Primary Source Analysis

Introduction

            From the viewpoint of historiography, the authors of the post- nationalist approach would acknowledge that there were more accounts in the 1945 era which was not just the accounts of South and North Korea.  The historical and political writers in the Korean cities show the history of women and the inhabitants and their fights of essential philosophers.  By focusing g much on the connection between knowledge and supremacy, a post-nationalist account will be much destructive and but should advance more creative learning.  The nationalism history will permit a more complicated depiction of the Korean civilization to happen which will be improved by the recognition of the differential and radical changes.   

            Nationalism is the main theme in the reading and it flourishes on disasters.  For instance, Korea is based on evolution, sociality and its history on nationalism has continued over the past many decades.  It is proofed in the idea of the Koreans as an establishing state and in the account of its emergence that made it able to develop self-ruling and made comprehensive systems of political deeds.  The Korean nation was described as an old hose that was about to collapse where the inhabitants of the country were referred to as the fish in a hot cauldron.  The imperialist authority was described as tigers that surrounded the nation and this showed that the nationalism of Korea was at risk.  Other people were in fear of using the dramatic language as they suggested that the status of the national condition was so terrible that it was disgusting.  The writers of the nationalism tried to run away from the disaster by providing and disseminating some types of knowledge about the state as they supported an improvement schedule.  

            Korean pro-self-government historiography was a strategy of writing the Korean history that hub on the Koreans which is a culturally or racially based Korean state. This historiography started in the early twentieth century between Korean philosophers who sought to raise state awareness to gain the Korean liberation from Japanese nationality. Its leading supporter was reporter and freedom avant-garde Shin Chaeho in the 1880-1936 eras. In his History, which was printed in 1908 after Korea became a Japanese colony after three years, Shin declared that Korean antiquity was the account of the Korean race, a separate contest that was derived from the Dungun that had on one occasion organized not only the Korean land but also huge parts of Manchuria. Pro-self-government historians made extensive entitlements to the region of these earliest Korean empires, and the existing national of the race was to be critic

• As the author explains, awareness of the process by which the story got conveyed over the era needs one to know the conveyance of a trace that is and the cooperation of other divergent traces of the descriptions. Thus, it is important to bring out the divergence of the history as a direct spread and distribution.
• According to the account, one can describe the Minjok as Korean people or as a culturally divided state. When the Koreans who include the Chinese and the Japanese nationalists wrote the account in English in the 20th century, they use the minjok word which described race. During the century, the many writes in the west described the race as the substitute of the Korean state. In such cases where the word state is used for minjok, it is clear to outline the idea of the normal biological ties where the word nation is depicted[1]. 
• Shin outlines the point that it is clear to understand that minjok is used in the Korean state. He stresses that the emergence of the current nationalism in Korea made it complex as the traditional society in Korea has a strong community realization.   
• It is correct to argue that in contrast to these approaches, the minjok is a current concept and lack of recognizing it may mean to lack the important connection in the early 20th century in the Korean historiography among the nationalism and the independent idea.
• To understand the connection in the account, it is well to ask about when and how the Kyongsang province turned to become Koreans. According to the divergent historical approach, Eugen has stressed that the French laborer was made French in the early 1880's. This explains that the making of the French laborers into French men was possible after the foundation of the purification of ethics and beliefs to a philosophy of loyalty[2]. 
• The Korean elites ignored the differences in political, language and ethics between themselves and the Chinese. For many years, the Korea had a main administrative state that gave a class of people whose work was to sustain and change different neighboring nations.  The current states such as Korea solution to the main problem of sustaining political steadiness were to abide the local individuality and to sustain the station divisions.  
• Raising problems to the conceptions of the Korea's fundamental space, Shin showed the irredentist philosophies that remained in the earliest historiography of the Koreans. It is essential to note that two years preceding the Shin, Japanese historians has started to ask the less conception of the Japan state space. [3]
• A lesson to be haggard from the Shin accounts is that a peaceful and self-governing resolution and the uniting of the Koreans would not be an issue of the inhabitants of the North and South Korea in recognizing each other. An independent uniting will need that people in the North And South would learn to know themselves as the other as due to the nationalist approach, the predicament  which was in Korea through the reunite g was how to overcome the difference and gain equality [4]. 
• In the Korean depiction of the West, the accurateness of the facts that there are no huge divergences was the less issue that it overstated the achievement of the Western women and the doubtful approach of the accomplishment of the Women in Korea was interlaced together. [5]
• According to the idea of munmyong, the connection between the successes of the Western practices was not an important difference. These contracts undermined the possibility of holding up to the west but presented Korea as a deficient state. 
• The disapproval did not sympathize even when the demands of the unifying leaders was alternated. This was proofed when the Korean army was disbanded by the Japanese and then the earlier officials and soldiers were avid leaders of the media and moved to the country to join the anti- Japanese actions[6].
• The print reporters were also essential in uniting the amalgamation of the land into a huge global penetration, they explained the alternations around the terrain and made them part of their reader's daily lives. These reporters were the most seen public representatives who put themselves in reuniting the Korean State both spatially and temporally[7].  

Work cited

Henry Em, "Nationalism, Post-Nationalism, and Shin Ch'ae-ho," Korea Journal, 39.2 (summer, 1999), pp. 283-317.

James S. Gale, Korea in Transition (New York: Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, 1911), pp. 30-37, and 243-253.

[1] (Henry, 283)

[2] (Henry, 283)

[3] Henry, 310

[4] Henry, 315

[5] Gale, 33.

[6] Gale, 243

Gale, 256[7]

The Changing Status and Experience of African Americans, Women or the Working Class in the United States from Reconstruction to the Present

            Introduction

            In the 1800 and the general colonial era, African Americans women strove in securing equal privileges for themselves in the United States. Some were forced to assume the interests of the businesses after the death of their husbands. A few women were, therefore, struggling while changing the domination of male in religious life although they encountered criticism from their communities as well as the white community.  Before the occurrence of the civil war, African American women were treated as second-class individuals. The women and the working class from the African American community lacked equality and freedom which they were seeking for through movements.

The Engagement of the Africa American Women in Changing Their Status in America

‘’Aimed to create a society characterized by equality of blacks and whites’’ (OpenStax college, 381) the quote is relevant is showing the racial equality. The phrase additionally shows the intense purpose of women in challenging the traditional gender roles.

            During the late 1800 and the beginning of 1900 women worked tirelessly in order to gain the voting right as well as the broader-based political equality as well as economic equality not forgetting social reforms which were a high necessity to them. The number of employed black American women grew in early 1900 as majorities were being employed in industries and in businesses. However majority of well-paying job positions were still dominated y men and at the century turn over sixty percent of the African-American women were still in servants employments.  With the jobs, they were, therefore, able to gain full control of the wages which enabled them to attain the gain of owning properties and in divorce circumstances they would get their children’s custody.  By 1896, women had gained the right to participate in voting in the four states.

