Hermann Kemper

Herman Kemper was born during April 5 1892 and passed away on the 13^th of July 1977. He was a German engineer and initiated the principle of magnetic levitation. He is considered as the inventor of the basic maglev principle (Livingston, 196). He began his research on the principle of magnetic levitation in 1922. He is said to have succeeded in 1933 when he succeeded in experimenting electromagnetic attraction using the concept of a floating vehicle (Livingston, 196). He received recognition from the federal government of Germany in 1972 as a result of his valuable inventions. His invention later led to introduction of the Transrapid transport models. He invented concept of the floating vehicles with no wheels on them through use of the magnetic fields. His inventions were welcomed by other scientists in other countries as well who continued carrying out research on the concept of floating vehicles.

His inventions led to some large outcomes such as introduction of two models namely linear motor vehicles in Japan as well as Transrapid system carried out in Germany (Livingston, 196). The two models are different but use similar concepts of attraction and repulsion of the magnetic fields they apply. Currently, the maglev concept is applied on high speed transport basically on the ground. In future the concept can be used for orbital transfers since it has environmental benefits and consumes less energy thus termed as environmental friendly. The maglev concept invented by Hermann is said to be the solution to the pollution problem in the transport sector since it promotes pollution free modes of transport. In addition it uses renewable energy sources therefore combating global warming which is a global concern.

References

http://www.maglevboard.net/en/facts/inventors/118-hermann-kemper

Livingston, James D. Rising Force: The Magic of Magnetic Levitation. Cambridge, Mass:            Harvard University Press, 2011. Print.

La Riots 1992 

Rioting is a destructive activity that results in the destruction of the development projects. The rioting that occurred in Los Angeles in California is not an exception as it caused numerous losses following this riot that occurred in 1992. On 29th April to May 4th, 1992 there were widespread revolting, physical attack, demonstrations, murder of people, firefighting, and many more perilous actions befall the county of Los Angeles, following the beating of Rodney Glen III, a taxi driver who was seized by the constabularies in a high-speed car chase on March 3, 1991 (Stevenson 2013). This is a major cause of the rioting as people wanted justice to be served on the police officers. This paper, therefore, will present and discuss more on the LA rioting in 1992.

According to Stevenson, King Rodney was driving off Los Angeles town when he was caught by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). After King had alighted from his taxi car, he was beaten up by five police patrol officers. This incidence of King being beaten became a swift emphasis of Media and other protestors in other parts of United States of America. After the fortnight, the articles enlightening incidence has been published all over the state. Daryl Gates, LAPD Officer, said he didn’t believe what he was seeing, after watching one of the tapes which were taken by the camcorder during then. Police Sergeant who appeared on the clip did nothing to save King from the hands of five cruel patrol police officers. This gave him imperfection as a sergeant by the press. The four officers who engaged in beating up King Rodney by excessive force were released On April 29, 1992. The board of adjudicators could not agree of the incidence. They were full of suspicion on the fourth officer on using excessive force. According to the videos taken, King was trying to escape from the officers, but he was held down and beaten endlessly. The four police officers confessed that they tried to seizure him before the incidence, but he was trying to escape (Stevenson 2013).

  According to the CNN report, the day of riots was when the outcomes were announced. The next two days were terrible, as the incidence climaxed, causing the death of more than 50 people, and others more than 10 killed by the police and other two killed by the guardsmen. People were injured, who were estimated to be approximately 2,000. Also, the property damage reached up to $1 billion. Fires were set everywhere in the town, and the Korean warehouses were extensively embattled (CNN 2016). On the other part of the city, there was a big commotion. The ring member who was throwing back stones to the police was chased. There was a huge gathering of the angry crowd, including some of the media. As the crowd continued to grow, the police officers were forced to move away.

  During the evening hours, the crowd had not cooled down all over the city. Reginald Oliver Denny, a white automobile driver, was drawn from his lorry, when he tried to stop on the red light. He was then ruthlessly beaten up by the residents. All these incidences were taken by the news journalists with the helicopter and were broadcasted live. The two black noncombatants saw the incident live on television and hurried to salvage the victim. Lately, after the beating of Denny, another immigrant was beaten up cruelly by the crowd, which was taken by a videotape on that locality. The victim survived, but it took him many years to get better again (Stevenson 2013).

  On Friday of the week, President George H. W. Bush made a speech to the country, calling off the riots and terror. He told the public that he would do anything to end the rioting, using any force necessary to stop it. He added that terror and brutalism must be ended. During then, many recreational centers were closed, and others were postponed due to the announced dangers of rioting in the town (Matheson 2004). This affected much regarding games. Some players especially basketball were forced to postpone their matches.

