forms of psychological elements. To have subpersonality there must be a center through which the synthesis process occurs. The center of the subpersonality is the inner drive that strives to be expressed or realized. This subpersonality center in a person is what attracts various personality elements to create a means of expression for a person. Each person has a large number of subpersonalities that they usually try to organize and synthesize. When these are effectively organized it results in ideal humankind who can be able to express himself appropriately. People can get away from expression where all the subpersonality are involved in what they need and later learn to cooperate and with the person. Failure of subpersonalities to integrate and work together results in more conflict and pain in the person's body leading to wastage of energy, pain, and anger.
Psychology is a subject that has many different aspects that entail the study of human development, social behavior, cognitive processes, clinical development, sports, and health, among other sub-fields. In general, psychology mainly focuses on the mind and behavior (Kalat, 2021). However, there are various ways in which psychological principles affect the study of the behavior of individuals and groups. Besides, group or individual behavior has been a common issue in this field ever since it began. Psychologists use psychological principles to introduce a behavior change in various frameworks, from marketing to psychotherapy to military training and political manipulation. This principle, however, has impacted and brought the possibility of bringing change in people's behavior. Moreover, it helps develop an internal and consistent comprehensive psychological understanding of the environment in relation to behavior change.
Two main parameters are found in deviant behavior. These parameters formal deviance and informal deviance. Psychologically, formal deviance tends to violate or break the laws, such as homicides and theft. On the other hand, informal deviance tends to go against social norms, such as yawning and belching loudly. However, the best therapy recommended for deviant behavior is rehabilitation. This can be achieved through secure units in prison or seeking the help of psychiatric professionals in hospitals. Other therapies include eclectic therapy, an approach that helps therapists use multiple techniques and theoretical orientations to address individuals' needs (Goode, 2019). Other therapies used in this field include psychodynamic therapy, person-centered therapy, behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and dialectical behavioral therapy. However, therapists also use sensory therapy, relaxation therapy, exposure therapy, mindfulness and acceptance, and commitment therapy. Although deviant behaviors are activities that are not approved by society, they have social and psychological implications.
It is essential to note that psychological principles affect the study of individual differences. For instance, it puts into account how individuals differ. Since people are unique, everyone has a different way of responding to any program or stimuli. In addition, the uniqueness may be influenced by past experiences, shape, size, genetics, gender, chronic conditions, and injuries (Vist, 2016). For instance, people take different times to recover from various health-related problems. Some take more time to recover than others.
Psychology also plays an essential role in the industry, complex organizations, law, and education. For instance, in industry, psychology is used to identify, recognize, and develop practical solutions to solve a problem. Through this increases and improves employee satisfaction and workplace dynamics. In addition, studying industrial psychology helps in understanding human relations, preventing accidents, development, and personnel training, motivating, and giving employees morale in the workplace (Osland, Devine & Turner, 2015).
In complex organizations, psychology plays a role in evaluating and assessing individual, group, and organization dynamics. Besides, it assists organizations in establishing solutions to the problems, which improves the organization's performance and wellbeing. In law, psychology plays a role in formulating the advisory rule. It helps in evaluating the witnesses, especially eyewitnesses who are usually afraid or influenced. Also, it helps decision-makers in concluding by providing accurate pictures and images of human preferences and perceptions. This is, however, facilitated by the legal psychologists who carry out these activities in the court system. In the education field, psychology is used by educational psychologists. These psychologists can utilize human development theory to inform the structural process (Hanimoglu,2018). This, in turn, helps individuals learn and understand things better.
References
Goode, E. (2019). Deviant behavior. Routledge.
Hanimoglu, E. (2018). Deviant Behavior in School Setting. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(10), 133-141.
Kalat, J. W. (2021). Introduction to psychology. Cengage Learning.
Osland, J., Devine, K., & Turner, M. (2015). Organizational behavior. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1-5.