            According to the African Americans women, the civil war was purposed to bring liberation.  The reconstruction era goal was to restore the unions as well as liberty to the individuals who were held as slaves.  African American women, therefore, fought the inequality by forming movements which were not successful because of the resistance from the south. They wanted to access equality in government positions, working classes as well as liberation.  The end of the 1800 century, therefore, resulted in changing the lives of the women as the created situation thus allowed them to start to act politically on their behalf as well as for others. By the beginning of 1830, women were organized in protests in the attempt of improving their working environment and also the wages status.  The role that African American women played as middle-class women at home helped in the development of senses as they were members of cohesive groups.  This therefore translated that they would utilize the ideas that they had developed in demanding collective rights.

            The concern of the African American women of urban poor additionally allowed the African Americans middle-class women to get involved in charity jobs and campaigns that were temperance. In these activities, they were, therefore, able to view themselves as working to the direction of moral uplift of the community in similar ways that they cared for the wellbeing of their general families.  The campaigns gave the women the social authority and public voice as they were covered by benevolent and domestic coverage.

            Women’s Challenges in Achieving Equality

            ‘’Although the early phase of the American feminism did not lead to political rights for women it began the long process of overcoming gender inequalities in the republic’’ (OpenStax college, 388). The phrase is relevant in illustrating the fact that although the women’s rights movements generated some achievements it was faced with various issues that led to inefficiency.

            Social inequality challenged the efforts of the African American in gaining social improvements because of the growing criticism from the white racists and funds limitations. An additional goal of the African American women was land ownership because as the freedmen believed that economic independence and land ownership were equal (Barak, Gregg, Leighton, and Flavin, 22). The efforts of the women’s groups to achieve equality was mainly affected by the fact that some women were still attached to social roles and beliefs and therefore they did not believe that women and men  deserved equal rights. The traditional role challenge thus presented the struggle for economic, political, economic and social equality thus threatening the movement’s success.

            Women’s Achievements in Efforts to Achieve Equality

            ‘’The spirit of religious awakening and reform in the antebellum era impacted women lives by allowing them to think about their lives and their society in new and empowering ways, (OpenStax college, 388). The quote is relevant in demonstrating what influenced the black American women in fighting for equality.

            While the movements that were aimed to secure equal rights to women in the society prioritized their energies mostly on suffrage, it helps in both feeding and fostering of distinct changes in the lives of women (Barak, Gregg, Leighton, and Flavin, 23). The access of women to education increased as coeducational and single sexed institutions opened their doors to the African American women.  This, therefore, resulted in women entering in few numbers in traditional males’ professions like doctors and lawyers which were characterized by higher wages. African American women slowly began  getting involved in other political causes especially those that were involved with labor issues and settlement houses opened in order to assist the poor individuals in the community (Barak, Gregg, Leighton, and Flavin, 23).

            The African Americans who worked in movements that were abolitionist played an essential role in the creation of the women’s privileges movements (Barak, Gregg, Leighton, and Flavin, 24).  In order to attain equality in accessing the education they collaborated with the organizers who helped in teaching them basic things about reading and writing. Although civil war and reconstructions affected the women movements greatly, the movements continued to transform themselves even in their divisive tensions.  A group was formed in 1890 which represented the association of colored women. The movement was formed due to the exclusion of black women from the whole women’s clubs federal. Despite the existing difference between the two groups, the group based their case on the argument that both men are women were equal and they deserved equal rights.  The movement becomes the major player in fostering the African American women suffrage movement which was formed in 1890. The members of the different clubs despite having different views believed that their vote would enable women in bringing additional moralizing influence to be able to bear to the societal issues.  They explained this by stating that although women derived having equal rights to vote the same as men they deserved it not because they are equal but because they are different (Norton, Mary, Kamensky, Sheriff, Blight, Chudacoff, Logevall, and Bailey, 146).

Conclusion

            Although social equality in the United States has not been fully achieved by the African American women their efforts bore fruits. This is because they were able to attain the land of land ownership, the right to education and the power to access better wages in high working positions unlike before. The movements were, therefore, crucial in giving the women the power and authority to fully participate in the societal activities that were previously reserved for men. Racial equality in the United States was not achieved by the women’s efforts because of the growing criticism and the fact that the white racists hold more resources thus giving them the authority to dominate the society.

            Work cited

 Barak, Gregg, Paul Leighton, and Jeanne Flavin. Class, Race, Gender, and Crime: The Social     Realities of Justice in America. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. Print.

Norton, Mary B, Jane Kamensky, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard P. Chudacoff, Fredrik             Logevall, and Beth L. Bailey. A People & a Nation: A History of the United States. ,         2014. Print.

Openstax college. U.S History. Rice University, 2014. Copyright.

Mexican American History

            The book has its main theme as the formation of the whites of a racial hierarchy among the settlers in Los Angeles where they used health focuses as a foundation of assessing the welfare of the American history.  Based on the late and some parts of the twentieth century, the book covers a wide demonstration of the evolution of racial assessment in the community health in the Chinese community and the Japanese community. The book mainly focuses on the immigration of the Mexicans who had racialism supremacy and was above the Chinese and Japanese communities. During the depression era, the racial status of the Mexican community changed from settlers who could learn the American ways to the people who had diseases and were deported as they were risks to the American community wellbeing (Natalia, 9).

            The first chapter of the book focuses on the foundations of race that is based on the community health matters.  By considering the response of the health officers to the Chinese in Los Angeles after the Chinese Exclusion Act, Molina states that the focus on health is based on two businesses that are used by the Chinese and they include the sale of fruits and vegetables all-round the community and the public clothes.  The Chinese were viewed as a peril to the economy of the states, the aim of these businesses as health nuisances developed Chinese as dirty and a disease harassed and placed them at the end of racial supremacy. In the second chapter of the book, Japanese who were successful farmers were aimed as the carriers of food communicable diseases.  The response of the communal health officials to the Mexican matters was different.  The Americans viewed the Mexicans as untidy but has learning skills.  Thus the American staffs formed restoration platforms to the settlers of Mexico where no such platforms were given to the Japanese thus putting Mexicans higher in the race supremacy than the Japanese (Natalia, 23). 

            The other parts of the book show the connection of the Mexicans with the community health officials.  There was the institutionalization of racial status in the community health such as the isolation of the services that isolated the whites from the Mexicans and aimed on high infant death rates among the Mexicans.  This named the Mexican women as bad and who did not have the ability of complete socialization in the American structure. There were also the alternations in the community health officials’ attitudes towards the Mexicans and this made them to be names as not only ethnically poorer but also unfit to be named biological for the American community and this made them to be endangered to disinfection and banishment. The Mexican response was mainly due to their current status through enough public housing and admission to the public health services (Natalia, 97).

            The reliable theme in the book showed that the causes of poor community health was not addressed by the community health department but the blame was put on the Americans due to their ethnic lowliness and it is the theme that the author stresses again and again. The community health aimed the Mexican mothers for the facilities and educational platforms as long as the Mexican workers were worth to the American businessmen.  The economic status became worse, the platforms declined and labors towards banishment and purification started (Natalia, 115).

Work cited

Molina, Natalia. Fit to Be Citizens? Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879-1939. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. Internet resource.

