To: Dear client

From: professional career advisors

Subject: Why every student should undertake a professional communication course.

Professional communication courses are designed to equip students with knowledge and information that is needed to carry out effective communication. This course provides students with an opportunity to succeed in a wide variety of careers. It is a necessity that any student who wishes to succeed in any career field to take a professional communication course. Good communication is a very critical part only any business enterprise. Any student struggling with communication skills will find thus course very useful. It provides students with an opportunity to learn how they can express themselves better (Academiccourses, n.d).

Professional communication course allows student to succeed in a wide variety of careers. It does not matter whether students the students want to start their business or find employment communication is very necessary.  Workers in fields such as healthcare, media, government, and education should make professional communications course necessary.  When students learn and understand how to express themselves, they are able to enhance their management skills and even enhance their credentials.  Professional communication courses cover important subjects such as communication theory and history, speaking, writing, and leadership skills (Academiccourses, n.d).

It is easy to access this course since they are offered in many universities, collages, trade schools and other institutions around the globe are offering these courses according to student various needs.  This course is important in helping individuals present themselves at every job level, it helps them navigate one on one conversations.  It helps students improve their skills in email and report writing. This course allows students to identify their audience, clarify their messages and apply corrects grammar and enhancing proof reading skills (Academiccourses, n.d). This course is important for any student and they should make efforts of undertaking it.

References

Academiccourses (n.d). Top Courses in Professional Communication. Retrieved from; https://www.academiccourses.com/Courses/Professional-Communication/

Introduction

The media is responsible for shaping the ways in which people view and understand the worlds. One's identity as a member of a group is primarily defined by race or ethnicity.  Over the year’s media has been responsible for shaping how people are defined as a group or race. A lot has changed concerning the representation of minorities such as the Black in media and mostly television. The history of media since the great debut of television has provided us with evidence that the failure or success of African American in the media industry can be attributed to racial inequality where the Whites feel more superior and qualified in comparison to them. Shows like the Cosby Show aimed to eliminate the gruesome stereotype of the Black man that had been represented in the media for a long time but ended up creating a false image of the middle-class Black man. The Media has had a firm grip for a long time on how certain minority groups are viewed and treated in society.

The centrality of racial identity varies across individuals, groups, context, and moments in time, trying to manage these complexities with an effort to understand the influence the media has become a daunting challenge.  It is important to consider the kind of content different people are exposed to, whether directly or indirectly. Exposure to content usually involves the degree of choice of the individual, an audience chooses what they prefer over what is termed distasteful, the difference in taste gives the media the change to segment us into groups. It is evident African American prefer different television shows to those that are preferred by White Americans.  When it comes to representing Black people in the media, not all are presented using favorable characters (Gandy, 601). The history of minorities in media has suggested minorities have always being represented by negative stereotypes but this is prior to their emergence as an active segment of the audience and an active political force.

The United States is the most culturally diverse country in the world but the media history of the country tells a different story. Although improvements have been made in the past two decades on how the minority racial and ethnical groups were being represented using stereotype images. These images were inaccurate and did not at all reflect on the people they were nor the individual diversity that existed in real life. As time went by the role of minorities was changing (Horton, Price & Brown, n.p). The role of minorities was starting to become more visible.

Taking a look at the historical deception of the Black it can be noted that many developments have occurred, in the 1950s era, the Black characters in television were used as pleasing objects to the white. Black was represented by archetypes who were defined by characters such as loyalty to the White characters. Towards the end of the 1960s, changes began to emerge, however, the new image of the Blacks that was created was a picture of idyllic representation of them, and the culture of U.S. programming is responsible for the changes that took place in the later years, these years marked a change in the stereotypical message of the Black minority group that had prevailed for long (Mastro, n.p). In the 1970s, positive shows emerged. These shows were meant to explore experience of Black families across different backgrounds, these shows were a great help in bringing more representation of Black America on Tv screens (Mastro, n.p). Despite the changes, some Black characters were represented as lazy and unemployed.