Vist, N. V. (2016). Psychological and Pedagogical Conditions for the Prevention of Deviant Behavior among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(15), 8536-8551.
An Analysis of Ethical Dilemmas Encountered in Psychological Research
Researchers are ethically obligated to prevent harm from falling upon participants while obtaining information. Milgram and Zimbardo classical experiments are examples of how researchers have and are prone to fail to protect participants if they are not careful. Deception is also a major ethical concern especially when information is withheld from participants of experiments. Young children who are involved in research are vulnerable and should be protected from danger. Psychological researchers should come up with safer and more ethically sound ways of conducting their studies.
Haslam and Reicher (2012) analysis of the experiments and related studies of Milgram and Zimbardo reveal major ethical pitfalls that past researchers have fallen into and future researchers if not careful are prone to fall into. Milgram experiment revealed that earlier and participants were willing to bend the rules as long as this was endorsed by someone in authority (Haslam & Reicher, 2012). The researcher was also responsible for withholding information to participants and even deliberately misdirecting the participants, both the ‘teacher’ and the ‘student’ with the teacher being told that hurting fellow humans was alright if the end justified the means. On the other hand, the student was shown it was acceptable to deceive the other participants. In Zimbardo’s prison experiment researchers were willing to allow bodily and other forms of harms to fall upon their participants as long as some good in the form of the progress of knowledge would be the overall result. Researchers need to come up with ways of carrying out research ethically which entails allowing participants to fully understand what they are signing up for.
The classic experiment performed by Asch on conformity also raises similar ethical issues. Is it ethically sound to mislead participants of an experiment? In this classic experiment, confederates were used to mislead participants by unanimously giving the incorrect answers so the researcher could meet the objectives of the experiment which was to determine whether or not people conformed to the opinion of the majority even when these opinions were incorrect. In some experiments, researchers have been known to administer innocuous and inert medication to participants who unwittingly believe they are undergoing treatment for an infection. This practice is a modern variation of the classic experiments that would be widely criticized today and yet to some extent are seen as acceptable research ethical standards. Researchers need to be careful to identify where to draw the line. For example, the participants have the right to be informed beforehand that some of the aspects of their participation will include being provided with misleading information.
Mischel (et al. 1960) performed a series of experiments with participants who were preschoolers. The major ethical issue raised by these experiment involves the harm that may have resulted to the participants for taking part in an experiment while very young. Very young children such as preschoolers are not capable of being responsible for consenting to participate in the experiments and have to rely on their care providers for protection (Mischel, Ayduk, Berman, Casey, Gotlib, Jonides & ... Shoda, 2011). Also, the reliability and validity obtained from young participants can be questioned on the grounds of bias from parents who may be prone to influence their young ones to conform to what they believe will be the best decision in this case delayed gratification. Examination of these experiments reveals the need to create a comprehensive framework to guide various research practices on ethical dilemmas that are often encountered during research.
The research process is encumbered by many ethical dilemmas. Researchers should be careful about the difficult decisions they make that might necessitate violating the rights of participants in the name of increasing knowledge. Researchers are generally ethically obligated to obtain the consent of the participants of the experiments they conduct (Larsen, 1974). However, when these participants have to be misdirected for the objectives of the experiment to be met it becomes difficult to meet this expectation. Underage participants are also vulnerable to exploitation and possible harm from unanticipated consequences of participating in experimental studies. Researchers should come up with guidelines on how to navigate these issues.