    Saturday of that week, many military soldiers and marines were sent to reinforce the California soldiers. This movement stopped the troops and minimized the damages. The order was restored by the police and other security personnel. Vehemence was controlled, and numerous people went to a harmony assembly in Korea town. The wrath began to diminish slowly as the mayor addressed the residents.

   According to Kim, many Korean-Americans were displaced off in town; they all went to Korea town, and all their belongings were disposed of. Almost 50 percent of their properties were burned up. They received no help from the police organizations because of their language, ethnic group, and low level.  In the town of California, there were some huge armed personnel in the Korean-American camp. Other Korean individuals had even decided to leave Los Angeles because of the riots. The murder of Natasha Harkins also attracted some attentions to the residents (Kim 2012).

  Afterward, King was awarded $3.8 million. He then moved with his dynasty from Los Angeles to Rialto California. He was doing this to seepage the blame and reputation after causing Los Angeles instability. In a period of time later, Los Angeles town was rebuilding again by different organizations. Economic status came to the normal position and peace was restored. But on the other hand, many people were stimulated to buy arms for self-defense in case of attack (Matheson 2004).

  In conclusion, the aftermath of this riots and demonstrations ended when all the police departments were requested to end the riots. Almost 50 people died and other 2,000 were displaced off. It brought a great loss to Los Angeles residents, both black people and whites. Therefore, it is important to note that the L.A riot became unforgettable history in America. It took a time to recover the lost properties and heal injured wounds of thousands of people. But with time, economic and social status came to normal. I can say that riots caused many failures and racism between Asians and Americans. It was the worst riot ever.

Reference

    CNN. (2016). Los Angeles Riots Fast Facts. Retrieved from: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/18/us/los-angeles-riots-fast-facts/

Kim, R. M. (2012). Violence and trauma as constitutive elements in Korean American racial identity formation: the 1992 LA riots/insurrection/saigu. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(11), 1999-2018.

Matheson, V. A., & Baade, R. A. (2004). Race and riots: A note on the economic impact of the Rodney King riots. Urban Studies, 41(13), 2691-2696.

Stevenson, B. (2013). The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots. OUP USA.

The general slocum tragedy

            This fire disaster occurred on the 15^th of June 1904 and it damaged the big pleasure trip of the steamer in general slocum. It was damaged by fire up to the water’s border up until the captain succeeded to beach her on the island on the North Brother. The ship had carried approximately 1358 passengers plus some f the ship crews. Most of these passengers were from the German American society from the lower East side who were so happy and anticipated on having a ride with this ship that was contracted by the St. Mark’s Evangelical Lutheran Church (Wingfield 2011). They all were looking forward to having an enjoyable day that is filled of fun outside the city and into the shoreline visit. He fire caused the death of thousands of people, others were injured and others went missing. Most of the passengers who were affected were children and women. The occurrence of this fire was horrific and it caused panic among most of these passengers as some died due to drowning while others were burned as they were alive and this attributed to their death (Pressman 2010).

            Varying causes of the fire has been given on how the fire started but the truth is that fire spread out so quickly and steadily within half an hour after the ship had left the dock. However it is supposed that the cause of the fire was due to the stove explosion which was cooking chowder and was in the gallery of the lower part of the dock (New York Times 2010). The firemen were f no great help in accordance to the report given by some of the survivors and some of the firemen also attested to this. As they endeavored to rescue some of these children who were in siege in the water they became too heavy to be carried by these firemen and hence only a few were rescued (Pressman 2010).

            The reasons as to why the captain of the slocum decided not to make a hallway at the New York dock since the ship was just a few 100 kilometers from this side. However, at the North Brother Island, the ship did not last for more than ten minutes and it all burned down leaving no survivor in the ship (Wingfield 2011). Every hospital in the city assisted with disaster help after they heard the news as some of the nurses remained in the hospital to receive the patients while other nurses remained at the dock so as to attend to the survivors on the ambulances once they were brought on the dock before being taken to hospitals. The life preservers of the ship were believed to be rotten as some survivors’ states that they had attempted on a number of these preserver equipments but to no avail as they were useless due to the fact that they were rotten. The police officers also came in aid so as to control the crowd that had now surrounded this area as they came to witness this disaster (New York Times 2010).

            This scene was terrifying and as painful as many of the relatives lost their entire family and most of the women who were rescued had golden rings on their hands indicating that they were wives and mothers to some families. It is a great loss and a saddening one to all those who were affected.