The Black characters were left underdeveloped for a very long time. Looking at the quantitative content analysis of the 1970s it can still be seen that the Black characters were represented as carefree characters, jobless, lazy and living in poverty. The 1980s ushered a new era where the Black characters started to be defined by more professional, fiscal and successful roles. They were also portrayed as people with more authority and a great place in society. These changes were made following the success of The Cosby Show (Mastro, n.p). Today the average Black characters on Tv are represented as middle-aged males and are mostly engaging in a law-related occupation. Media representation of the Black has been elevated from the gruesome images of the past. Historical evidence suggest that despite the developments that have defined  portrayal a number of stereotypes that can be eradicated in the future have continued to persist on (Mastro, n.p).

Racial inequality is the source of underrepresentation of African American on television. The fact that they do not have equal rights to their counterparts in real life makes it difficult to express them as equals in television. Bias and discrimination of the basis of race have been a longstanding issue. Looking back at the early years of broadcast media in 1939, racial segregation was a heated topic in the U.S, this topic was later on followed by a Civil Right movement that was campaigning for racial equality in the media (Luther, Catherine, Carolyn, Lepre, and Naeemah, n.p). It had become apparent that racial inequality was going to impact programming, entertainment, news reading and advertising (Luther, et al., n.p). At the beginning of the television era, most of those who worked in television stations were White, the media content that was presented to the audience was highly selected and presented based on the opinions of the employees therefore, the Whites broadcasted what was fit for them.

            Since the time media came into exitance, it is responsible for influencing how racism has been perpetuated by the society, throughout its history, it has been known to support the power of dominant groups by negatively presenting minority groups. In early films such as them Tarzan series from 1932, Blacks were presented in the film as savages who never minded their surrounding (Luther, et al., n.p). Even the early films that were produced with White Americans who had painted themselves Black carried strong symbolic meanings, meanings such as the Black people were not qualified to even represent themselves in films (Luther, et al., n.p). During these periods the Black often struggled to represent themselves because the largest share of the media industry was being controlled by the Whites.  Minorities were disregarded and viwed by the media as an audience and people who could not influence any content. During the Civil Rights movement, other changes concerning the representation of the Black in media happened. Footages and speeches of Black activists begun being shown on television and printed on newspaper (Luther, et al., 2012). All the above is evidence that ties the success and failure of Black representation in the media to the racial inequality that is present in real life.

The Cosby Show is responsible for breaking stereotypes that had been created over the years and had shaped the history of the Blacks in Media. This show’s mission was to develop a program, that would portray African American in a positive light as opposed to the emotion-evoking pictures of poverty struck and violent that had been painted by the American media.  This show is also responsible for challenging the theory of the American Dream. However, Gray suggests that television shows such as the Cosby Show provide a false sense of middle-class utopia in African American culture for many reasons.  The Black family portrayed in the show can be regarded as affluent. This show allows White to execute institutional discrimination and still be desensitized to racial discrimination, therefore, this show passes that even in cases of racial discrimination and a Black man fails he will have no one to blame apart from himself since he is not allowed to blame the White that is discriminating him (Inniss, Leslie & Joe, 692).

            The Whites in the country took the show as an example that they should not be blamed for the failure of the Black man since the show proved that anyone regardless of their color can make it in the United States (Inniss, et al., 693). The Huxatables in the show proved that the Black can succeed yet in so doing they proved the inferiority of the Black people who in comparison to their White counterparts have failed. The middle-class Black in the ideal world believes that the Cosby Show paints a false image of assimilation and fosters the backlash against affirmative actions (Gray, 16). This show is responsible for undermining the contemporary racial relations that are very evident in society. This Bill Cosby does by first painting an image of a family that has succeeded despite the presence of the White, while an idealistic world it is impossible to succeed when racism is prevailing (Inniss, et al., 694). Cosby has continued to undermine contemporary relations by projecting some of his views while leaving out others.