References
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). Contesting the ′nature′ of conformity: What Milgram and Zimbardo′s studies really show. Plos Biology, 10(11), doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001426
Larsen, K. S. (1974). Conformity in the Asch experiment. The Journal Of Social Psychology, 94(2), 303-304. doi:10.1080/00224545.1974.9923224
Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., & ... Shoda, Y. (2011). ′Willpower′ over the life span: Decomposing self-regulation. Social Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, 6(2), 252-256. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq081
Once an individual steps on tack, an action follows until the effectors react, informing the person’s brain about the pain and then taking action. This process is referred to as reflex action. On stepping a tack, the receptor cells detect the change in the environment, stimuli and react to the change, restoring the homeostasis. When stimuli such as pain from the tack are subjected to the body, specialized cells react to them; these cells are known as receptors (Biga et al., 2020). These receptors are located in the skin; they make the muscles contract and the foot jerk upwards in response to the pain. The skin surface's reception of pain is first felt, then transmitted to the epidermis, then to the dermis, which houses the sensory receptors. The skin also has receptors that respond to touch. In this context, the primary sensory receptor-targeted is the nociceptors, whose main role is to respond to damage or threat of damage to body tissues, which are known to perceive pain.
Other aspects that need to be discussed include the potential action generation, which involves brief changes in the voltage across the membrane due to the flow of sodium ions into and out of the neuron. The role of this process is to ensure sodium balance and regulation of blood pressure. Closely related to potential action generation is the transmembrane potential and resting membrane potential. The transmembrane potential is the difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of receptor cells, while the resting membrane of a neuron is about -70mV less than the outside. The purpose of these membranes in reception is to transmit signals between different parts of the cells. Depolarization begins when action potential begins at the axon hillock; during this process, the sodium ions rush back into the cell, getting more positive. When the threshold potential is reached, then action potential is induced. Additionally, the movement of potassium ions outside the neurons makes potential membranes negative, thus causing repolarization, and the membrane potential is more negative, which is referred to as hyperpolarization. These elements determine the effectiveness of neurons in transmitting the message from the receptors to the effectors.
Sensory Neuron
This is the channel where the stimuli flow from the receptor to the central nervous system. These comprise the nerve cells, neurons that carry the message from the stimulated receptors. All the message is carried to the central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord, and back. The sensory neuron is responsible for carrying the message to the central nervous system while the motor neuron takes the message to the effector, forming a reflex arc (Abulhasan & Grey, 2017). In the mast of the reflexive arcs, the sensor neuron connects with the motor neurons through association neurons in the central nervous system. This interneuron takes place in the spinal cord.
Integration Center
Integration is the correct connection between the sensory neuron, which carries the message from the receptor, and the motor neuron carrying the message to the effector; this occurs in the interneurons of the central nervous system, thus making the right connections. Response to stimuli occurs the same way as a reflex, with complex behaviors that involve the integration of the brain. Integration in the central nervous system works similarly to the central switching office. The brain acts as the information processing unit, where interpretation of the message is made, and a decision is achieved to move.
Motor Neuron
Ass we had stated earlier, the motor neuron carries messages back from the central nervous system to the effector. There are two types of motor neurons, lower motor neurons traveling from the spinal cord to muscles and the upper motor neurons traveling, which joins the brain and the spinal cord. This junction formed is referred to as neuromuscular junction, which is highly specialized in linking the motor neuron nerve terminal and muscle fibers (Lepore et al., 2019). Collection of these motor neurons forms the motor unit; these neuronal axons are covered by myelin sheath to form an insulation layer, to allow rapid conduction of electrical signals.
Effector
The message from the central nervous system reaches the effector and gets stimulated, and reacts through response. The effector is primarily specialized in movement; some of its components include prime mover, a muscle that caused the specified movement. Also, the synergists are any skeletal muscles that offer support to the prime mover in its movement. Antagonists are those muscles that reverse particular movement, and these muscles are attached to bones. Bones monitor the usage and adjust the strength and shiftiness of movements within the muscles. Also, during the movement of muscles, a lot of calcium is needed to displace the troponin and reveal the active sites. These are sites where myosin binds to for the power stroke.
