Many African Americans have been significantly stacked in unequal world of disenfranchisement, segregation not mentioning several oppressions which mandated them to fight for their own. Definitely, during such time I would have initiated guerilla warfare since this was total disrespect and inhumane to the black community (Freedman, 2013). I mean, how could one would expect to oppress and disgruntle another person and expect diplomacy to stay play along. This is exactly what South African leader Nelson Mandela adopted after failing of non-violent means. Sabotage, ambush and tactical hit and run work best especially in incidents where blacks are targeted for no reason if not only demanding what is rightful theirs. Guerilla warfare is a very vital tool for the black community to pressure Nationalist party government to end oppression for once. Notwithstanding the work of civil rights in early nineteenth century, racial discernment and repression remained substantial therefore guerilla warfare comes in handy with such scenario (Freedman, 2013). Seemingly, to them, the lives of the black did not matter at all, that alone consequently cost the lives of some black community. Adoption of the guerilla was also utilized by Kwame Nkrumah despite how charismatic and gifted he was, also at one point espoused the tactic in his quest to protect his empire and the external enemies (Foy, 2012). In particular, movements demanding for the rights and freedom of the blacks had, had historical significance courtesy of guerilla plans as in that their cries could be heard so easily compared to the non-violent means used in the past. Perhaps it is through the same means that abolishment of slavery and established black rights have come to pass.
Reference
Top of Form
Freedman, L. (2013). Strategy: A history.
Foy, D. (2012). Civil-rights activists. New York: PowerKids Press.
Kurukshetra war which is labeled in the Indian Mahabharata was a conflict that happened from a sovereign string between two cousin groups. The war happened at the throne of Hastinapura in the kingdom of India known as Kuru. The significance of the war location was that it is accredited to the fact that Kurukshetra war happened on the location and that the Bhagavad Gita was preached on the same location during the war when the Krishna Lord got Arjuna in an amazing impasse (Amartya, 208).
Q2
When Krishna drops a little science on him he want to mean that everyone must move further from where he is in that he cannot just jump to the destiny but move towards it. Krishna tries to explain to him that they must learn to accept the outcomes of being them.
Q3
Accepting of the consequences of being ourselves means that at every time that we are under war, we must have the recognition of being our own which will help us to move further. This means that the selection of the battle location will not move someone from the battle (Amartya, 125).
Q4
We may select the battleground but we will not avoid the war means as it is explained by Krishna to Arjuna in that any person’s actions will be a ladder to their spiritual growth (128).
Q5
“Every action…may be a stepping stone to spiritual growth; an example is when we cannot describe the duties of our neighbors when at the same time we cannot describe our own. In the example that the pacifist must honor Arjuna and Arjuna on the other hand must respect the Pacifist. They are both moving towards the same goal which is an ongoing unity between them that can be expressed in that we can help others to perform their duties by doing what we believe is right(210).
Q6
Based on judging others, Krishna does not describe others as good or evil. She explains this as she is aware that even an evil person may change their ways into a good life and in that nature does not discriminate people. Krishna on the mutual respect focuses on Arjuna’s concentration on his duties. She respects Arjuna who is aware that each person must make his own contribution in his own life (128).
Q7
We can help others by doing their duties as we get our benefits from the work of others based on their physical and spiritual tasks. We must put ourselves in the category of human beings basis on the kind of work that we do which will create a sense of labor dignity, thus we must treat others well than we do to ourselves.
Q8
And the battle begins can be explained to mean that Arjuna does not want the battle as he don’t see the reason as to why he has to kill his family for a supremacy that he also don’t deserve. He tells Krishna that he will not fight and the battle begins when Krishna starts the process of explaining why it is Arjuna’s responsibility to fight so as to bring back Krishna’s Karma (Amartya, 128).
Work cited
Sen, Amartya. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009. Print.
Florence Nightingale was a nurse that contributed historical advancement of the profession. Florence was an Italian born in the year 1820 when she was 5 years old; she studies in German, French and Italian where she was provided a classical education by her father. For Nightingale passion was not only a career but also a call she used the call by helping poor and ill people in her village. In the Lutheran Hospital in Kaiserswerth Germany Nightingale pursues her nursing career. Therefore, in a Middlesex hospital in London Nightingale took a nursing job for ailing governess in the early 1850s. Within a year of Nightingale being hired, she was promoted to superintendent because her performance impressed her employer. Nightingale reduced the number of death by two-third during the Crimean War in British base hospital. In the year 1860, Nightingale founded a school for nurse training which called St. Thomas Hospital and she later died in the year 1910 in London (Gill, 2004).
Major social issues occurred at the time Florence Nightingale lived
At the time Nightingale lived, racism was a major social issue occurred. Racism occurred when Mrs. Seacole a black woman from Jamaica rallied spot about the minority of feminist nurses were restricted. Black nurses complained of the racism in the National Health Services whereby they make use of Mrs. Seacole’s word to express their feeling of anger, discrimination and rejection due to racist (Bassett, 1992). Another social issue occurred in the time of Nightingale was unemployment. Well able people who could able to deal with nursing were unemployed which was a major problem in the workhouse. A large number of nurses who were employed were old age, mental illness and disability which make them weak to do their jobs (McDonald, 2010).
