What are some of the ways that American slavery had changed by 1740, and why did those changes take place?

America since has always been a racial state that consists of several distinct individuals from different states.  Slavery was basically created in before American Revolution at the beginning of the 17th century.  Before the occurrence of revolution, drastic transformations had occurred compared to how it started. Factually, when slavery began the African Americans enslavement was not the start.  The transformations that occurred before 1740, did not only transform those that were enslaved, but also the slave's treatment and the living culture additionally transformed (Browne, 1883).  When the colonists were founded by America they were objected in accomplishing two things.  First, they would either request for the entire family or individual groups to move in order to assist the prospering of the colony or take advantage of those from lower class with the promise of freedom and land for several servitude years (Browne, 1883).  However, most of the individuals met their deaths before the end of the servitudes due to illnesses and intensified hard labor.

During the 17th and the 18th century, Africans were mainly considered as the primary colonials in the American land.  This was the period before the occurrence of the revolution period which is regarded as the colonial era.  In all the American colonies the enslaving practice of black persons was legalized (Browne, 1883). This results in the highest growth of racial slavery in America.  The economic realities were evident in all the American states and therefore the need of legalization of slavery practice was a necessity.  The legalization was required in boosting the American economic status by ensuring that the back slaves provided adequate labor.  Before 1740 the number of slaves had increased in American generally as the slave's populace was about 50 or 60 percent of the entire population.

Before 1740, slavery in America was considered as a central institution based on the acquired and thus to was well accepted by the white individuals.  This view evolved during the period where agriculture and all the economic activities seemed to be very beneficial (Browne, 1883).  The American economic sector was in need of labor and therefore more slaves were required in high numbers.  Particularly before the occurrence of the revolutionary phase, there were lesser slaves but indentured servants were higher as this was so common.  The indentured servant’s employers worked in order to stabilize their financial earning which led to the rise of labor prices as time passed on.  This, therefore, developed many challenges for the laborers in paying their debts.  With this, the increase of slavery was favored based on the possible financial gains that the slaves generated via hard labor (Browne, 1883). Eventually, the southern and the northern parts of America generated opposite views in regard to slaves necessity.

During the 17th century and by 1740, a great transformation was acquired on the individual’s enslavement that was based on race. The slaves were only characterized by few thousands by the harsh reversals that were encountered would play part in shaping their lives and those of their generations.  During this period, hereditary race imposition slavery changed gradually which proceeded slowly in the following decades.  By the early 18th century those that had the 17th-century slavery experience would note the transformations (Browne, 1883). The racial slavery violation in the American colonies was not viewed as a natural procedure.  This was not natural as the functions of the competitive and authoritative governments and thousands of individuals were spread athwart the Atlantic nations.   During this period it was, therefore, inevitable that the legal status of individuals changed and was now dependent on their racial background and this slavery condition was not ending.  The disastrous transformation was influenced by a combination of numerous factors.  First, the human factors spinning together during the 17th century in order to generate an extremely damaging storm (Browne, 1883).

By the year 1650, the bitter reality of the occurrence of hereditary enslavement that was based on color and not on religion would not be ignored.  First, enslavement was done on the basis of religion that those that belonged to a different religion other than Christianity would be enslaved for life.  However, something that was hidden in the particular slavery idea was the notion that individuals who accepted to convert to Christianity should receive freedom.  However, this never occurred since the wealthy plantations owners were afraid of losing cheap labor thus transforming the notion behind the slave’s exploitations (Browne, 1883).  Even those that had accepted Christianity would not escape the exploitation based on the fact that they would not be able to change their appearance of skin color.  Therefore, the period transformed through setting color as the primary factor on enslaving individuals. This meant that the Africans would be exploited in the provision of hard labor in mines and plantations for life.  Indeed, the promised servitude was made hereditary and thus the children of the enslaved persons involuntarily inherited the restricted status (Browne, 1883).

Most of the Carolina English settlers brought in enslaved Africans and they bought a social system and a legal code that allowed racial slavery (McCord, 1840).  American slavery continued to develop while most settlements began to accept slavery.  However, by early 1700, the supply of labor from the enslaved African Americans began to decrease in a gradual manner.  Regardless of the social status and the religion of the enslaved servants, they desired on gaining personal freedom and their own land which is accompanied by private property. Gradually, it started to become harder in getting English labor in the major settlements.  This was influenced by the rise of home labor demand.  In addition, some settlements imposed huge penalties on those that were involved in the selling of English persons to serve as indentured servants in America (Browne, 1883).  The in addition, unlike the African servants the English laborers, demanded better payments, favorable conditions to work and reduced serving indentures. Despite the fact that the demands undermined the general profits generated by the state they would not lose the laborers based on their skills.

Native Americans who had been captured during the war frontiers, however, were continually enslaved but every aggressive action by the European colonists continues to change the neighboring diplomacy.  This enabled the Native Americans to get the opportunities of escaping and returning to their actual tried through the wilderness (Browne, 1883). In addition, the Native Americans who had been enslaved held a limited number.  With the rise of competition from the European investors, the price of labor decreased as the slaves began to get into America in high volumes.  More labor was being required by the wealthy persons and thus the demand for more servants rose.

The terrible transformation of eradicating religion as the determining factor to slavery was influenced by the ability of spiritual faith to transform while the physical appearance would not be changed thus making it favorable (Browne, 1883).  In addition, the colonial laws that were governing slavery changed as slavery become both hereditary and racial.  The rise African slavery in America increased because they held the capability of offering intensified and yet cheap labor.  They were, therefore, the most favorable in the development of the settlements and the economy in general.  Exploitation was therefore done on the basis of social status before the 1740 (Browne, 1883). This was mainly because the colonial laws allowed for the expansion of slavery system in order to incorporate African slaves.  This worked in ensuring that the wealthy persons who  had the adequate  capability in creating investment on the trade of enslaved workers, were able to gather free land and valuable labor each time they made a purchase of an African servant worker.