Mexican American History

            The book by Natalia shows how equally discipline and the communal wellbeing formed the connotation of contest in the initial 20th centuries. Through an assessment of the life skills of the these Mexicans, Japanese and Chinese settlers, Natalia proofs the many ways that the domestic health officers used to construct the considerations about the public health to degrade, reduce and punish the cultural crowds.  She displays how the racial aspect of the Mexican Americans was not only an issue of lawful prohibiting or work misuse, but the technical dissertations and the public health performs that played a major part in outlining negative racial features to the Mexican Americans. The book move further to the two oppositions that makes the works of racial studies that shows the effects of race on the Mexican Americans as connected with the ancient and communal situations of the Asian Americans, African Americans and the whites (Natalia 16).

             The book by Natalia gives an antiquity of the public health in Los Angeles, the status of existing of the Mexican settlers and the conducts in which the national groups affected the state rules and applies. Her studies improves our indulgent of the complex ethnic government showing that bias is not inert and that diverse groups can stay in dissimilar residences despite their races at different times. From the onset of the book, she shows the flow of racial understanding and the ways that racial categories developed to form a regional racial wordlist. This wordlist made the settlers as the carriers of the racial disease and a threat to the legendary in which Los Angeles gave potential white settlers. Natalia proofs how the disease grew between the racial groups based on the historical approaches from 1879 to 1939. For instance, when the Mexicans were ignored by the County health attendants, with the Chinese settlers’ demeanor the effect of discernment public health rules, the Mexican communities came under the purview of the public health officials in the 1920’s (Natalia 20). 

            While Natalia furthers her assessment on the Mexicans as they were the largest immigrant group in Los Angeles, her humility is reasonable. She explains how at the turn of the century the city of Los Angeles and the community health officers improved the city as a beacon of modernity and health living as they wanted to make the Midwestern and the Eastern Euro Americans inhabit the city to remove the unwanted areas such as China. In her book, Natalia shows the long founded culture among the public health officials who had the weapon of technical objectivity which increase the racism discourse that led to the health problems that faced Mexican, Japanese and the Chines communities to their obliged living and cultural dependencies (Natalia, 27).

            The book by Zaragosa, explains that the Latino’s in America were the main political and ethnic force that changed the status of the nation.  Many of the American Latino’s were Mexicans and were the earliest settlers in America. The history of the Mexican American has united gender as an analyzed structure of the studies of the late colonial period.  The women in the Mexican society illustrate the Mexican history as there have been investigations of class, race and gender relations based on supremacy. Most of the Mexican American accounts for instance, show the connection amid the Indians, Mexicans and the Anglos based on the relations of production and work demands (Zaragosa, 389).    

Work cited

Molina, Natalia. Fit to Be Citizens? Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879-1939. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. Internet resource.  

Vargas, Zaragosa. Crucible of Struggle: A History of Mexican Americans from Colonial Times to the Present Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.    

The Beetle and Postcolonial

    In the 21st century, one concept that grows deeply into everyone’s mind is cultural diversity, which means that every culture has the equal right to exist and develop. The development of technology allows all cultures around the globe to meet in a friendly way. However, in the past several centuries, the encounter of different cultures always comes with violent colonization. Richard March showed the influence in his book “The Beetle”, which tells a story of an Egyptian priest’s revenge in London during the Victorian period. Characters in the story belong to two groups, the colonizer and the anti-colonialist, and each group behaves differently.  According to Lois Tyson, “postcolonial criticism seeks to understand the operations of the colonialist and the anti-colonialist ideologies” (Tyson 399). Therefore, post - colonialism is a useful tool to analyze behaviors of different characters in a psychological way. In the story, the British characters’ defense against the Egyptian priest indicates that their attitudes towards Eastern cultures are influenced by othering, orientalism and Eurocentric. The Egyptian priest’s attitude towards the British indicates othering and colonial subject.

      The first main character in the story is Robert Holt, a jobless British clerk. He was held by the priest after he broke into her house to get out of the rain. The approach he used defined the priest and his unwillingness of being naked to indicate Othering. His devaluation of women also shows patriarchal. In the story, when Holt saw the priest on the bed, he used “supernatural ugly” to describe her appearance. He also used several terms to describe her facial features: “the skin, which was saffron yellow, was an amazing mass or wrinkles” (Marsh 53).

Holt used “saffron yellow” to describe skin color, which indicates Asian stereotype. Besides, Holt used “blubber” to depict her lips, which implied African American. Holt’s description of the priest indicates that she was from the east, and Holt thought her appearance was of something not human (Marsh 53). According to Tyson, “The practice of judging all who are different as less than fully human is called othering” (Tyson 401). Obviously, Holt was affected by othering since he didn’t think that the priest had human appearance due to her different look. Besides his description, Holt’s unwillingness of being naked was also influenced by othering. As the story tells, Holt thought that his figure of being barefooted and bareheaded with the cloak was ridiculous (Marsh 69). Meanwhile Holt was a cultured Englishman and he had a solid intelligence of British culture. Holt believed that the oriental cloak made him naked, which is uncivilized. According to Tyson, the term of demonic othering is a belief that the savage is considered evil and immoral (Tyson 401). Obviously, the way Holt thought of nakedness was influenced by demonic othering. In addition, Holt believed that the cloak made him like a woman, and he was hypnosis by the priest then, meaning that he could not think or behave independently. Holt related his mesmerized condition to female figure because he believed that women are not capable of having independent personal and group identity, which, in Tyson’s term, is called patriarchal (Tyson 405). Apparently Holt was influenced by the belief of patriarchal as well.

    The second main character in the story is Sydney Atherton, an extraordinary British scientist. His strong belief in weapon indicates his belief in Eurocentric and his reply to the priest indicates orientalism. According to Tyson, Eurocentric treats European army conquest as the chief means of establishing world history (Tyson 402).

Reflecting on Atherton’s case, when describing his newly invented weapon, he said that “If weapons of precision, which may be relied upon to slay, are preservers of the peace---and the man is a fool who says that they are not”! (Marsh 102). Atherton’s statement on weapon indicates his strong belief that British military culture is the key to keeping the world organized and peaceful, which indicates his belief in Eurocentrism.

Besides Eurocentrism, Atherton’s conversation with the beetle priest shows his strong belief in orientalism. According to Tyson, “orientalism is to produce a positive national self-definition for Western nations by contrast with Eastern nations on which the West projects all the negative characteristics it doesn’t want to believe exist among its own people” (Tyson  402). Atherton used “dog-hole in the desert” to describe Egyptian culture, showing his belief that Egyptian culture is savage, and he contrasted London with Egypt to show that European culture is civilized. Atherton’s words show his strong belief in orientalism.

    Another main character throughout the story is Paul Lessingham, a rising star in the House of Common. His depiction of Atherton’s laboratory and his description about the human sacrifice in Egypt shows his strong belief in orientalism. In the story, he said to Atherton that his laboratory is a place where “a man is matching himself with nature, to wrest from her secret, without feeling that I am crossing the threshold of the unknown.” (Marsh 109)  Here Lessingham used the laboratory to represent science and used a female image on behalf of nature, and his word of “wrest from her secret” indicates his belief that man can use science to explore and control the nature. Reflecting postcolonial theory, science represents the European because their advance in science gives them the opportunity to conquer other countries, and nature represents eastern countries which the European colonized. At that point, Lessingham’s words also indicate his belief that Europe has an absolute control over the east, and European are superior while people in their colonized lands are closer to nature, which shows Lessingham’s strong belief in orientalism.