Contribution made to nursing by Nightingale
The two greatest contributions made by Nightingale to nursing are the reform of hospitals and the pioneering of nursing. These two contributions from Nightingale were influential as it is compared to other women’s contribution to her age group. Nightingale founded a training school for nurses which was the commemorate of Nightingale. This revered to Nightingale’s contribution of the pioneering of nursing (Singh, & Ernst, 2008). When Nightingale was in the Crimea she observed the poor conditions of the hospital which were filthy, plumbing and sewer drainage was blocked which cause fleas and rats were everywhere which causes a lot of diseases. Nightingale worked on and improved the condition of the hospital and buildings surrounded the hospital in Crimea to lower the diseases caused by filthy. Nightingale took a role to operate a sewer in the hospital and to purify water in order to ensure soldiers’ condition was well. This donation contributes to reform of hospital to nursing (Audain, 2004).
How these unique contributions influenced nursing as we know it today
According to Gill (2004), the two unique contributions from Nightingale influenced nursing by making them improve the quality of healthcare and effectiveness of patient care today as the guidelines show from healthcare reform. Improvement of hospitals today influences nursing today by the construction of single rooms to create space and privacy of a patient. This shows how pioneering of hospitals influenced nursing today. Spiegelhalter (1999) implies that heath care today are improving on hygiene and sanitation to lower the cause of diseases such as cholera and typhoid among other and this shows how nursing was influenced by the unique contributions made by Florence Nightingale.
References
Bassett, C. (192). 'Mary Seacole: The forgotten founder'. Nursing Standard, (6) 44-45.
McDonald, L. (2010). Florence Nightingale A Hundred Years On: Who She Was and What She Was Not. Retrieved from http://www.uoguelph.ca/~cwfn/short/whr.htm.
Audain, C. (2004). Florence Nightingale. Retrieved from http://www.agnesscott.edu/riddle/women/ nitegale.htm
Spiegelhalter, D. J. (1999) Surgical audit: statistical lessons from Nightingale and Codman. J R Statist (162) 45–58.
Gill, G. (2004). Nightingales: the Extraordinary Upbringing and Curious Life of Miss Florence Nightingale. New York: Ballantine Books.
Singh, S. & Ernst, E. (2008). Trick or Treatment? Bantam Press, London.
Clarification is so important in that it forms the reasoning and the rational thinking the actual way of the American knowledge. The Americans wanted to have a new world as they had no other option that could help them transform their realities with the many groups that was based with the European Supremacy. They did not do this because they had a great exposure, not due to their culture, policies or perception. The ethical movement of inheritance and feudalism in Europe helped them to change their democratic policies as people had decided to live on their own in the new world. This was because of their principle that clarification was the reason as to why they lived. All the American s needed their freedom as this was their right as citizens. This movement helped them on having conscience on one’s self.
Answer 2
The religious movement of the Great Awakening took place in the 1970’s which was a main focus to the people who did not have money and those who were not intelligent. It also happened to those that were much committed to the church services. This brought up a disconnection in the church where some of the preachers and the appealing joined the movement calling themselves awakeners. This disconnection happened during the era and it will still remain in most of the churches. Their mission was to reawaken people through their souls. This movement helps us acknowledge the establishment of opposition as it happened to the young preachers in a community where the church had already grown and it saved the lives of many. This also helps us know the religion liberty as many people were more motivated by the awakeners that they later started their own churches.
Answer 3
The economic connection between the British and the colonies was so unfair. This was because the British worked under the Mercantilism system where they had to export more good than they imported or had to sell more goods more than they bought. The main reason as to why they were put under the system was because their raw materials were needed for the products as they sold the same product again. This economic disparity was caused by the colonialists who declined from buying goods from England and this caused opposition to the system. The British extracted a lot of raw materials and bought them more than they made and sold them to the colonies. This was because some of the colonialists made their personal raw materials or they got them at a cheaper price from some other places. The parliament had to make laws that regulated the colonialists where the law brought in the reduction of taxes on sugar and transformed the way smugglers were tried.
Answer 4
The first and the direct stamp that was put on the colonies and affected them was the Stamp Policy that was passed in 1765. This made many people angry as it made a communal involvement amid the colonialists but later created harmony among them. There was a secret group among the colonies that include those who were working and lived in Boston. This group had no established power but had their ancient supremacy as they were many. Neither their actions nor their letters from the congress changed the mind of the king. This founded the rejection in 1765though it was more important as it united the Sons group and the Stamp Act movement. This caused loss of the main British income where the King and his Prime minister wanted to cancel it. Later the Stamp Act movement was beaten and the harmony it shared was prevailed. These groups and events led to the modification of the interior capability by establishing the fight from the Stamp Act.
During the Second World War, U.S used atomic weaponry against Japan and in 1945, U.S and the Soviet Union planned to attack the Japanese mainland. The combat was based on ending the Japans war and saving the Americans. However, the use of atomic bomb was not successful and U.S was unjustifiable because the bomb only represented the atomic power but was not associated with strategic ways of ending the war (Wainstock, chapter 5). In addition, U.S just decided to drop the bomb which killed innocent people. This was not the best way to end the war since it was an inhumane act. I believe that Japanese were not ready to surrender but they were ready for invasion which they named ‘Decisive Battle’. When the atomic bomb was dropped in Tokyo, Japanese military leaders had a superior power, allied and all resources to invade the Americans (Wainstock, chapter 5). Thus, U.S could not target the Japanese civilians but rather they could fight the armed forces and leave the innocent souls.
Discussion 2
Following the end of Second World War, U.S established the ‘Containment policy’ for the purpose of maintaining national security and preventing Communism. The policy in Asia was based on establishing strong economies of free trade and capitalism (Phillips, 60). Truman wanted the imperial powers of Europe to be brought in East Asia to strengthen the regime. Thus, the containment policy in Asia was adopted from Europe though there was a difference in that Asian countries were under Japanese dominion and they did not have democracy of capitalism (Phillips, 61). However, the Containment policy in Asia did not succeed because the attempt of US administration in forming model states led to the cultural imperialism. In Europe, the Containment policy was proposed by George C. Marshall in 1947. The policy was intended to aid the European economy and fight the Communist parties. Marshall invited the Soviet Union to discuss the matters of financial aid toward the Europe but it refused. The Soviet Union implemented a blockade but the European nations had already created the NATO organization for preventing the attack from Soviet Union (Phillips, 66). Generally, the Containment policy led to Warsaw Pact between Europe and Soviet Union.