In summary, in those decades prior to 1700, the general number of African arriving in American rose thus resulting in a shaky situation for the African Americans.  Even those that were born during the particular period were not spared as they were additionally accounted as slaves.  This resulted in the rise of pressure feeling among those that inherited the slavery status which led to the development of protests.  With time few of them were being listened to  and the enslavement that was based on race began to close slowly  particularly over the north  American  English colonies.

References

Browne H. William. (1883). The Origins Of North American Slavery And Racism. Maryland archives:  proceedings and the general assembly  of Maryland. 1664. Pp 85- 89. Pdf

David J. McCord. (1840). The Statutes at Large of South Carolina. Vol. 7, Containing the Acts Relating to Charleston, Courts, Slaves, and Rivers. Columbia, SC: A.S. Johnston, 1840, p. 397.

History in Cycles

History in America seems to repeat itself in the sense of what happened. During the Gilded Age, there were extraordinary demands during the Civil War which once the war ended the government could have was not able to cope with the responsibility that came along with it as a result of the rapid acceleration that affected both the society and the economy of America. Social and economic factors in America have a significant influence how the nation runs (Durant & Durant, 2012). There was second Industrial Revolution that resumed such as farming, manufacturing and other advances that have been witnessed up to date. The evolution of that time created great social and economic changes the same as the one been currently seen under the technological influence (Durant & Durant, 2012). Corruption was a thing that has characterized all forms of administration. This is proof that history repeats itself.

There has been a continuation of war, poverty, colonialism, sexism, racism, classism and social movement that have been there since time in the memorial. In 1780 Nativism was experienced when the papist immigrants were seen to destroy the economy and a wall of brass was to be erected for the exclusion of the Catholics (Schlesinger, 1999). In 1850 the Chinese refused to assimilate and the many they were the more the economy was in jeopardy. In 1920 America had a large number of Jews which Americans argued that the economy cannot hold. Now American has nothing against the Mexicans but they have refused to corporate ruining the American economy a result why the Americans argue that a wall has to be erected (Schlesinger, 1999). This is proof that history matches on. Characteristics and traits have been passed on from era to era and generation to generation making history move in cycles.

Reference

Durant, W., & Durant, A. (2012). The Lessons Of History. Simon and Schuster.

Schlesinger, A. M. (1999). The cycles of American history. Boston [u.a.: Houghton Mifflin.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: Temperance

Living a virtuous life is the desire for every person who strives to improve and live better each day. Benjamin Franklin lived with a goal of moral perfection on which he set his life to be guided by the 13 virtues. He however admitted that it was not possible to live the virtues perfectly since he failed at some point but his life felt far much better and happier than that of a man who never made an attempt (Franklin 47). All of the 13 virtues are profound and applicable to the modern life and every person should strive to implement all of them one at a time as Benjamin did. Among the 13 virtues, temperance is the most urgent and most applicable virtue in the modern life. Cleanliness on the other hand is important but less applicable in the modern life based what Franklin meant in his age of 1726. I chose the two virtues because of the urgency that curbs today’s society of leading a virtuous life.

To start with, temperance has been ranked at the top among the 13 virtues. Benjamin Franklin defines it with these terms ‘Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation’ (Franklin 48). Other definitions refer temperance as a voluntary refrain from doing something. Temperance is the most applicable and important virtue in the modern society because it forms the basis of self discipline (Franklin 48). Benjamin Franklin chose to concentrate on temperance first because it is the first and initial step towards living a virtuous life. It is the best tool for kicking off self improvement failure to which no step can be advanced. In addition, temperance provides the clearness of mind and conscious for the implementation of the other 12 virtues (Franklin 47). Temperance means being able to resist past habits as well as perpetual temptations which are often overwhelming. Benjamin Franklin pays much attention in defeating hunger and thirst urges which are the most primal and hardest to control (Rollert 390).

In the modern society, the level of appetite and indulgence into excess pleasure has an increasing gradient. People are more exposed to addictive pleasures today than it was in the days of Benjamin Franklin. The advancing technology has brought about new forms of pleasures which need to be regulated from every angle (Rollert 390). They include movies, watching television, surfing, partying and drug abuse among others in addition to eating and drinking habits. Most of these habits are so overwhelming and intemperate people at inclined at a high risk of addiction. The modern society is therefore becoming more vulnerable in terms of temperance as opposed to the ancient society.

Lastly, having temperance is the beginning of sound reasoning from which all the other virtues can be implemented. It’s the heart of success for every man because it defines personal responsibility. For instance, when one gets drunk with alcohol, he cannot be able to control his choices. In the present generation, drunkenness is so rampant and therefore unless temperance is first observed, one cannot make sound decisions (Franklin 49). Robert E. Lee general of the Confederate army shared his experience as he lived the temperance virtue. He shares that the biggest part of his success as a military leader was greatly contributed by abstaining from alcohol (Rollert 393). In today’s society, abstaining from alcohol and appetite would offer the same results in success into a virtuous life.

Men are commonly stereotyped as careless when it comes to matters of cleanliness. However, cleanliness is a universal virtue as Benjamin Franklin describes it. However, its application in the modern society is minimal compared to the other virtues because of some reasons. This less significance has much been contributed by the change in the meaning of virtues over time. Since 1726, his standards and the meaning of cleanliness has changed the most. The idea of what Benjamin Franklin had while discovering it has changed so much such that today’s standard would have disturbed him.

Cleanliness is more of an image for the public. What others perceive someone is greatly attributed by the outward looks. Cleanliness as a virtue gives someone a good image, makes one to feel good as well as promoting beauty (Rollert 398). Nowadays, virtues people are not concentrating on the outward looks but inwards perfection. It is very common nowadays to see religious, respectable and virtuous people who do not put much consideration on cleanliness.