Conclusion

            The media has had a firm grip on how minorities have been viewed for a long time. Exposure to content released by the media involves the choice of the individual. The Whites have a different taste compared to their counterparts the Black. Over the years how African American have been portrayed by the Media has come to change with time. Over the years they were represented by stereotypes that were defined by laziness and poverty. The change started in the 1960s and towards the end of the 1980s, these changes were visible. The Black started being represented by more decent characters that were respected in society. Racial inequality is responsible for the failure or the success of the African American in media following the history of media, the White dominated these films and clearly discriminated the Black and regarded them as people without talent. Shows such as the Cosby Show is responsible for painting an ideal image that cannot prevail in real life as the Black continue to face discrimination. By creating a picture of an ideal world this show is responsible for undermining the contemporary relations in race. All the above prove that the media has had a firm grip on how a certain group of minorities especially the Black are perceived by society.

Works cited

Luther, Catherine A, Carolyn R. Lepre, and Naeemah Clark. Diversity in U.s. Mass Media. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Internet resource.

Gray, Herman. Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for Blackness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. Print.

Horton, Y., Price, R., & Brown, E. Portrayal of Minorities in the Film, Media ands Entertainment Industries. 1999. Retrieved from; https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/mediarace/portrayal.htm

Mastro, Dana. "Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Media Content and Effects". Oxford Research

Encyclopedia of Communication, 2017. Oxford University Press,

doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.122

Gandy, O. H. “Racial Identity, Media Use, and the Social Construction of Risk among African Americans.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 31, no. 5, 2001, pp. 600–618. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2668078.

Inniss, Leslie B., and Joe R. Feagin. “The Cosby Show: The View from the Black Middle Class.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 25, no. 6, 1995, pp. 692–711. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2784760.

Week 5 Discussion 1 ENG 315

"Midterm Report Card"

 There is a difference in how I understood professional communication before I started the course and at midterm. Before starting the course, I understood professional communication as verbal communication between managers and supervisors to discuss organization issues, manage conflict, solve problems, and create strategies.  However, I have a new understanding of professional communication or in other words, I have gained a new perspective that professional communication does not only entail verbal communication but it involves various methods of speaking including accurate listening and writing in the organization and beyond the workplace (Goodall,  Goodall  & Schiefelbein, 2010). I have also learned that professional communication can occur verbally or electronically such as the use of mobile devices, social networking, video conferencing, and emails. From the last five weeks, one thing that has surprised me is that professional communication is not only needed in the internal organization but it is also applied beyond the workplace due to the interconnected economy. The practice of moving firms overseas and creating international relations, and the interconnection of business practices have impacted professional communication (Goodall, Goodall & Schiefelbein, 2010). These changes have created multicultural and multilingual organizations and for this reason, employees and managers need to be proficient in communication for them to interact with clients and stakeholders across cultures.

  The realization that the interconnected economy has created the need for intercultural communication will change the way I communicate in that I will learn how to use technology so that I can interact with people from different cultures. For example, I will learn to use the different forms of communication effectively such as email, virtual meetings, body language, listening, writing, and more. In addition, I will need cultural awareness so that I can communicate with people across cultures (Goodall, Goodall & Schiefelbein, 2010).  At the end of this course, I envision to gain communications skills such as clarity and concision, the ability to give constructive feedback, and display confidence while speaking. By Week 11, I look forward to inspiring the people around me through effective communication, create dialogue in the workplace to ensure a healthy work environment, build teamwork through open communication, and establish credibility. As I continue with this course, the most aspect of the class that I am looking forward to learning is interpersonal communication. I would like to learn how I can communicate professionally to create positive identities in the workplace and influence others.

Reference

Goodall, H. L., Goodall, S., & Schiefelbein, J. (2010). Business and professional communication

in the global workplace. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Pub.

                                                             Introduction

            Strategy- Social media ultimately refers to the various means that are used by individuals and their society at large for the purpose of interacting with each other through establishing, sharing, and/or exchanging ideas and information in virtual networks and communities. The large majority of the platforms that are managed by the office of marketing and communications mainly take into account all the activities that transpire in You Tube, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and so on (Chromey et al., 2016). In so doing, it implies that it becomes possible for such organization to be in the position of offering various tools, including face-to-face consultations with departments, schools, and offices looking forward in forming as well as maintaining the prevailing social media platform. The reason for that is because it one of the strategies that have the ability of discussing the goals and objectives those institutions desires to achieve as far as societal’ ideas and insights are concerned (Drouin et al., 2018).

