Fake News on Social Media

Social Media in modern society has replaced traditional media with the indispensable emergence of digital technology. It has been used to spread fake news quickly since everyone has access to any of the social media platforms globally. Social media users react to fake news as fantastic and implausible stories. Social media has been used to manipulate and spread fake messages across various social media networks. However, web developers are in a position to curb the spread of fake news and propaganda. Propaganda and fake news have been around for centuries; however, the introduction and continued use of social media has accelerated the rate at which fake news is spread and the way propaganda is used to manipulate public opinion.

  The use of social media to spread fake news and propaganda has proved to be effective since it reaches a wide audience,  the goal of spreading fake news can be criminal or even political. 62% of adults depend on social media to get news about politics, entertainment, and any other activity around the globe (Gottfried & Shearer, 2017). Therefore, when social media misleads its followers, the whole world will become part of the lies and suppositions from a specific user or web developer. It is an issue that is taken lightly by a good number of people in society, but its effects are far-reaching than people expect. An example of the far-reaching effects of fake news is the catastrophic effects fake news and propaganda had on the 2016 presidential elections, prior to the election fake news was spread by bloggers and this affected the outcome of the election (Allcott &Gentzkow, 2017). Fake news spread through social media was responsible for changing people’s opinion thus influencing and changing the course of a national-wide activity.

Advancement in technology left some loopholes where people manipulate it for their benefit. However, Artificial Intelligence (IT) could be introduced to review news articles to detect false information in them. People will not need to conduct more research to find out whether the news is credible or not. Such programs could be used to minimize the spread of fake news over social media. Therefore, the issue of spreading fake news on social media could be curbed by such a measure. The efforts that are being made by programmers and web developers to curb the spread of fake news cannot be disregarded. Major social media sites to include Facebook and Twitter are using their users to stop the spread of fake news (Kim, et al., 2018). Whenever users are exposed to news they think is fake, they have a choice to flag the news as fake, and when the news gathers enough flags form multiple users to prove that its misinformation then the information is taken down reducing the number of people who view the information.

Arguably, social media could be used positively, like in marketing, raising social awareness, and learning about different business ideas from different parts of the world. People can learn these from social media, but there are more authentic sources with such information. Such activities, too, are prone to fabrication or exaggeration. Therefore, Social Media causes more harm than good in society, especially on dispensing news. Moderators of different social media platforms should pay more attention to information being spread. They should Artificial Intelligence and other digital methods to mitigate fake issues on social media.

Conclusively, web developers and internet users have a role to play in alleviating fake news on social media. The spread of fake news back in 2016, affected the Presidential Elections. 62% of adults rely on social media for news, thus living a lie and getting wrong perceptions about different things in society. Such a population reading information online that is not true is dangerous; some of them make decisions in their lives that they hardly get out. Opinions about different things may change, but realizing that it was altered by fake news makes an individual feel duped. The information is distributing over social media should be observed keenly to reduce false news to negligible levels.

Reference

“Allcott, H & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211”. This article provides information regarding the 2016 presidential election and how fake news on social media played a major role.

“Fake News on Social Media. (2019). In Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale”

“Shephard, Alex. "YouTube's Fake News Problem Isn't Going Away." Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2020. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints”

Gottfried, J., & Shearer, E. (2017, December 27). News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. https://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/

Kim, J., Tabibian, B., Oh, A., Schölkopf, B., & Gomez-Rodriguez, M. (2018, February). Leveraging the crowd to detect and reduce the spread of fake news and misinformation. In Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 324-332).

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Gender representation in the media

The film ‘Captain Marvel’ by Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck is an ideal example of how women characters are shifting from the traditional gender roles used to define women. Captain Marvel is presented as being strong and to some extent, masculine. She has a stance and body posture that draws attention to her strength and masculinity and this goes against stereotypes in the media that present women as sexual objects (Boden & Fleck 1). While her costume is well fitting, it is designed in such a way that it is practical for the work ahead of her. Rather than revealing a cleavage or legs as is common in sexualised media content, Captain Marvel’s suit is designed as an armour and allow ease in movement.
            Captain Marvel further defies the gender constructs that exist in the media and society through the role she plays. Marvel comes off as a formidable opponent who relies on her wits and strategy and does not need to be saved by a man. Her work is not limited to taking care of the home and raising children but rather to protect the entire universe (Boden & Fleck 1). The film further demonstrates the freedom that women enjoy now. Since saving the universe requires going to different planets, it means staying days, or even months without coming home.

Women in the film are portrayed as not being limited by their responsibilities at home. When Captain marvel seeks help from her friend Maria Rambeau, she goes on a mission to help Marvel rather than stay home and take care of her daughter. While there is hesitation before going for the mission, it is the daughter that convinces Maria to go on the mission and set a good example for her. The motivational speech is another indication that the daughter looks up to the mother for guidance (Boden & Fleck 1). Throughout the scene, there is no father figure and Maria have to not only juggle the responsibilities of being a mother, but also go out and help save the world.

A similar approach is taken in movies with male lead characters. The media has shifted its focus from physical strength, being tough, responsible and other masculine stereotypes that exist in society. Take the case of Steve Rodgers for instance. In the film ‘Captain America: The First Avenger’ by Joe Johnston, Steve Rogers is presented as a character who is not only physically strong, but also mentally and emotionally (Johnston 1). At the beginning of the movie, Steve is skinny, weak and gets beaten up so much that he has gotten used to it. Although he does undergo an experiment that makes him more masculine and stronger, the process defies stereotypes previously used in the media.

Another example is the Doctor who has to choose one soldier for the experiment. Instead of selecting the strongest and most masculine soldier, the doctor looks for someone who uses his brains more than brute force. Choosing the weakest and least likely candidate can be seen as an indication of a shift or evolution on what being a man entails. Masculinity is no longer about muscles and physical traits but also inclusive of reasoning, self-control and being humane (Johnston 1). This is proven when the experiment makes Steve physically strong and masculine but still retains his humane character. Other than a shield, his strength comes from his body making him more human than superhero, but strong and smart enough to fight alongside people with powers. The doctor thus manages to shift from social norms about men in the media and create a new version of the modern man.