In addition, the story shows Lessingham’s belief in orientalism by showing his description of human sacrifice in Egypt: Lessingham witnessed a young Englishwomen being outraged and burnt alive. He thought that the process was pure horror and inhuman (Marsh 244). Besides, Lessignham described the Egyptian woman as “orgy, rather a devil than a human being.”( Marsh 244) He thought Egyptian religious cruel and inhuman and regarded the Egyptian woman as the devil, which shows his disdain and hate about Egyptian culture. This disdain and hate result from Lessignham’s belief of orientalism.

      Robert Holt, Sydney Atherton and Paul Lessingham are main characters from the colonizer group, they represent the British Empire. According to Tyson, postcolonial criticism analysis not only the colonizer’s value but also the opposition of inhabited inhabits beside their oppressors (Tyson 399). Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the beetle priest — a character from the anti-colonized group who represent the colonized people.

The beetle priest’s attitudes towards English law indicate othering from the colonized side and her appreciation about Lessignham indicates her belief of colonial subject. In the story, when Atherton advised the priest to use the law for revenge, she replied that “what has the Englishman’s law to do with me? ...Would he be shamed? ...Before all men ... And he would hang?” (Marsh 147). She also pointed out that she would like to revenge Paul using her own fashion, which is to torture him and kill him bitterly (Marsh  147) Clearly the priest’s words indicate that the British and the Egyptian have different ways for revenge due to their different cultures. Her words also show her disdain for British law and her appreciation of their own culture, which indicates her belief of othering from the colonized side. Besides her words about revenge, the priest’s appreciation about Lessignham indicates her belief of colonial subject.

According to Tyson, colonial- subject is a term that colonized people believe in British superiority (Tyson 403). The priest loved Lessingham’s white skin because her skin is “saffron yellow” and she appreciated his tall and strong body. She even thought that being his wife is the best thing. The priest appreciated Lessignham because she thought that he belongs to a more superior race than her, which indicates her belief in colonial-subject.

             Analyzing literature using postcolonial theorems allows readers to explore cultural meanings of contents in the literature. For example, in the novel, The Beetle, London represents the civilization of the colonizer. Besides, when Atherton was poisoned by the gas, he was brought back to life by science while Percy Woodville was saved by Egyptian magic. The two different ways that rescue Atherton and Woodville indicate conflicts between the western and eastern culture. These indications have more meaning than literature contents themselves. Therefore, applying postcolonial theorems to analyze literature gives reader opportunities to have a deeper understanding of the cultural influence of colonization.

How did westward expansion shape the US culturally, politically, and economically from c.1790 to c.1880?

Between this period there was a lot of changes that shaped the US to what it is to date. When the expansion occurred. This land would help in shaping the economy since there was great purchases from the people for agriculture. Agriculture became one of the greatest income earners for the westerners. Between the years 1830-1850 production of cotton grew by 300%, with almost 5 million bales being produced during this period. This was a major economic development since the employment opportunities grew and most people begun to travel to the west so that they could purchase land and start farming.

As the economy soared, the need for infrastructure was felt. This led to the shift from steam dependent machinery to steel manufactured machinery. This change led to a big break in the manufacturing industry as more consumer goods and industrial goods were being produced. The development of train tracks, large bridges made transportation much easier since there was now a reliable travelling mechanism. With the new transportation networks connecting cities there was establishment of towns that grew drastically. This was almost one of the factors that led to the development of towns that were great economic icons (Boehm 1964).

The western expansion had great effects when it came to the political stands to date. The Monroe doctrine for instance set forth the expansion from the Atlantic coast to the pacific coast. This expansion had particularly negative effects such as slavery that increased drastically, dispossession of the native Americans, and the federal holdings in the west. President Monroe in 1823 outlined the Monroe doctrine that would later be used by the Americans’ to claim independence over the land in the new world (Klar 2015).

Slavery also played an important role in shaping the US. Different states were labelled differently. For instance, in 1845 Texas was added as a slave state will most states in the north were free states. This resulted to the Mexican-American war that later led to California being added as a free state. The congress was divided between free states and slave states, which led to the Kansas Nebraska act in 1854 which allowed an election to be conducted to know the fate as either a free state or slave state. Violence begun in Kansas due to this and this led to the start of the civil war later on in 1861 (Klar 2015).

Andrew Jackson presidency in 1830 led to the establishment of the Removal Act. This act allowed the removal of native Americans from the west of the Mississippi to the east by the federal government. The native Americans were restricted to the lands that the federal government had allocated them. President Lincoln later on signed the homestead act that allowed public lands in the west for settlement. But this law also made sure that some reserves were set aside as federal lands that later became parks or preserves (Klar 2015).

There were some cultural effects that were as a result of the westward expansion. The natives came with their own diverse different culture that later would be adopted by other settlers. For instance, from their cotton farming they started cotton gin which was drunk across the nation. The mountain men came and introduce fur made clothing’s such as coats that was later adopted by the Indians who shared it with the rest of the Americans even became a fashion trend for the rich. Natives had very strong cultural identity and they stood by all their beliefs though at times it did get them in trouble. They were the conservatists and made sure to protect their reserves and land from things like pollution (Billington & Ridge 2001)

References

Billington, R. A., & Ridge, M. (2001). Westward expansion: A history of the American frontier. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Klar, J. (2015). Louisiana Purchase and Westward Expansion. Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.

Boehm, E. H., & American Bibliographical Center. (1964). America, history and life. Santa Barbara, Calif: Clio Press.

Recent history

Q1. Pacific Relations

            The current policy of the U.S is on the basis of the necessity that is hugely seen in the largest part of the Asia- Pacific area for the planned comfort in the aspect of an increasing emphatic China. This connection is also determined by the yearning to encourage the American associates, networks and other republics in that area in which the U. S has not been beaten after a year of the combat. The U.S has not been debilitated by the financial and radical difficulties at home and still it is not going to extricate from the Asia- Pacific relationships.  The main aims of the fresh rule of the United States are to widen the areas of the collaboration valuable to the America with the local areas and the organizations reinforce the American supporters’ affairs and the partners such as great authorities as China and India (Lee, Allison, Blackwill & Wyne, 2012).

            This is to advance the regional standards and the rules attuned with the global safety, financial and radical order which is widely reinforced by the U.S.  Based on policy, the main features that have shaped the relationship involve three sets of incentives such as safety, financial and political elements. Alternations in the American army construction are well seen and have involved abundant responsiveness.  The U.S is ever-changing considerable armed volumes from other theatres of action to the Asia- Pacific and rearrangement of its local safety preparations to produce more extensively discrete U.S services through the area. This has entailed a great outline of the novel armed dispositions to Australia and the Philippines and has been convoyed by prolonged safety preparations with local associates which accentuate a wider armed incorporation (Lee, Allison, Blackwill & Wyne, 2012).

