The key argument of the writer is that the reaction of people in affluent nations to lack of basic needs including food, shelter and medical care had not justification. The way moral issues are perceived in these countries should be changed including the way this society has been taking for granted their way of life. As such, the sufferings and deaths that were being seen in East Bengal due to civil war were not inevitable. It was within the capacity of the affluent nations to provide the required assistance in reduction of the suffering. Both at individual and government level, there was no enough efforts to respond to this situation in the right way. Individuals had not given enough relief funds or demanded more government assistance to the refugees’ needs .The governments failed to provide aid massive enough to enable the refugees’ survival for some time.
The morality issue raised by the right involves the high amount of funds used in non-basic issues or things like Anglo-French Concorde as if they were more important than human life. The right assumes that most people would view death arising due to lack aforementioned basic needs as bad and hence, if we have the capacity to prevent these deaths without sacrificing anything of comparable significance morally, we should do it. It is therefore, moral to sacrifice things that have less important like possessions in order to save life which is very important and this should define morality.
In addition, distance should not count in trying to alleviate the sufferings if people such that we only help those who are close to us physically. This could have been excused if a person was physically out of reach so that assistance could not reach them and it would be justified if one was to help those nearer than far away. However, with existence of rapid transportation and instant communication, the moral responsibilities changed so that one is obliged to assist those in far distance. It was the moral responsibilities of individuals and governments to provide adequate assistance to refugees suffering in Bengal despite the distance.
One Last Hug is a three days camp grief camp, which seeks to counsel children who lost loved ones. The camp encourages children between the ages of seven years to 17, to share their feelings, hence providing psychological counselling. In this camps, counsellors use non-directive counselling, whereby they allow the children to tell their stories, before giving them any form of support (Irene, 2014). This type of counselling is commonly known as permissive counselling, since the counsellor allows the counselee to give the story, before the counsellor comes up with the solution of dealing with the problem.
Most children have benefitted from this camp, since the camp provides teachings which are helpful for their upbringing. Sharing stories one of the best techniques which the counsellors use, making the children to understand that most people are also passing through similar problems as they do (Irene, 2014). Through listening to different stories, a child becomes aware of how to deal with certain problems. In addition, most children also get to understand how to relate with other people, in order to avoid indulging in problems.
After listening to the stories, counsellors use religious teachings, as a means of counselling the children. Using the religion helps in making the children to have faith in God, hence forgetting about their troubles (Irene, 2014). Furthermore, most children tend to shift their beliefs to the religion, hence living according to the dictates of the religion. This allows them to be able to focus on their studies, hence being able to perform better, than they actual did before the counselling. Similarly, the children, who are also the clients, were able to understand how to deal with the challenges which they face.
Tashi and the Monk
Tashi and the Monk is a documentary which focuses on the life which Tashi goes through, after the death of her mother, and being abandoned by her alcoholic father. The Monk takes care of Tashi together with other 80 children (Andrew, Johny, 2014). The Monk uses directive counselling, as a means of infusing a generosity of spirit to the children, and encourages them to be thankful for being alive. The Monk reaches to the clients who are also the children directly, advising and counselling, thus making them to feel appreciated hence being able to do their best in their daily lives.
Direct counselling is effective particularly to children, since they will grow up doing what they have been taught (Andrew, Johny, 2014). The Monk emphasised on making the children to understand their worth, thus making them to do their best in their education, without thinking about the death of their parents. Tashi, together with other children, benefit fully from the Monk, as he seeks to provide the best advice to the children, thus making them to remain focused in achieving their goals, and not to be pulled back by what they went through.
The counselling was helpful to the clients, since it helped them to understand how to carry on with their daily lives. In addition, the counselling also opened the clients’ eyes, making them to realise their worth, thus making them to do their best in their endeavours. Moreover, the advice enabled the clients’ to change their way of thinking, hence focusing on the tasks ahead of them, thus being able to achieve more (Andrew, Johny, 2014). The kids will therefore grow up following the dictates of the Monk, hence being able to reach their goals.
How to Dance in Ohio
In this documentary, the counsellor, Dr. Amigo focuses on counselling his clients through a series of therapies. The therapies are aimed at enabling the counsellor to understand the problems which the clients are passing through (Alexandra, 2015). In that process, the counsellor counsels the clients, thus providing them with skills on how to cope with their daily lives. The technique of counselling involved in this documentary, is non-directive counselling, whereby the doctor focuses on understanding his clients’ problems, before providing a solution.
The dance is organized, in order to understand the way clients relate with each other, and how to change their behaviour. Clients are taught how to behave, a move which allows them to be able to relate with other people in the best way possible. In a week leading to the event, the clients are asked to pick on someone to be their date, and to also say no politely (Alexandra, 2015). In addition, they are also taught how to react to body contact in slow dance moves. The dance basically acts as a test, since it enables the clients to understand how to react.
The counselling and the dance works, since the clients are able to relate with their date positively during the dance. In addition, they are also able to say no politely, thus showing how an understanding of how they had been counselled (Alexandra, 2015). The doctor has not only been able to counsel the clients positively, but he has also been able to incorporate a sense of understanding into his clients, thus making them to follow his counsel to the latter while dancing. The technique of counselling was therefore effective, and it allowed the clients to understand how to react.
Helping Children Succeed
In this documentary, the counsellor Paul Tough, advices parents how to improve the way children relate. Paul consequently provides skills which are necessary for improving the understanding of a child (Paul, 2016). He advises parents to not only focus on teaching their children self-control, but to focus on providing a good environment which can enable a child to prosper. Throughout the documentary, Paul seeks to change the norm of teaching used by parents thus, allowing children to develop a sense of understanding. According to Paul, children require to be in a conducive environment, which promotes their behaviours, hence allowing them to do things in the right way.
In this documentary, Paul uses directive counselling, whereby he directly provides parents with techniques on improving the understanding of their children. In this scenario, Paul has looked at the problem, which poor modes of teaching used by parents. Secondly, he has come up with approaches which seek to improve the understanding of children (Paul, 2016). Finally, Paul explains the reasons as to why his approaches are better as compared to the ones used by parents. Paul’s advice consequently works, since most children tend to become rude, a move which makes it hard for their parents to teach them on how to conduct themselves. Paul’s methods allows parents to make it easier for their children to understand how to conduct themselves. This method is therefore effective since it allows children to understand how to behave by themselves, thus making it easier for them to conduct themselves in a good way.
Discussion and Conclusion of the Text
Counselling children is not an easy task, and it requires technical approaches in order to make children to understand what they are being taught. Different techniques of counselling may therefore be used, when counselling children. However, non-directive technique of counselling is the best method for counselling children, since it allows the counsellor to understand the problems which children face, thus providing the best solution. Moreover, since children may not easily understand whatever they are being told if their past experiences are not linked with the counselling, it may not be good to use directive counselling techniques.