Reflex
A reflex is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement, especially resulting from stimuli. When an individual steps on a tack accidentally, they automatically and swiftly jerk their leg away without thinking. The path taken by the nerve impulse in a reflex is denied as a reflex arc. Additionally, a withdrawal reflex is a spinal reflex whose aim is to protect the body from damaging stimuli; this is achieved through stimulation of sensory, association, and motor neurons (Feffer, 2018). An example of the withdrawal reflex is the crossed extensor reflex, which occurs when the flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax, which is reversed in the other limb. The example of stepping on a tack, the leg that is stepping pulls away, while the other leg takes the whole body's weight.
References
Abulhasan, J. F., & Grey, M. J. (2017). Anatomy and physiology of knee stability. Journal of Functional Morphology and kinesiology, 2(4), 34.
Biga, L. M., Dawson, S., Harwell, A., Hopkins, R., Kaufmann, J., LeMaster, M., ... & Runyeon, J. (2020). Anatomy & physiology.
Feffer, A. (2018). CHAPTER SEVEN. The Reflex-Arc. In The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism (pp. 147-158). Cornell University Press.
Lepore, E., Casola, I., Dobrowolny, G., & Musarò, A. (2019). Neuromuscular junction as an entity of nerve-muscle communication. Cells, 8(8), 906.
The use of symbolism and narration point of view in stories
Various styles are used in different stories to capture and sustain the attention of the reader. A symbol is something that stands for an idea or has a deeper meaning than itself. In Shirley Jackson’s lottery story the black box is one of the most prominent symbols used in the story. The black box symbolizes the traditions of the villagers making it to be respected to be more than an ordinary box. The story A Rose for Emily uses the second person narration perspective to recount the events experienced by the character in it. In this essay, the use of symbolism in Shirley Jackson’s story The Lottery has been analyzed. Additionally, the narration point of view used in the story A Rose for Emily has been identified and discussed.
The black lottery box in Shirley Jackson’s story can be understood as a symbol because it was revered by the villagers as something in the center of a significant village custom. In the story, the villagers give the three-legged stool placed at the center of the square a wide berth due to the respect they accorded the black box on it. The villagers were even hesitant to assist Mr. Summers when he called for volunteers to hold the box steady as he shuffled the papers inside (Jackson 1). The villagers were also hesitant to replace the box with a new one because by doing so they feared violating the tradition represented by the black box (Jackson 2). The black box was a relic to the village because it was believed to contain some of the pieces of the box preceding it. Even when the black box became increasingly worn out as the years went by, people were still reluctant to replace it because of the sentimental value it held for the villagers (Jackson 2). The contents of the black box also held some significance according to the village traditions. For instance, some of the original chips of wood that had been used for generations had been replaced with slips of paper with resistance from the villager until the facilitator Mr. Summers explained that the village population had increased necessitating the change. Therefore, the black box in Mary Shelley’s Lottery Story is symbolic of the traditions of the villagers featured in the story.
The narrator keeps referring to themselves throughout the story A Rose for Emily making it a second-person narration. The story is mostly narrated in the past tense which shows that the events happened in the past (Faulkner 1). The few instances where the present tense is used is in the reported speech where the narrator describes events as they happened using the voice of the character directly. The tone used in the story alludes to the segregation era in which whites and people of color were assigned separate amenities (Faulkner 1). The narrator uses this to provide a setting for the story. The narrator is identified as a character in the story but their involvement in the events of the story is indirect. This is because the narrator only acts as a bystander, a spectator or someone who passes on information they get from others. Therefore, because the story has most of the characteristics of second-person narration, it more closely fits this category than any other.
In conclusion, styles that are used to make a story more exciting and interesting for the reader include symbolism and the application of a narrative point of view that best suits the story. The symbol identified in the lottery story written by Shirley Jackson is the black lottery box. The second person narration has been used to recount events that happened in the story A Rose for Emily. Both stories are more captivating and engaging because the authors employed various stylistic devices.
Work cited
Faulkner, William. “A Rose for Emily.” Short Stories and Classic Literature, americanliterature.com/author/william-faulkner/short-story/a-rose-for-emily.
Jackson, Shirley. “‘The Lottery.’” The New Yorker, www.newyorker.com/magazine/1948/06/26/the-lottery.