 Inclusion, Benjamin Franklin paved a way for us and the proceeding generations to live a virtuous life. Temperance is the most profound and most applicable in today’s society because this is a generation when appetite and excesses are common at every disposal. Temperance in eating, drinking, watching and working is the most essential virtue today. For people to gather their thoughts, temperance is the basic virtue that will create room for the other virtues. Cleanliness is however important but less profound in today’s society due to the changing standards of the virtue over time. It is however not to be neglected because it has its part in life modeling.

Work cited:

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Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1757. Bedford, Mass: Applewood Book, 2008. Print.

Rollert, John Paul. "How To Succeed In Life." Common Knowledge 21.3 (2015): 390-398. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Dec. 2016.

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Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune

Bethune was an African American humanitarian, civil rights activist, stateswoman, philanthropist, humanitarian and an American educator. She was on 10^th July 1875, Maysville, South Carolina in the United States, and she commonly known for her courage of starting an African American private school in Florida at Daytona Beach (Walton, 2015). Due to her positive contributions to the society, people donated both time and money to her school, which saw it growing to become a college, and later developed to a university known as Bethune-Cookman University. Bethune was very determined to change the way the African Americans were viewed in the US. This move later saw her being appointed as the national adviser of the then president, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which was part of Roosevelt’s Africa American cabinet.

Bethune’s parents were slaves, and this made her to work in the fields while young, making her to work even harder in her education after getting help from her benefactors. She attended college in order to be able to go back to Africa and do mission work. She later became a national leader, and this was after being very active in women’s clubs which were very strong at civic organization, and supported the welfare and needs of women (Walton, 2015). While being an adviser of President Roosevelt, she advised him on the apprehensions of the American Americans, thus making the president to maintain a positive relationship with the Americans who were very prone to civil wars, particularly during the national elections in the country. She also acted as a source of inspiration to many African Americans who were living in the South. Upon her death, she received honours which included the description of her home, and house which became National Historical Landmark and National Historic Site respectively. 

Reference

Walton-Woodard, J. M. (2015). Colored Town: Memoir Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune and Me. United States.

Accurate reading of American History

    There is so much that has fallen in the United States since the fall of Twin Towers. Before the 9-11 occurred, the United States were in comfort enjoying the geopolitical as well as economic growth and military success through the collapse of the USSR and the rapid conquest soon after the first Iraq war. However, after the 9-11 the rapidity of employment losses in the manufacturing and high technology sector increased and they battled for two unfunded wars where they were able to receive big cuts of taxes for the prosperous Americans. The rise of other states posed a great challenge to the USA global leadership. This is reflected in the way the times of political crises in America, for instance, the separation of voters between two parties during the time of Bush and Obama’s presidency.  This paper, therefore, will present and discuss how the American history reading is a precise reading and how it has changed everything since 2001.

    Before 2001, quasi-religious and primitive ethnic tribal wars were mostly caused by some epidemics such as malaria in some certain section of the world. However, the United States of America was regarded as the safest place in the world with prosperity and high rate of the civilization of people and hence it was regarded as the summit of the contemporary development and prosperity. Unfortunately, these people from the primitive tribes managed to enter into the US hence causing the country to experience hardships and it was quite a shame as well as murder. These people, however, reacted like this as they did not have the chance to experience the prosperity and contemporary development from their regions and hence ended up destroying what the United States of America had achieved.  They thus brought their primitive gullible and savage existence into the state of America attributing to the change in lifestyle of the Americans to like theirs and this acted as a setback to the Americans.

    History, therefore, records this era as an era where the developed species split off from being advanced and they ultimately went extinct as they could not maintain their standards hence making them fall behind. This attack in the record was the first great attack on the American land since the colonial period that is the first kind of attack that occurred on the home soil from the time when the United States of America brought them to fulfillment as a state.  This is without a doubt a game changer except that a great number of the American citizens tried to blame it all on the state government agency. This changed everything in the US as well as in Britain as they started wars in different locations such as in Afghanistan and in Iraq as they occupied the places. As a result of these actions, Middle East has been destabilized resulting to an increment in the militant Islam (Rubin 11). All these impacts were not realized earlier on but are now being realized presently. The American country is thus facing a lot of crises such as the Iran making the nuclear weapons and the increment in debts that has resulted to the increment in the American population 9-11 which started a decade ago. This has however affected the American dream causing many of its citizens to worry that they may not be able to achieve their goals.

References

Rubin, . American Multiculturalism After 9/11. Transatlantic Perspectives. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009. Print.

ANCIENT AND MODERN EGYPT

Demographic

Egypt is one of the leading countries in Africa with a high population. Most of the people in Egypt live along the banks of river Nile and Nile Delta in the northern part of Cairo (Esposito 52). This high population makes it one of the most densely populated regions in the world. However, there are other small communities that are dispersed in the desert regions from a clustered form of settlement in Egypt. The deserts are also known for the historic transportation and trade. The male gender is more in number that the women. The unemployment in Egypt is driven by the demographic youth bulge that is as a result of high population. Egypt population is estimated to comprise about 75% of the total population are youths making it the most youthful populations in the world.

Currency Crises

Egypt has been hit by currency crises that threaten economic collapse. This has been attributed to the case of disappearing money. With the crises still felt in Egypt there have been dangerous repercussions that had negatively affected the living conditions of the Egyptians through the rise of basic products that are essential for living (Esposito 58). A significant amount of money was lost in astronomical research that could have been used to develop the country rather it has been used to subdued demonstrations and encourage corruption. Due to the severity of the economic crises most of the Egyptians live in poverty. The GDP of the country has been declining a reason that has forced Egypt to seek monetary funding in order to prevent the country economic situation worsening.