References

New York Times. (2010).1,000 Lives May Be Lost in Burning of the Excursion Boat Gen. Slocum. Retrieved from:

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0615.html

Battle of the Antietam

            In history, battles mostly took place at the south of America and at no time had it occurred at the North. However, on 17^th of September 1862, the battle of the Antietam broke this record as it set record to be the first American Civil War that occurred on the northern soils. The battle that was led by General Robert Lee and George McClellan started at the Antietam creek in the Sharpsburg in Maryland. Under the command of McClellan, a sequence of powerful attacks were established against Robert’s Lee territory in the morning as these confederate army counterattacked back and forth all through the Miller’s cornfield and part of the Wet Woods. The assaults increased and diversified to the centre of the battlefield while the union army assaulted the sunken road that penetrate d the confederate territory at the centre soon after they had a very bad fight back. Later in the day at late time, there was the third assault which happened to be the last but major attack that was carried out by the union army who were responsible for pushing over a bullet speckled stone bridge at the creek f the Antietam. Then there was the arrival of the Hill’s division from the Harpers who assisted in driving the union army back. This paper, therefore, will discuss on the manner in which the results of the battle lead to Lincoln’s efforts to carry out an emancipation proclamation which acted as a promise of freedom for the southern slaves once the union army took authority.

            The Potomac army led by McClellan was put together within the shortest time possible at the Rockville in September 1862. This army was a combination of different commands. McClellan had the plan of bringing together his men at the back of the Antietam Creek. However, Lee was in a shaky position with the union at his back and had only one ford at the southwest which could act as the escape route for them. McClellan moved slowly and he failed to probe the confederate lines no until September 16 (Rosen 2011). This delay therefore created an opportunity for Lee to bring his army jointly even though some of his units were on the route. McClellan later decided to open the battle by assaulting from the north since it would his army to be in a position to cross the creek at the unguarded upper bridge. His plan was that he attack would be hold up by a diversionary assault by Major Burnside against the lower part of the bridge to the south of Antietam. If the attack proved to be an achievement then McClellan would have attacked with his reserves over the middle bridge against the Lee’s center.

            McClellan had lost so many opportunities of defeating Lee and his troop. On the 13^th of September he was given a copy of Robert Lee’s plan but he considered it not enough. However, Lee was capable of capturing Harpers Ferry and gathered his army at the Antietam before the union arm was brought to bear. While at the Sharpsburg in Maryland on September 15, McClellan lost the opportunity through his failure to attack Lee immediately even though it called for him to attack without the knowledge of the confederates strength and position. Before the 17^th of September, Lee’s army was not that much concentrated as some of his army members had gone to capture the Harpers Ferry (Murfin 2004). Hence McClellan would have seized the opportunity to fight the confederate as they had no enough support since they were not concentrated. Moreover, McClellan fought with the same design of a piecemeal that is a division at a time. This thus allowed Lee to have more time to move his army to the various hotspots that were in need without having to worry so much of his other men who were in the lines. McClellan’s failure was also evident from the way he failed to follow success while at the field by failing to commit his reserves to one more push which would have broken the confederate hence resulting to their success. McClellan was more concerned with protecting the Washington and his army rather than not destroying his enemies. About 300000 men of the union army were kept in reserve by their leader McClellan instead of being in the field fighting their enemies.

            As opposed to the union army which had a patchwork quality, the confederate soldiers of the Northern Virginia were an incline battling device. This were a troop of battle veterans who were all battle tested as most of them had been in more than one major battles. The confederate army had an inadequate supply of the items and hence the overall supply system for this army was acute. The lack of shoes together with the shortage of rations resulted to most of these confederate soldiers to rag behind as they were unfit to continue with their march towards Sharpsburg. However, their counterparts, the union army were well fed, well clothed and equipped and were well paid. Lee caused the Battle of the Antietam as he was determined to follow up on his success at the second war of the Manassas through heading towards the north into Sharpsburg in Maryland. His goals were to sever rail connections to Washington and seize their supplies. However, on learning this plan, McClellan moved in with his army so as to intercept this. Lee also aimed at getting the attention of other European countries such as France as well as England who would assist the South and the confederates with their impending situation (Priest 2014).

            On the evening of this day around Sharpsburg,   the conflicting forces were encircled by some of the most awful carnage that has ever been witnessed in the Northern continent where approximately 4000 men were killed absolutely. The bodies of those who succumbed to the fight from both the armies were buried at the place where they knocked down on the field. However, the union army took 3 to 4 days to carry out the burial work. In the year 1867 those union members who died during the war were reentered into the Antietam state burial ground while the confederate members’ remnants remained in the same place in the field up until the 1874. It is from this point that they were positioned in the recently recognized Washington burial ground which is near Hagerstown.  Approximately 19, 000 soldiers were injured during these assaults where about 12400 who were wounded were from the union army. Those who were injured were at risk of dying from these wounds as they were serious injuries. The union had organized for medical interventions so as to evacuate those union members who were injured and also they established a field hospital where they created a way in which they attended to the casualties in accordance to their severity. The area extended up to 40 miles radius so as to cover up for the increasing number of the wounded. On the other hand the confederate soldiers who injured were left to the mercies of these union surgeons.