Discussion 3
The concept of ‘Organization man’ asserts that year 1950 was a period of conformity. During this period, American businesses were flourishing and White collar workers were required. However, men who existed during the period of great depression and second war entered in the organization and started working (Whyte, 3). Whyte criticized that these men were actual individuals but the American society gave them the opportunity of being ‘organization men’. The concept of ‘organization men’ does not exists today because there are many changes such as technological advances which has brought the concept of ‘The Well Rounded Man’ (Whyte, 4). The anti-competitive collectivism created the new concept associated with functional specialization. The American dream does not exist today following that initially, American dream was rooted from the declaration of independence and the founding fathers asserted that every being should have unalienable rights (Whyte, 6). The government was given the role of defending the rights. The dream does not exist since many have not achieved what they hoped for.
Discussion 4
During the Vietnam War, U.S had strong policies against the Soviet Union and it had a strong military to support South Vietnam. The U.S should not have been involved in the war because the internal conflict of Vietnam did not affect US government (Daum et al, 175). U.S invaded North Vietnam for the purpose of showing their dominant power but they were not supportive since the batter was unwinnable. Both American and Vietnam military were killed since the U.S soldiers were not prepared for the battle. Our current military situation in Middle East has a strong presence and it is well known as the powerful military in Middle East. U.S has deployed a large number with a high level of preparedness. The military uses ‘twin pillar’ strategy in providing security against the Soviet Union (Daum et al, 175). The military in the Middle East is well trained and they have the personal power in fighting the crime. The Armed forces play a major role of maintaining security and defending the country from violence attack. However, the Vietnam military is weak due to lack of effective leadership and coordination. They lack man power strength and the Air Force is inadequate (Daum et al, 178).
Discussion 5
The Soviet had more power and Reagan was interested in removing the ‘evil empire’ which was associated with communism and democracy (McCallister, 3). Reagan used strategic ways of removing the communism and first he ensured that U.S gets the same resources as Soviets. For example, Soviets had missile and bomber design and he ensured that U.S had the same. Then, Reagan realized that Soviet had a weak economy and planned to strengthen his military. Soviets were interested in maintaining the equilibrium by creating a massive military (McCallister, 5). However, its attempt to build a military destabilized the Soviet system as a result f using domestic budget to military purposes. Second, he reinforced the anticommunist insurgencies, democracy and freedom and people rejected the communism (McCallister, 6).
Work cited
Wainstock, Dennis D. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb: Hiroshima and Nagasaki: August 1945.
New York: Enigma Books, 2010. Internet resource.
Phillips, Steve. The Cold War: Conflict in Europe and Asia. Oxford: Heinemann, 2001. Print.
Whyte, William H. The Organization Man. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. Internet
resource.
McCallister, Gerald. Ronald Reagan's Influence on the Fall of the Soviet Union. , 2006. Print.
Daum, Andreas W, Lloyd C. Gardner, and Wilfried Mausbach. America, the Vietnam War, and the World:
Comparative and International Perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
The Toronto star came to be in the year 1892 where it was competing with other six newspapers in the bustling city. It was considered as paper for the people as it started appearing on the street (The Toronto star, 1). The product of the newspaper was meant to pass information to the people and what was happening around them.
The newspaper was an evening star that was being printed almost overnight by 21 different printers. The process was overlooked by four teenagers ho at a point were locked out during the labor dispute during the afternoon news (The Toronto star, 1). The newspaper was made up of only four pages that with time grew up to become the largest Canada’s daily newspaper (Ames, 1). The process of making the newspaper did not come without its fair share of challenges as the technology was still in developing. The printers lacked capital and the business experience was still young. The printing was made in black will the paper was white in color. However, the inspiration for the paper came from the hope that the paper was reflecting about the working people concerns in the overcrowded fields that they operated in. The printing process faced financial challenges as the paper run out of that caused a steady drop in its sales (The Toronto star, 1).
The weekly publication was supportive of conservative values that did greatly advocate for the protestant Ascendancy hence making it a significant publication (Ames, 1). The product of this newspaper is found in England where it targeted many of the people residing in that area. The product was supposed to be innovative as it was the major agenda of the paper. After experiencing the hardships the young journalist Joseph Atkinson was appointed in the year 1899 and the product began to improve (The Toronto star, 1). The product was required to be informative o the people in order to draw large numbers of them to take a look at it. It was also meant t have attractive features so that it can attract those who never paid attention to another form of newspaper in the region. The star was protecting the state treasury from the crackpot so that every individual could be safeguarded (Ames, 1).
The structure of the star was greatly influenced by the American editorial style that was comprised of off-colored words. The product was made into four pages as it was the most the director’s saw as the optimal number of pages so as to make the readers read up to the end of the newspaper. This was meant to draw many people into the reading hence the avoidance of the many pages. The form in which the Toronto star took was influenced by the directors as they wanted something unique and different from the other form of newspapers (The Toronto star, 1). The Toronto star was independent of any political party hence a strong relation why people would want to buy it. The star was being published for the ordinary people hence an extensive reading strategy that led to great social changes such as state welfare, pension and healthcare of liberalization in Britain (Ames, 1).