Security

In the ancient past and the modern world, Egypt has been involved in numerous wars. In 1798 Egypt was involved in a war that was called Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt that was part of French Revolutionary that defeated the Turks and conquered Egypt. After that, there have been many other ways such as the Egypt revolution, Anglo-Egyptian War, Wahabi War, Sinai war among others. Politically the country has not been stable to the frequent unrest (Esposito 288). This has increased political demonstration and protest that in most cases turn violent with less or no warning.  This had made security in Egypt to be volatile leading to many travels advisory from foreign countries. The travel advisory comes with a high degree of caution limiting foreign people from touring the country. Egypt has a high risk of terrorist’s attacks that comes with numerous shooting, bombing attacks and various terrorist incidents across it (Gelvin 60). Security services have been targeted on numerous occasions (Esposito 288).

The Role of the European Colonial Empires

The European countries began to explore the world on the 15th and the 16th century making them dominates the world as they had the ability to control the sea routes (Esposito 54). Before the colonization, the initial contact between the British and Egypt was as a result of trade link that existed between the two. Egypt was a significant part of the old spice as well as trade routes between Asia and Europe. Ottoman waters in Egypt gave the ground for loading and unloading their cargos. In the 18th century, the British military and the political interest came to be. Despite that Egypt still maintained a channel for communication between India and Britain. During this time Napoleon pointed out that Egypt was more important to British that Egypt would need them (Esposito 354). French attack on Egypt created a war with the British Army that saw the French surrender in 1801. During this time the British forces remained in Egypt marking the beginning of the British control. In 1805 Muhammed Ali defeated the British in 1807 that saw British withdraw for 75 years (Esposito 354).

British have the role of establishing formal relations in the first part of 19th century in Egypt despite the hostility. The hostility was mainly brought by the French and the Russian who wanted the gain the maximum Ottoman fortunes. The British colony in Egypt was regarded as most highly fanciful. British accomplished a strategic interest after they captured the Suez Canal in 1869 (Esposito 172). The British also created an economic empire in Egypt (Gelvin 151). There was more international agreement that was attained in the convention in London in the year 1885. The convection also led to the international loan of the Egyptian government that led to other various developments. The British also build an infrastructure that was envied by other Africans and Middle Eastern powers (Esposito 352). As a result of the Europeans in Egypt, it became the first country to explore tourism. Light and agriculture industry conceptualized leading to a great supply of food and other materials.

The Influence of Western Political and Social Currents in Egypt

The western colonization of the Egypt has greatly influenced the political and the social currents of Egypt. The significant social current was about the major Coptic Church (Esposito 54). This was the introduction of religion in Egypt. However over 90 % of the people in Egypt are Arabic-speaking Muslims with about 6 % of them being Christians who cannot be distinguished from Muslims as the also speak the language. Most of the Christians in Egypt belong to the historic Coptic Church with the minority being protestant and catholic (Esposito 57). The western culture believed in the forgiveness gospel rather than the killing of individuals who has committed a religious mistake as well as community mistakes. They also adopted the sacred ground of the Christian gospel brought by the missionaries as it showed respect to the one they worshiped. The western also changed their cultural practice of killing women that was mostly practiced by the Muslims as a well as advocating for places for women in the society as they were treated as objects (Gelvin 270).

            This can be attributed to the colonizers of the country as they were bringing what was being practiced in their land into Egypt. The societal settlement was also affected by the areas that the western colonies required more labor and the areas that were most developed due to the accessibility of the services available during that time. Ethnic relations were as a result of civilization that was able to separate the people from where they came from and their cultural practices (Gelvin 359). Being an Islamic country Christianity in Egypt faced a lot of opposition which was brought by the western missionaries who aims was to preach the Christianity gospel together with the teachings that would see the Muslim abandon some of their practices as they were against human rights (Esposito 59). This significantly changed how the people of Egypt behave and treat each other. During the ancient times, people were only able to indent themselves from the community they came from. But as a way of emulating the western culture they were able to have a national identity that led to independence (Esposito 76).

The western influence in the Egypt political system has been limited as it has not fully embraced the political dispensation in most of the western countries. However, there are elements of the republican adopted by the Egyptians that is most significant to the western countries (Esposito 115).  Egypt has a semi-presidential system of its government. Like in most Islamic countries the political arena is sharply divided on tribal society has been prevalent of the status quo. This implies that the small tribes of Egypt have to follow the largest Islamic tribe in the ruling of the country (Esposito 115). The revolution in the political arena of Egypt was from a monarchy type of kingship that shows the nation to being ruled by the king.

The revolution resulted to democracy of the popular sovereignty that is a significant political issue in the western countries. Democratic governance has gained momentum in Egypt to date across the strata of the society. However, there have been challenges due to the strong ethnic groups and society practices that have slowed down a devolved type of government in Egypt. The Islamic country has been greatly accused of its violent and monolithic type of leadership that comes along with extremist groups such as the Al Queda, Muslim Brotherhood, and the Tehreek (Esposito 116). Radical movements have slowed down the democratic type of leadership due to the political unrest in the country.

Dictatorship in Egypt

Egypt has experienced dictatorship under the leadership of Hosni Muhammad for nearly three decades. Before he entered politics he was a military officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He was the vice president of Anwar Sadat who was assassinated and after 8 days Hosni assumed the presidency. He was the longest-serving ruler after Muhammad Pasha who ruled for 43 years (Esposito 172). During his tenure in office, he exercised a dictatorial type of leadership that saw many people oppressed and they rights are forsaken (Gelvin 368). During this time the Egyptians were forced to return to the Arab League. This made it the only country whose membership was suspended. There was Gulf of War in the year 1991 where Egypt participation that solidified the central role in the Arab World which brought benefits to the Egyptian government (Esposito 201).