Work cited

Boden, Anna and Fleck, Ryan. “Captain Marvel” Marvel, 2019

Johnston, Joe. “Captain America: The First Avenger” Marvel, 2011

How Language Changes Based on the Situation

Introduction  

            In this language and situation paper based on communication, my selected situation for dialogue will be a dialogue between Employee talking to the boss, a discussion of two siblings talking, and finally conversation between two colleagues. To enhance the dialogue, I will base dialogue based on the favor that I have chosen is to borrow $500.00 to add for my rent money.

The Employee taking to boss dialogue

Employee: Hello, boss, how are you doing?

Boss: Hello too. I am doing great, what about and who are you?

Employee: I am doing great, as well. My name is James, and I am an employee of this company.

Boss: what can I do for you, Mr. James?

Employee: To start with, I have been in this company for two years now, and I have always         worked efficiently and effectively to ensure that I give the best results as expected. For      two years, I have not asked for an off day or even asked for compensation.

Boss: That is great, and I expect more effort into the work at all times.

Employee: One more thing, sir, I have a problematic issue at hand, of which I am requesting for your assistance. I have needed some amount of money, $500.00, to be precise. I am late            on paying my house rent since I utilized my money buying medications for my mother. Now I am short of $500.00 to complete the payment.

Boss: Okay, I am sorry for your mother, and I wish her quick recovery. But how will you             compensate for that money?

Employee: It shall be cut from my monthly salary, sir.

Boss: Okay, come and see me in my office at lunch hour.

Employee: thank you, sir.  

Employee: thank you.

How did the dialogue change?

            It was hard for me to ask my boss for this favor since, to me, I saw it like he shall see me as a failure. In my entire life, asking for money has always proved to me how failure I am in their eyes and this issue always makes me feel so embarrassed. At this moment, at first, I didn't know how to start since I had a lot of a hard time asking for money from my boss. I felt embarrassed at first, although I managed to gather some courage and found my stance to begging the conversation. I decided to begin by explaining my strengths and qualities of work and about how I felt about employment in his company. For instance, I started by stating that, in my two years, I have been very hardworking, and I have never asked for compensation. Still, I have always am in the front line to ensure all my duties are effectively and efficiently completed at the expected time. At the moment, I remembered to mention the fact that I have never borrowed any off day. From there, I managed to gather some courage to say my actual reason for the dialogue. I explained the issue at hand, how I used my money to buy medication for my mother. To enforce this, I understood it would be better to tell that it was detrimental to give my mother that money for she would not do without the medicine. After all the explanation, I said that, even though I hate to ask for such favor, I had no alternative at the moment. Then I proceeded to borrow $ 500.00 to add to what I had to add and pay my house rent. Talking to my boss was much hander about how I can speak with my friend. Asking for this kind of favor from the boss made me feel as if I am a failure and so much embarrassed.

Why did the dialogue change?

            The fact that I had to explain my challenges to the boss, I felt a sense of failure and a lot of embarrassment factors that changed the dialogue. I have always been disturbed from inside that I should not go begging for money to a boss. After all, I realized it was not advisable to feel embarrassed since I was in need that I could not keep quiet. In one way or another, also our employers have ever encountered the same challenge as I was going through. The problem was that I felt like I had a great deal of trouble that I tried to pass over.

Two siblings talking dialogue

Sibling 1: Hey, bro, how do?

Sibling 2: Hey too bro, am doing great what about you?

Sibling 1: I am fine, bro but I need your help, as you know I used my money to buy mothers'       medication, I am going short of $500.00 to add to what I already have so that I can pay             rent, please.

Sibling 2: Okay, when will you refund the money, bro?

Sibling 1: I will pay on the end month on payday. 

Sibling 2: Nice, I will send for you via your bank account by evening; don't worry bro, we are     together in thick and thin.

Sibling 1: okay, bro, and thank you.

How did the dialogue change?

            Having a dialogue with my sibling was far much more comfortable in comparison to talking with a colleague or a boss. A discussion to ask for $500.00 for rent from my sibling was so easy and came out more fluently. We are at a deeper level of understanding each other with my sibling than to my boss. We have passed all hard and simple life challenges and situations together, so asking for help would create no fear or feeling like a failure. Borrowing money has been a habit between my sibling and me, so at this time; it would not mean a lot of worries.

Why did the dialogue change?

            At this dialogue, the change comes drastically since there was no feeling like I am a failure to ask for some help from my sibling. We have done this more often, especially since we become adults. At this dialogue, I had the assurance that I would be understood without much explanation, mainly because I had utilized my money on our mother's expenses. The conversation was comfortable and full of jokes.

Two colleagues talking

Colleague 1: hello, David, how was your day at work.

Colleague 2: My day was great, James; work was excellent as usual, you know.

Colleague 1: Yea, mine, too, was great as well. How are you fairing in this economy?

Colleague 2: ha-ha..! As usual, but we shall still make it no need to worry.

Colleague 1: okay, that's great; I don't know whether you can remember the issue I had shared    with you about my mother’s medication?

Colleague 2: yea, I can remember. How is she faring? 

Colleague 1: she is doing great now, I had rushed in the chemist in the morning to pick some       medications for her… and I almost used all money, even for house rent. If you don't      mind, you can assist me with $500.00 to add to what I have to pay house rent. I shall sort             you out on the             payday end month.

Colleague 2: I am sorry, and I wish your mother quick recovery and I shall assist you since I       know what you are passing through us are together.

How did the dialogue change?

            The dialogue was more different from borrowing money to a colleague, as I felt we are on the same level as I could to my boss. During this conversation, I would not point out all the useful facts about my performance as I did with the boss. I understand that if there would be anyone to have a clear understanding of issues concerning financial challenges would be my colleague. Even though most of the time, it feels hard to share one's economic problems, for a colleague, it was not hard as compared to the boss. In the same case, it was not again easier than one I had with my sibling.

Why did the dialogue change?

            The change of the dialogue occurred depending on the comfortability I had with my co-worker. There was much understanding as we are at the same level as the colleague; hence the conversation was less complicated. It felt more and equal that with my boss, even if not again identical with my sibling. I was at the same time had an understanding that my colleague had a clear track of my daily work and performance and some of the challenges I was going through at home since we share issues.

 Have We Lost the Art of Conversation in This World of Emails and Cellphones?