            A month later following the battle of the Antietam, Lincoln seized this opportunity so as to promise an end in slavery. He therefore declared a prior warning in January 1863 to all the nations that were still in rebellion that he would declare the freedom of their slaves forever if they remained to be rebellious.  On first of January 1863, he made the final announcement which committed the federals and all the armed forces of the U.S to free the slaves of the rebel nations which acted as an act of justice that was acceptable by the constitution upon the necessities of the military. All the three parts of the confederate as well as the border slaves nations were exempted from the proclamation as the union armies were in charge of the grounds where the confederate armies were located and hence they were not in revolt towards the US (Priest 2014). Recruitment of these freed saves was a part of the proclamation and also the free slaves were recruited into joining the union army and they made significant contribution to their freedom and that of the union. Abolition was the core aim of the war as per President Lincoln’s strategy. Both the Northern citizens as well as the inhabitants of the border slave nations would agree to this abolition policy.

            However, the introduction of this war in 1862 attracted so many slaves who fled so as to join in the invasion of the Northern armies and it is at this time that Lincoln was more than ever convinced of the success of the abolition strategy as it sounded like a military strategy as well as a morally right path. This war therefore was important in that it allowed for the announcement of the emancipation proclamation which enhanced the transformation through the establishment of a turning point in the Antietam war as it transformed the battle to maintain the state into a war for freedom of the humans. Though only a few slaves were freed immediately after the war through the emancipation proclamation, there were future plans of freeing he slaves all over which were underway (Alexandra 2011).

            The Antietam battle resulted to the start and the end o general McClellan. This is because he misused his opportunity to act as according to the orders that he was given by Lincoln to destroy all the rebel army at Antietam. However, with twice the manpower and the numerous opportunities that he had to destroy his enemies he failed to do so. This battle would later act as his measure f his general role (Rosen 2011). He however failed this test as the battle uncovered most of the mistakes that he had carried out while at the battle. One of his largest mistakes was when he overestimated his enemies’ numbers and this figment of the imagination conquered his military conduct. His decisions were thus influenced by fear of retaliation by the confederate army.

            The invasion of the confederate in Maryland were aimed at not only winning the confederacy for the boarder slaves but also to influence the voting of the Northern citizens who were approaching a polling in October as well as in November so as to elect a new person to represent them in the government. The infliction of wounds on the union opponents was therefore a strategy that the confederate led by Lee to enhance the United States citizens to determine on whether they would support those who were in the favor of the prolongation of the battle or those who were advocating for the termination of this battle. This battle therefore acted as a saving plan fir Lincoln from the resonant defeat of the midterm polls (Rosen 2011). Antietam happened just weeks before the elections and thus it offered Lincoln and his colleagues from the Republicans a military boost but most of all it offered them a badly demanded political boost. However, in the elections that took place I the 1862, the Republicans together with Lincoln took position and had the larger number of seats in the House.

            This war posed a public as well as a political impact as the confederate failure in Maryland was viewed by many as an acceleration and prolongation of the war and the confederacy would not make it through without the help of their state governments. This battle therefore destroyed any form of hope for the foreigners’ interventions so as to come in aid for the rebels.  Hence with the issuing of the emancipation proclamation it was evident that no civilized state would side against the union army who are defenders of freedom. Implication was also evident at the North since Lincoln would seize the opportunity to declare his victory as the fortunes of the battle seemed to may be turning in favor of the union side (Guelzo 2005). The northern citizens felt an enormous effect of the battle than any other effect that occurred earlier in America. The displaying of the photographs in New York and the various publications in the newspapers relayed the awful occurrence of the battle which resulted to pain and fear. It was a moment of reality to most of the Americans as they saw something that was practical but not a fun as they had thought battles are. This also made aware to the people that they had to sacrifice and make extensive efforts so as to end the combats at the Sharpsburg (Murfin 2004).  

            It is important to note that the results of this battle indicate clearly that neither of the army won this battle in accordance to the military outlook. The confederate army claims that they were the ones who attained victory as they were forced to retreat from Antietam in Maryland which was the soil for the unionist. It is however believed that if McClellan made decisive decisions earlier on, the war would have ended more sooner. From the battle of the Antietam, it is clear that McClellan was a slow, careful and defensive minded person and this acted as his source of weakness that made him waste all the opportunities in winning the battle (Alexander 2011). However, his counterpart, Lee was a good leader who made decisive decisions and in his well selection of the battleground was well suited for defense but however dangerous also since the Potomac River was behind him.