However, Hosni governing style did not yield negative results as during this time Hosni increased affordable housing, furniture, clothing, and medicine (Esposito 136). He closely monitored the official that were under him and dismissed the ministers who were found of wrongful acts and fined them for unnecessary absences. Hosni was among the dew Egyptians officials who vowed not to visit Israel and were less enthusiastic to form a formal relation with the Israel government. However, this strained the doing of business between the two countries. Hosni also expanded his state security in order to protect his not to be assassinated just like his predecessor. He has survived numerous attempts on his life and due to this treats he exercised massive power over any people of groups that posed a threat. He ordered the bombing of Al-Gama’a al’-Islamiyya settlement that saw more than 20000 people detained in 1999 (Esposito 159). During this time there was political corruption that saw his administration rise dramatically where activists were jailed without trial in illegal undocumented and hidden detention places established (Esposito 242). There was also a violation of citizen privacy due to their political inclination and expansion of bureaucratic regulations.

Work Cited

Esposito, John L. Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Internet resource.

Gelvin, James L. The Modern Middle East: A History. , 2005. Print. New York : Oxford University Press

AMERICAN HISTORY 1865 TO PRESENT

Introduction

The American history 1865 to the present covers the reconstruction era, the gilded age, and the progressive era. All this comprises of the industrialization as well as the resulting surge of the immigration in the U.S. this entails the economic, political, and diplomatic history. This period of economic growth or soaring prosperity saw the United States becoming the powerful state with strong national government. This is to say that the American history of the 1865 to the present continues to provide a through exploration of its account from reconstruction to the present times (Boyer et al 811). With respect to that, the essence of this topic is to illustrate all that was encountered in this period as explained below;

Nonetheless, the American which existed prior to the end of the civil War is nothing like all that we know today. Equal rights for all citizens, major urbanization as well as industrialization or World War I and II have shaped the manner in which Americans stand today. Although there still numerous events which exists and have shaped it since the end of slave trade, reconstruction, the great depression, civil rights and industrialization stands as being the ,markers of American great change.

Nevertheless, reconstruction is one of the main events which took place in America after the Civil War. This period of both great upheaval as well as the attempt of the nation in reorganizing itself and integrating all the states assisted in freeing he salves assisted them in finding them in a system which had once been controlled by every aspect of lives (Boyer et al 817). This in return fostered the need of seeking for a way of integrating into a community which was still heavily biased against them. Regardless of that, still there existed some social and political disagreement especially over issues relating to ex-slaves and so on, all the victims had no option but to rebuild themselves after the vast destruction of majority of its centers or the loss of slave labor. For instance, with the takeover of Andrew Johnson as the result of the death of Abraham Lincoln, the reconstruction process was made much more complex for the blacks. Black codes, which were the legislative acts, came into effect that extensively hampered the attempts of freeing slaves to start new life.

Conversely, with the establishment of the 14^th amendment- after the reconstruction era had passed, the civil rights of the blacks were ensured to some extent. By the end of this period, majority of the Americans new that they had no any other option but to recreate themselves. Despite of the extensive progress that was made by reconstruction period, yet there were some longstanding tensions in the whole America (Boyer et al 815). Additionally, since this period granted no equal rights in freeing slaves to the extent of enjoying greater freedoms, voting rights was still another issue to handle. This was not until the civil rights movement which saw the full fruits of what reconstruction period was trying to achieve.

According to Boyer et al 811, the next thing that transpired was the period of rapid industrialization. This was ensued in major cities across America. Typically, it is the railroads which fostered the expansion of cities for instance Chicago. Majority of the African American ended up founding their on way to major cities in search of jobs in processing plants and factories. This become the time of economic prosperity while there was a huge gap between the rich and the working poor. Moreover, Americans were increasing becoming more and more urbanized as majority of them left in homesteads or farms in search of work in cities. In other words, this was the period which was uninterrupted by mass internal struggles. This was the breaking point between the whole different Americas.  Industrialization was to some extent beginning to take hold outside although it was still rooted in the times gone by. Although the coming of the Great War changed both the ways in which the Americans thought or viewed about themselves in the world, they were both developing distinct culture and power in addition. This is to say that, the period after the World War I marked an increasing sense of modernity as well as the making the distant land as the marker for the country.

With regard to the above considerations, the main objective is to highlight all the events that occurred;

After the end of the world wars, America and the rest of the world was the same. Although after this, millions of people were casualties or injured while others remained crippled, America vowed to remain neutral. With respect to other issues, all this encounters changed the manner in which the world considered warfare. This was especially the evolution of brutal wars, new tactics i.e. chemical weapons as well as aircrafts which changed battlefield altogether. Contrary to that, since more responsibilities and opportunities were favored to women, this continued to remind the nation of the extent in which they fought for their own rights in the suffrage movement. This was another event which extensively assisted in reshaping the course of the American history after the Civil War (Boyer et al 822).

In connection to that, as much as the nation continued to make extensive attempts new cultural movements commenced with other events for instance industrial growth and related changes. Mass poverty and unemployment were as a result of this and in return thousands of citizens lost their livelihoods in the attempt of living on a meager subsistence level. Despite the fact that the recovery from the Great Depression was slow, it merely aimed at improving the measures of heaping the average person out of poverty. Similarly, work progress, firm security and public work administration were altogether set aside so as to provide various programs which would assists the poor or the middle class people and offer them something to work on which will ultimately benefit America.

Consequently, it was noted that although some perceived that Americans recovered from great depressions, this was no complete until the new World War was fought in the late 1939 to 1945 which equally increased the number of casualties. Thousands of innocent civilians lost their loved ones hence making it o be one of the highly contested event. With respect to the above events, it can be illustrated that American recovery from civil war was slow, particularly to those who returned injured.  This made their economy to suffer a lot in terms of political, economic, and social advancement or just to say enjoying greater prosperity unlike it has been witnessed in the 20^th century (Boyer et al 820).

Finally, to the present period, the American history has brought newer changes as well as legislation in the ways African American went to academic institutions, dining in restraints or voting rights. This to imply that, after the civil rights movements, the American nation become whole again, at least by law. Despite the fact that the question of bias still exists, the fact is that all citizens enjoys equal human rights. On the other hand, Boyer et al 811continues to explain that, although more and more of the above discussed events shaped America aside, they are still important in that that they brought a great shift in the manner in which its citizens lives in this contemporary period.