Work cited
Ames Lily. Toronto newspaper of the past( and present) (2011). Retrieved from http://www.blogto.com/city/2011/12/toronto_newspapers_of_the_past_and_present/
The Toronto Star. History of the Toronto Star: A Century Of A Paper For The People (1892-1992). Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com/about/history-of-the-toronto-star.html
Hovering Angel was made in the year 1926 by Ernst Balarchstadt who was a German expressionist sculptor in order to commemorate the people who were suffering during the war. Ernst himself participated in the First World War and he knew the problems that people were passing through. The Sculptor is made brass, 150kg and it is in a shape of an angle, with his arms folded on his chest. The sculptor’s eyes are closed which shows that the angel is showing mercy on the people who are on the earth. The Sculptor is suspended so as to act as an angel hovering above the skies and feeling sorry for those who are suffering on the earth.
The sculptor’s shape which resembles that of an angel clearly depicts the way the angels view people on the earth. This consequently makes the sculptor to represent the angels, and show the people on the earth that they also care. Brass metal which was used in making the sculptor is used to symbolize the special body of the angels which is unique as compared to that of a human being. Its body size is being as compared to that of a human being which symbolizes how big the angels are.
The angel’s body colour is brown, and black in all parts of its body. The hair colour and the body colour are similar in that it shows the angel’s body colour is the same. The angel’s body is covered by a rob, which is curved and can be seen to be as a part of its body. The rob runs from the neck to the knees. The arms of the angel, which are folded on its chest, are huge showing the supernatural powers of the angels. The face of the angel is smooth and has been curved to look as that of a human being, showing the close relationship between the angel’s and the human beings. On the angel’s back, there is a chain which has been hooked making it possible for its body to be suspended thus hanging as if to be flying above the ground. The chain on the back symbolizes the wings that angel’s possess which allows them to be able to fly above the ground.
The angel’s body is covered in both black and brown colours, and the brown colour represents the powerful nature of the angels. The angels possess powers which makes them different from people thus they have two different colours which represent different things. On the other hand, the dark colour represents the human kindness that the angels possess. The angels possess human kindness, and thus they feel pain whenever they see people suffering on the earth.
The lines on the angel’s body have been clearly used to create boundaries between the angel’s body and the rob that covers its body. Moreover, on the angel’s arms, there are lines which show the size of its arms which are huge as compared to that of human beings. The lines on the face are also used to give the angel an appearance which is similar to that of a human being. The upper part of the body from the chest to the head is slightly raised compared to other parts of the angel’s body in order to show way the angel is hovering.
Schumburg argues that the Negro has to restructure his past for the better mate of the future. He stated that a group tradition has to supply compensation for persecution. He made three outstanding conclusions about the Negroes. Firstly, throughout the centuries of controversy, the Negro has been a collaborator and an active pioneer in the struggle for freedom. Secondly, they have always been disassociated unfairly from the group( Schomburg, 1920). Thirdly, their racial origin offers a record of credibility in group achievement when viewed scientifically.
We need to talk about an injustice
Stevenson emphasizes on the power of identity. First of all, his grandmother made him know that he is special. She built a strong identity in him. Because of the power in identity, when a right kind of identity is created, we are able to do things that seem hard for us. As a result of lack of identity, there is an increased rate of incarceration globally. He also argues that people’s identity is at risk due to the race effect (Bryan, 2012). According to him, the rates of death penalty are so high for black people than whites. Additionally, to promote equal justices, we have to help people convicted wrongly; we also have to deal with biasness and discrimination in the criminal justice, parole sentences for children, and work on death penalty.
In his essay, Schumburg gives a history of the efforts played by the African ancestors. At the end of the essay, he acknowledges the work remaining to defend the African people. Therefore, the advice that Schumburg might give to Stevenson is to defend those who are in oppression especially in terms of race.
References
Schomburg, Arthur. A. (1920). The Negro Digs Up his Past.
TEDx Talk, “We Need to Talk about an Injustice” by Bryan Stevenson: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cKfCmSqZ5s
Everyone should think of the things they would like to do and reflect on the world around them and find out one thing they would do to make a difference. We are just transient and the physical world we see such as the forest implies the geology which has been going on for a long time. The landscape is one that we have transformed. The transformation has been informed by human activities such as mining and industry. It is not that I am against them but I work with them and we all need them, but I am also for sustainability. It is a slow progression ( Burtynsky, 2005).
Progression
The Stone Age, Iron Age and corporate age, are still alive at work today but we become totally disconnected from them.
Our collective appetite for our lifestyle and what we are doing to the landscape is something that is a very sobering moment to contemplate on.
The photographs should be able to engage the audiences.
It should get them, not aiming to be rejected by the image but to be challenged and also make them realize that though they want a good life there are consequences to it ( Burtynsky, 2005).
The recycling work tries to point to work of redemption after what we had been doing to the landscape
Recycling is a practice of human activity that is sustainable.
Transformation
China truly is a question of sustainability as seen in construction of 3 dams.
The transformation of the land due to the movement of the people from the dam site shows a need for power and the people are willing to go through this to get that power.
Investors are going into China weekly for hydroelectric power, with coal being one of the largest problems (Burtynsky, 2005).
Shanghai shows that China is changing than it would have 5 years ago as communities that have been living in construction areas are being broken up and being spread across urban areas.
A city in size of Shanghai is literally a forest of skyscrapers and is breathtaking in terms of the speed with which it is transforming.
Solution
The whole notion of photographing is out of concern for the scale of what we call progress. As much as there are great things around, things that are just about to break that can solve many problems and hope they were spread around the world and we will start to have positive effect.