            Introduction

The dawn of the age of WhatsApp, Snapchat, Facebook, Instagram, Email and emojis has completely redefined the meaning of communication. This new era might as well bring about the death of conversation, individuals are addicted to smartphones and are repelled by the idea of having a face to face conversation. Conversations are delightful but the rules for how and when it happens have been established collectively over the past decade. People are constantly embracing the art of multitasking, whether be it emailing during meetings or texting back during queueing, this behavior is extensively affecting the way individuals relate with each other. Kids fade into the background as parents’ text on the dinner table and during school meetings. It has become extremely hard to stay away from phones and as a result, individuals are constantly trying to juggle between the real world and the online world.  The world has arrived at an extraordinary position where individuals are having more digital conversations compared to the real ones.

             In the article, “The Flight from Conversation “by Sherry Turkle. Turkle argues that human beings exist in a technological world in which they are constantly communicating, “in today’s workplace, young people who have grown up fearing conversation show up on the job wearing earphones” (Turkle, n.d). Conversations have become irrelevant in the era of keyboards and touchscreen smartphones; Individuals are constantly together but each one of them in their bubble. Turkle makes a valid point on things such as parents are the reason why the younger generation is losing the art of conversation. For instance, how are teenagers not expected not to text while doing their homework while they watch their parents’ text while cooking and while waiting for the red light in traffic? Turkle has proved that mere connections are responsible for making individuals lose connection with the people around them, a mere connection is harmful and changes what individuals do and who they are, Turkle says “ A sixteen-year-old boy who relies on texting for almost everything says almost wistfully, “ Someday, someday, but certainly not now, I’d like to learn how to have a conversation” (Turkle, n.d). This proves that mere connections are harmful and are distracting the younger generation from the events happening in the real world.

Emailing has become the modern equivalent of 19^th-century letter exchanging. A face to face conversation is arguably the most sophisticated exchange two human beings can ever share, however, meaningful conversations are no longer taking place. A recent survey has confirmed that seven out of ten individuals prefer to text or email instead of taking part in what is meant to be an everyday component of civilized human life (Blyth, 2008). Conversations are now regarded as stressful and members of society prefer to avoid them altogether; as a result, individuals are typing and texting their way towards a disaster (Blyth, 2008).  Connecting with others improves the wellbeing of an individual, to connect with others an individual ought to be active, curious, keep learning and give to others and a good face to face conversation fulfills all these. Conversations that helped individuals ease their way into the day such as conversations with the mailman, the chit chat with the girl behind the counter in a bank and the exchange in the bus or the train are long dead, today human being seems to be too busy and too rushed to generally have time to enjoy these conversations.

 According to professor Turkle being on the phone has completely killed the small talks colleagues have at work, “A businessman laments that he no longer has colleagues at work, he doesn’t stop to talk: he doesn’t call, he says that he doesn’t want to interrupt them. He says they’re too busy on their emails.” (Turkle, n.d). Individuals are enclosed in a personal cocoon that is insulated from those around them. The power of small talks involving subjects such as weather and politics should not be underestimated, small talk puts individuals at ease and acts as a doorway to more substantive subjects. People are constantly using phones as a way of bringing them together, these phones are doing the opposite of that. What these gadgets are doing is keeping individuals away from one another. Real conversations are more multifaced and more subtle than digital communication. Face to face conversations involves judging intonation assessing facial expression and the magnitude of the conversation (Catherall, 2019). The reward of utilizing the art of face to face conversations are considerable. Individuals who are good at making conversations get dates, successfully negotiate and secure contracts and are offered jobs simply because they exercise and appreciate the importance of listening and good conversation. 

Inconclusion, individuals are becoming more and more disconnected from the real world. The art of face to face conversations has been replaced by emailing and texting on cellphones. More than ever human beings are more withdrawn from each other, each individual residing in a cocoon that seems insulated from the outside world.

References

Blyth, C., (2008). “We’re so addicted to text and email we're losing the delicate art of       conversation. So do we need to learn to talk again” Retrieved from;         https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1084344/Were-addicted-text-email-losing-art-          conversation-So-need-learn-talk-again.html

Catherall, S., (2019). “Are we losing the art of conversation?” Retrieved from;             https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/117014573/are-we-losing-the-art-of-conversation

Turkle, S., (n.d). “The Flight from Conversation”

Mass media ownership

The media plays various roles in society, the most common being to educate, entertain and inform the public. In order to fulfill its purpose and serve the interests of everyone alike, the media must retain a sense of independence and freedom from the government, political parties, and other members of society with enough power to influence the policies that govern society. The independence ensures that the media has no obligation to present or withhold information regarding an individual or organization if revealing it will achieve a common good for the public. While this gives the media a lot of power and influence over people, it also ensures that the information shared serves the interests of the general public and not a few individuals. However, shifts in the sphere of ownership in the mass media industry has created an environment where the media is greatly controlled or influenced by select groups and this has greatly impaired its function as a platform for everyone in society.

            Among the various organization that have significant influence over the media is Disney. The company is directly or indirectly associated with various media platforms ranging from sports, entertainment, news and films. The Walt Disney Company is a multinational mass media and entertainment with headquarters in Burbank, California. It is led by Robert Iger and together with his team, the company has acquired various assets and a position in society that allows it to have significant control over the media (Disney, 2019). The company has assets in both television and films as well as print media. Some of the media companies it owns include ESPN and Fox, not to mention the various Disney channels that showcase various programs, advertisements and other content from Disney.

            Organizations that end up owning the mass media often start out with the desire to better reach their target audience. Despite their intent however, controlling the media is a task that can be achieved by a select number of companies (Kaul, 2012). As such, those that are capable of reaching such lengths enjoy a great deal of power and benefits especially when they use the media as a platform to promote their interests. The consequences of select companies owning the mass media are however more severe because their effects are felt by both the companies in control and the general public as well.

            One of the major consequences resulting from select groups or individuals owning the media is the negative impact they cause on the content broadcasted. In today’s society, big corporations use the media to not only fuel their interests but at times to also mislead the public (Croteau & Hynes, 2006). Take the case of Disney for example. The company sells multiple products through the various companies it owns. Since the company also has some level of control over the media, it is able to dictate the content that is aired and thus can push the media to include more content about Disney. Since the number of companies that own the mass media are few, it therefore means that there is lesser information to broadcast especially when the companies focus more on their interests than they do towards informing the public (Disney, 2019). Disney for instance uses the various media platforms under its influence to promote its products and services as this gives the company a competitive edge. The time allocated to Disney however takes away from time that could have been used to report on issues affecting society and whose consequences affect the general public rather than one organization.