            The financial status of the policy has also improved the relationship between the two regions and this is objected in expanding the mutual and multifaceted financial relation between America and the area.  The Obama government has started a process that will improve the overseas support to the Asia- Pacific region.  Finally the political elements have improved the relationship of these regions.  The U. S political structure involvement has intricate consolidation on  the United States corporations and structuring profounder associations with associates such as India and Singapore, thus extending the commitment with the joint organizations and running the U.S – China connection.  Countries in the Asian region such as China and Vietnam have taken important phases to advance their affairs with the U. S in the current centuries.  While the administrations in these republics have been much cautious in maintaining their close financial connections with China and to evade antisocial problems in the region’ s increasing power, they have established it planned to put themselves to the universal’s most noticeable global force. These republics that have overtly reinforced and incorporated the U.S connection to the Asia- Pacific are most likely to be inspired by the anxieties over China than by the inherent petition of the U.S rules (Lee, Allison, Blackwill & Wyne, 2012).

Q2. Leadership

            Theodore Roosevelt is one leader in America seen to have positive impacts in the country. He has a notion that a leader should have a unique relationship with all the responsibility to the people.  Through these notions, he wanted to challenge the upcoming ideas of the limited government and individualism thus maintained and served as a leader to reform the people of America.  He is a leader who had many wishes to make a fair society which is more reasonable with the financial possibilities for all Americans.  He supposed that the administration had the right and the accountability to control large businesses so that its impacts would not harmfully distress the public. Based on his presidential style, he introduced personality into the radical equality.  He maintained a strong relationship with the community and he was aware on how to use mass media to outline the public view.  He was the paramount leader whose voting was more personal than the radical party. As a prominent leader, he used his passion to gain ballots, form subjects and develop views which made him change his policymaking organization forever (Giuliani & Kurson, 1998).

             Bill Clinton was another leader who was able to reconstruct the appearance and the processes of the Self-governing movement in ways that successfully destabilized the Reagan Rebellion. His leadership is well known for its national achievement as he removed the federal shortfall and administered the strongest financial status in the recent memory. Based on financial globalization, he developed new governments of free trade.  Woodrow Wilson was another successful leader in the American society.  He left a lasting inheritance as he transformed the main aim of the American foreign policy from neglect to globalism.  He had the ability to modify and assemble the public opinion which formed the modern presidency (Giuliani & Kurson, 1998).  

             When leadership in heritage is defined as the influence on the nation and future politics, these leaders recognized its importance.  Based on these leaders, we learn several lessons on how to choose prominent leaders.  If a person minds about the American economic status, the only option is to vote for the candidates that will advance industrialization in the States.  If industrialization in America is advanced, then America’s economy will increase.  Manufactures are also helping the United States to remain the global economic leader.  It is true that America cannot continue to be the most prominent in the global market without the best leaders.  It is too wrong when you find other leaders deceiving ecological policies that are diminishing our energy options. As Americans, it is time to renovate our rules, swap unsuccessful and duplicative rules and follow policies that are suppler and less strict. Strengthening our substructure is the main reason as to why we choose good leaders. Thus it is essential to reinforce our country by associating with leaders who show their pledge to industrialization and other essential values (Giuliani & Kurson, 1998).   

Themes

Q3. Government

            The expanded role of the national government has created significant changes in our economic system in America.  The national government in many ways has saturated the lives of many Americans. For instance, the national government taxes consume more than a quarter of the national manufacture and are charged mostly on work, inventiveness and wealth buildup.  The federal government also competes with the private business sectors as it operates on many commercial industries.  In the financial section, there are many federal covering sections such as farming, overseas trade and asset.  The role of the national government in the local economy can be sponsored and distributed at the state or the local levels.  If the involved was to be delimited by the parliament authority over regional cornmerce, an authority would be given to the parliament by the founders for the aim of preventing the federal government from involving with the trade (Welch, 2009).

            Through expanding its role in the Americans life, the federal government has recognized the tendency of the governments to grow, thus it has added the Bill of rights to the constitution as a way of the protection of the rights of the individuals against the state. Based on expanding the America’s life, the national government has expanded the restrictions that have been set by the constitution initiators. Thus the federal government must be readdressed to its proper and sincere role for the Americans.  The abundant humanity has conventional databases in the U. S in which the main aim of the strategies is the abolition of scarcity and ethnic unfairness.  Johnson a president in America used the society and addressed programs such as education, medical, poverty, urban problems and transportation.  These programs and their initiatives were supported by his followers. The intentions of these plans as proposed by the national government is to refine the aims and plans to reflect the changing challenges and priorities of the American Society (Welch, 2009).

            The growth of the American Government has affected the lives of Americans as it was never supposed to involve in the activities that it is currently doing.  When the United States gained its freedom many years ago, the formation fathers proposed a federal government with obvious and controlled errands. These errands were proposed for the protection of the security of the state and maintaining the public safety. The less that the federal government has involved in the national economy would be funded and conveyed at the state and the national levels.  The bill of rights was to make sure that the government would never grow so large that it could crush on the individual and economic freedoms of the American inhabitants. This freedom is wearing away as the U.S has been changed from a nation that does not involve the government in the marketplace.  This is now making the government main actors in the national economy.  The American government has expanded the restrictions that were set by the constitution founders, thus the growth of the government has created the greatest tragedy of the twentieth century (Welch, 2009).   

Q4. Women

            Women have always had a powerful role in the success and the development of the American community. These roles vary depending on time and era, ecology and people’s race. The American female’s starring role was much pretentious by the establishment of captivity.  Women, who would not meet the expense of the slave help, were placed into the domestic obligations. The women in captivity worked in the gardens throughout the daytime and cooked food for their families.  Those women in the 16^th century had great roles in their communities as they performed traditional roles.  When colonizers emanated to the new universe, they remained attracted to comprehend how the Innate Americans organized all the labor-intensive and outmoded level. Women role to the growth of the Americans has changed in the recent times although these roles have not been easy to the American women (Belasen, 2012).  Currently, only the wealthy has fewer roles to complete their work. Actually, women had a major role in forming the American material that happens today.  They have revealed to us that to toil in order to feed their families through hardships.  The viewpoint of women developing in each period mostly in the Second World War has viewed women and growth based on a theoretical and practical approach to development. The perspectives of the women development seeks to understand the women issues on the existing genders to place women in different subsidiary levels. The growth of women expanded in the 1970’s where they called for employment chances that would increase the programs that were meant to give the productive labor of women leaving away the focus of communal well-being. The development of women in each era faced a lot of problems as some of their approaches had surplus costs of representing women as a unit whose entitlements are restricted on its productive value (Belasen, 2012).

            The development of women was entitled on the women role in the growth of the community and focus on the boundaries of communities’ transformation. While there was a perspective that development was a loom to advance women.  There was a notion that suggested that the development was only made possible by the women involving themselves in the development projects.  Women in earlier times attained important improvements.  Their most tangible victory was the passage of the 19^th amendment that was reasoned to empower women.  Women in the society had many traditional roles which was mainly supporting her husband. During the earlier times, many women lived in the rural areas where they were involved in work farms.  Currently, the traditional women would have a negative approach to the new time women who have found it hard to develop trade in their societies.  The women life is viewed as better since the days that the female protesters harmonized in the streets for equality to find their freedom for social values and career (Belasen, 2012). 

Q5. Environment

            Our relationship with the natural environment in the modern America has changed.  The cultural variations of the humans have permitted the humans to take over each environment type in the universe.  Because their manner of acquiring food involves the handling of the natural environments, the early agricultural societies seem to have huge negative influences on the natural environment. Areas that were used to produce the wanted crops do not upkeep the full types that are counterpart of the natural surroundings of the plants. Assessing how developments in the modern American have been approached based on the natural environment, it is clear that the preservation of the natural areas on uplifting urbanization is a common challenge for the conservation (Dunaway, 2007).