The understanding of children tends to vary depending on the environment surrounding them. Parents should therefore better the environment which surrounds their children, in order to make them learn how to conduct themselves. In addition, if children are surrounded by people who keep lamenting, then the lives of the children is likely to be affected, since the environment corrupts their behaviour. This consequently means, in order to counsellor a child, one needs to improve the environment which surrounds the child, making it easier for the child to adapt to whatever he or she is being taught. On the contrary, a child may counselled using the best technique, but he or she may not change the behaviours due to the environment surrounding him or her. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the environment surrounding a child is conducive, hence enabling the child to learn and to also understand without having to be heckled. Finally need therefore be counselled after improving their environment in order to ensure the counselling yields good results.
The idea of skepticism is a methodology that is used to ensure that the certainty of knowledge is achieved through the diversified means. Every idea of knowledge requires it to be justified by all means since it is never enough to only rely on a belief that is perceived to be true and therefore an individual must have a good understanding and a reason for the same belief (Descartes, 2015). Skeptics always argue that there is no way of having a justification that is complete and that has no possibility of change. Skepticism in many cases involves the idea that the understanding of a person is only different mentally since different people can have different ideologies and room for change. Knowledge allows different fields to be associated in terms of making a claim and therefore if a person has the capability of making a claim supporting it should follow (Descartes, 2015). In this article, I will argue on the basis of being involved as a being that has life and a purpose including the fact that trusting in God is essential since we all exist in Him. Being in existence and having the capability of thinking is the sole reason for the article.
The main reason for this article is to show that the scientific knowhow and understanding does not rely on the senses but on the mind of a person. Science and religion in many cases can be compatible and increase the likelihood of finding a solution with just applying both theories (Descartes, 2015). The body in this case according to Descartes meditations is science while the mind will truly be inclined to the religious truth, for example, God exists is a mind affiliation from Descartes Meditations.
Main attribution for his meditations he exists because he is a thinking being is not to show that there is nothing that exists but to indicate that the knowledge of anything is always open to doubts through our senses (Descartes, 2015). According to the article, if the scientific knowledge is obtained through our senses, then it is correct that we all could not be sure that anything really existed outside our senses. The only understanding is that the external objectives exist through our minds and it is never from our senses.
Descartes claiming to exist as a thinking being is correct in the essence that the thinking is attributed to the fact that God and evil exist. If at all God who is all powerful and commands the thinking does exist then the idea of being in existence is true (Descartes, 2015). Everything that has thinking has an existence and therefore the meditator is correct in what he says as being in existence as a thing that is thinking. For the meditator to exist, then there has to be me in place making it clear that one has to exist to be regarded as thinking.
In reality, God exists through the various features that we can see. According to the article, Descartes must understand that the world does exist because there is a God who also does exist. If God exists in the world and has power over the world, then there is no doubt that we all have an obligation to entrust Him and put all our senses towards Him (Descartes, 2015). The meditator has surely succeeded in his argument since a thinking being can always exist. Our senses never bring us into contact with the materials or the objects themselves but with the images in our mentality and therefore the senses never project the ideology of the world ever having whatever we experience in our minds. Through the introduction of having a deceiving God, the dream and the evil demon, Descartes ensure that his ideology of being in existence as a thinking being is not doubtable (Descartes, 2015).
In this setting, there is no one way of making the dream different from the perception and this can mean that he is dreaming every moment and his perceptions are very wrong which is an illusion opening the chances for doubts. Descartes believes that there is a God who is very powerful and we all owe Him everything we have but have the capability of deceiving us mathematically even if it is a solution we all know the outcome, therefore, a room for doubt. For this, an evil spirit or being must be in existence in order to deceive us since the all powerful God has control over everything even our sense which we trust so much.
Descartes supports his doubts through the existence of a deceiver who is in our senses and therefore the controller of our thinking of being in existence (Descartes, 2015). One can be deceived on the basis of their thoughts but there is no doubt about one being in existence and the certainty of objects can also not be doubtable in any case. Descartes argument about being a thinking thing in existence is now escalated due to the fact that he has the knowledge and the senses of believing he exists as a thinking thing.
Reference
Descartes, R. (2015). Meditations on first philosophy. Central Works of Philosophy Central Works of Philosophy is a multi-volume set of essays on the core texts of the Western philosophical tradition. From Plato s Republic to the present day, the volumes range over 2,500 years of philosophical writing covering the best, most representative, and most influential work of some of our greatest philoso, 15.
Social controls played a very significant role in the loss of the Sterling being the sole owner of Los Angeles Clippers. Being a racist is one of the most dangerous behaviors in the world. Sterling did not consider his words when he was addressing the issue of having a black member of the team. Donald Sterling altered some words which are against the norms of the society through being racist. It is physically and emotionally inappropriate for a man who is at that age to talk about the black community as a rejected race (Fenno et al., 2014). The laws prevent people from being racist in whatever manner and especially in the public. His actions display an act of not being sensitive to other communities which have given him support through his Clippers team and also in the real estate business. At his age, it can be attributed to the fact that he has grown old to an age that is not able to continue playing part in crucial matters. The basketball team now requires vibrant people who have regards of making other races part of the team and not discriminating them on the basis of their skin color (Fenno et al., 2014). Requesting his personal assistant not to bring in black Americans to his game or even associate with the black community is wrong and against the norms of the community.
Men of the age of Sterling are not supposed to talk in a derogatory manner as this influences the thinking and poor methods of parenting. Respect should start at the top which involves people of a tender age since the more a person ages the more people are likely to listen to them keenly. According to the social norms of the society, people of old age acts as the advisers and also the directors of the younger ones and if such words can be spoken by Sterling, then the social controls are not involved (Clinard & Meier, 2015). In any case, men of the age of Sterling also forbid such utterances which bring no good to the society but hatred and lack of concern for the feelings of the involved party. Accordingly, social norms indicate that men of above 80 years are supposed to be busy assisting in building the nation and the society at large and not breaking it into pieces like Sterling is doing. The social norms of people above the age of 80 years are correct since they tend to bring together a society that can be wrecked by being racist (Fenno et al., 2014). Sterling seems to be a destroyer of peace and this can cause chaos since the black Americans feel it as a threat to their skin color.
Informal suctions can actually be used to bring back the social norms to a person who seems to have diverted from them. In many cases, using peers to solve a particular problem is effective and more preferred than having a court action. People tend to listen and associate with their peers and also regard their words more than the laws since they feel as part of the bigger society and recognized (Fenno et al., 2014). In our case, Sterling an old man who has pride for what he making him at times loses focus and do the wrong thing. This can be attributed to the fact that he is aging but still wants to feel like a young person. Sterling seems to be content in his own world of making things happen according to his will and therefore informal suctions would not have worked every time (Goode, 2015). In many occasions, Sterling is presented as a person who disregards the ideas of other people and therefore calling for his peer's advice might not deter him to change immediately but would help in controlling some of his behaviors like partying half-naked with girls of tender age. Staring at his assistant can also be corrected through the informal sanctions to bring him back to reality. People affected by his comments can also use informal sanctions from peers to help them understand that the old man has less to think of about his life and what he says might be out of anger and frustrations about his career (Henry, 2015). Many times the old successful people tend to be so insecure and serious with their investments and alter some harsh words out of anger due to their deteriorating age but not having any idea what they are talking about. Therefore, informal sanctions can be used in this case.