            Nevertheless, the reason for that is because social media platforms have extensively been considered to be one of the modern computerized mediated techniques that have the ability of facilitating the establishment and the general sharing of ideas, information, personal career interests, as well as other expressions. As a result of that, it implies that the various built-in and stand-alone media services have the ability of introducing multiple challenges to definitions of which are considered to be its common features amongst its users (Eleuteri et al., 2017). For the new generations of teenagers, it is vital to first take into account the manner in which they have impacted their communication culture before implementing its extensive usage.

            Regardless of that, it has been realized the modern technology have had the potential of improving the lives of the society as well as making the interaction amongst the young generation, older people, and their society at large. On the other hand, the modern social media research indicates that the new talents of the young generation ultimately comes in front of the modern technological world in a fraction of seconds as videos, pictures go viral. Despite that, research suggests that still there exists several health channels, for instance, government party issues, online studies, health channels, sports, fashion, and so on that the society can be linked with to as much as social media is concerned (Greenhow, 2011). Ideally, when something coming up end up facing criticism and other negative views about social media platforms, it is important for the community to ensure that they have activated parental control in restricting what their children are exposed to.

Objective advanced thesis statement: Social media has the ability of affecting the wellbeing of teenagers, adults, and the society in a positive way through spreading social awareness, establishing confidence, educational benefits, as well as raising interconnectivity amongst their social lifestyle.

                                                Social awareness

            According to the modern social media research, it is important for parents to ensure that they are more concerned about the contents that their children are exposed to. The reason for that is because they have the ability of impacting the development of their social development. The reason for that is because their children are ultimately aware that people has the likelihood of picking up the modern social media and cognitive skills at dramatic pace, without understanding the positive and the negative consequences that they have (Polivanova & Koroleva, 2018). Regardless of that, adolescent is one of the important periods that enhance rapid development to them. As a result of that, it has been realized that a small percent of the modern parents have been noted to lack the capacity of paying attention to the manner in which social media platforms fosters the academic wellbeing of their children. Regardless of the intimate and intense acquisition of the various gadgets like family iPhones, it is evident that the contents that they are fed with are the one that has been impacting their social lifestyle. According to social media experts, it has been realized that the continued exposure to such platforms also has the ability of becoming an integral part of lowering self-esteem and promoting anxiety of children (Yust, 2014). For instance, survey indicates that social media platforms have the ability of increasing individual’ feelings of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and poor body image as far as the promotion of their social wellbeing are concerned.

            On the other hand, it should be understood that the importance of social media is something that still continues to progress as a way of connecting people and their society. Regardless of that, indirect communication is one of the techniques that are used by teenagers, for example, to make them occupied before bedtime. One of the problems that arise is whether such conversations have the ability of promoting their social lifestyle. According to research, the truth is that whenever they teens are not handling their homework; they activities that they end up engaging in do not contribute to their social wellbeing (Guinta, 2018). For instance, during the rime when none had an Instagram account, it was evident that teenagers used to utilize their free time in activities that were not associated with indirect communication. Despite that, the truth is that social media platform has enabled people and their society to execute a large percent of their communication through electronic gadgets that enhance their interactions (Polivanova, & Koroleva, 2018).

            As a result of that, this is to imply that the whole world is ultimately connected via social media. But, it is important to ensure that various societal awareness campaigns that are always run by various social corporate and NGOs (non-governmental organizations) have been utilized as required. The reason for that is because they are the one that has the ability of ensuring that these platforms have been equitably used to enhance the wellbeing of teenagers. Certainly speaking, social media research suggests that indirect communication has the ability of creating communication barriers to some extent (Using Social Media to Spread Health Awareness, (n.d). The reason for that is because learning on how to socialize with friends is one of the avenues of growing up. Ideally, in most cases the establishment of friendship comes with various risks.