Work cited

Boyer P.S, Clark C.E, Haittunen K, Hawley S & Kett J.F. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume II: Since 1865, Concise. Cengage Learning Press. 2012

Women in Post War Japan

Women in post war Japan have been treated with the least dignity, since the Japanese culture considers them as feminine compared to men. There is therefore gender inequality in the country since men are considered to be more superior. During the World War II, men in Japan were asked to join the military in order to take part in defending their country. On the other hand, women were asked to remain at home and take care of their families thus making sure that whenever their husbands returned from work, they could find something to eat (Bardsley, 2014). However, in 1946, the country adopted the new constitution and it therefore allowed women to participate in voting. Moreover, the constitution also allowed them equality to men, thus they were treated equally with men. In addition, the new constitution allowed them to be able to participate in education after it opened learning institutions for women. They were also able to receive equal pay as men for the equal jobs that they did. Even though women face may barriers in Japan, the new constitution really changed their way of life in the country.

Protest in postwar Japanese history

In the year 1960, Japan signed a US-Japanese treaty which commonly known as the Anpo. This led to the demonstration by millions of Japanese who were against the treaty and Kishi government which signed the treaty without the accent of the elected leaders. This therefore saw millions of citizens matching in the streets, demanding the government to drop the treaty and in turn wage a war against Vietnam (Gordon, 2013). The protests lasted for months, leading to economic stagnation in the country, since most citizens boycotted their work in order to participate in the protests. Decades after the protests, the citizens of the Anpo era movement, influenced the organizations, and the philosophies of politics which were against the Vietnam War effort, environmental movements, residents, and consumers. This therefore saw the movement organization impulsive departs from the preceding scholarship, through focusing on the importance of Anpo demonstrations on citizen’s drive in order to change the society of the Japanese other than on the global mediation. This therefore showed how the protests were done in a very different way so as to change the phase of the movement.

Change and Continuity in Occupation era- Japan

During the occupation era in Japan, the United States changed almost each and everything in the political structure of the country. This therefore saw the country adopting a new constitution which was related to the US, leading to most changes in the country’s social and political lives. This therefore saw the changes in gender and equality rights for both sexes in the country (Phillips, 2011). Women were allowed to enjoy the same rights as men according to the new constitution that the country had adopted. The education system was also changed in order to suit the needs to women, thus allowing women to participate in learning. Moreover, women were also allowed to participate in political posts, thus they could be elected as leaders under the new constitution. Furthermore, Japan ended its series of invading other countries, thus it remained as a sovereign state without interfering with the affairs of other countries through invading them. Finally, Japan signed the Anpo treaty in order to end Vietnam War, hence leading to the peaceful coexistence between Japan and other countries.

Reference

Gordon, A. (2013). Postwar Japan as history. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

Bardsley, J. (2014). Women and democracy in Cold War Japan. London [u.a.: Bloomsbury.

Phillips, J. M. (2011). From the rising of the sun: Christians and society in contemporary japan. Eugene: Wipf & Stock Publishers.

How John Locke challenged old order in European society

The causes or motivations of Locke

             The period of 17th century was called the ‘AGE OF REASON’ and during this period, the world was described with respect to the Newton’s law of gravity which asserts that the world is governed by the law of nature[1]. Isaac Newton believed that there was no need for divine intervention in the universe because there was natural law which governs the universe. During the period of political turmoil, Locke introduced the new ideology that there was a need for change and creates a government which follows the natural rights. In other words, Locke was interested in rejecting the old ways and implement new disciplined modes in life[2]. Locke ideas focused on human nature and he believed that   human being should enjoy autonomy and freedom and the two could provide happiness and pleasure.

  The effects of this challenge

American intellectuals supported the new ideas and the important point to note is that Thomas Jefferson applied Locke’s ideas and Enlightenment principles during the Declaration of Independence[3].  The ‘Age of Reason’ contributed new ways of thinking which were related with humankind. People rejected the old ways which were ruled by an angry God.  Individuals concentrated on science and reasons and believed that the two could bring joy and progress.  Other important point is that the Enlighten restructured the politics and led to the culture movement of understanding the world[4].  Schools of thought were developed where thinkers implemented new ways such as rationalism and reasoning.

 The Enlightenment introduced the Renaissance where strong societies were created through learning and knowledge. Individuals could understand both natural laws and natural rights and the understanding were related with unending advancements. In 17^th century, an intellectual movement in Europe was development and in this movement, Enlightenment thinkers believed that rational thinking was the only path which could lead to human progress.  The Enlightenment thinkers implemented the philosophy of deism and social contract theory[5]. In addition, individuals shifted from traditional philosophy to rational thought.  The new ways were related with scientific approach and empirical research and the two could help individuals in understudying the world. Through empirical inquiry, the social world was improved[6].

The connection to natural rights and/or the social contract

 There was a strong connection between the Age of Enlightenment   and natural rights. The Enlightenment contributed to the natural law theories which assert that human being should comply with natural law in performing their duties[7]. The state of nature makes it explicit that human being should enjoy the right and have the self-interest.  In social contract, Locke argues that human being should be given their rights and it is a natural law that men should be controlled by a limited government. In addition, men should have liberty in their duties and they should comply with the natural law[8]. In basis of property, Locke asserts that men should own property and at the same time use the natural law in respecting the properties of others.  Generally, Locke believed that in state of nature, men should follow the moral law and create ‘neutral judge’ in protecting the liver, properties and freedom[9].

Lasting significance of Locke’s challenge

            The new ideas changed the world in that the political ideas were applied in the Declaration of Independence. The enlightenment led to new ideas on separation of power and Montesquieu used the ideas to separate the power between judicial, legislative and executive[10]. The American Constitutions used the three branches which formed the government structure. The societies were changed in that they were governed by the ‘general will’ and there was no concentration of power. The Age of Enlightenment led to culture change where medievalist culture was eliminated and there was Renaissance of art and science[11]. In addition, it led to the destruction of theocratic society which was characterized by humiliation and divine power and created a modern secular with individual liberty, dignity and well-being. It led to civilization and Renaissance where anti-Enlightenment was eliminated. 