            There is also the issue where ownership of the mass media gives the owners too much power. Regardless of who owns and controls the media, it continues to have a significant level of control over members of the public. People rely on the media for information regarding their community. Community leaders, the weather, health, entertainment and other relevant information that affects their daily routines (Noam, 2016). When controlled by a select few, it means that those who control the media also control the type of information that is made available to the public through the mass media. As such, Disney can use its influence to prevent harmful information about the company from being shared by the media platforms it controls.

            The media has become a tool not just for the general public but also for the select few who own it. However, the interests of the public differ from those that own the media in that; the public seeks to be informed, educated and to use the media as a means of communicating as a community (Noam, 2009). Those that own the mass media however try to control the media such that its content creates opportunities for them and this is often done even with the risk of having negative consequences on the general public. Rather than informing the public about important agendas such as environmental sustainability, politics and other factors that help society the media tends to focus more on what the owners are doing (Noam, 2009). Most of the media content features information regarding products like the movies showcased by Disney, the launch of the Disney Park, ne gadgets in the market and other information mostly concerning the owners.

            In addition, the ownership of the mass media by companies like Disney have greatly challenged the media’s ability to play its role in society. The media for instance finds it challenging to carry out functions like storytelling and transmitting culture especially where they are not in line with the interests of the companies that own the media (Baker, 2006). Since the media content is often influenced by those that own the mass media, the content tends to suit their interest more than that of the public. Although the media does continue to address the needs of those in the public domain, their ability to do so fully and with no restriction has been curtailed by the involvement with other corporations such as Disney. The reach that the media provides has allowed Disney to advertise, inform and reach people from across the world through the media (Disney, 2019). The Disney parks, movies and products are a common occurrence on television, newspapers, magazines and other tools used by the mass media.

            An argument can be made that ownership of the mass media by select individuals and groups in no way affects the media’s ability to perform its purpose. The assumption is that, the power of the media lies in its ability to reach the people. For this power to remain sustainable, those that own the media must ensure that the media continues to serve the interests of the public like it did before their control. While this is true to some extent, it is also evident that the media has altered a lot in the way it reaches its audience. If the media is to retain its power and influence, there is a need for those who own it to try and give it the freedom to perform its duties to the general public and not just a select few.

References

Baker E, (2006) “Media concentration and democracy: Why ownership matters” Cambridge        University Press

Benkler Y, (2007) “The wealth of nations” Harvard University Press

Croteau, D., & Hoynes, W. (2006). The business of media: Corporate media and the public          interest. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Pine Forge Press.

Disney, (2019) “About Disney” retrieved from, https://www.disney.com/

Kaul V (2012) “The Changing World of Media & Communication”. Journal of Mass        Communication and Journalism 2:116. doi:10.4172/2165-7912.1000116

Noam M, (2009) “Media ownership an concentration in America” Oxford University Press

Noam M, (2016) “Who owns the word’s media: Media concentration and ownership around the   world” Oxford University Press

Social media and it's impact on society/politics/ and personal relationships.

Introduction

  Today, social media is not only used as a tool for information seeking, but individuals have also turned to social media to create political presence, develop a sense of community engagement, and build healthy relationships. Social media has a real impact on politics, society, and personal relationships. In today's world, people are using different platforms to access and share information. For example, people use social media to establish and sustain relationships.   Social media allows family and friends to stay connected and hence improves their psychological well-being. Various factors have affected personal relationships, but social media has promoted personal connectedness and social interaction. Social media is not only strengthening personal relationships, but it is also making and connecting communities in a way that society now is made up of social relations patterns where people have formed social cohesion. In society, people have formed virtue communities that work together toward common interests. Politicians are not left behind as they are using the new media platforms as a communication platform and for conducting campaigns. The social media system has permanently changed daily lives in that today, citizens and politicians have shifted from traditional methods to digital media where they do political campaigns, it has enhanced the social life, and it has helped people create healthy relationships.

Social media and it's impact on society

Fleck & Johnson-Migalski (2015) assert that 73% of adults use social networking sites like Facebook, Instagram. Pinterest, Youtube, and others. Recent research and studies finds that social media users use these platforms to create relationships and to discuss the current social situation. In society, social media allow people to develop a sense of belonging in the community as they share information regarding community responsibility (Fleck & Johnson-Migalski, 2015). As people share information and understand the community, they improve the connectedness, and they form one community and engage in positive things. Rather than working as an individual, individuals focus on socially interested behaviors and work together toward a common goal. In communities, it is important to understand that social media improves personal lives as well as professional lives.  For example, social media improves personal lives in that focusing on the health-care industry, clinicians   provide care, support, and education on health living to patients through social media. (Fleck & Johnson-Migalski, 2015). Patients also use social media to access credible medical information, wellness ideas, healthy recipes, among other important things that help them create a healthy living.  Homebound patients also use social media to stay in touch and interact with friends. Therefore, social media can be defined as a tool that connects people in the community and allows them to share information, participate in community events, and, more importantly, stay in touch and create a sense of interdependency.

            Russo et al (2009) assert that in the community, social media provides informal learning and makes young people become cultural participants. Today's societies have shifted from traditional literacy to a ‘new literacy' where young people are required not only to read and write but also to interpret the meaning and create a permanent impression.  In other words, to be literate means to have the ability to read and interpret, and evaluate the meaning.  It is important to understand that various areas such as the global cultural economy and the learning environment are using the information and communications technology, and therefore, students are required to gain ICTs skills to adapt to the changing environment (Russo et al. 2009). Today, social media has established new ways of learning where students can now find information, share the information, and engage in participatory learning. Students interact and share new knowledge, and such interaction increases student-teacher relationship, and community engagement. An important point to understand is that students learn cultural education and gains cultural knowledge through social media. They come across museum content and share their opinions in a creative way (Russo et al. 2009). Note that as students share cultural knowledge in social media, they also interact with local communities in meaningful ways. Note that social media enable students and communities to hold cultural debates, and eventually, they gain new knowledge, and more importantly, they create and sustain strong connections.