We should start collecting our foot print and dimpling down and there is a growing foot print that is happening in Asia at a rapid rate and we cannot equalize.
Ultimately, we have to be very concerned about the way their revolution is going to be connected to our revolution.
It is through communication that sustainability is not unreal idea.
The environment movement has failed because it has used apocalyptic tone too much and hasn’t sold the positive aspect of being environmentally concerned (Burtynsky, 2005).
com blog’s conversation is about how to change the world in better way looking at technology, new energy saving device and how to strategize the movement towards sustainability (Burtynsky, 2005).
One way is to put the photography works in the service of promoting the website and the images can be placed to any kind of media (Burtynsky, 2005).
Here is a need to have a dialogue about sustainability. We try to motivate kids in the age of reason- 7-8 years – to understand what sustainability is and they have a vested interest. One of the ways of doing it is to create prices for kids and to have price targets.
One could be for the best sustainable idea in a school project, the others for hospital project or community projects for sustainability.
We will be motivating a certain group to push it from the bottom up into the households. This gives possession of the world to the person (Burtynsky, 2005).
Epiphany - a sudden perception into the reality or meaning of something ( they wanted more and they can thank nature for such a view)
Nanotechnology – a branch of technology dealing with tolerance and dimensions of below 100 nanometers more so molecules and atoms (the military has exclusive access to nanotechnology)
Transient – not lasting (all earthly creatures are transient)
Villa – a detached house in a residential area - they built a riverside villa for one week
Circuit-breaker - a device that automatically stops electric circuit current flow – (if a circuit breaker is not included; the switch should be thrown by hand when beginning to charge).
Armatures - part of electric device including a major winding currying current and where induction of electronic force is done.(voltage is dependent on speed of the armature)
E-waste - electrical or electronic devices that have been discarded and their parts (e-waste raises concerns considering its component toxicity.
Suburban – an area on the edge of big city or town where the people working in such places live (they moved from suburbs to inner-town area)
Dynamite- a device that is highly explosive consisting of nitroglycerin with other absorbent substance. (His work involved disposing of military dynamite left behind)
Fortified - increased in effectiveness due to ingredients addition. (a heavily fortified wall).
The video utilized the cause and effects, comparing and contrasting of the transformation of landscape. It also makes generalization of the various revolutions in informed by the need for sustainability and provides evidence for such in form of a conversation in a blog. The structure also exemplified a topic on China in details. These are also seen in offering options for attaining sustainability.
References
Burtynsky, E (2005).My wish: Manufactured landscapes and green education TED2005 · 34:25 · 22 subtitle languages. Available at.
The relationship between the England and American altered was altered by the war between the French and Indian. Political, economic and ideological relations between the two parties were change due to unfair taxation which was introduced by the colonist. England obligation leads to unfair taxation of the colonists which changed the felt of the country. England was deeply left with debt of American and America take action by imposing taxes on items used. This paper is focusing on military war, recognition of American women and plantation crop and slavery.
How Great War for Empire change the relationship between England and its American colonies
French and Indian started the War from the year 1756 to the year 1763 making it to extend hence end up to be the Great War for Empire. After the Great Empire War, the two countries were politically changed when England left with the deep debt they had acquired from American before the war started. The taxation and regulation levy on the economic relation between the two parties. Great Empire War compelled the American to shift their raw material to England whereby England took the advantage on them and use them. American took action and taxed England heavily which was later neglected the time the colonist decided to fight back hence changing the relationship between the two outposts. Also, the war altered the relationship of the two parties ideologically by bringing England colonial feelings of antipathy toward American (Anderson, 2001).
Reason why Britain switches to a Southern military strategy and why strategy ultimately fails.
During the Revolutionary War, British exchanged to Southern military for a purpose of being defended. The British started fighting the New York but however they were unsuccessful in cutting off the England colonies due to a variety of missteps. When the British were defeated in the battle, they decided to move the fighting to the south. British deemed they were loyalty and hence given a chance to live in the south. Deeming of their faithfulness they think they will be supported by the southern so that they can win more battle. Unfortunately, the southern strategy ultimately failed for some of the reasons. The general military men from British were not the best as it was compared with the colonist military. The British failed because of disregarding dominations from the best military men hence following commands from the military men they knew. The British armed forces lack knowledge and often they made poor decisions. The British soldier did not have a definite cause of the battle hence making the campaign to fail. For British were expecting a quick victory, they get tired of the war because the war was becoming a long one (Frank & McConnell, 2004).
Reason women's issues suddenly become so prominent in American culture
Women from American culture played more important role in their country but they lack recognition. During the World War II, women from American worked very hard for both male and female jobs in order to expand their role in the society. The women did not showed gratitude but instead they were upset under the surface and they, later on, came into view of the publication of The Feminine Mystique which was on about equality of rights. This Amendment was taken in a seriously because women expanded the role in the society (Carden, 1974).
How plantation crops and the slavery system change between 1800 and 1860 and reason of these changes to occur
According to Aiken (1998) between the years 1800-1860, the crops grown on plantation and slavery system changed significantly. Slavery was used by the owner of the plantation since there was no machine invented. The change underwent when U.S banned the importation of the slaves. The change occurred because of the cut off the supply of new slaves, a subsequent demand of domestic slave grew. The ban helps to minimize the smuggling market which had never happen before due to a large number of foreign people.
References
Anderson, F. (2001). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.