The fine imposed on Sterling was a good idea in ensuring that the league still survives. In many cases where leagues have been involved in bad habits especially being racist, the general world regards the whole group as being part of the bad behavior and therefore tarnishes the name. If the fine would not have been imposed, the league would have been left in a position of being implicated of supporting racism in the society and therefore lose market with time (Clinard & Meier, 2015). After the fine was imposed court actions brought it to it that Sterling is no longer fit to be the head of the Clippers and this caused him the league. Having now been told to sell out the league the players are protected from having a new, capable and one who is not racist in any manner to head the league.
References
Clinard, M. B., & Meier, R. F. (2015). Sociology of deviant behavior. Nelson Education.
Fenno, N., Christensen, K., and Rainey, J. (2014). Donald Sterling built an empire and an image; words were his undoing. Retrieved from: http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-donald-sterling-20140803-story.html
Goode, E. (2015). Deviant behavior. Routledge.
Henry, S. (2015). Private justice: towards integrated theorising in the sociology of law. Routledge.
The perception of the public towards the immigrants and the immigration changed after the attack that took place in America in September the year 2001. Many believed that the Muslims and especially the Islams were heavily involved in the attack, therefore, causing a change in how they view them. At schools, there was numerous victimizations and prosecution of the Islams and the immigrants (Hoyt, 2010). Immigration was now determined as the main cause of harm and every citizen and the government became very vigilant in reporting any cases of immigration faults. Laws were passed to ensure that the border points were secure and that every person or creature crossing the border would have to be identified and allowed access into America by the immigration department. Certain races were seen as a possible threat even when they present no harm to the public. The perception of the Americans changed and this can be attributed to the facts as to why there are racial discriminations in schools, business places, churches and the general environment against certain communities which live in the United States (Michaud, 2010).
The perception of the public is justified since there were more than 200,000 immigrants who were deported immediately after the attack. This means that the immigration level had reached a point that was out of control. A decade later, the number has risen to over 300,000 in terms of voluntary departures and the deportations of immigrants. This leads to the public being left with numerous questions as of why there are still many illegal immigrants in America yet rules have been put in place to reduce illegal immigration (Hoyt, 2010). The attackers of the 9/11 were mostly immigrants and therefore the perception of the public is justified and most likely will never change.
Attitude basically has three important components: informational or the cognitive component, affective or the emotional component, and behavior component.
Informational component (cognitive)
Cognitive type of component basically consists of the beliefs of a certain person, the kind of ideology the person has, the values, and also the attitude in regards to a certain object. The informational concept in general indicates the ideas on an undefined subject in an individual. The opinion as a subject is used in substituting the above components of a particular attitude in regards to a certain case (Lee, 2016). For instance, when a person is seriously looking a job opportunity, he or she may learn from the people working there about the promotions and the chances available. In the real sense, this can be true or false and yet the details that person has is vital to his attitude about the job or the company itself.
Emotional component (Affective)
The affective components of social attitude refer to the inner or the emotional aspect of the attitude that is basically with very deep roots which can be able to resist to any change. In real sense it involves that type of an emotion that is experienced in a subject of attitude and in this case the love type (Lee, 2016). The affective component if is very strong it has the capability of standing on the way of changing the attitude.
Behavior component
Behavior component of the social attitude refers to the tendency to have a reaction towards the object of the attitude in a precise way. This is identified through the observation of the behaviors of a person for instance, what the person says he or she will do or how he or she behaves or reacts.
References
Lee, S. K. (2016). The Effect of Self-Regulated Learning Components on Attitude and Related Skills of Information Literacy among High School Students. Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science, 50(1), 161-187.
Do you think experiencing pain and suffering growing up would help build one’s character and make him/ her a better person?
Introduction
Success in many individuals in the society is determined by the character that one builds and whether one can be termed as a better person especially later in life. This means that success is mostly associated with grown up persons because the society can be able to gauge on what a person have managed to achieve in life mostly when one can be considered to be a grown-up. In most cases, what determines whether an individual can be successful is self-willingness (Brown, 75). This basically means that there is no naturally selected individuals in the society that are said they are the only one who can be successful.
It takes a lot of self-determination and many hours of hard work in order for one to get the desired achievement and later succeed in his/her ambitions. However, having said, it is important to note that there are certain factors that plays a big role in determining the success or well-being of individuals. This factors include health, faily set-up, family financial muscles and childhood experiences among others (Freado, 23). This paper argues that positive childhood experiences contribute to a higher extent in factoring whether an individual will build a character that can be considered to be good or not of which helps in determining if one is good or bad. This means that pain and suffering of which can be termed as negative experience rarely helps in building a strong character later in future but only in selected few cases (Gary & David, 36). One of the positive childhood experiences that help individuals build a strong character include the socialization that they experience and their role model perspective. According to Havemen and Barbara (1831), children who socialize with peers who are good morals end-up choosing the positive pat in life. For example, children who socialize with peers with strong religious background have the tendency of emulating positive behaviors that are taught within religious circles. This means that this type is children tend to run away from social vices that may lead them in to suffering. Examples of these social vices include engaging in crime and drug abuse. When children manage to run away from such kind of vices, they are able to use most of their time in doing constructive things such as engaging in their studies or even various different artistic disciplines (Brown, 77). Engaging in such positive doings are the ones that plays a crucial role in building and shaping ones positive character. However, those children who engage with the wrong peers end-up in finding themselves in a life of suffering and pain of which does not build their character but only ruin it.
When it comes to role models, it is important to note that children tend to copy much from parents and those that are near them on day to day basis. This means that most of the parents who provide support to their children whether emotional to financial ten to play a big role in helping them build a positive character compared to those that do not offer such kind of support. Painter and David (525) notes that family structure is vital of children achievement. This means that children who grow-up with both parents have a high probability of achieving good grades in schools having successful family set-up of their own compared to those who live with single-parents. Therefore, it is evident that a person’s character is shaped by who they socialize with during their childhood and the role models they always have (Freado, 24). Those who have positive socialization end-up having a less painful and suffering children and this contributes to their building of good character and better life in their adulthood.