            The quick growth in population and land development has been connected in many American countries to put unembellished weight on the natural systems. In U.S, the continuing developments have been the most significant factors that have been affecting the natural ecosystem and the cause of environment loss and sorts endangerment in U.S. The national sector has considered the growing awareness and the focus of the social, financial and environmental costs of the continuing development by establishing a wide range of policy which is effectively made to manage the growth of urban areas (Dunaway, 2007). 

            The loss of environment has been approaches as the main cause of species endangerment in America.  Urbanization growth is also leading to the habitat loss which entails a thorough transformation from the financial nature to the human economy. Urbanization growth will continue to be the function of economic growth while the notion of the natural preservation shows that the most competitive exclusions happen in the urban areas (Dunaway, 2007). 

Reference

Belasen, A. T. (2012). Developing women leaders in corporate America: Balancing competing demands, transcending traditional boundaries. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger.   

Dunaway, F. (2007). Natural visions: The power of images in American environmental reform. Chicago, Ill. [u.a.: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Giuliani, R. W., & Kurson, K. (1998). Leadership. New York: Hyperion.   

Lee, K. Y., Allison, G. T., Blackwill, R. D., & Wyne, A. (2012). Lee Kuan Yew: The grand master's insights on China, the United States, and the world.   

 Welch, S. (2009). Understanding American government: The essentials. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 

Histories Assignment

            The reason as to why Mr. Clarke’s viewpoint on history is different from the predominant euro- centric history is that Africa and its inhabitants are the most viewed and least understood in all the people in the Universe. This status started in the 15^th centuries when the trade on slaves was established.  The Europeans did not only settle many of the world’s facts, but started to take over the information about the world and its inhabitants. When the European settlers first met Africans at the intersection of history, it depicted a deferential meeting which showed that the Africans were not slaves. Their nations were old before Europe was initiated.  In this era of history, Africa was an unfamiliar place to the Europeans (Karen, 3).

            After the rise and fall of the Greek evolution and the Roman obliteration of the city of Carthage, they made the dominated terrains into a region which they referred to as Africa which meant that tit was a group of people who were not much familiar. For the Europeans to colonize most of the African regions, they had to pretend that they had forgotten all they knew about Africa.  During their meeting with the Africans, they accompanied each other. Clarke’s history reveals that Africans were the oldest people on the face of the earth. Now the Africans did not only influence the Greeks and the Romans, but also the early world before the Europeans settled in their region. Slavery and colonialism in the African history was likely to break the connection between the Africans and their continent, Africa. A small group of the African – American developed the foundation of what would be the African consciousness movement over the many past years.  Their main concern as revealed by Clarke was with the African which is currently known as the Nile Valley (Karen, 3).

            Clarke was aware that many stories from the bible as written in Africa had no Africans printed or presented in the Sunday school lessons. He reveals how he was suspecting that at that very early stage, someone had already biased the appearance of his people, now the Africans.  His fear was that he was once told by a white man that there was no Black people’s history, thus he embarked on the long research of the history of the African Americans and he noticed that it was real but it had been disguised by those who referred our ancestors as slaves. What he much focused was the past of the Africans which was based on an international level.  It was evident to him that the world’s first empires were in Africa. The ages that were referred to as Dark were gloomy for Europe and that some of the African nations were much larger to any nation in Europe. This is the main reason as to why many of the Africans further the education of their children in Europe as it has the best institutions.  This also reveals that slavery which was ruinous was not the commencement or the termination of the African’s influence on the Universe.  Clarke continues to talk about the history of the African Evolution and opposes that no leading or settling supremacy brought evolution in Africa (Karen, 5).

Work cited

Carrillo, Karen J. African American History Day by Day: A Reference Guide to Events. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood, 2012. Print.         

Vietnam War

            The aggravating and endless war in Vietnam between the North and South Vietnam citizens raised a loud alarm which led to the creation of concern that led to intervention of the United States government (Roark pg 406). The Americans thus came in to help restore peace among the two warring nations through offering the North Vietnam some incentives which would help them to come to a bargain (Roark pg 463). However the war did not seem to stop even with the intervention of the United States government. Overtime so many people both the political class and the normal citizens have been approaching different questions leaving out the relevant questions such as; did the Vietnam War make sense? Was the war winnable and if not why were the Americans there? The Vietnam War correlates to the contemporary wars that are taking place in the current world where to some extent there are the existence of similarities and to another extent there is a great contrast upon the two. So as to understand the comparison and the differences the paper sought to answer some of the questions that emerge.  In an attempt to answer these questions a clear picture on the participants of the Vietnam War will be seen while the daily involvement of the Americans with an objective to bring about democracy.

            According to a statement made by Lyndon Seines Jonson in a press conference held in Johns Hopkins University, April 6, 1965, he tried to explain the current state of our world where each nation is fighting so as to form their destiny and finally securing peace. Thus it is quite clear that we should adapt to this kind of a system as it forms the order of the day for our nations. The war in Vietnam made sense as Northern Vietnams are firm to overpower the Southern Vietnams for greed for power. With this selfish objective they engage in war so as to shape their destiny not minding about the future of the Southern Vietnams.

Nonetheless, the sovereign Southern Vietnams are unwilling to be subdued hence they devote themselves into engaging into war so as to fight for their freedom and to shape their future (Johnson, pg 1)

            The United States governments in their mission to help out in restoring peace to the warring nations like Vietnam they have deployed the military to help in the war of restoring peace. However, in spite of their hard work, the wars still intensify without fruitful results. It is thus evident that the war is unwinnable not till when the groups that initiated the fight decides to stop it. Lyndon Seines Jonson clearly stated that the major reason as to why the Americans are still in Vietnam is the fact that they have a promise to fulfill, which is a pledge to construct and shield the Southern Vietnams liberty. Over the past years the same goal of keeping this promise has been upheld (Roark, pg 883).

            Both the Vietnam and terrorism pose attack to the targeted groups with an aim of attaining some power thus inflicting fear, death and destruction. Both wars are led by selfish gains as what they desire is the same things are required by the attacked group. Terrorism is carried out by a group of certain people with a motive to cause terror while the Vietnam main goal is for conquest. Vietnam War targeted the weak and helpless people in the society such as the peasant farmers, vulnerable villages and the wives and children of the men who have engaged in war for the sake of their country. While terrorism attacks are geared towards large locations with high populations which would ensure that maximum damage and terror has been experienced. Terrorism’s solution majorly lies on political solution as these attacks are directed to the government of a given country while that of Vietnam would require Military solution as their fight is to gain power on boundaries hence two nations were involved who are involved in fights. America has been greatly involved in offering any assistance to the two types of wars.

            Most of the militants are the ones who belong to the average class in America and they are so loyal to their government. This is because they do not have better jobs which they can attend to as the upper class men have better jobs. Hence they are the ones who are deployed to the combat fields in any war whether in Vietnam or in terrorism war.