Social media and it's impact politics

Opeye mi (2018) asserts that social media play a significant role in politics as it allows citizens to express themselves, participate, and learn. First, social media connect all people through various platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Citizens share political information, express their opinions and viewpoints, participate in political matters, and through political engagement, they gain political knowledge. Note that expression, participation, and learning play a significant role in creating political awareness, or in other words, citizens understand the government agendas (Opeyemi, 2018). Note that since citizens have freedom of speech, and thus social media enable them to participate in political matters. When it comes to agenda development, they can support the political policies and demand for adjustment.  Social media can be defined as the source of political knowledge, and people use this knowledge to make judgments. Note that interaction and engagement make the political leaders develop a feeling open, which influences them to increase accountability and responsibility.

Auter & Fine (2018), social media is giving members of Congress political presence, and they have increased political participation. They use congressional websites to conduct an online campaign. Social media allow politicians to communicate with citizens, update their messages without fearing message distortion, and use online political information to prevent themselves from threats. As politicians increase their mobilization effort, they can persuade citizens to vote, and the politicians can increase active connection and eventually get many votes (Auter & Fine, 2018).  Note that politicians compete in social media presences in that some candidates use different electoral parties. For example, some candidates, such as challengers, lack resources, and they end up using cheap ventures at a minimal cost, whereas incumbents use costly ventures to organize their campaigns. Therefore, politicians use different campaigning strategies in social media (Auter & Fine, 2018).  In general, social media not only increases political presence, but it helps politicians develop positive political outcomes in terms of voter turnout with respect to posting strategies.

Social media and it's impact on personal relationship

 It is important to understand that social mobility, which is caused by many factors, including migration, a search for employment, and urbanization has affected personal relationships. There are dramatic changes in how we relate with family and friends, and people are using digital technologies such as social media to connect to friends in and outside the world (Miguel, 2018).  Social media is doing a significant role in creating sociability. People are having a direct conversation, and they can also see and do other things together at a distance. Therefore, social media brings people to a domestic sphere where they interact and maintain personal relationships.

 Social media is social, meaning that social media strengthens personal relationships as users get the opportunity to build social networks and have close connections with family and friends. Social media works in amazing ways in that friends stay in touch always.  When one friend posts on Facebook or Twitter, the other friends will like and comment on the post.  It is a platform where friends stay close to each other, share information, solve problems, and share thoughts (Miguel, 2018). Rather than breaking bonds, social media is strengthening personal ties. In other words, people are using social networking sites to enhance the relationship they formed offline, and this means that people are encouraged to use social media to make personal connections (Miguel, 2018).  It is also important to note that social media users not only maintain friends they already have, but they go beyond and create new friends whom they share ideas and create meaningful lives. Factors such as economic decline and high costs of living have forced people to separate from their friends. It becomes too problematic to meet them face to face, and they prefer using social media to interact with friends, and therefore, people are living in an open and connected world despite the separation.

Conclusion

 Social media has brought social change in many aspects, such as social life, political life, and personal relationships.  In society, social media has created digital citizenship, where all people in the community have become active members of social matters. The Internet has enabled people to be politically active, which means that they are participating in society and politics as networked digital media has provided tools of participation.  In dealing with political issues, politicians are now engaging in political activity in an efficient way. Social media is giving politics a strong political presence, and they have the opportunity to have direct communication with voters and supporters. The research paper has found that social media is building communities by connecting individuals and giving them the opportunity to share information, thoughts, ideas, express opinion, and engage in other constructive things that make life meaningful.  Therefore, social media play a significant role in everyday life, and it will continue to protect the social and political life positively.

Reference

Russo, A., Watkins, J., & Groundwater, S. S. (2009). The impact of social media on informal learning in

museums. Educational Media International, 46(2), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980902933532

Fleck, J., & Johnson-Migalski, L. (2015). The Impact of Social Media on Personal and Professional Lives:

An Adlerian Perspective. Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 135–142. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=103721598&site=ehost-live

Auter, Z. J., & Fine, J. A. (2018). Social Media Campaigning: Mobilization and Fundraising on

Facebook. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 99(1), 185–200.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12391

Opeyemi, O. E. (2018).  Role of Social Networking and Media in Political Awareness in Public. Journal of

Mobile Computing & Application, 5 (4), PP 06-09.

Miguel, C. (2018). Personal relationships and intimacy in the age of social media. Palgrave Macmillan,

CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION

 Introduction

 The paper discusses a scenario I encountered working for a sales company. The lasswell model of communication and its effectiveness in carrying out organizational communication that require channels such as social media and media channels. The Shannon weaver model of communication and its effectiveness.  This paper also discusses the implications of ineffective communication in an organization.

The scenario

I received a note from company’s the operations manager with the information that the sales target set for the sales team for the previous month were not met, the note stated that the sales team efforts needed to be improved, the note also stated that he was expecting to see change in the way the sales team the team performed its duties and change in Sales strategies. The note was short but the manager informed that he will be reviewing the sales record.

The Concept

This communication is as a result of the Lasswell communication model which is made up of five elements; that include who passed the information, which channel was used and what was the effect of the information.  The lasswell model is also referred to as the linear model of communication and it describes communication as a one-way process.  The first element of this model is Who? this element is defined by who is the communicator or the sender who is responsible for composing and passing the message, and by the management which gives the sender the power to pass on information.  The second element of this model is What? Which encompass the contents of the message and the aim of the message or the secondary motive of the information in the message. To whom? is another element that defines this model, this element describes who will receive the information, the receiver of the information can be a targeted group or an individual, a message must have an audience. Which channel? Is the last element that defines this model, this element is described by the results of the message. To describe the desire effect of the message of then the triangle of success is used, the effect of the message has to be predicted before the actual message is passed so that the message can be aimed at a specific audience (Wenxiu, 2015.).

This model has been known to function better when passing on communication advice in business. through answering the five questions communication advisors are able to tell which campaigns need to be carried out and which need not (Wenxiu, 2015.).  This concept is relevance to the above scenario because it has a few of the elements that describe this concept, to whom, the note was addressed to me, the contents of the notes are clearly outlined, thought what are the effects of that not the sender of the information could not know since it was delivered to me by his secretary.