Having a caring caregiver consequently impacts the life of a person positively, because the person gets to understand the right moral values to live under. Moreover, having both parents is very significant for a child because he or she can be taught by the both parents on how to be able to conduct himself or herself. On the other hand, it is more significant to have a father figure as a parent rather than having a father who does not participate in undertaking his family duties. This basically affects the behavior of a person, simply because the person tends to lack the knowledge of how to be able to deal with certain issues, particularly if the person is a man. This is therefore likely to hinder one from being successful in life, and this is usually attributed to emulating the type of life that one’s father may have led in the past. On the other hand, children who have grown up in families which have consequently experienced a lot of challenges, tend to be disciplined (Brown, 79). They tend to be disciplined in many ways, such as morally, financially and socially. This is mainly because they understand where they are from a thing which makes them to have discipline wherever they go (Robert & Barbara, 45). When a child who is born out of poverty, is likely to work very hard in school, as compared to a child who is from a rich family. A poor child therefore takes whatever he or she does seriously, knowing that if he or she does not make it either in education or whatever he or she might be doing, then there will be no other chance. However, this may not be the case, since most children who have grown with a lot of hardships may tend to indulge in the abuse of substance and drugs. This consequently makes it hard for them to be able to perform better, hence ending up either dropping out of schools or even indulging in criminal activities, hence being arrested. Moreover, the feeling of wanting to be rich within the shortest time possible, often leads such people to a lot of problems. This problems may include vulnerability to theft and having a lottery mentality. A lottery mentality is the mentality which makes one to think that he or she can be able to make it in life playing the lottery and winning huge sums of money. This blinds them, making it hard for them to be able to work hard, hence becoming poor in future.
Conclusion
Experiencing pain and suffering may really help in making a person to be able to understand what life is really about. This consequently means that, through passing through a lot of pain, one can become discipline, thus handling his or her life with a lot of care. On the other hand, this might not be the case, this is because, some of the people who have passed through a lot of hardships while young, may indulge in the abuse of substance and drugs in order to forget about their past problems. The abuse of drugs often makes them vulnerable to committing crime, something may lead them to be arrested.
Works Cited
Waln K. Brown. Resiliency and the Mentoring Factor: Reclaiming Children and Youth. 2004.
Megan. Freado. Resilience: One Family’s Story: Voice of Youth. 2011.
Havemen, Robert and Barbara Wolfe. "The Determinants of Children's Attainments: A Review of Methods and Findings." Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 33, no. 4, Dec. 1995, pp. 1829-1878. EBSCOhost,
Painter, Gary and David I. Levine. "Family Structure and Youths' Outcomes." Journal of Human Resources, vol. 35, no. 3, Summer2000, pp. 524-549. E
This is an apparently inborn mental law, which tends to determine the way matters were perceived.
It therefore relies on the current happenings, and the way things are being perceived in current situations (Konurbaev, 2015).
Visual Imagery
This is a type of a memory technique which makes the reader to create mental images while reading a certain piece of information.
This technique is usually used by the reader in order to be able to easily remember the information at a later period (Dobbs, 2014).
Situational Model for understanding text and stories
This is a language comprehension technique which is usually used by readers in order to remember the things they have read (Konurbaev, 2015).
A reader may therefore use a given situation in order to remember what the short story or a text is talking about.
Functional Fixedness and Mental Set
This is the inability to think about something, or even use past experiences in order to solve an issue (Dobbs, 2014).
In addition, the person’s mental thinking may be limited, thus making him or her not to be able to do things in the appropriate way.
Encoding Specificity Principle
This is an approach which basically makes one to understand how the background is likely to affect his or her memory (Konurbaev, 2015).
In addition, memory is only improved when the information which is available for encoding is also present at retrieval.
Semantic Networks
This is a semantic representation of networks between dissimilar concepts.
Semantic is therefore commonly used as a system of presenting knowledge.
In the first instance, Evan’s cannot be able to understand why Clarissa is talking about the huge dunks, and the crowd standing (Konurbaev, 2015). This is so because, Evan’s cannot be able to connect the events which were taking place during the match, with any of the past events which have taken place in his life. This therefore made it hard for him to be able to understand the flow of events during the basketball match. In addition, since he does not have any knowledge concerning basketball, it made it very hard for him to be able to concentrate on the match (Dobbs, 2014). His mind was therefore carried away, in such a way that he started thinking of other things than the match while watching the match with Clarissa. Evan’s was therefore astonished when Clarissa told the server that there were a lot of dunks, when he could not even remember a single dunk. Evan’s could not therefore connect any of the events, hence making it hard for him to be able to remember.
In second instance, Evan’s could not be able to connect the flow of events, and so he was left thinking of what Clarissa had told the server about the dunks. This thought therefore kept disturbing him, a thing which made him not to think of anything else (Dobbs, 2014). When Clarissa left to make the phone call, Evan’s was still thinking about the dunk, and so this thought made his mind to be occupied, forgetting to pay the bill. In the third instance, Evan’s started connecting to the flow of events in the hotel, and so he went back and tracked the server, and paid him (Konurbaev, 2015). This consequently explains how Evan’s was lost in thoughts, and he could not therefore be able to connect the flow of events, in the basketball match and in the hotel. If Evan’s could have watched a basketball match before, then he could be very likely to remember the dunks, through connecting the basketball match with the previous basketball match he had watched.
Reference
Konurbaev, M. E. (2015). Style and timbre of English speech and literature. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
In Dobbs, S. (2014). English language, literature and creative writing: A practical guide for students.
The developmental theory is a collection of various theories that tend to explain human development at different stages (Moursund, 2016). Psychosocial theory on the other hand is a theory that presents a series of eight stages through which a healthy person should undergo since infancy to adulthood. These two theories are closely related because they are typically talking about the stages of human development.
The developmental theory has been contributed by a number of researchers such as Piaget who expounds more about the sensory motor of a child. Others include Don Beck, James Fowlers an Judith Rich among many others McLeod, S., (2017). The psychosocial theory is contributed majorly by Erik Erikson and Joan Erikson. This theory consists of eight stages of development alongside with their age estimates. They include infancy, early childhood, preschool age, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, adulthood and maturity after which death occurs at around 65 years. All these stages are explained both by nature and nurture McLeod, S., (2017). Erik’s strength is that he uses facts to explain his concepts. Inconsistent behaviors of human development have not been captured properly in this theory and therefore it has a weakness McLeod, S., (2017).
The developmental theory on the other hand only focuses on behavior changes and feelings at every stage of life (Moursund, 2016). Behaviors are qualitatively distinguished to mark the different stages of life. The theory has got a strength in that considers each individual to have different time spans for every individual. However, the theory does not consider the evolving factors but only focuses on traditions.
References
McLeod, S., (2017). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html
Moursund, D., (2016). Developmental Theory. Retrieved from: http://pages.uoregon.edu/moursund/Math/developmental_theory.htm
Relationship between Cognition and Personality in Psychology
Personality in psychology refers to individual differences in traits of thinking, feeling as well as behaving. The view of personality majors on understanding the differences found in characteristics like; ability to socialize as well as irritability. The other view of personality is on how all part of a person connects, to become a whole. For cognitive psychology it consists of studying the mind thus generating information. Psychologists in cognitive develops a model for processing personal information that goes on individual’s mind. Cognitive in psychology majors on sensitivity, interest, language, reminiscence, thinking capacity as well as a person’s consciousness. The key features of cognition such as memory as well as speed changes with age thus; generate substantial between person variability levels of performances (Guimond, 2016).