            Nonetheless, this is the true case when it comes to the need of making friends as wells maintaining it. On the other hand, whenever online friendship is established through texts, and so on, it implies that the contents that the kids are exposed to might be stripped. Research indicates that teenagers become more overwhelmed when someone communicates with them through phone calls. The reason for that is because the same platform enables children to obtain sufficient practice about people as well as getting their daily demands met in time (Yust, 2014). Although this is the primary means of communicating, it is important o understand that these platforms continue to become more and more risky as people get older.

            By taking into consideration the type of social media that is extensively used, it important to understand that it is possible to share health to governmental parties amongst individual. Despite that, it is important for parents, people, and the community to understand their children can be exposed to cyber bullying. As a result of that, experts suggest that it is the responsibility of the media platforms to ensure that they have come up with strategies that can minimize the risks associated with these platforms (Martin et al., 2018). This is to imply that in creating awareness to their children, their families, and the community, it is important for them to set a good example to them regarding the manner in which healthy technological utilization looks like.

                                                Educational benefits

            Social media has the potential of improving education system. The general establishment technology of free zones for students in which teenagers can have easy access to online information is also vital. Creating media awareness to children also entails minimizing the amount of time that they consume plugged on computers, phones, and so on (Greenhow, 2011). The reason for that is because it is these mechanisms that will allow them to utilize these platforms in a positive way. In the process of countering the impacts of the technological possessed world, this has the ability of strengthening the child-parent associations as well as making teenagers more and more secure. Ideally, teenagers require to be informed about all that is available in assisting them to solve their problems, especially academic ones, or just offer them a realistic feedback or check (Martin et al., 2018).

            In any academic institution, it has been realized that social media has the potential of fostering academic systems as well as making studies to become more and more easy. Therefore, disconnecting the online interactions that children might be having with their peers might not be ultimate means of controlling the content that the kids get exposed to. Since this has the potential of diluting the parent-child and teacher-child relationship, it is vital for both stakeholders to ensure that they have taught them about the need of accessing information that not only improves their wellbeing but also that of their society (Drouin et al., 2018). In so doing, it means that it will be easier for teenagers to try and come up with ways that make a difference to their community when using social media platforms while in academic settings. Likewise, when talking about drug abuse and other anti-social behaviors that teenagers might be exposed to, it is important for parents, teachers, and the community to understand that using social media platforms enables them teenagers to access online information concerning the dangers associated with them (Drouin et al., 2018).

            Experts suggest that it is the responsibility of parents to ensure that they have informed their kids about the online existing dangers like cyber bullying.  In the process of creating educational awareness to children, one of the golden strategies is to ensure that the kids have managed to improve their self-esteem when it comes to such cases. The reason for that is because research indicates that when students who participate in groups has the ability of getting more and more engaged in studies (Guinta, 2018). Online sites such as I-clicker, turning point, EdMot, are essential in assisting class learning.

            In building confidence, this in return has the likelihood of enabling students to form virtual groups that improves their learning. Conversely, this is to imply that the modern generation has grown to the extent of depending on social media as the main platform of enhancing their virtual environment. The reason for that is because it has the ability of extensively improving education systems as well as the general learning of the students; increase their interest in studies, interacting amongst themselves (Eleuteri et al., 2017).

                                                            Conclusion

            To sum up, social media has played a key role in enabling people to keep in touch with each other. The reason for that it cannot be compared with the face-to-face communication strategies that were traditionally used. Moreover, the majority of people have been given the opportunity of checking their online status which they could have forgotten. On the other hand, social media research indicates that before establishing such a platform or tool, it is important to ensure that the manner in which it has the ability of maintaining the prevailing social media have been extensively discussed so as enable the creation of social media accounts that will have the ability of controlling the online activities that people engage in. In this case, it implies that it is vital to ensure that academic institution office department and other organizations that control the usage of these platforms has effectively scrutinized its mandate so as to ensure that social branding and regulation guidelines have been provided and adhered to. 

            In addition to that, it becomes possible to be informed about all that revolves around their lives through remaining indirectly attached to each other globally. Despite that, it is evident that the same platform has its own disadvantage when allowing teenagers to access them without proper parental control. In general, these technologies are the ones that has ended up broadening existing filed and newer opportunities for the modern generations as far as their social wellbeing is concerned.