Aiken, C. (1998). The Cotton Plantation South Since the Civil War. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland
Franks, Tommy with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier. New York: Harper Collins
Publishers, 2004
Carden, M. L. (1974). The New Feminist Movement. New York, NY: Russell
The allegory of the cave is about the real events which occur in the world, which are mainly influenced by spiritual and sensory perceptions of human beings. The allegory of the cave not only explains how these factors affect the way human beings live and conduct their activities in the world, but it also provides basic examples of the different types of worlds (Plato, 360 B.C.E). These types of the world are: the cave, which is dark inside, and the outer world which is the physical world. The cave symbolizes the spiritual world, which is dark and it cannot be clearly visible. Whereas, the outer world is the sensory world is depicted by natural things.
The allegory of the cave can otherwise be explained as the basic determinant of the things which occur in the world. Most people are usually influenced by the majority, and they are not therefore real in whatever they do (Plato, 360 B.C.E). On the other hand, the finer things in life corrupt the behaviour of most people and they end up making decisions which are the opposite of what they are actual supposed to do.
The prisoners are the ignorant people who are both in the cave and in the world. They do not see the reason as to why they should take a move in whatever they are doing, and hence they end up remaining in a state of confusion and illusion (Plato, 360 B.C.E). Due to the ignorance nature of the prisoners, they tend to think those who have made it in the world are the puppet handlers and they therefore live a life full of fear. A prisoner who escapes and comes back to tell the story to his colleagues, is a one who stops being ignorant and views the world in a very different way.
Reference
Plato, 360 B.C.E. The Republic. Retrieved from: http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.8.vii.html
In his book, "History and Historians: A histographical introduction", Mark T Gilderhus gives a comprehensive and thorough description of the thinking of westerners concerning history and the way it has evolved from the ancient time to the present history of today. In his book, Gilderhus discusses the major issues and challenges that people faced and continue to experience in history in areas related to philosophy of history, historical methodology and historiography to mention a few. While discussing the main issues and the different areas covered in the book, Gilderhus maintains a sense of balance in the way he approaches the topics making the book ideal to all readers regardless of their level of education.
In chapter one, Gilderhus gives a brief but detailed explanation of the historical thinking of the westerners in ancient periods of history. He also introduces some of the problems that people encountered and challenges faced while trying to understand historical methods, historiography and the philosophy of history[1]. In this chapter, the author goes into detail to discuss why it is important for people to study history and what it can achieve. Among the issues discussed is the need for curiosity. If one is to understand what history is about, they must possess the curiosity and desire to know why things they are the way they are and where they originated from. They must also desire to bring order to the society they live in and the world at large. As history has it, everything has a past and an origin[2]. To solve the issues causing disorder in the world, one must study where things went wrong so as to identify what need to be done so as to rectify them and reinstate order.
Those intending to study history must also learn to note the cause and effect of certain occurrences and how they relate to one another. Understanding the cause will help determine how the effect can be prevented or encouraged depending on its outcome[3]. History also helps in identifying the origin of a people, their culture and traditions and the view they hold towards life. It also helps human beings to better understand the repercussions of their actions and what they ought to do so as to ensure that they do not cause more harm than good to the society around them and the world at large.
In chapter two, Gilderhus discusses the topic on the beginnings of historical consciousness. For most philosophers and historians, the issue of historical consciousness has proved to be a difficult notion to explain with most drawing the conclusion that Historical consciousness has always been in existence[4]. In his book, Gilderhus points out that the telling of past events, often referred to as historiography, and has its origin to a period as far back as the time before writing sources were in use. Though this may be the case, modern westerners have a different notion of history. They are of the belief that history comprises of more than stories of forefathers being retold with emphasis of their accomplishments and actions they engaged in. they are of the opinion that in the mid nineteen century, a new relationship of how people relate to the past was revealed through historicism (Gilderhus, 2009).
Historicism is considered to be the historicization of all the experience and knowledge that human beings possess of the spiritual world[5]. The belief was strengthened by the values that the people held in various matters and their ancient heritage as a people. In this chapter, Gilderhus discusses how various theologians viewed history and the consequences they thought history could have on the world and other issues. Troeltsh for example believed that historicism was a rather specific way of modern thought. He believed that historicism would eventually lead to all value systems being destroyed because people’s way of thinking and historical scholarships tended to be inherently relativist in nature. It was therefore responsible for the rise and fall of empires, values, ideals and modes of thought[6].
Within historiography, the development of historicism has been expressed as an important element in professional development. Typically, it comprises of the various stages of that the Jesuits, the Maurists and the Italian humanists used to analyze sources in the fifteenth and seventeenth century[7]. In this chapter of his book, Gilderhus points out that the modern view we have of history is not universal and this was the case even in the past. Various changes occurred in the past that led to a break in older traditions that led to developments that drove people to creating some distance from their past. Historians were able to view history not as a predecessor of the present but rather as something that was different fundamentally and needed to be understood on its own[8].
In chapter three, Gilderhus discusses the topic on historical consciousness in the modern age. In this chapter, the author gives a detailed description of how people’s awareness and attitude towards history began to shape up and change. People begun to question the way they viewed and regarded history and started evaluating other ways of viewing and understanding their past[9]. It is a common notion that people think history has always been studied the same as it is now. However, in this chapter, Gilderhus explains the various changes that have occurred in the methods used to study history over time. An example is the change in the way people viewed religion in relation to what history used to teach about God.
Changes in the methods used and approaches that people took to understand history led to them questioning and attacking Christianity and its authority. When the study of history broadened to include the study of the purpose of God, the history of the Greeks and the history of the Roman Catholic, people developed different views of what factors like religion represented. The people became more enlightened and therefore demanded better explanation of things that were taught to them. This brought about the rise of New Science which was intended to correct the exaggerated claims that had been introduced by natural science[10].