            Greed for power and for selfish gain are major causes of wars hence a revolution of the mind is needed for all humanity where each and every citizen of a given nation should be able to control the greed and selfish desire. Change starts with us. People should understand that it is futile to fight as fighting against each other is not the solution to our problems but rather people should negotiate and come to a consensus where each party is happy and satisfied with the decision.

References

Johnson, Lyndon B. "John Hopkins University Speech." John Hopkins University Speech (2009): 1.             Academic Search Premier. Web. 4 May 2016.

Roark, James L, Michael P. Johnson, Patricia C. Cohen, Sarah Stage, and Susan M. Hartmann. The             American Promise: A History of the United States. , 2012. Print.

Roark, James L, Michael P. Johnson, Patricia C. Cohen, Sarah Stage, and Susan M. Hartmann. The             American Promise: A History of the United States, Since 1865. Bedford/st Martins, 2012. Print.

Holidays in American History

1 a) the Christmas celebrations was a controversial concept during the colonial times. It was considered illegal in some New England colonies and one could be fined for celebrating the festival. At the same time, Christmas was not part of Bible as it was not mentioned in the New Testament. The colonists living in New England rejected the idea of Christmas citing that it was celebrated in unregulated manner. They believed that man must live according to God laws thus he needs to live in a simple orderly way. Therefore, discipline and organized life were also part of their beliefs. Christmas was viewed as impure festival, a sin they greatly avoided. Moral restrain was highly valued thus they were not happy with the manner it was celebrated (Dennis, 83).

According to colonists, Christmas was festival full of sin, luxury and immorality. As such, it was a festive that was inconsistent with God Laws. It was just like a celebration befitting the god of harvest (Venus). Therefore, colonists were shocked to find that the Birth of Jesus Christ was celebrated in sinful manner. In other words, it was conducted in a way that was contrary to Jesus’ life. The celebrations were marked by all kinds of excess and immorality.In middle and other Southern States, Christmas was day when people indulge in drinking and overheating. At the same time, it was a day when begging justified, the poor went to ask for food and drinks from wealth people while others celebrated by using fireworks and gun shots. For colonists, this was extravagance and it was not fit for celebrating the life of Jesus Christ whom they considered to be sacred. In other words, Christmas was celebrated in sinful manner (Christmas, Part 1)

4 a)

The Valentines’ Day holiday was appealing to Victorian ideal of romantic love and compassionate marriage because they have common elements. In other words, they are both defined by the same values or ideals. Desexualization is evident in both cases. Valentines’ Day is celebrated in desexualized manner in the 19^th century. Ideally love takes precedence than sexual desires. In other words, it is day that when love is shared rather expressing sexual desires. This value is also consistent with Victorian ideals (Saint valentine’s day, part 1).

Victorian supports the sexual restrain and they believe in sexual repression. They argue that sexual matters are sacred and they should be done in privacy rather than in public arena. Put differently, sexual expression is not fit in a public place as it is private affair. At the same time, Victorians claim that women have control over their sexual desires and they are committed to loving their children than anything else. Victorians showed big repression to sexual matters hence they were receptive to valentine day which was also defined by desexualization. Meanwhile, Valentine days became popular among Victorians because it was based on the idea that love leads to strong or long term relationships. In this way courtship and love results to long-term relationship, an idea that is consistent with Victorian’s concept of love before marriage ( Saint Valentine, Part 1). 

Victorians felt that they need to desexualize the day because it was believed sexual engagement led to unhealthy life as it drains one’s physical energy. They believed that sexual engagement was perceived as immoral. It was associated with all evil things including masturbation, seduction and sexual abuse. Sexual engagement was also inconsistent with their religious beliefs which were majorly based on the idea of purity, living a life devoid of sin just like Christ ( Saint Valentine, Part 1). 

6b)  As compared to Mothers Day, Fathers Day took longer time to gain popularity, and this is attributed to the manner in which it was celebrated and societal values of the 20^th century. Specifically, Mothers day was celebrated in a sentimental manner than Fathers Day. It was celebrated in a manner that was cultural appealing. For example, symbols used for advertising the Mothers Day were colorfully made to make a strong sentimental statement. At the same time, moral purpose of motherhood, which was highly valued at the time gave women strong cultural meaning. Their role as moral teachers gave them high recognition and thus they were accorded great honor. This is in contrary to the men’s physical discipline, role that was lowly regarded at the time. Simply put, Mothers day gained popularity than Fathers Day due moral role played by women in the family setting. The role was highly valued than physical discipline played by fathers.

            However, the popularity was never realized until the shift roles played by fathers. In other words, there were several changes that led to the popularity  of Fathers Day. Democratic concept had to be introduced in the family. This means that the family was run in democratic manner. At the same time, Fathers had to play nurturing role unlike before who they just an economic provider. In this regard, the father becomes more involved in rearing children, spending more time with his children and showing them paternal love. In other words, fathers began to play roles initially reserved for women. Through these roles, fathers gained cultural appeal that consequently gave Fathers Day the sentimental quality hence gaining popularity ( Mothers Day and Fathers Day,  part 1).

.

Essay 2

Mothers Day, Fathers Day and Thanksgiving are holidays marked by criticism and protest. Specifically, Thanksgiving is a protest day for Natives rather than a day of celebration. Indians or Native claim that Thanksgiving reminds them of betrayal. It is a day in which they lost their land, their crops and cultural heritage. It is a mourning day for Native as they count all miseries brought by the European immigrants who came to America. These include loss of life and forced assimilation brought by Europeans. They believe that their good gestures were betrayed. Note mentioning, Thanksgiving is a holiday that was also celebrated after war battles. In some cases, it was celebrated to mark the defeat of Natives or killing of Native warriors. These battles claimed a big part of Native’s population thus it is mourning day for Indians (Thanks giving, part 3).

On the hand, Fathers Day is a holiday that was started as a protest. It is important to point out that was idea of Sonora Louisa Smart Dodd, woman brought up in single father family. Fathers Day came as an answer for Mothers day which was given big attention. Some people like Sonoral felt that their fathers are not celebrated yet they play critical roles in the family ( Mothers Day and Fathers Day, part 1).

7(b).Native Americans honor a day of thanks giving with a different perspective. For many Americans, Thanks giving means a great day with carvings of turkeys, enjoying with family members, and giving gratitude for the blessings of the year. But this is very different with the Native Americans. The native Americans will honor this day with a perspective of accounting for their historical plight in the United States. According to their Co-leader Munro, this day in the history of the lives o Native Americans has bloody roots. This is a day of giving thanks that a militia had come back safely form destroying over 700 Pequots (Dennis, 112). Children, women and elders were victims of this tragedy. Therefore, this is the reason why this is a special one for mourning in honor of the Native Americans ancestors and the struggle of the native people in the current world. Native Americans had a higher rate of suicide in the US where millions of them have lost their lives in the European genocide. The national day of mourning is to set the record about the past and the current situation. They also regard this day as a day of mourning by addressing their current painful situation of poverty and unemployment.