            In conclusion, the battle of the Antietam was one of the bloodiest in the history of the Americans. The loss that was experienced in this fight was one that would not leave the minds of the Americans especially those who were affected. There was much causality as some died while others become crippled following the serious injuries that they received. The cost of this fight that was paid was way too much to be ever recovered in the American nation. However, there were still positive consequences that were as a result of this battle as a turning point was received from this battle and especially for the confederacy slaves. Political gains to some of the candidates such as Lincoln and his fellow Republicans were received as they were viewed as those leaders who wanted the battle to end. This boosted their campaigns politically and hence enhancing them to win in the September election. Lincoln as a person was always against the slavery and the slaves and thus he would have done anything so as to abolish this system in America as he thought it was not right and hence it was immoral of the American society. However, his perspective was his only and not for most of the Americans thus abolishment of slaves would not have occurred without this battle of the Antietam that resulted to the announcement of the proclamation. This emancipation proclamation by Lincoln is one of the major positive effects that were as a result of the battle of the Antietam. The issuing of this proclamation brought freedom to the slaves and it started with the confederacy slaves. Though the effect of this proclamation seemed to have no great impact at the beginning, it is evident that in future it brought so much change and transformation. The battle of the Antietam brought reality unto the people across the world and especially to the Americans and this acted as a control mechanism to any outbreak of war in the future as people now knew the pain that is felt and the consequences that are brought about by battles. Leadership qualities are important as demonstrated by the various commanders who were in charge of the battle armies at Antietam. Lee was an opportunist and despite of his low supply of the resources that they needed they still succeeded in the battle. This is a sign of great effort and organization through their leader Lee who was very determined to win this battle. On the other hand, the McClellan had his weaknesses and he was not an opportunist as he lost every one of the opportunities that were set before him so as to win this battle but to no avail he did not utilize them. This is a symbol of poor leadership that the Americans were looking forward to put out from leadership as they only prolonged the battle more than they should have. The end of McClellan came to action in November after the battle of Antietam as even some of his own solders felt that he failed as the general considering that the unions had more support from their army with adequate supply of food and also clothes, payments and also equipments. Hence they had better opportunity to win the confederate who had several gaps while at war. Freedom of slave was the ultimate outcome of this battle.

References

Alexander, T. (2011). The Battle of Antietam: The bloodiest day. Charleston, SC: History Press.

Guelzo, A. C. (2005). Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America. Simon and Schuster.

Murfin, J. V. (2004). The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign, September 1862. LSU Press.

Priest, J. M. (2014). Antietam: The soldiers' battle. Savas Publishing.

Rosen, D. (2011). Battles of the Civil War: Antietam. Pelham, NY: Benchmark Education Co.

History of German

            Germans religion is majorly that of worship of idols. They set apart woods and groves in whole where they name them and in contemplation they behold them. Mercury is among the highly worshipped god. There are those that are set apart for sacrifice such as the Hercules and the Mars gods. Priests of the society as well as the fathers of the family are responsible for carrying out of rituals such as consulting the gods who are represented in form of different marked woods gotten from a fruit bearing tree. Thus they relay the judgment of the gods. Chiefs are responsible for maintaining of law and order in the society[1]. They are responsible for prosecuting capital crimes and awarding punishments to the offenders. Citizens of this nation must uphold the laws of marriage and they all must apply good laws. Some of the people live together in cities and they are not victims of contingency. However, they are physically apart and also distinct and thus they tend to be socially distant. Social status in this society is witnessed in the difference I the mode of structure design for the houses and in the mode of dressing for these people[2].

            German has a different culture as compared to other places. Their way of doing things when it comes to marriage indicates that they greatly support monogamous marriage with a high value in matrimony. However, the value for women is minimal as they are expected to persevere even at times of war. Other societies have no high regard for marriage and they also have women empowerment campaigns which protect women against mistreatment and wars from their marriages.

References

Halsall P. 1998. Tacitus: Germania, trans. Thomas Gordon. Retrieved from:

http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/Halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.asp

[1] Halsall 1998

[2] Halsall 1998

Atomic Bomb

Questions

1. What is the history of Atomic Bomb?
2. Who discovered and invented the first nuclear Bomb?
3. What are the necessities and materials that are required in the development of atomic Bomb?
4. Who were the primary scientists that were engaged in the Manhattan project and what was the general cost that was incurred in the procedure?
5. What is the power of the largest and the most commanding Nuclear weapon that has ever been exploded? To which state did it belong to and when did the explosion take place?
6. Are nuclear weapons made for commercial mutilation? Is only the state government that is involved in the development of the weapons or is private organizations part of the initiatives?
7. How the funding of the nuclear weapons does works and who are the primary financial sources in the developments?
8. Can nuclear development be considered as legal in reference to state’s laws as well as the global relations?
9. Is the development of nuclear weapons by different authoritative nuclear states a necessity?
10. What kind of a nuclear weapon is an atomic bomb?