Philosophers like Rene Descartes went to the extent of disenfranchising the field of history claiming that it was not a reliable source of knowledge. His argument was based on the fact that the information given by traditional belief and notions was unreliable since it could have been based on make belief or personal fantasies[11]. As demonstrated by Voltaire and Machiavelli, people held little regard for whether what they said was right or wrong. Hegel also believed that human beings followed or were guided by a spirit that led them to their humanity. Gilderhus was able to show the views that people had towards history and the changes that have transpired over time.
In chapter four, Gilderhus discusses the topic on the Philosophy of History: Speculative Approaches. In this topic, history is best explained through the speculations that various philosophers had of the past and the impact they had on society[12]. The philosophers tried to have a better understanding of history and the nature of the historical knowledge that they possessed. Their reflections on history are classified together to create the body of work that is often referred to as the philosophy of history. It basically comprises of arguments and analysis made by theologians, idealists and logicians.
In this chapter, Gilderhus presents history as a comprehensible process of structures and events that are used to interpret the philosophy of history. Historians took on a speculative approach as a way of discerning and embracing the various patterns and the directions in which human history unfolded. Through it, they believed that they would have a better understanding of the back and forth historical developments that occurred in their historical developments[13]. Philosophers like Hegel and Vico raised various questions in an attempt to understand the meaning of history and the large direction it took. St. Augustine in his ‘City of God’ used the perspective of Christianity to give his interpretation of human history. His beliefs and views towards history went against the perceptions that others had where recurrent phases of the cosmos caused destruction and regeneration.
Through Christianity, St. Augustine fueled the speculation that history operated in a determined direction and that it did not move in circles. Such a realization was important in changing the way human beings thought and how they viewed the world around them[14]. In his work, St. Augustine combined both philosophy and theology to create a better understanding of history. His work is an example of the various speculative approaches that philosophers took in a bid to better understands history.
In chapter five, Gilderhus discusses the topic on the philosophy of history: Analytical approaches. The approaches led to various internal micro evolutions which divided history into several phases. Among them was the quasi platonic form of realism which had been introduced by Russell and Moore to act as alternatives to idealism (Gilderhus, 2009). They turned people away from their initial approach of philosophy which proposed a grand system to a method of giving narrow discussions that were specific and probed and isolated issues in a manner that was precise and more detailed.
The propositions were however abandoned later on and people adopted the use of common sense as it appeared to give a more realistic form of philosophy. Analytic philosophy therefore resulted to using a more developed way of thinking in the form of logical atomism[15]. It was later replaced by logical positivism which was popularized by Ayer, a British philosopher. Later on, the analytic movement had to let go of their linguistic forms and adopt the philosophy of language. They later adopted metaphysics which paved the way for the different types of sub disciplines of philosophy. Even though the post linguistic analytical philosophy could not be defined by a specific set of philosophical interests or views, it greatly emphasized thoroughness and precision when discussing broad topics related to history[16].
In chapter six, Gilderhus discusses the topic on reading, writing and research. In this chapter, he discusses the various methods that people engaged in when reading, writing or conducting research on history (Gilderhus, 2009). Most philosophers read material that already existed and then evaluated what it entailed. After enlightenment, people no longer openly accepted what they were told and took it as the truth. As a result, they would read and then evaluate the information to see if it made sense and whether it was applicable in the environment they lived in. Rather than accepting facts that could not be verified, people started questioning information related to history and tried to evaluate whether it was reliable or not[17].
When it came to writing and research, philosophers often went over ideas entertained by other historians and philosophers. They would then evaluate their work and then come up with their own ideas. Some would agree with the work of other philosophers and make improvements or disagree with it completely and proposed an alternative approach (Gilderhus, 2009). The research would therefore involve going over the work of other philosophers and then comparing all the different materials used. The philosopher would then come up with a personal philosophy which would then be evaluated by other historians to determine its authenticity and whether it could be used as a reliable source. In the case of information that was questionable, historians would conduct further research in a bid to create better understanding and better explain the source and relevance of various forms of history. In doing so, they would end up with historical information that was factual and gave an acceptable account of what happened in history and how and why it happened and the repercussions that followed as a result.
In chapter seven, Gilderhus discusses the topic on professional history in recent times. Analyzing history involves investigating contrasting facts and ideas that historians have created to explain what happened in the past, how and why it happened. The facts from various philosophers are compared against each other to see which account of history is more detailed and more reliable. Even though some accounts of history cannot be authenticated as either being true or false, such accounts are rarely done away with. Modern historians use such accounts as a source of further research which often results to more findings and a better understanding of the past. Rather than doing away with historical facts that do not add up, modern historians take it upon themselves to conduct further studies so as to explain how such notions and beliefs came into existence.
In recent times, history is no longer viewed as a single entity but is seen to be influenced by other factors that occur in society. As a result, historians draw up on other social sciences such as economics, politics and philosophy and try to explain how they influence history. Modern historians use ancient philosopher’s work to give insights on the cultural context of time [18]. They are also used to dismiss or verify historical accounts that were made earlier by reviewing recent scholarships and sources that are newly discovered. Historians also work in university centers, museums and archival centers where they either teach or grow their knowledge of history. Their commitment and continuous studies into the field of history is an indication that a lot needs to be learnt before people can completely understand history.
References
Gilderhus, Mark . History and historians: A historiographical introduction. Upper Saddle River (N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2009.
[1] Gilderhus, Mark . History and historians: A historiographical introduction. Upper Saddle River (N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2009.