In modern societies, government and individuals value the natural rights and believe that property, life and liberty should be given to individuals and government should respect them.   Modern western culture is created by social contract, reason and empiricism[12]. The modern democratic system is created through the enlightenment ideas. For example, the Founding Fathers used the Locke’s idea on religious tolerance, social contract and more in building democratic institutions. Modern societies use the ‘laisses-faire’ in their market[13]. Economists uses this knowledge in understanding the there should be equal opportunities in the society. Modern philosophers apply the knowledge of enlightened despotism in the society and as a result, there is equality and individuals’ needs are met[14].

Work cited

Berkin, Carol. Making America: A History of the United States. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.

Anstey, Peter R. John Locke and Natural Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Zafirovski, Milan. The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society. New York: Springer, 2011.

<http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=667117>.

[1]  Peter R. John Locke and Natural Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

[2] nstey, Peter R. John Locke and Natural Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

[3] Zafirovski, Milan. The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society. New York: Springer, 2011.

<http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=667117>.

[4] Zafirovski, Milan. The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society. New York: Springer, 2011.

<http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=667117>.

[5] Zafirovski, Milan. The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society. New York: Springer, 2011.

<http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=667117>.

[6] Zafirovski, Milan. The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society. New York: Springer, 2011.

<http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=667117>.

[7] Anstey, Peter R. John Locke and Natural Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

[8] Anstey, Peter R. John Locke and Natural Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

[9] Anstey, Peter R. John Locke and Natural Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

[10] Berkin, Carol. Making America: A History of the United States. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.

[11] Berkin, Carol. Making America: A History of the United States. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.

[12] Berkin, Carol. Making America: A History of the United States. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.

[13] Berkin, Carol. Making America: A History of the United States. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.

[14] Berkin, Carol. Making America: A History of the United States. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.

Renaissance Art History

            Mars and Venus United by Love

Cupid connects the god of war with a love knot to Venus.  The art visualizes a sensory and opulent which celebrates the nurturing and civilization impacts of love[1].  Veronese is one of the greatest color and light master based on the fact that his artistic work held impact of the artists that followed later.  Mars and Venus united by love’’ art by Veronese was conducted in the Renaissance painting format.  This is based on that the artist of the picture was a Renaissance artists and a titan art teacher.  The painting was performed in mythological Rome Era in the 16^th century[2].  However the commissioner of the artistic work is not established yet.   The artwork piece was owned by Rudolf II emperor In Prague in addition to four other different painting that was done by Veronese in the particular period. 

In the painting Mars depicts the God of war and on the other hand Venus is a depiction of love goddess which are roman names which are utilized in representation of gods of the Greeks.  The painting theme is directly connected to mythology of the Roman.  In the picture mars Cupid is seen tying the knot for both Venus and mars. With the depiction of the picture individuals can therefore generate different interpretation to explain what the artist was trying to communicate.  In most instances individuals states that the artist was trying to state the intention of connecting war to love.  In this the artist was trying to show that conflict can be avoided with the incorporation of love. This is mainly because the artist was emphasizing on generating more love in the society and not war[3]. In the period when the picture was painted there was growing renaissance war and the artistic was trying to establish peace by empathizing on individuals to love.  There is an additional common interpretation where the woman in the picture who is termed as Venus is a depiction of chastity and changed by love and charity is developed in the process. In this interpretation the horse can be seen as it is held by the armed cupid in the picture which is a depiction of the passion that is restrained between the two individuals. The view of the painting shows more than the connection that is being done by the cupid.  The painting holds a very calm communicating tone which is balanced by the portrayal of the horse and the sword.

The painting is completed in the 1950s and was documented in 1621 in Prague[4].  The painting is claimed to have been painted particularly for the emperor who remains unclear.  The painting demonstrates the goddess and the war god embracing each other.  Mars is fully dressed in armed as well as very heavy war mantle while the princess is naked as mars hold her thigh. The picture is a depiction of love, reunion as well as marriage.

The picture is a representation of the compositional changes that were being conducted by the artist. The reunion occurs between war and love which shows the uniqueness of the painting in general. The reunion outcome can be seen to be positive in that mars is not armed and the passion of the Goddess is depicted by milk from her own breast which results in the birth of a child.  From the picture it is clear that a reunion leads to better outcomes as compared to war.

Through the painting the brilliant utilization of color and females portrayal in the 16^th and 17^th century can be seen[5]. The picture utilized mannerism style which influenced artistic work in the reissuance era.  The artist utilizes rich textural painting which made the painting to be more attractive to the viewers.  The sword balances the calmness of the picture as it is utilized by the cupid to keep the horse from moving.  The lighter body coloring of Venus helps in shifting the attention of the image to the left side where the cupid is tying their legs as a sign of union which makes the title’s meaning to be literal. The artistic ensures that the views are faced with a discovery by trying to interpret the depiction which makes it unique.  Like most of the artworks in the century women are portrayed as goddesses who are to be adored based on their sensual figures[6].

In conclusion it is clear that Veronese utilizes adequate coloring and texture to convey his massage in the picture. He ensures that the outcome of the union is positive as he does not portray any arms which would be in support of war. The painting glorifies love instead of war as love seems to hold better impacts when compared to war.  The union is being conducted by a cupid which is something that is uncommon which relates directly to the reunion that is occurring between war and love.  A female and a male’s gestures are clearly explained by the traditional title representation of the use of war and love God and goddess.  From the existing interpretation the explanations are not clear.  

Reference

Veronese.  1910. Mars and Venus United by Love.  John Stewart Kennedy Fund. 10.189.
            Gallery 607.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2010. Metropolitan Museum studies in art, science and       technology. vol. 1, 2010. vol. 1, 2010. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[1] Veronese.  1910. Mars and Venus United by Love.  John Stewart Kennedy Fund. 10.189.