Humanistic and cognitive are two types of experimental psychology thereby; they are more of concerned with generating and enlarging theories than, they are in implicating those theories on individual’s life. Experimental psychologists in provides theories information from their research in applied aspects of psychology thus; developing them for various usage. However, cognitive and personal psychology has been easily developed about human nature, and is used by clinical psychologists while treating patients. Personality psychology only involves an individual, rather than the entire community. The major aim of personal aspect is to determine why people differ from each other, in terms of abilities, personalities as well as altitudes. With the personality feature one is able to understand how factors like gender, culture and genetics affects individualism (Sternberg R& Sternberg K, 2016).
Cognitive and personality are related in that they are both proposed in explaining human nature thereby; their view in human nature is embodied in unfussy process. The entire concept, in which the psychological aspect is generating, opts to be more than theoretical issues. In a social view of the two aspects, individuals appear to be more creative and organized since they have the power to influence their own actions. Cognitive and personality are both differentiated by age though; individual’s behavior and thoughts are influenced by their social situations. Personality in psychology opts at examining personal side of being, and social look at the aspects of human personality. Psychoanalytic theories are under personality aspects which are based on belief that, human nature was generally composed by various primary components. The concepts are channeled in the human body by the major role in development which is sexuality. Psychoanalytic therefore; has a connection with cogitative in terms of behaviorism because it stresses the importance of observing human nature. Cognition is highly subjected to nature thereby; behaviorist tends to believe that actions are acquired from conditioning and environmental interactions (Krahé, 2010).
Personality and intelligence are two independent constructs, since they play an essential position in the development of individual’s skills. The two aspects are not only research on human development, but they also include interest in various issues which arises. Several personality disorders have been identified through cognitive aspect; thereby they opt for treatment before they develop a serious impact on personal life. The diseases are deposited as chronically as well as partial mental illness which affects the though as well as individual’s functioning .In personality and cognitive psychology development depends on instincts, as well as environmental impact of people. However, the features of psychology are constructed in terms of depositional characters that give rise to logic, permanence and prediction of communal performance. Structure in personality generates motives which manifest social interaction thus; encouraging cognitive approach on personality to have deeper roots. Human easily regulates their activities through the outcome of their expectations thereby; the behavior generally produces positive results. The outcome creates individual’s sway in the forethought thereby, generating less motivation. The results are generated rapidly after the activity is carried out though, the same behaviors are likely to create different impacts depending with when, where and how it occurs (Guimond, 2016).
Social perspective and personality are both generated in the process of human understanding themselves as well as the surrounding. The two aspects of psychology enables psychologists understand various predictions about observable results. With a closer view of the relationship between cognitive and personality psychology, human capacity to exercise personal thought motivates their personal agency. Human agency has been highly conceptualized in three different ways which are; mechanism, autonomous as well as reaction. Personal action is being socially situated by their personalities whereby; they interplay with situational influences. Social cognitive aspect ensures that individuals are hereditary operators throughout their lives. However, for personality in psychology genetic actions shapes memory developments well as functioning in a human life course. It is therefore genuine that cognitive and personality aspects of psychology, regulates individual motivational activities. Psychologists are able to distinguish between physical thoughts as well as functional properties. Therefore, cognitive processes are not only concerned on brain functioning, but also develop determinative influences (Schwartz, 2012).
Cognitive is believed to be an external stimulate that can be easily measured, since it easily indicates human response to behaviors as well as deliberation process. There is a contradiction between personalities and cognitive whereby; cognitive psychology seems to have low ecological legality and it creates an artificial environment due to nature control. The two theories in psychologist have been able to illustrate that people differ differently, especially on terms of alternative constructs they have. Humanistic as well as cognitive psychologies share a similar goal, since they are both able to apply generative as well as dysfunctional behaviors. The two therapies are able to value personal acceptance, by encouraging individuals from forming negativity. Both values view one’s mistake as part exploration and coping. Cognitive values ensure that a person sticks to his or her behavior, especially during the moment of experience thus becomes more phenomenological. However, individual’s personality is illustrated as a set of scientific processes. The both psychological values ensures that human being‘s behavior is explained in cycle of response to the environment. Personal activities are highly controlled by thoughts as opposed to the generic factors therefore; affects the manner in which we behave (Guimond, 2016).
The two approaches on psychology considers various factors into account, such as the biological loom which concedes influences brought about by generic as well as chemical imbalances on behavior. Cognitive and personality features attempts to generate rules, which explain individual’s performance thus; generalizing to everyone’s behavior. The personality approach is quite different since it assumes the generic consideration, taking into account personal difference that makes people behave differently. For cognitive theory, it tries to apply various scientific approaches on individual behavior. However, cognitive psychology acknowledges the thought process which goes into human activities. Human activity has been illustrated in terms of determinism whereby; cognitive and personality depicts how behaviors are being controlled by nature. These theories elaborate a person’s physical functioning in terms of triadic reciprocal, which suggests that human activities depend on events. Reciprocal causalities are factors of cognitive whereby; biological activities develop a pattern and the environment generate space for the events to operate (Schwartz, 2012).
Environment is not a monumental personality thereby; social cognitive gives illustrations of different environmental structures. Cognitive and personality shows the differences between potential surrounding, with the environment people perform their activities. The surrounding generated by personal behavior does appear potentiality thereby; it must be selected as well as activated. Both cognitive and personality theories shares a common concept, which impacts a common behavior. The relationship between personality and cognitive has not been fully consistence though; they both have similarities on positive and negativity. However, even though the theories feature contradicts, they appear to be negative in the environment (Sternberg R& Sternberg K, 2016).
Cognitive and personality are able to concede individual and the surrounding affects one another. They both have generated a model of interaction concepts, which encouraged influences on behavior following one direction. Human activities perform a dominant role on how they are influence by nature whereby; it later affects their behavior, emotional reactions as well as thoughts. The two psychological theories encourage individuals’ behavior, to result as an interacting determinant rather than a detached product of situation (Brody & Ehrlichman, 2013).
Social cognitive aspect, conceptualizes interactional casual structures as triadic causation. Personality theory often contains variety of dualities that, is rejected by social cognitive. However, there is a conjunction between cognitive aspects of psychology and personality whereby; illustrates how mental events are generated by brain functioning. For cognitive aspect it rejects fractionation of individual’s bureau in multiple selves. The two approaches in psychology generates a part of dissatisfaction with the how individual’s approaches their activities (Schwartz, 2012). They are easily able to focus on personal actions, by understanding the internal processes that generates it. However, human behavior is based on the principle, which generates stimuli as well as responses. Cognitive and Humanistic theories of psychologist aim at generating rules, as well as explaining individual’s behaviors thus; generalizing everyone’s activity. Both approaches takes into account people’s differences, which makes us behave in different ways. Despite the cognitive approach taking less consideration of the differences in individual’s activities, it majors on scientific attempt on human nature (Guimond, 2016).