 The Shannon weaver model is another model of communication which was constructed by two Americans, Shannon who was a mathematician while weaver was a scientist. This model is more technological than all other models. The concepts of this model are; the sender who happens to be the person who conceives the message and the one in a position to choose the channel that is used to send the message. The Encoder who is referred to as the transmitter who is responsible for using the machine that is used to convert message into signals or binary data, the encoder does not have to be necessarily a person but the machine itself. Channel is another element of this model, this simply refers to the channel that is used to send this message.  Decoder which is also referred to as the receive can be the machine or person on the other end who uses the machine to convert the binary data to an actual message that can be understood. The receiver is another element of this model, this is the person who receives the message. This model is also defined, by noise which is the disturbance like environment and people (Al-Fedaghi, 2012).

For this communication model the sender is the one who encodes the message and send it to the receiver through a channel that is technological such as a phone or a telegraph, the sender is also responsible for converting the message into codes that the machine can understand, the message is sent as codes that only the machine can understand. The receiver who is on the other end will have to decode the information in order to understand and interpret it, the receptor machine acts as the decoder, Noise is a disturbance that can be found in the channel and this may bring problems in the communication channel, thus making it hard for the receiver to decode the message (Al-Fedaghi, 2012).  Shannon was a mathematical engineer and her main goal with this communication model was to improve technical communication by maximizing the capacity of telephone with minimum disturbance such as noise. Later, Weaver applied this model to all kinds of communication to develop effective communication thus the name, Shannon Weaver model. This model of communication makes communication a two-way process thus making it effective to carry out general communication and makes communication more effective since the sender and receiver are taking time to interpret the message before giving feedback.

 This model of communication would have helped manage the incident in the scenario better since this model is effective for business communication (Al-Fedaghi, 2012). The operations manager who is the sender would have made a phone call and the telephone network company would have been the encoder, mobile network would have been the channel, the noise from my colleagues would have been the disturbance, my mobile phone would have been the decoder and I the receiver. This channel of communication would have allowed me to give feedback to the manager and explain the reason why sales target was not met the previous month and also I would have been able to enquire if he will be reviewing the sales records monthly or weekly.  Communication between me and the operations manager was not effective. Despite the effectiveness of this model in making business communication it has its problems; technical problems occur when the channel of sending the message are not working properly, sematic problem occurs when the receiver gets the wrong message from the intended one and effectiveness problem occur when the message does not cause a reaction.

Effective business communication is important when passing information is a company.  It is only through effective communication that the employees and the management interact to achieve set organizational goals.  Communication in business is important in presenting opinions, directing operations and making business proposals. Effective communication in an organization is important when it comes to making clear expectations of employees (Bucăţa, et al., 2017). Using the note, the operations manager failed to clearly state his expectations from the sales team. Communication is also effective in building and nurturing strong work relationships, this strong relationship can only be built by conveying information and receiving feedback which is positive and constructive.  Effective communication plays an important role when it comes to passing on ideas and new strategies, if communication between me and the operations manager would have been effective I believe he was in a place to help check existing sales strategies and help device new strategies.

Conclusion

 From the incident Lasswell communication method is effective in business communication that involve carrying out campaign about products while the Shannon weaver model is effective in carrying out effective business communication that involve sending messages from one office to another and receiving feedback.

References List

Wenxiu, P., 2015. Analysis of new media communication based on Lasswell’s “5W” model. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5(3), p.245.

Al-Fedaghi, S., 2012. Codeless communication and the Shannon-Weaver model. In presented at 2012 International Conference on Software and Computer Applications (ICSCA 2012).

Bucăţa, G. and Rizescu, A.M., 2017. The role of communication in enhancing work effectiveness of an organization. Land Forces Academy Review, 22(1), pp.49-57.

Communication in the workplace

Effective communication is essential for any organization as it helps to ensure that the objectives set by top management are received and understood by all employees. For it to be effective, the top management should create proper channels that allow feedback between the management and other employees. Organizations that place emphasis on establishing good communication benefit from various opportunities such as easy interpretation of the company objectives. Since the employees are the ones responsible for implementing the plans set by the management, effective communication will ensure that objectives are approached in the way intended and that goals are met effectively.

A communication strategy is also important as it helps the company to develop a good public relations strategy. Since communication strategies seek to improve the flow of information between employees and the top management, effective communication makes it easier for employees to issue complaints and inform the management of changes that could be implemented to improve the working environment (Joto, 2013). Every business must therefore invest in an effective communication strategy as this will help to identify areas that cause problems within the organization as well as opportunities that can be exploited for faster achievement of set objectives.

Lastly, a communication strategy is important as it makes employees feel as if they are part of the organization (Joto, 2013). When employees get to understand what the management expects of them, it becomes easier to accomplish the tasks assigned as they know how to go about accomplishing their goals. Employees therefore have an easier time carrying out their duties and this in turn improves the quality of production.

The teachings from Galatians 6:9 can also be used to create a better understanding of the importance of good conduct within an organization. The verse talks about being persistent when doing good and not giving because what follows is good rewards. The same approach can be used within an organization by encouraging employees to give their best and always seek to do well (Kasper & Kellerman, 2014). It also teaches the importance of not giving up even when results take too long to manifest. Since communication is a continuous process, the teachings from Galatians enhance perseverance and remind members of staff to remain positive even when objectives are not met immediately. Other than teaching patience, it also teaches employees that good things follow those who demonstrate exceptional performance.

Similar to how the bible verse promises a good reap, employees that go out of their way to ensure that objectives set by the organizations are met stand to reap high rewards. Other than helping the organization to grow and make profits, employees can also benefit from salary increments, promotions and other benefits given for commendable work (Hynes, 2015). Organizations must however make it clear that the benefits are for those who do exceptional work. An organization should try to encourage its employees to do their best even without the promise of a reward. They should also be taught to abide to the organizational culture even when challenges arise. Instead of abandoning the strategies set in place when things go wrong, the approach teaches employees to stick to what they know and utilize their skills in such a way that helps to meet the company objectives (Joto, 2013). Doing so creates an environment that promotes growth and improves performance within the organization. The benefits that employees enjoy are therefore rewards for their hard work and organizations should rely on effective communication channels to ensure that employees are aware of the role they are expected to play.

References

Hynes, G. E. (2015). Managerial communication: Strategies and applications.