                                                            References

Chromey, K. J., Duchsherer, A., Pruett, J., & Vareberg, K. (2016). Double-edged sword: social   media use in the classroom. Educational Media International, 53(1), 1–12.

Drouin, M., Reining, L., Flanagan, M., Carpenter, M., & Toscos, T. (2018). College Students in Distress: Can Social Media Be a Source of Social Support? College Student Journal, 52(4), 494–504.

Eleuteri, S., Saladino, V., & Verrastro, V. (2017). Identity, relationships, sexuality, and risky behaviors of adolescents in the context of social media. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 32(3/4), 354–365.

Greenhow, C. (2011). Youth, Learning, and Social Media. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 45(2), 139–146.

Polivanova, K. N., & Koroleva, D. O. (2018). Social Networks as a New Tool that Facilitates the Development of Urban Adolescents. Russian Education & Society, 60(6),   496–505.

Using Social Media to Spread Health Awareness. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/08/03/social-media-use.aspx

Yust, K.M. (2014). Digital power: exploring the effects of social media on children’s spirituality. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 19(2), 133–143.

Guinta, M. R. (2018). Social Media and Adolescent Health. Pediatric Nursing, 44(4), 196–201.

Martin, F., Chuang Wang, Petty, T., Weichao Wang, & Wilkins, P. (2018). Middle School Students’ Social Media Use. Journal of Educational Technology &    Society, 21(1), 213–224.

Campus Communication Problems

MEMORANDUM

To:

From:

Date: 

Subject:  To describe and evaluate the project- Campus Communication Problems

 The purpose of the project was to research the challenges facing students at Georgia State University. In planning the project, we designed a group project where students collaborated in researching the challenges, drafting, and revising. The audience of the report is the school administration and the main purpose is to inform them of the challenges we encounter as students and the proposed resolutions.

  During the project, we discussed issues and shared ideas. We found that communication is not effective in areas of financial aid, academic advice, department communication, and advertisement.  Each student had a specific contribution to the project.  Personally, I conducted a research survey and the participants were 500 students. I measured their responses regarding the communication and the data showed that communication is ineffective. I also collaborated with students in writing the analytical report and editing. There were potential shortcomings since some students did not contribute to the discussion. We also had challenges in creating goals and objective but the team skills enable us to accomplish the workload.

 During the project, we had forward and backward progress toward goals. We had backward planning-we came up with the ultimate objective. We highlighted the specific milestones and the desired results.  We also had forward planned- we came up with the best interests of the group, and we highlighted the actions and changes. We proposed the resolutions to the communication problem and we look forward to the school administration to handle the communication issues. Some of the proposed solutions include an increase in financial aid, advising officers should receive training for them to handle the students' inquiries, and there should be IT Service Management that should offer online communication services.

Introduction

 Mass media plays a key role in the formation of public opinions and reception of unlawful conduct by various members of the community. Scholars and researchers claims that decision makers, who aid news sources have the ability to form perceptions of mass viewers or listeners and encourage compliance with state control interventions (Chibnall, 2013). Some scholars argue that associating radicalism reporting with an extensive discourse of fear aided in the rise of political fear or decision makers’ endorsing and making use of audience value system and expectations on threats and risks to attain specific objectives.

With the ever-increasing incidences of terrorist attacks all over the world, the attacks triggered a sequence of experiential terrorism researches. Media and terrorism remains a vital topic throughout the study of terrorism (Archetti, 2013). While literature does not give a single definition of the word terrorism, intellectuals approve that it is inclusive of utilization of ferocity against members of the public with the objective of generating panic or fear and forcing certain value systems on others. With the development of technology, the potential risks of terrorism, increased tremendously due to the internet which assisted terrorist groups convert more members, organize new attacks, and intensify their communications. As technology persistently changes, it is easy for terrorists to hack information systems and plan attacks in various places all over the world. () clarified that technology made newer and efficient ways of producing fear, which is the sole objective of terrorism.