Reference

Kuran, P. (1995). Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie. Retrieved from https://dvd.netflix.com/Movie/Trinity-Beyond-The-Atomic-Bomb-Movie/20767131

Shalett, S. (2010). First Atomic Bomb Dropped On Japan; Missile Is Equal to 20,000 Tons of TNT Truman Warns Foe of A Rain of Ruin. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0806.html

Blacks in Milwaukee in the early years

Question 1

    The black labor force was introduced during the First World War as most of these industries had been affected by the war and thus attributing to the cut of the supply of the cheap European immigrants’ employees. Thus they encouraged most of the blacks to come to these areas and thus acted as laborers for them. As time moved on more and more laborers who were black become in demand and thus most of the service occupations were occupied by the Milwaukee Negro (Buchanan 1974). However, with the coming up of the twentieth century, much changes were experienced and this resulted in the change in the job market. A formation of social classes of the black was formed and the most dominant social class was that of the working class. Therefore the author of this article gives the history of how the black labor came up how it has evolved over time and the effects that came with this black labor.

Question 2

    City blacks were the first blacks in Milwaukee, these were factory workers and engaged in small professions and worked mostly in the service sector businesses. Their determination on the maximization of profit through catering for what they thought their consumers needed made them stronger and promoted their reputation. They were more ambitious in all that they did despite the discrimination and the racism cases. They thus catered for all that the Milwaukee employers wanted and this created market for the black labor (Weems 1915-1925).

Question 3

    The blacks came to Milwaukee to become laborers as there was a high demand for their labor. However, they were treated unjustly as well as unequally as they were not highly valued as the inhabitants of the Milwaukee. Therefore, they were only given cooking and service kind of jobs and those industrial jobs that were regarded as unskilled jobs (Buchanan 1974).

Question 4

    Antony, as well as Josey, was black leaders of the black community and they helped the blacks in establishing and succeeding in their enterprises. These leaders through the use of newspapers for the blacks adorned the virtues associated with the blacks being business oriented and also advocated for racial unity amongst them (Weems 1915-1925). The rapid growth in the black population in Milwaukee led to the development of the urban union and also the expansion of the business enterprises. They, therefore, advocated for profitable consumer based market.

Question 5

    Columbia building and loan association was the most important business enterprise that was launched during these years as a financial institution. This offered capital to the blacks so as to be able to involve themselves in business enterprises (Weems 1915-1925).

Question 6

    The formation of the urban league integration with the central council and with the efforts of both DeReef and Woods supported the blacks through promoting and backing them up and engaging them in all forms of work so as to improve and develop the industrial, economic as well as social situations among the blacks in Milwaukee.  Thus support systems such as the social settlement agencies that helped the blacks to get adequate housing and affordable housing. Other agencies such as the employment bureau acted as a medium between the Milwaukee industries and the black job seekers (Weems 1915-1925).

Question 7

    The blacks faced the challenge of having inadequate housing and most of them were mostly confined in single residential places. They also faced racial discrimination and thus they were mostly confined to single localities. Due to increase in black population, they faced overcrowding issues. They also faced a problem as the rent charges were increased and they also faced hostilities. They were paid little wages and most of them were not employed in good working places as their labor was not highly valued by the Milwaukee citizens (Weems 1915-1925). Therefore they mostly worked in the domestic, personal and services sectors as the best jobs were left out for others who were not blacks. This is a sign of discrimination though it changed over the years but it has not yet ended.

Question 8

    Industrial skills are the form of education that was offered to the living quarters of the black labors. These classes were used to transform knowledge and pass on skills onto the black labors so as to make them more efficient in their work. Black people such as the Halyards, submitted himself to pursue a special technical training that included a thorough supervision of nineteen months as they were aiming at giving him the knowledge and proficiency that he needed in running the operation or the banking venture in Milwaukee (Weems 1915-1925). With this education system, the blacks were able to gain essential information and knowledge that enabled them to stand strong and prosper in their businesses.

Question 9

    Racism is one of the common challenges that the past blacks and the current blacks are facing today. Racism is clearly witnessed in almost all sectors but it is mostly witnessed in employment sector as they are perceived to be unskilled and thus they receive discrimination at the job places. Currently, most of the blacks are skilled and some are professionals but they mostly are employed in common labor professionals with slightly lower wages. They thus occupy the domestic as well as the personal service positions (Weems 1915-1925).