Joto, (2013) “A strategic communication plan” retrieved from,        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPloPURaj-s&t=2s

Kasper G and Kellerman E, (2014) “Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and        Sociolinguistic perspective” Routledge

 Question 1

            Traditionally, as much as advertising, persuading, and reminding customers about the existence of the company’s product in the market is concerned, the use of IMC will have to take into account the use of various communication tools. The reason for that is because they have the potential of delivering the perceived message to the targeted audience as well as making the customers understand that such a product has the potential of altering their perceptions and behaviors (Larry, 2014).

Question 2

            As much as traditional communication channels are concerned, the positioning statement for the PartnerLove Foundations will entail persuading and reminding potential customers that our customers have the potential of meeting their needs. In order to be in the position of turning such a positioning statement into the business strategy, there will be the need of using product promotional mix.  This will entail combining a wide range of marketing communication methods so as to have the potential of executing the perceived marketing activities. This will have to take into account the use of various personal experiences and skills for the purpose of communicating the business IMC plan (Lawrence, 2014).

Question 3

            Taking into consideration the 4Ps (price, place, product, and promotion), one of the strategies to be used in advertising such a product is when there is an extreme of such products in the market. In the process of using the existing media platforms, it will be possible to achieve the business objectives through coordinating such messages. In accordance with that, meeting the targeted consumers will have to take into account the need of ensuring that all the material concerning such a product has been prepared as required. With the usage of the existing media platforms, it will be easier to ensure that each stakeholder have been kept aware of the business’s marketing plans which entail meeting the needs of the targeted customers (Chitty et al., 2011). 

                                                            References

Chitty, W., Barker, N., Valos, M., & Shimp, T. A. (2011). Integrated marketing communications. South Melbourne, Vic: Cengage Learning

Larry, P. (2014). Strategic Integrated Marketing Communications. Routledge Press

Lawrence, A. (2014). Integrated Marketing Communications: A focus on new technologies and advanced theories. Cambridge University Press

Terrorism and the Media

The media's effect on terrorism

  The media reporting of violence has detrimental effects. It is important to note that the media does not primarily cause terrorism but it influences the spread of terrorism (Slocum, 2005). According to the contagious theory, terrorists use the media to provoke terror, gain followers, spread information and draw attention. They also use the media to express their political grievances. Without media coverage, terrorists would not build their presence in the public (Slocum, 2005). Therefore, terrorists say that the media help them greatly in that there are able to rescue mission. The contagious theory states that media promotes the terrorist activities through;  creating public exposure, informing other terrorists the tactics and strategies that a particle group is using, and providing a legitimate reason for the violence. Note that when the news is being reported, terrorists benefit in that the incidents are made alive and they also gain greater support and motivation to commit further violence (Slocum, 2005). Another important point is that when reporting the news, the journalists use a sympathetic tone and criticize the public officials.  In other words, journalists report the political objectives and motives of the terrorist and as terrorists watch the news, they increase morale and advance their acts of terrorism using new tactics (Slocum, 2005). It is also important to understand that both the media and the terrorist groups expect to gain something from the other. For example, the media informs the public about the incident and the end result are to increase audiences and make profits.  On the other hand, the terrorist groups hope to gain publicity, a sense of power, and expects the media to magnify their strength.

Impact of media coverage on public perceptions

 In essence, the government provides an immediate response to terrorist incidents so that the public can build trust and gain a perception that the government is exerting control and using justice.  However, when it comes to media coverage, the media affects the public perception of the terrorist groups to an extent that the public perceives that terrorist group engages in violence due to political, racial, and social reasons (Slocum, 2005). When the public watches the news, they conclude that there must be a problem and both the media and the international institution should have solved the problem to prevent violence.  This is because, in reporting the news, the media focus on the sensational aspects of the crime rather than giving a full explanation of the incident. In addition, the media legitimizes the violence and challenge the existing authority. They justify the crimes and the public believes that the government should take repressive measures and create coercive policies to prevent terrorism (Slocum, 2005). The media tends to support the terrorists' credibility or the problem that motivated the group to engage in violence.  For example, in 1980, the Iraq-trained terrorist captured the Iranian embassy in London and five terrorists were killed (Slocum, 2005). The Canadian news coverage reported the incidence and several studies show that the news reports informed the public about the credibility and legitimacy of the state violence.

Four force multipliers

Terrorists use four force multipliers to strengthen their operations.  For example, the organization use technology- terrorists are using technology to employ tactics, and modern weapons to cause mass destruction. The second force multiplier is transnational support-this force contributes to the success of the operations in that it enables terrorists to create group ties and members are able to move from one nation to another (White, 2011). The third is media coverage- the media presents a message and a report that gives transitional support to both major and minor groups. The fourth force is religious fanaticism-terrorists justifies their violent acts using scriptures and this increases violence.

An actual real-life terrorist attack involves Al Qaeda and the use of technology as a force multiplier. The group used communication technology (internet) on September 11, 2001, to exchange communications, to research chemical weapons, and to track news coverage. Before the attack, Al-Qaeda planned the event and promotes its ideology using the internet (White, 2011). The communication technology helped the terrorists identify the potential target, use effective weapons, and pursue their objectives.

References

Slocum, J. D. (2005). Terrorism, media, liberation. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University

Press.

White R. Jonathan. (2011). Terrorism and Homeland Security. Cengage Learning

 Tv journalists

 Introduction

 The public look forward to receive accurate information from TV journalists. They also expect journalists to possess quality traits such as ethics and integrity, courage, effective communication, critical thinking, and more. The notion that exists in the media field is the notion of impartiality and objectivity and this means that journalists should avoid bias and prejudice and present facts. However, many questions concerning truth, bias, verification and more are being asked in the digital age. The current argument is that the media has changed in that the regulation codes have been abandoned. Critics argue that in the digital age, there are no journalistic norms and journalists lack transparency, objectivity, codes of practice, and media literacy. Journalism is a professional discipline where journalists should apply impartiality and objectivity but in the digital age, journalists present a less valuable information and this means that they do not achieve accuracy and fairness.