Collective psychology theory interest in casual attribution has impacted, to the hidden gender differences or any other social difference. Moreover, if social gender dissimilar is variable across cultures thereby; it is easy to notice that individual differences vary in cultures. Psychologists suggest that some evidences on gender differences opt to be more essential in some nations, as compared to other countries. However, Personal and cogitative theory provides the conclusion that gender differences happen because what the culture offers to its people. At the same time, they both support the idea that gender differences appear to be uneven (Sternberg R& Sternberg K, 2016).
Psychologists have generated cognitive and personality theory suggesting that, they require an integrated theoretical system, which not only classify the person’s activity but also various determination on basic aspects of life. The approached theory creates acute measures whereby various conditions are verified, to generate an effective psychosomatic agenda of modify. Both of the approaches aimed at the aspect of individual report whereby; they are involved in the study of people’s change in behavior. In social theory, people are not controlled by global traits or automatic technology but rather their activity are in the response to the environment. According to humanistic approach, there is a connection with cognitive since, it aids human in contributing to their own motivation, activities as well as creation of interaction network influences. However, nature does not only resolve personal behavior, but also ensure that they are characterized by theoretical perspectives, in terms of individual’s ability (Guimond, 2016).
Higher environmental responses on human wield their impacts, through social as well as humanistic psychology directly. The two approaches moderately determine which nature a behavior is observed thus, it is presented by them. For a human activity to be determined, the two psychological approaches determines on what emotional motivational power the environment have on people and, also considers how communication is arranged as well as preserved for future. It is the nature of human to use symbols in conveying information thereby; the two approaches of psychology receives brief familiarity to serve as guidance for reasoning as well as actions (Sternberg R& Sternberg K, 2016).
Individuals are easily aroused by emotional expression of others whereby; affective reaction of personality is arouses the second party. The major aim of humanistic approach is to determine why people differ from each other, in terms of abilities, personalities as well as altitudes. With the personality feature one is able to understand how factors like gender, culture and genetics affects individualism. Both approaches in psychologist have been able to illustrate that people differ differently, especially on terms of alternative constructs they have. Humanistic as well as cognitive psychologies share a similar goal, since they are both able to apply generative as well as dysfunctional behaviors (Brody & Ehrlichman, 2013).
Humanistic and social approaches in psychology aim on materials, which are actual content of the mind. Both aspects changes direct social learning theories as well as extensional of behavioral speculation. The link of social approach to humanistic theory focuses on how, information is stored in by individual’s brain thus; determining the desirable capacity for behavior in personality. However, cognitive perception of humanistic develops the idea that, human being is who and how they are because; of their thinking capacity that includes how information is dealt with, analyzed as well as retrieved. People tend to generate a habit of thinking pattern, which is termed as personality thereby; individuals humanistic opt to be attributing social patterns (Schwartz, 2012).
Both approaches are based on inherent assumption, which is necessary for understanding how actions take places and why in order to make changes. The both focus on elaborating on brain organizations as well as representation of thought thus; creating a dysfunctional activity. With the two approaches in psychology it is easier to understand people’s assessment of activities, which are influenced by rapid experiences of various situations as well as events (Krahé, 2010).
Personality measure development has highly affected the social measures whereby; human response to behavior has been presented and engages into effortful mental processing. Results deprived by humanistic and social approaches suggest that, individuals with social strategies as well as initiatives opt to have rapid emotional reactions in conjunction to those who react in support of oppositions. . Humanistic as well as cognitive psychologies share a similar goal, since they are both able to apply generative as well as dysfunctional behaviors. However, for personality in psychology genetic actions shapes memory developments well as functioning in a human life course. It is therefore genuine that cognitive and personality aspects of psychology, regulates individual motivational activities (Schwartz, 2012).
References
Brody, N., & Ehrlichman, H. (2013). Personality psychology: The science of individuality. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.
Guimond, S. (2016). Social comparison and social psychology: Understanding cognition, intergroup relations, and culture. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Krahé, B. (2010). Situation cognition and coherence in personality: An individual-centred approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Schwartz, N. B. (2012). COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL CHANGE IN LATIN AMERICA. Annual Review Of Anthropology, 7235-261.
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2016). Cognitive Psychology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Hertzberg introduces the Two-Factor Theory and asserts that the theory influence motivation. Motivator factor encourages employees to improve their performance and to achieve satisfaction. Example of motivating factors includes recognition and career promotion, Hygiene factor are factors which if there are not included in daily life, they discourages employees and causes dissatisfaction (Richard, 2013). Examples of demotivating factor include lack of employer-employee relationship, poor salary, poor work conditions and more. Herzberg states that both factors have separate concepts and work independently. This means that both factors should be applied in creating satisfaction (Richard, 2013). For example, the leader can motivate workers by job enrichment like assigning responsibility in specific area and motivate them to work hard.
The theory of ‘Hierarchy of needs’ by Abraham Maslow states that human beings must pass through 5 levels of hierarchy and each level is important in motivating. Individuals must meet physiological needs such as water and food, safety needs such as financial security, love from family and friends, esteem which should be achieve from respect from others and self-confident, and last is self-actualization which is achieved through the desire to create achievable goals and to focus on great things (Miner,2007). The theory means that employer have the responsibility to ensure that employees can access all the things they need to stay motivated. For example, leader can create a safe environment by implementing codes of ethics and legislation. Employers will feel secure from unethical issues and improve performance to achieve the organization’s goals (Miner, 2007).
Both theories are important and provide similar ideas on motivating employees with different types of needs. They both focus on issues which are essential to human being and which are highly needed to find satisfaction. Employees are different and so organization need to practice diversity in meeting employees’ needs. In other words, both theories focusing on motivation on a scale and the different levels are needed by employees to achieve satisfaction and to stay motivated. Maslow develops the ‘Hierarchy of needs’ which has to do with safety, security, good healthy and more (Miner, 2007). Hertzberg adds similar ideas and states that in workplace, employees need good payment, strong relationship and more to feel motivation (Richard, 2013). Both ideas from authors go hand in hand and they play role in employee motivation.
Difference
A big different between the two theories is that Maslow asserts that people should pass through a hierarchy level and each level should play the role of motivating. No one should go to the next level without completing a certain level (Miner, 2007). Contrary, Herzberg introduces hygiene and motivator theory and they do not have a rigid structure where one should complete one level in order to go to the next level (Richard, 2013). Maslow’s theory focus on the satisfaction which is achieved through providing human needs while Hertzberg does not focus on human needs but rather focus on recognition and achievements. Maslow is descriptive and provides a long experience to explain the need for basic needs. His theory is applied to developing countries and uses the notion that for people to be motivated and satisfied, financial security is a concern (Miner, 2007). However, Hertzberg is prescriptive where he uses actual information to support his ideas on motivating factors. It is also applied in things like career promotion and company policies. Unlike in Maslow’s theory where hierarchy needs are required to motivate, Hertzberg motivating factors rely on recognition and other related things (Richard, 2013).
Reference
Richard, A. (2013). Job Satisfaction from Herzberg's Two Factor Theory Perspective. München: GRIN
Verlag GmbH.