 Question 10

    This article is essential and educative as well. It is a reflection of the various challenges that the blacks faced in working in Milwaukee and the way that the various people came to aid the blacks in surviving in this place. It shows how the perception of the blacks has changed over time as from before the first world war, during and after the First World War. Economic progression has been realized as a result of these blacks who have contributed so much in the industries that they worked in. inadequate housing and discrimination issues due to racism is a negative effect that greatly affected the blacks in Milwaukee. However, the more the flow of the black immigrants into the Milwaukee, the more the nation’s economy’s stimulation was. The changes were made in the wage amount paid to these black people in Milwaukee as the demand for black labor increased as well as the change in perceptions about the blacks. Thus industrialization was among the most beneficial department in the nation that benefited from the black labor and this brought about economic gains to the nation as the number of industries increased with increase in the availability of the black labor. However, with the current changes in attitudes and perceptions against the black labor in Milwaukee, more recruitment of black employees in the industries started occurring.

References

Buchanan T. (1974). Blacks in Milwaukee’s Labor Force. Milwaukee History, 16

Weems Jr, R. E. Black Working Class, 1915–1925. Milwaukee History, 6, 107-14.

Slave Society

            The slave community created their own community by the way the blacks formed their new culture.  This was not due to the fact that they were slaves but because it was an event of being humans though they lived in an unfriendly location. The white slaves had their personal plantations, way of living and other traditions that were alien to the other earliest slaves.  On the basis of the southern plantation and the slaves, they had their own culture but their main problem was the culture. This was because culture according to them was something that seemed indefinable and something that was planned (Blassingame, 213). 

            The main features of the enslaved community on the southern plantation were that their master sanctioned the group activities including songs during work and Christmas celebrations. The other feature was that there was the favor of the networks and the secret meeting of the master as they took food to the runaways cave and also sent emails through the grapevine telegraph.  This feature also exposed people to slip away at night in order to attend the slave dance on other plantations (Blassingame, 412). 

            For one to understand the slave society in the southern plantation, it was important to note that there was a controlled class of people.  There were a lot of planters who also owned many slaves and they were the topmost in the social scale of the controlled movements. The reason as to why the slavery life in the south was different was because the North has a temperate climate in which anyone could safely work while the South had more heat and became so intense which made the white slaves working conditions hard (Greene, 17).      

            According to the slaves’ experience, the enslaved blacks got the freedom to education, arts and had customary through the legal restrictions which happened during the colonial and the antebellum era. Race and religion was the main focus on the slaves communities and the wanted to adapt Christianity. Advisory churches where the slaves could only reveal their humanity but also carved their own space.  Despite all the forces that the slaves went through, they made a rich tradition of music that had a great outcome on the growth of the American music.  Black communities in both the North and the South American cities had their music played in which their ragtime descended later (Greene, 26).  In order to sustain my identity in the new land, I would also practice the songs that would b known in the whole world. 

Work cited

Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. Print. Retrieved from: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/372/slavery-and-religion-in-the-antebellum-south?ab=X63-3&utm_expid=22625156-

Greene, Meg. Slave Young, Slave Long: The American Slave Experience. Minneapolis, Minn: Lerner Publications Co, 1998. Print. Retrieved from: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/history.html

Gilded Age and the rise of Populism

            The gilded age as well as the first years of the 20^th century in United States was a time of grand social change and economic development. Over the years between reconstruction and the introduction of a new century, the Gilded age enhanced industrialization, urbanization as well as the building of grand transcontinental railroads and the advancement in science and technology and the growth of bigger businesses. Later, the first years of the new century that came after this era, became a subject of progressiveness which was a political movement that was involved with the task of redressing some of the issues that had arisen during the gilded age (Calhoun 13). The populism movement on the other hand rose as a responsive movement to help the farmers who were hurt by the sale of their produce to the unprotected markets and the purchase of the expensive manufactured products. This was established with an aim of ending the crop-lien structure that had caused so many of the farmers to live under the poverty level (Moffitt 74).

            This era is important in the modern history of the United States citizens since they refer to it as the 2^nd industrial revolution. They thus view it as the era that brought total change in the American society, their politics as well as their economy. Mechanization as well as marketing therefore was viewed as the core success in this age. This age therefore brought about urban explosion with emergence of the American classes and thus most of the Americans could afford to live comfortably as they all enjoy all the modern amenities that the gilded age brought unto them. Farmers’ rights were protected and this resulted to a greater wealth among these farmers.

References

Moffitt, Benjamin. The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. , 2016. Print.