This is a psychological novel that describes the crazy lifestyle in a psychiatric ward, having participated in a drug trial before,where he had voluntarily taken psychoactive drugs like mescaline and LSD. The author Kesey advocates the use of psychotic drugs as a means of individual freedom by mentally ill patients. The main themes depicted in the novel are insanity, power, and gender. In the gender theme, the author has explored both feminine and masculinity by using prostitutes and Nurse Ratched a female nurse who was in charge of the ward. The theme of masculinity is portrayed by a male character who had pleaded guilty of battering and gambling. McMurphy is rebellious to authority, and as the novel comes to a conclusion, the author shows how he lost control and attacked nurse Ratched, and almost struggling her for blaming him for the death of Billy another male patient.
The main moral lesson of this novel is controversial because it discourages the conformity of men to authority by describing them as weak (“One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest”). The author forcefully represents distinct political undercurrents, for instance by indicating that when men bow to authority it affects both their physical and mental state. However, it also reveals the oppressive nature of nurses in a mental facility as well as the conflict existing between patients and the medical staff. The theme of power is portrayed by the female nurse, Ratched, who is in charge of the ward. Being an authoritative figure in a male ward, she had to be very strict to gain respect from the patients and also ensure order in the ward. I would assume that mentally unstable patients can be difficult to deal with and therefore, she was within her rights to be tough on them. Discouraging some habits like, bring prostitutes into the ward, would ensure that all patients are not distracted from the psychological healing (“One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest”). Besides, outsiders were not allowed in the ward according to the rules of the facility.
For this reason, McMurphy who is also a criminal wanted to rebel against the nurse. I would say that wanted to provide more recreational activities for his fellow patients. His intentions about Billy seem pure because the author portrays him as a good friend who wants his friend to experience sexual affection and even break his virginity. But these intentions were later fatal to as in the end, Billy when Nurse Ratched warns to tell his mother, he took his life. This actions drove McMurphy to an edge, he attacks (“Sparknotes”). Nurse Ratched and strangles her almost killing her showing that he cared for his friend, indicating the theme of friendship.
Unfortunately, his actions force the nurse to order a lobotomy, which renders him helpless by confining him to a chair. He could only sit and stare at the photos of his wife and sometimes scream with frustrations. He was essentially a zombie and one other patient did not like that. Chief Bromden, was also a patient who most including the staff, thought was deaf and mute (“Sparknotes”). But this nature made him aware of so many dirty secrets going on in the ward and one was what happened to McMurphy. He did not like that McMurphy was reduced to a zombie so he killed him to take him out of his misery. I would say that subconsiously, Bromden, wished peace for McMurphy which can be on a power aspect. Brodmen, wanted to step up to the leadership role that McMurphy exercised, standing up against the oppressive nature of the medical staff.
Work Cites.
“One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Novel).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo's_Nest_(novel)#Plo.
There is an evident correlation between light intensity and human behavior. Light intensity has the capability of influencing human moods and feelings. Light dictates the senses of touch, visualization, and interpretation of shapes to sound and smell. Organizations can take advantage of the impact of light to influence the workload completion and productivity levels of the workforce. Architecture design can calm or spark excitement among individuals. Emotions socially interconnect and later impact the personality of the people.
It is worth noting that the psychological effects of light depend on the human’s perceptions, so it is important to consider how people perceive certain types of light while developing the architecture. We are planning to design a culture center for people to learn about what's happening inside UN, what kinds of issue the UN is dealing with in New York, so that people could express their opinions and be part of UN decisions and a place for people to protest. The way people see distinct traits of any spatial envelope determines people’s movement pattern. People generally move towards light and further away from darkness. As such, the contrast ratio between the two spaces determines the level of attention needed in that place. If the ratio is high, then the movement towards that space will be as high, seeing that people are likely to move towards brighter objects.