Miner, J. B. (2007). Organizational behavior: 4. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe.
Considering the previous researches which had already been undertaken, this research was mainly focused on the congruence which transpires in-between the ideal and real self-image of both the male and female undergraduate of the university. The ideal life and the real life of the students were taken into consideration through the use of personalized domains (Roberts, 1993). Typically, the ‘self’ is perceived as being the humanistic parameter which is used to display the true character of an individual. Regardless of that, such experiences ought to have the capacity of reflecting what a person desires to be like i.e. an ideal self-individualized image (Neisser, 1997). This shows that the closer an individual’s ideal-self and self-image is, the more consistent it is to the higher level of self-worth.
Contrary to that, a person desires to behave, feel or experience certain ways that are ultimately consistent with his or her self-image. A sample of 20 undergraduate students who attended the school were voluntarily ready to take part in the exercise. Although the questions which were used in this research comprised of two parts, the truth is that all of them were mainly based on the adjectives which describes the ideal or real life of the participants. The congruency result obtained was for all the 20 interviewers who participated in this research.
Result collected indicated that the male participants had a mean congruency of 54.8 while that of female participants had a congruency mean of 59.76. This then means that in case the congruency mean which was obtained was closer to 100, it means the students real and ideal self life had a relative resemblance. Moreover, the result obtained from this research indicates that there is a broad congruency between the ideal life and the real life for both the male and female students. Through the use of the Carl Rogers’ personality theory as well as other self-concepts, it is evident from this research that there is an extensive alignment between the ideal self-life and real-life of the students.
Students self perception and ideal self perception
In this research, there was the need of investigating the student’s congruency which exists between their ideal lifer and real life. The reason for that is because these parameters has already been tested and validated by various researches. According to Carl Rogers, an individuals’ personality comprises of ideal and real self life. This shows that a person can be said to be in a state of incongruence if only some of the totality of his or her personal experiences are unacceptable to them ((Neisser, 1997). This is what denies or distorts one’s self image.
The self assessment values obtained shows that the humanistic approaches comprises of concepts which are typically unique to an individual. The main components of self-concept include; self worth, self-image, ideal self. This shows that the feelings regarding self worth are mainly developed by an individual during his or her childhood (Goswami, 2011). This comprises of the interaction which existed between existed between his or her parents. In most cases the ideal life of a person consists of good traits for instance intelligence, hard working, independence, and so on. In most cases, individuals are inclined to various social media and are always concerned with the lifestyle of others hence resulting to the incongruence which exists between ideal and real self. The main reason for that is because such sources tend to portray the life of others as being amazing while the truth is that that may not be the case (Crouch, 2004).
In connection to that, the ideal scores obtained indicate that self-worth is typically an ultimate continuum which varies from high to low. For instance, a person with relatively high self-worth is perceived as having a high level of positive feelings and confidence about his or her life. In return, the truth is that he or she has the potential of accepting or facing life challenges, acknowledging failure and unhappiness and being open to all community members(Dennis & John, 2015).
Method
Participants
The participants who voluntarily took part in this research consisted of students who mainly take weekend classes. They were 20 students in numbers in which 7 of them were males while 1 of them were female. There ages ranged from 18 to 30 years.
Settings and Materials
Students were requested to go all round the school requesting other students to participate. Those who were willing to participate were given a sheet which contained 20 adjectives. The sheet consisted of a number of adjectives. Part A and B of the sheet instructed the students to select and list at least 10 adjectives which described the way they perceived themselves. The participants were the requested to hand in their results and then proceed to part B of the research. Part B of the experiment entailed ranking at least 10 adjectives. In repeating the whole exercise, the students were requested to describe themselves. Ranking entailed listing the most important ten adjectives which describes their real and ideal self. Section A and section B of the experiment consisted of 26 adjectives. The participants were also requested to include their names on the form.
Procedure
This experiment used 20 participants. The students were given enough time to complete the task. Part A of the experiment was focused on the most important adjectives regarding how the students perceived themselves. Part B consisted of least adjectives which describes the manner in which they perceived themselves. For the values which did not appear in list A was assigned to list B. After assigning the appropriate formula, the following hold;
(Sum of list A + sum of list B)/ (1.1) =score).
Results
The result of this experiment indicates that female had an average of 59.6 while the male had a score value of 54. 8. Conversely, when looking at the congruence level between ideal and real self, it ranges from 9.0 to 95.3. That of the males ranges from 19 to 85 while that of female ranges 10 to 96. This then shows that the lower the score the lesser the congruent relationship and vice versa. The scores handed in indicated that the students’ self and ideal self was the same. In case 5 out of 10 adjectives appeared in part A or B of the experiment, it was a true reflection of the one’s self and ideal self.
Discussion
From the result obtained above, it indicates that people always tries to portray themselves commensurate with their personal experiences. The self assessment values obtained shows that the humanistic approaches comprises of concepts which are typically unique to us (Nicholas, 2008). The main components of self-concept include; self worth, self-image, ideal self. This shows that the feelings regarding self worth are mainly developed by an individual during his or her childhood. This comprises of the interaction which existed between existed between his or her parents (Roberts, 1993).
On the other hand, self image as it is displayed is typically an important aspect of enhancing good better psychological well-being of an in individual. This includes the influence a person has with his or her bodily image with regard to the innermost personality. On a simplex level, this shows that a person can be in the position of perceiving himself as being a good or an influential person as compared to other traits (Dennis & John, 2015). This affects the manner in which a person thinks, behaves, or feels about all that he or she could have encountered in life.
In connection to that, an ideal life is typically what a person would become in connection to his or her life encounters. This mainly comprises of ambitions and goals a person wishes to achieve in life as well as other dynamics which are forever changing (Coon & Mitterer, 2013). This indicates that the ideal life of a child cannot be the ideal life of teenagers at the age of twenty years and above. The basic needs that a person has in life consist of the positive considerations from community members and self worth. Regardless of that, the manner in which a person perceives about his or her life indicates the feelings of self worth are the basic psychological and well-being of an individual. This is what enables a person to achieve goals as well as other life ambitions which in return enhances self actualization (Dennis & John, 2015).
In connection to that, the ideal scores obtained indicate that self-worth is typically an ultimate continuum which varies from high to low. For instance, a person with relatively high self-worth is perceived as having a high level of positive feelings and confidence about his or her life (Coon & Mitterer, 2013). In return, the truth is that he or she has the potential of accepting or facing life challenges, acknowledging failure and unhappiness and being open to all community members (Williams & Ebrary, 2002). On the other hand, an individual who has low self esteem or self-worth always escapes or avoids life challenges. The reason for that is because at times life can either be painful or unhappy hence the need for seeking protection and guidance from others. Since the feeling s of worth re developed through parenting, the truth is that as a child grows his or her interactions with others negatively or positively impacts his or her feelings of self-worth (Dennis & John, 2015).