            Gallery 607.

[2] Veronese.  1910. Mars and Venus United by Love.  John Stewart Kennedy Fund. 10.189.

            Gallery 607.

[3] Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2010. Metropolitan Museum studies in art, science and technology. vol. 1, 2010. vol. 1, 2010. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[4] Veronese.  1910. Mars and Venus United by Love.  John Stewart Kennedy Fund. 10.189.

            Gallery 607.

[5] Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2010. Metropolitan Museum studies in art, science and technology. vol. 1, 2010. vol. 1, 2010. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[6] Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2010. Metropolitan Museum studies in art, science and technology. vol. 1, 2010. vol. 1, 2010. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

            Ancient Egypt Religion

Joshua J. Mark. (2016). Ancient Egyptian Religion. Retrieved from: http://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Religion/

            I found the source by searching the ancient religion subject where I later conducted an evaluation of the established sources by reviewing their credibility. According to Egyptian religion is a belief as well as customs combination which includes spiritualism, mythology, and medicine.    In the ancient era religion was a representation of a higher power representing life after the occurrence of death.  Religion plays a huge part as existence was considered as the only external journey. This therefore required people to live a worthy life. The author is a qualified researcher, a freelance writer and the director of encyclopedia ancient history.  They are a qualified researcher who has been involved in different publications such as magazine and articles.  The source is credible based on its domain and since it addresses the issue of ancient religion. This paper will, therefore, be utilized to generate an analysis of ancient era religion.  The information of the source is based on ancient religion details which are essential in providing ancient religion background.

Teeter, E. (2011). Religion and ritual in ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The booked was sourced from the different book which addresses the issue of ancient religion in Egypt. Through the search of the topic on the book categories in the online libraries, the book proved to be the most credible. During the ancient Egypt, the theory of religion was not a mere representation of Egyptian life but it was a representation of life in general.  The lives of the ancient Egyptian revolved around the religion concept which was mainly controlled by beliefs.  Every explanation that was given by the ancient Egyptian was based on religion which included their conduct as well as culture. The writer of the book is a well-established author in the field of history analysis basically from the ancient era. The author has different publications in regard to ancient living based on historical and religion perspective.   The source holds general details in the context of ancient Egypt and religion this explains how religion was perceived in the era.  Since the source fits well with my subject I will utilize it in gaining a better understanding of religion in ancient Egypt to develop a summary on the matter in an adequate way.

Boustan, R., Dieleman, J., & Sanzo, J. E. (2015). Introduction: Authoritative Traditions and Ritual Power in the Ancient World. Archiv Für Religionsgeschichte, 16(1), 3-10. Doi:10.1515/arege-2014-0003

The source was selected through a search of peered reviewed articles that addresses the issue of ancient Egypt religion practices.  The credibility was sourced based on its domain as well as the associated authors. The article addresses the power that was held by ancient religion in Egypt.  This particularly states that rituals in the context of religion in the ancient Egypt were the most power customs and religion. These activities were responsible n the determination of individuals conduct or treatment (Boustan, Dieleman, & Sanzo, 2015). The ancient society depended full on the traditional practices as religion was the way of living during this particular period.  The authors are credible because they are engaged in peered reviewed research where they work in verification of studies that are done by different scholars in the field of history.  The article will be used in the paper to provide evidence in regard to the power held by religion in the ancient Egypt. The information held by the source is for background information because it is based on previous studies.

American History 1865

Why did de Tocqueville think American democracy was unique? How did he support his conclusions?

Tocqueville thought the American democracy was unique simply because it promoted equality in the country. According to Tocqueville, the US was did not segregate any peoples. Thus all people were considered equally regardless of their race or colour. Each and every race was clearly represented in the senate and the congress, and thus made it easy for the country to be able to run smoothly without any problems at all. Moreover, the African Americans were considered equal to the whites, and they were allowed the same privileges as the whites (Boyer, 45). This showed how equality had developed in the US, and slavery had been done away with. The country was also governed by wise leaders who understood and worked according to the dictates of God. Each and every person was therefore considered equal to the other regardless of their social classes. The country therefore run smoothly without any problems at all. The American constitution also promotes equality as it allows equal treatment of all peoples in the country. On the other hand, the country faced different challenges in its system of rule, and this consequently meant that it was hard for other people to be able to be represented in political posts.  Individualism is the main problem facing the US democracy, and this may lead to many problems in the country due to misrepresentation of certain people in the leadership positions.

Due to individualism, this has led to domination of the whites in the public posts. Even though the constitution provided for equal treatment of all persons in the country, it is very ironical that some blacks were being segregated. The country still embraced slavery even though it seemed as if slavery has been abolished in the US. The majority of the US citizens, who are the whites, had more power over the African Americans who were the minority. This led to the tyranny of numbers in the country, thus in case of any laws, it made hard for the African Americans to be able to pass any motions in both the senate and the congress (Boyer, 46). Due to the effect if the tyranny of numbers, the American Americans felt oppressed in the country, and thus making it hard for them to be able to participate in different activities in the country. On the other hand, the country had a very good economy which was growing at a very first rate, but the Native Americans also highly mistreated. This consequently made it hard for Tocqueville to be able to understand how such a country could be able to afford a very good economy, while on the other hand it oppressed the Native Americans. Most people in the country did not therefore enjoy living in the country due to mistreatments and poor representations of the public in the government by the elected leaders. The country was thriving but its democracy led most people suffering and they could not therefore be able to appreciate leaving in such a wonderful country in the country. Even though the economic state of the country was good, it was likely to face different problems due to the misrepresentation of different people in the public sectors. This really affected the way people related with each other and thus leading to problems in the country.

Work Cited

Boyer, Paul S. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Boston: Wadsworth, 2013. Print.