Schielke states that Louis Khan using the light as a source often hidden behind louvers or secondary walls, thus concentrating attention on the effect of the light and not on its origin. That’s what we are trying to figure out, how to use light to draw people’s attention and motivate them move to the next space.
A good building design takes into consideration light factors. Architecture psychology is mostly led by how the building looks in terms of brightness and colors, considering that it is crucial to understand how light in architecture influences people′s emotions. Light impacts people’s experiences. In retail stores light is used to attract buyers in the store and once in the store, buyers are attracted to the items located where the most lighting is. The lighting design within a building should provide enough illumination by distributing light all over. The distribution of light should be as uniform as possible to avoid glaring and shadowing effect. Illumination levels are important because it assists people to see the surrounding for themselves.
We learn to manipulate interior lighting to observe individuals' emotions and responses due to change in architecture. During the designing phase of a building, lighting needs to be factored into the space. Lighting within a certain space should encourage attentiveness and increased productivity. Additionally, the design to integrate changes in lighting that occurs throughout the day have to be done in a way that controls the light intensity of the entire room. Each room should have enough light to cater to its main function. We want to learn how to determine the extent to which different light colors in buildings can invoke individual emotions. Maybe we could create a feeling of reverence when people see what the UN has done in New York. Natural illumination influences feelings of comfort and pleasure, but these feelings are given more weight in private spaces such as residences than in public areas such as cities. People would choose illumination that is more realistic and calming as a group, so natural light is preferred to artificial light (Heydarian et al., 2016).
Every individual traces an encounter with artworks of different kinds. With the ability to see, it is true that one learns something from the artists, this time as opposed to the silent pieces in museums, media, and archives, I would like to present a description of some ideal work that I did. Notably, individuals find it challenging to know the materials, methods, and medium in which the artwork was structured, the subject matter, and the reason behind making the art, which I would like to bring forth in this presentation.
So, following mush engagement, experiments, and sacrifice, I have done various methods of printing, which were based on the interest that I got from the Cyanotype prints. This interest has driven me to do my final project, a sculpture, seeking inspiration from Ryan McGinness, an American artist who uses visual language to create paintings, sculptures, and environments. So my project development is a brain sculpture, in which I will do an oil paint and installation of flowers, especially the rose flowers painted on the rocky background. Basically, the sculpture illustrates a brain that takes the place of the mind and a rose flower which is a symbol of passion or love. However, I would like for this case to integrate the brain with the flowers and relate it to peace of mind.
Figure 1: A sculpture of brain with poorly developed rose flowers
From the plan, the brain as presented is small in size, and the rose flowers undeveloped. The reason for retardation in the brain may be associated with daily life challenges, which can result in stress making the brain much loaded and then the entire brain's peace, which we can now define as lack of peace of mind. This sculpture will not be well visualized without this explanation, and therefore, I see it as a good thing to explain the reason behind the art. The art is primarily a dedication and a depiction of how the brain of people living under depressed conditions seem like, urging them to take a turn and focus on positivity.
In contrast, we have to focus on the final outcome, which is a fully developed brain on the rocky background. So, this is a stable brain belonging to a composed individual who believes in themselves. The person has “peace of mind.” Now, due to this fact, the person’s brain is depicted with a bigger brain, fully developed rose flowers of all colors. Basically, the sense of bringing a bigger brain is to appreciate the fact that individuals with peace of mind have an opportunity to grow their thoughts, as opposed to those with disturbed ones. The rose flowers are a sign of goodness, an indication of great and constructive thoughts, which would bring positive change. Lastly, the rock background is an indication of strength; peace of mind comes with strength in ideas, a meaningful decision that comes with great reasoning, which yields good results.
People should embrace the peace of mind despite the prevailing conditions. This will always offer opportunities to think about solutions and not the problems. As a peaceful mind is productive so, does greatness is promised for people who embrace positive thinking. The outcome will be growth.
Figure 2: A sculpture of heart with fully developed roses on a rock background
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