Calhoun, Charles W. The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006. Print.

World War II – America

World War II is described as one of the most important events that have ever occurred in the humanity’s history.  Out of all the experienced wars across the globe none has held devastating effects as compared to World War II (Ross, 2003).  The primary causes of the war were Versailles treaty anger, peace efforts fail after the First World War, fascism raise, Hitler’s goals, Britain and American isolationism and Europe’s re-armament.  These  reasons led  to the rise  of  tensions and particularly after  European power was  tested  by  Hitler  and most  and almost all nations started  to increase  their  navies  and armies.  This  resulted  in a closer war  since most of those ruling governments were  ready  to utilize  force  in resolving the  issues that  had been caused by Hitler  which raised tension higher than expected (Ross, 2003). Despite the fact the war’s battle never occurred on the America’s mainland it affected all the phases regarding Americans life.

World war II necessitated  extraordinary efforts  in the coordination of tactics and  strategies  with  other  states who were  Grand Alliance  members and then get into a war  against  the Axis  authority  which was made  up of  Italy, Germany,  and Japan (Boyer, 2010).  Simultaneously, this required a production monumental effort in the provision of the necessarily resource for the war.  America provided the weapons that were required for the war thus becoming the democracy arsenal.  However, America experienced social and economic reorientation patterns that offered a guide for the years before the war (Boyer, 2010).

The American economic status was highly affected since most people become jobless and they were required to work in the production arms.  The American economy was highly hit as the military actions expenditure was above $95 million (Hixson, 2003).  However, after it end America become the international benefactor and despite the high opposition by states it has retained its position.  Mobilization of persons to offer their contribution necessitated much organizational adjustments. The togetherness of individuals ensured that there was continuous surplus of weapons, resources and food. The  war  gave an opportunity to women in mobilization  in attaining  equality and through the provision of jobs women were able  to  prove that  they were worth be treated equally with men (Hixson, 2003).  However racial and ethinic discrimination was very high and most individuals received negative treatment.

America in general suffered internal crisis which was caused by great depression which led to countless impoverished Americans with no occupation (Ross, 2003).  The fall of the economy marked the awakening of United States in becoming the most authoritative and influential state.  This was mainly influenced by American political beliefs and ingenious technology that has be essential in maintaining its super authority until to date (Ross, 2003). Despite the fact that most lives were lost during the war America was able to emerge as a powerful state rather than being isolationist.

In summary, the Second World War was the worst occurrence based on its devastating social, political and economic effects on America and the rest of the world.  However, it was a point of revolution that helped in bringing permanent changes.  While the war  would have  been completely preventable  but it led  to  the rise of  a more knowledgeable society  based  on  the  implications. The war was a financial tremor as it drained most of what had been developed in the previous years.  In addition it led to the rise of nuclear weapons race as states began to feel the necessity of being authoritative.

References

Boyer, P. S. (2010). The enduring vision: A history of the American people. Boston:                  Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.

Ross, S. (2003). Causes and consequences of the Second World War. London: Evans.

Walter L. Hixson. (2003). the American Experience in World War II: The United States Transformed: Lessons and Legacies Of World War. Taylor & Francis

Essay II HISTORY

The constitution convection of the 1787 marked the shift from the articles of the confederation to the United States constitution. The endorsement debate led to the disagreements between the federalists who wanted to approve the constitution and with the anti federalists who were on the opposing side as they did not want to endorse the constitution. The anti-federalists were an important presence in the nation and thus they believed that the new system forced by the constitution failed in protecting the citizens rights and threatened on their liberty. This paper, therefore, will discuss on some of the major reasons as to why the anti-federalists failed to ratify the US constitution.

The primary arguments that the anti-federalists used in their debate with the United States’ constitution were the verity that the constitution bestowed so much authority to the national government and that the human rights of the citizens were not assured in a bill of rights (Cross et al 54). Therefore they failed to endorse the constitution and thus they had an important force in the establishment and the execution of the bill of rights. Another reason as to why the anti-federalists opposed the ratification of the constitution was the fact that the constitution threatened to drive the nation down to the rod of political corruption. They also believed that the constitution once it would be imposed it would lead into lack of protection for personal liberties (US History. Org n.p).

However, despite the efforts that were made by all these anti-federalists on opposing the endorsement of the constitution, they failed in preventing the constitution from being approved. However, they managed to set in motion the establishment and the implementation of the bill of rights which assured the citizens of the right of protection on all of them.

References

                Cross, Frank B. The Failed Promise of Originalism. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Law Books, an imprint of Stanford University Press, 2013. Internet resource.
US History. Org. Anti-Federalists. Retrieved from:  http://www.ushistory.org/us/16b.asp