In accordance to that, it is evident that it is essential to ensure that a person has been highly regarded by others. Naturally, a person needs to feel loved, valued, treated with affection, and respected. Consequently, positive considerations concerning the manner in which individuals evaluate or judge other is perceived as being a social interaction (Williams & Ebrary, 2002). Thus, a clear distinction ought to be made between conditional positive regard and unconditional positive regard.
This is to say that unconditional positive regards for an individual is ultimately accepted for what he or she is or the kind of characters he or she display in the society at large. It should be noted that positive regard is not usually drawn in case a person makes societal mistakes of does something wrong (Nicholas, 2008). The consequence which encompasses wrong doing is that a person feels free to do what he or she desires regardless of the situation he can be in. this then indicates that a person who might have had the capacity of receiving unconditional positive considerations from the society only occurred in childhood (Nicholas, 2008).
Conditional positive considerations entail approving and praising a person. For instance, such regards involves behaving in ways that people especially the parents acknowledges as being the correct way. This shows that a person at childhood is not loved for what he or she is but on condition that he or she manages to behave in the manner which is approved by his or her parents. This is to say that, at the extreme an individual who continuously seeks approval for the society has the likelihood of experiencing conditional positive considerations not only during childhood but throughout his or her life (Coon & Mitterer, 2013).
The above explanation shows that the ideal life of a person cannot be consistent to what he or she encounters in life. The only difference which can be perceived is between personal actual experience and ideal self actualization. For example, when the ideal life of a person and actual experience remains to be similar or consistent, typically a state of resemblance exists (Dennis & John, 2015). Although it is rare to have a total state of congruence in a person, the truth is that the majority of individuals do experience a certain degree of incongruence.
Incongruent Congruent
Considering the two images, the fact is that in incongruent case, there is a little overlap thus indicating g the incongruence is typically difficulty to obtain in a person. For the incongruence case, the image has a huge overlap, thus indicating that a person can have a larger extent of self actualization (Dennis & John, 2015). Therefore, the general development of congruence in an individual is typically dependent on some unconditional positive considerations or regards. In order for a person to the in the position of achieving self-actualization, he or she ought to be in the state of congruence (Coon & Mitterer, 2013). The reason for that is because in most cases people desire to experience, feel or behave in ways that are absolutely consistent with their own self-image. This is what reflects what he or she desires to be in life i.e. ideal-self image.
Nevertheless, the closer an individual’s ideal-self and self-image is to each other, the more they become congruent, or consistent he or she is to the higher senses of self-worth. Contrary to that, a person can be perceived to be in the state incongruence in only some of the totalities of his or her life experiences are unacceptable to him or her (Wylie, 1900). Equally that is acknowledged when such experiences are distorted or denied in his or her self-image. This then indicates that incongruence is basically a discrepancy which exists between the self-image of an individual and his actual life experiences.
Lastly, as a person always prefers to see him or herself in ways which are typically consistent with their self-image, there is the need of using defense mechanisms for instance repression, denial and so on (Wylie, 1900). The effectiveness of these mechanisms is that they assist a person to feel threatened or burdened with some of the undesirable feelings. Consequently, an individual whose self-image is perceived as being incongruent with his or her ideal experiences and feelings will ultimately defend themselves because denial or the truth hurts.
The personality of Monica can be explored from the point of view of trait theory so as to understand what makes her behave like she does. The trait theory is an approach of studying personality that recognize and measures the extent to which some given personality traits such as thought and behavior patterns that recurs exist from one person to the other. This study involves various personality traits and allocates the extent that a given trait exists which then forms the personality of an individual. Traits refer to the enduring ways in which a one person differs from another person. The personality traits are normally stable over a given time, are consistent over various situations while differences among individuals results from the combination if their traits and strength differences. The study of personality traits encompasses some laws which view traits in terms of science (Keller & Schoenfeld, 2014). The traits have three key dimensions which include emotional stability versus neuroticism, extroversion vs. introversion and even psychoticism. Extroversion personality trait where a person is social and outgoing, who enjoy being with other people, participating with social activities and has a lot of energy. Conscientiousness refers to the personality trait where an individual shows self-discipline and carry put their work dutifully, have a propensity to being dependable and organized (Keller & Schoenfeld, 2014).
Monica’s personality traits include cheerfulness, friendly, assertive, sociable and are easily bored but have a leadership capability. This can describe Monica as being extraverted given that she is an outgoing and very social so that she enjoy the company of other people especially her friends. Her friend forms a very important part of her life and social support network and they even seem more important to her than even her husband. Her friendliness is insinuated by the description her friends give her which comprises of being talkative and supportive. She is also described as having a good heart and willing to help other mothers by watching over their child when the babysitter is sick while they go to work. Since she is fun loving person, who normally spends some time out with her family, she is also easily bored by routine work. Having stayed at home for about 15 years, she is starting to get bored with this kind of life unlike in the past where she worked and enjoyed working in a credit union. Monica can also be said to be conscientious because she liked precision in her work while she was employed, a characteristic which carried over to her housekeeping chores. She keeps her home and her children clean and she is bothered by any messiness in her surroundings. She is ware that she is a perfectionist, something that her friends agree with. Her friends know her as a very dependable and organize person with a high level of intelligence even though she has not attained a college degree.
Monica’s behavior and personality can also where the behavior, thoughts and feelings in an individual are associated with various environmental factors that influence a person. The classical conditioning as part of behavioral approach relates to a particular stimulus which has the ability to induce some given reaction. This is due to the systematic relation between the neutral stimulus with another stimulus that is unconditional and independent which results to the same reaction. This means that various factors in the environment can serve as the stimulus which leads to various thoughts, feelings and even behavior (Cervone & Pervin, 2016). In the case of Monica, the various surrounding factors or aspects may be leading to her reactions or feelings to her situation. The fact that her friends have all attained better education than her services as an external stimulus that induces her thoughts and considerations of her possibility of perusing at least a degree so that she can have better feelings about herself. In addition, her friends’ constant suggestions that she is intelligent acts as an external stimulus that increases her desires and feelings towards attaining higher education just like her friends. Monica’s duties of associated with caring for her children leads to her feelings of frustrations, since the work in absence of her husband seems to act as an external stimulus inducing these feelings. This is also seen when she losses temper due to her fatigue arising from the chores and duties she undertakes at home.
The operant conditioning can also explore the behavior expressed by Monica and her thoughts or feelings. Operant conditioning is founded in the concept that changes in a person’s behavior is due to the response of an individual to some specific stimuli or events in the environment in which they are. Reinforcement is a major element in this theory, where a reinforcer is something that triggers the desired response. These reinforcements can be either negative or positive, and effects of reinforcement schedules establish and maintain a certain behavior (Nelson & Quick, 2011). The desired response in Monica involves checking her reactions towards her children which she jokes about with kids and friends knowing that it stems from fatigue.
References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2016). Personality: Theory and research. 203 205
Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (2014). Principles of psychology: A systematic text in the science of behavior (Vol. 2). BF Skinner Foundation.
Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. C. (2011). Organizational behavior: Science, the real world, and you. Mason, OH, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning. 81-82
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