The 1621 thanks giving celebration that was attended by Massasoit the chief of Wampanoag symbolized the different relationship between the puritans and the Native Americans. The puritans offered a feast for a number of tribes as a symbol of friendship; however, they offered food and drinks that harmed many Native Americans symbolizing the differences between them. Similarly, when Massasoit’s son proclaimed a thanksgiving in 1676 in order to unite their homeland, the bloody conflict occurred and this led to his murder (Dennis, 88). Therefore the story behind these two events supports the Native Americans view of thanks giving as a day of mourning. This is because they lost their fellow members in a celebration which was said to be a symbol of friendship but instead costed the lives of their people. Similarly, in the attempt to bring unity in 1676, Metacomet was captured and murdered painfully hence making it an important day to mourn for these important people.

 Honor your father and mother

The vintage Mother’s day and father’s day greeting cards have a significant illustration on the great importance and value of the father and the mothers. It may not just mean as light as that but it is a way of appreciating all the efforts that the mothers and fathers in raising the children. This is a way to recognize the role that our mother and fathers have played in bringing us up (Rockwell, 32). It is expressed in form of love that children have about their parents. These cards carry a lot of meaning in recognizing the parental role. Therefore mother and fathers are worthy of their own holidays. This is important for so many reasons that every person has towards the role these two people have played in life. Hence giving them a special day of honor is a way of recognizing and appreciating that they are great.

Work cited

Dennis, Matthew. Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002. Print.

Coontz, Stephanie. Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. New York: Penguin Books, 2006. Print.

Rockwell, Anne F, and Lizzy Rockwell. Mother's Day. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, 2004. Print.

1. How slaves were defined as property

Slaves were defined as property by the Americans in a number of ways. First and foremost, they were owned by Americans and they were denied rights over their own lives and as such their acted as properties to their masters (Barker & Schaefer, 2000). Slaves were also exchanged as commodities hence acting as property since they were bought and sold. Slaves did not have a possession of their own but they were under the control of their masters throughout.

2. How slavery provided a foundation for white and black America today

Slavery provided a foundation for African and American relation. Through slavery, African culture was established in America and this became integral parts of African lives in America hence the current heritage of African American who even serve an important group more than the earlier group (Barker & Schaefer, 2000). Through slavery, many other businesses were developed and promoted in the United States which still exists in the history.

3. Why violence has been so much associated with civil disobedience despite of it being nonviolent

Violence has occurred in civil disobedience despite of it being regarded nonviolent (Barker & Schaefer, 2000). This is because in the process of disobeying the law, actions are always being taken by both the authorities and the citizens hence causing a state of violence (O'Brien, 1999).

4. How urban riots observers dismissed social importance to the outbreaks

The observers of the urban riots viewed not to be on large scale but only involved a small number of people (Barker & Schaefer, 2000).

5. Why religion proved to be a force for unity and disunity among African Americans

Religions have acted as a force of unity and disunity among African Americans. Churches have acted as a basis for community organization and a source of antagonism as well (Barker & Schaefer, 2000). Religion also made the non religious Africans to be seen as barbarians and heathens.

References

Barker, N., & Schaefer, R. T. (2000). Study guide [to accompany] Racial and ethnic groups. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.

O'Brien, G. W. (1999). The color of the law: Race, violence, and justice in the post-World War II South. Chapel Hill [u.a.: Univ. of North Carolina Press.

Sailing to Byzantium

The speaker in this poem is referring to his country of origin which he refers to as ‘no country for aged men’. He defines the nation as full of youth and life where the young area being held in one another’s arm, the hums of singing birds from the trees and some fish which can be seen swimming in the waters .The speaker describes his sailing to Byzantium, a holy city. In his address to the sages, he hopes that their being his singing musters for his sole will consume heart. He implies that once he has been removed from the natural world, he will never again take his bodily form from a natural thing (Rainey, 309).

Yeats show a lot of characteristics of disillusionment of modernism seen in scepticism towards the idea of the truth, a person’s sense of being disoriented within modernism and a pessimist view of current life enjoined with a consideration that the current world has turn out to be spiritually wanting and fragmented culturally. The Sail to Byzantium is the concept of art on which the poet lays emphasis on in order to cure the problems in the current life of 20^th century. The poem serve as an evidence of Yeats skill of art that he uses to interpret the contemporary life (Hatice, 49).  The poet uses subtle symbolism together with thought and styles that are complex. The comparison of concepts such nature versus artifice and art versus nature is obvious in the poem. A contradiction is seen in the tension between life and art in this poetry work.  The poem use a lot of symbols like gyre that indicate Yeats’ philosophical belief that cycles and patterns can be used to describe everything. He uses salmons, mackerels, fowl and fish as symbols of morality and brevity of this life.  The aging of the body is indicated by the use of metaphors like tattered coat that is hang on a stick , and being fastened on an animal that is dying (Lee,39).

The poet refers to Ireland from a political and personal point of view and he wishes to be to a time peace and economic success existed in Ireland. At the start of the poem, ‘that’ denotes the Ireland of the modern era. The poem depicts the movements of the speaker from his youth to old age, and the resulting shift from the Ireland Byzantium geographically, a country at its birth time as poem was being written. He feels that he doesn’t belong in Ireland since the young are caught up in sensual music and brutal. What disgusts Yeats is this allure of murder in pretence of republicanism. He may be referring to Irish Rebellion by his insinuation of young people holding one another in their arms and generations that are dying (Hatice, 49). The centre for successful civilization was Byzantium, in 6^th century, and which refers to the ancient Roman city that was built by Emperor Constantine that served as the Eastern Christianity’s headquarters, a city where it was believed God existed. It was rich in culture its nature was utopian artistically. This is a metaphor for supreme forms of art or creativity. By escaping to Byzantium the speaker can run away from the conflict between desire and worn out body. The element of modernism is seen at this point when Yeats compares a body of an old man to an animal that is dying (Lee, 39). 

His unending desire to move to Byzantium, a perfect land, pointe to the imperfect land that he wants to leave. An important theme of modern poetry which is degenerating and chaotic modern life is well laid out here. He alludes to how ‘monuments of intellect’ that is not aging, can be brought about by the current chaotic times. While talking about whatever is begotten, being born and dying, he shows his familiarity with modern poetry.  Death, waste and decadence and mortal beings that are crumbling is a prevalent feature in the entire poem more so while being associated with old age (Rainey,309). By invoking the sages to change him, to have his heart which is sick with desire, consumed away and being fastened to an animal that is dying and have him gathered into an ‘eternal artifice’, the poet is referring to art. It is only art that is immortal.

In conclusion this poem by Yeats dives directly into a modern craziness of life. After all, with our genetic testing and medical marvels that we hold so highly every day, we cannot turn away from dealing with the fact that our bodies are just a big mass of flesh and bones. This emphasis of on modernism as compared to the past is seen in the poet’s tendency to refer to the past life being better than the contemporary life. In fact, implies that the only thing that can make one to be useful in old age is having their soul clapping their hands and singing.  Modernism is put clear by the use of simple language, several interpretation of metaphors political references, juxtaposition of notions and allusions.

Works cited

Lee, Oser. The Ethics of Modernism: Moral Ideas in Yeats, Eliot, Joyce, Woolf and Beckett. Cambridge University Press.2007 .37

Rainey, Lawrence. Modernism: An Anthology. Malden, Mass. Blackwell Publ. 2005.309

Hatice, Avcı. The Contribution of Romanticism to Modernism as seen in Keats, Ibsen and Yeats.2012. 42-54