 First, it is important to understand that in the digital environment, there are many sources of information. Some argue that the providers of the information should assess the accuracy of the information. In essence, the consumer of the information should play the big role in assessing whether the information is accurate (Sambrook, 3). Note that in the past, the notion of impartiality and objectivity stated that before reporting news, the news reporter should conduct a thorough assessment to ensure that he or she does not use general impressions when reporting the news but uses facts and evidence. For example, during the 17th century Enlightenment, 'reason' was an important element in constructing beliefs. This gave rise to the idea of objectivity which meant that one should distinguish fact from opinion (Sambroo, 7).  In the 19th century, there was an emphasis in giving fair and unbiased reports. In addition, journalism was an important element in the democratic system in that it conveyed information that could be used to make decisions concerning the public. The democratic system valued the culture of communication and required reliable information, trusted information, accuracy, and balanced reporting. However, critics argue that in the digital age, journalism is characterized by the industrialization of news, popular newspapers, and the idea of professionalism (Sambroo, 9). These factors have influenced journalists in presenting their own opinions. In other words, they interpret ideas using stereotypes, emotions, and interest. For example in the UK, there is a resistance to the idea of impartiality and objectivity and this means that journalists have little literacy ability and they used various styles and biases. In the US, the NBC, ABC, and CBS could use a biased public agenda and even today, there is no professional code to guide the journalists (Sambroo, 9). 

Tanner et al (359) assert that online and mobile technology are a good source of information but today, local television is the primary news source. Local television news provides health information and viewers are motivated to seek other news concerning important issues. However, 39% of Americans argue that TV journalists do not provide health medical news. The reserve shows that the purpose of journalism is to serve the citizens by providing them with transparent and truthful information Tanner et al (361). In addition, health journalists have a role in improving public health by providing public health information. However, this is not achieved due to the complexity of the news making process. Note that before reporting the news, the journalists are expected to conduct a systematic analysis.  For example, journalists need to use expert sources such as hospital administrators, doctors, among other sources that would provide health and medical information Tanner et al (361). However, the journalist may decide to derive information from cover stories and this means that they will not provide health information needed by the community. Focusing on organizational factors, journalists fail to present truthful information in that they rely on routine news events and general Web sites. These sites do not provide information that should be covered but they provide information that is easily covered. Another important point to note that journalists' personal traits affect the way news is presented. For example, a journalist may use his or her personal interest to present particular news Tanner et al (362). Thus, in the digital age, journalists are faced with many challenges that hinder them from present reliable and truthful information. They are not adhering to professional codes and regulations and this means that they are less effective.

 Conclusion

The research paper has shown that journalism is changing in that journalists have undermined impartiality and objectivity. The traditional model of reporting news was characterized by a professional code but today, journalists are not meeting the public need since the norms have broken down. In the digital age, there is no transparency and this means that journalists are influenced by their perceptions in presenting news. The articles recommend that journalists should focus on the past approach of impartiality and objectivity since these two elements ensure evidence, diversity, and transparency. Rather than relying on opinion, journalists should rely on facts and evidence, analyses the diverse opinions and rational debate, and ensures transparency in sources of information, and also apply transparency in values and codes. In addition, the media should ensure that journalists are well equipped with knowledge and tools so that that can present quality news in the new digital world.

Work cited

Sambrook, Richard. "Delivering trust: Impartiality and objectivity in the digital age." Reuters Institute for

the Study of Journalism (2012).

Tanner, Andrea H., et al. “Influences on the Construction of Health News: The Reporting Practices of

Local Television News Health Journalists.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, vol. 59,

376. 2, June 2015, pp. 359–376. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1029123.

Non-Verbal Communication Observation

Over the weekend, I went to a nearby restaurant which was a perfect opportunity for me to see people engaging in non-verbal communication. After some few minutes of looking at different people at the food court, I settled on a couple that was seated a table away from where I was. I could not help but overhear their argument on their roles as parents, the woman complained about her partner being unhelpful with taking care of the kids while at home. As I observed them, I noticed that they used different gesticulations in their argument and I will discuss them in this essay.

In the course of their argument, the two revealed affect displays, gesture expressions that are motivated by sentiments for example a smile or a frown. The woman had this frown on her face, an illustration of her sad state and frustrations with the man. The man had this sarcastic smile; he did not really concentrate on what the female was saying, but rather concentrated on what was happening around the restaurant. His nonverbal cues indicated his disinterest in the topic and also an assumption that the woman was overreacting.  

During the argument, the woman who did most of the talking used a couple of illustrators. Illustrators can best be defined as the gestures that help complement verbal conversation ensuring that concepts are understood much better. For one, she kept placing her and on her chest which helped illustrate that she was talking about herself and how she felt about her partner not helping her out with the kids. She also frequently pointed her index finger on the man which helped to enhance that he was the topic of discussion in the argument.

The man used regulators when he spoke, these are gestures that either help to prolong or terminate a conversation. He raised his hand which basically a cue for the woman to give him a chance to also talk. This did not impress the woman and she verbally pointed it out and continued talking without giving the man a chance. The man did not give up and he went ahead and leaned forward towards the woman which is another regulator. This was meant to help him communicate to the woman that he also wanted to speak and that she should keep quiet and give him a chance. The man went ahead to verbally communicate that the woman was not being considerate that he has work and he helps out where he can with the children when he is at home. He used an illustrator where he placed his hand on the left side of his chest as he verbally explained that he loved his children and he spends every single free time he has with them.

The woman then went ahead to use an emblem, gesticulations that have direct verbal conversions and they can basically be used alone without any need for verbal back up. She repeatedly twisted her head to the left and back to the right which showed her disagreement with what the man had said. The man then held out his hand with the palms facing up after which he tilted up his head which is basically translated as a gesture for why?. The woman verbally explained to the man that he needs to dedicate more time to the family because he spends too much time at work and when he is at home; he is always on his phone and not playing or helping with the kids.

Various adaptors, gestures that are used to help one feel more comfortable in a conversation situation were used as the two ended their argument. The female verbally gave the examples of situations when she felt the man did not help her out with the children and he was able to. As she did this, she placed her elbows on the table and she repeatedly used her hands to rub the sides of her head. This was done to help release the tension that she felt after the argument, and it made her feel much more comfortable. The male nodded his head which is an emblem that indicates that he understands and agrees that he was wrong in those particular cases mentioned. The male then reached out his hand and holds her hands while he verbally communicates that he will change and hep out more with the children when he was at home.

Non-verbal communication is something that constantly happens in the society. This is something that happens subconsciously as people engage in conversations without their knowledge. By just observing the couple arguing across me at the restaurant, I was able to see various forms of gesticulations being used and this included; emblem, illustrators, affect displays, adaptors and regulators. Most of these gestures appeared repeatedly in the course of the argument, and it basically helped the coupe to understand one another much better.