The history of America after the civil war cannot be compared to the present times. Major changes have taken place including industrialization, urbanization, citizens equal rights and the major world wars have served to shape America as is known today. While there many major events that have had impact on this country since the abolition of slavery and slave trade, few can be said to have had brought about great changes. Such events include the reconstruction period, first and second world wars, massive industrialization, the Civil Rights movement and the great depression (Browne and Cottrell, 268). While these are just some of the changes that lead to the America of 2000, there are nevertheless the major ones.
The Reconstruction period took place after Civil War and lasted for about 1865-1876.This was a time when the nation underwent great upheavals and there was while attempts were made for the reorganization and integration of the southern states that had joined the great Union. Moreover, the freed slaves from the entire south were now incorporated with in a system which had at one time controlled almost all aspects of their lives. The slaves had to look for a way in which they could easily integrate into a society where there was great bias against them. This period had little agreement on political or social issues especially on matters involving the right to vote or how the south would be rebuilt after the destruction and departure of slaves (Browne and Cottrell, 268). However, there was the passing of the 14th Amendment that ensured some degree of the blacks’ civil rights. In 1870, the 15th Amendment was changed to offer the African American their voting ight. However, the intentions of Reconstruction were to be realized about a century later facilitated by Civil Rights Movement. A Civil Rights Act was passed in 1875 but was declared unconstitutional in 1883. In the year 1890, the Battle of Wounded Knee broke out which resulted to massacre of about 200 American children and women –natives – by the American troops. The states passed laws in 1899 which were aimed at disenfranchising the black community (Kazin, Rebecca & Adam, 168).
The period following reconstruction saw rapid Industrialization across the nation’s major cities encouraged by railroads, and consequently there was a surge in population. It was a period of economic prosperity with Americans becoming urbanized, though poor-rich gap was quite large. This era was to be interrupted by the World War I that brought major changes to America. It served as a breaking point for two different Americas. This war changed how Americans perceived themselves as the nation was developing a distinct culture and at the same time achieving world power status. The 1914-1918 War to End All Wars made America to never remain the same again. It joined the war in 1917 after the Lusitania which was carrying American passengers and other commercial vessels were sunk by the Germans (Kazin, Rebecca & Adam, 169). The period following the Reconstruction period and the war, the people’s dreams had been shuttered and were therefore referred to as the Lost Generation. After the Great War, manufacturing begun as the nation attempted to recover. Early 1920s saw increased economic growth, a time in which new cultures emerged such as jazz on the music scene (Browne and Cottrell, 268). These good times did not last as the stock market collapsed in 1929 culminating in the Great Depression of the 1930. The United States was hardest hit just the rest of the world economies that went down. Massive poverty and unemployment ensued as the people resulted to subsistence living. Franklin Roosevelt, the then president came up with measures meant to help in recovery and poverty reduction. The World War II was the most significant event in the modern America. The country was set on the stage as a military giant and a big economy. It helped the recovery after the Great Depression, thus creating more employment opportunities and for once, the American workers experienced real increase in their income (Kersten and Kriste, 51). There was a boom in technology, more change for women and African American and the postwar diplomacy contours took shape as a result of matters dividing the Soviet Union and the Western Allies. The 1947 saw increased tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. The period after the war was marked by the emergence of Civil Rights movement enhanced by various racists and violent acts against the African Americans more so in South (Kazin, Rebecca & Adam, 169). Individuals such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as advocates for these people’s rights. Legislations and other events such as the 1953 Supreme Court declaration of segregation being unlawful changed the manner in which black people voted, went to school and visited other places like restaurant. The movement’s charismatic leader – Martin Luther King was granted the Nobel Peace Prize and Civil Rights Act was also enacted in 1964, though real racial equality was yet to be realized. The 1960s decade was a period of technological advances more so the space technology. The USSR had sent the first satellite to the orbit in 1957 , which drove the Americans join the Space Race which culminated with launching of 1969’s Apollo 11 and Neil Armstrong being the first human to land on moon. By the end of this decade, the nation was in turmoil as the older generation regarded the younger generation’s ways as promiscuous and never understood how to embrace the black population. Family and religion as they knew it was disintegrating (Langeland & Huseby 1).
The 1970s decade saw a big decline in the level of poverty but the economy was a bit slow, with high inflation and rising unemployment. The Vietnam War and space race had cost so much. The war was ended U.S involvement in the war in 1973. Jimmy Carter, the last president of the decade had to deal with these issues but did a good job in promoting civil rights and ensured appointment of women, African American to public offices. The 1980s experienced the Reagan Revolution which emphasized on American pride, family and traditional values (Langeland & Huseby 1). President Ronald Reagan ensured a decrease in unemployment, government expenditures and taxes. George Bush Senior the decade’s last president continued with his predecessor’s policies of law and order. The 1990s was an electronic age where World Wide Web was made available to be used by the general public and thus a revolution on communication. The fall of Soviet Union also left America as the sole superpower which saw it play vital part in various international conflicts such as in Somalia and Iraq. The end of the decade saw the Supreme Court gives election victory to George W. Bush which had been disputed (Langeland & Huseby 1).
.
References
Kazin, Michael, Rebecca Edwards, and Adam Rothman. The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2011. Print.167-170
Browne, Blaine T, and Robert C. Cottrell. Lives and Times: Individuals and Issues in American History. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010. Print.267-268
Kersten, Andrew E, and Kriste Lindenmeyer. Politics and Progress: American Society and the State Since 1865. Westport (Conn.: Praeger, 2001. Print.51-52
This website is owned and operated by PFS Limited.
Company Registration office is at:
2875 NE 194st St 404, Miami, FL 33180
Edudorm.com provides writing and research services for limited use only. All the materials from our website should be used with proper references and in accordance with Terms & Conditions