 Examining media and crime or terrorism is vital, particularly due to the rising incidences of terrorism (Altheide, 2013). According to American ministry of state, terrorist attacks increased by 35% all over the world in the year 2013, in the following years, the number killed from terrorist events was 80%. Hence, this paper will discuss the role of mass media plays on the issue of crime and terrorism.

 Review of literature and argument

            The influence of mass media on lawbreaking and radicalism is practical, and thoughtful attention given to the subject matter originated from the numerous past trials and crimes (Altheide, 2013). Disapproval of mass media activities and material was a familiar phenomena but investigation into the issue were rare and not demanding until the Payne fund initiated in the 1930s. Pertinent enquiries rapidly broke into numerous sections and fields and later contested with junk knowledge, as it could not amount to anything or a standard conclusion. The present concerns in the mind of members of society centers on the impact of publicity on terrorism and dispensation of illegal cases, the influence of fierce media on communal violence and criminality.

 General issues, which needs attention

Catastrophic terrorism events tend to steal the attention of the world forcefully. In case of a terrorist attack, news spread everywhere like a wild fire and the details dominate airwaves for hours nonstop (Silverman, 2013). In emergencies, most of the times, people ignore impact of the news on the public. Some members of the community may become anxious after receiving threating terrorism news. Consequently, terrorism has the potential of inducing anxiety after the media airs footages of an attack. Hence, the media affects the public after airing terrorism footages.

Generation 911

In the past decade increase in terrorism and its aftermath has been subject to scrutiny especially among children, adolescents and their immediate families. The wide spread use of technology and high-tech devices worsen the impact due to increased exposure to pictures and videos (Lankford, & Madfis, 2018). For instance, images and videos of terrorist attacks broadcasted across the world have a 50% chance of coming into contact with a family with children. Watching violent terrorism videos on television sets may upset the mental and emotional status of children, which may in turn affect their health. Some children may be a higher risk than others may.

Excessive exposure to violent images and videos triggers stress, which affects learning abilities in children throughout the life of the young adolescents (Bradimore, & Bauder, 2012). The consistent and continuous exposure to such material, mostly during a terrorist attack generates periods of trauma, which in turn causes increase in heartbeat and blood pressure in middle-aged people. When there is, a disruption in the normal functioning of internal organs, due to their tender age, children may have underdeveloped systems, which will affect them later in life. In short, millennials are

Millennials

Some scholars are of the opinion that unregulated social media and newspaper reporting have the ability to cause more attacks. Social media and newspapers report terrorism in sensational ways. Governments and law enforcers must consider regulating the information that flows through mass and social media. Millennials live in an era where they process numerous uncensored information without filtering (Bruckberger, 2018). Thus, they do not know any boundaries of right or wrong. Reports claim that social media is a tool that extremist groups use to recruit millennials and later radicalize them. On health matters, instead of connecting people, social media platforms isolate millennials from leaving in the real world. Therefore, when they come across violent content in form of pictures and videos, they develop depression.

Generation X

This generation grew up in the age of terrorism. It is an intermediate generation grew up when terrorism was rampant. Some of them even witnessed 9/11. Leaving through such era shaped their thoughts around violence as they saw it come alive in the media and even through the early age of the internet (Gerhards, & Schäfer, 2014). For instance, when there is an attack, generation X have the ability to carry on with their lives as if nothing happened. Hence, generation X lived through the terrorism which desensitized them toward the perceptions of media coverage.

Traditional and baby boomers

Traditional and baby boomers separated themselves from the rest of the world and its current affairs as they age in peace (Gerhards, & Schäfer, 2014). Their only gateway to information is through conventional media. However with age comes emotional imbalance, which causes fear whenever they come across images and videos that threaten national security.

In other, the manner in which the media covers terrorism tends to affect people in different ways(Gerhards, & Schäfer, 2014). Trauma and stress are some of the common effects of terrorism coverage. The older generations tend to use conventional mass media such as television and newspapers. No matter the source of information, the influences may not vary much across various generations.

 Ethical Reasoning

Media is a powerful tool, which can develop a certain train of thoughts and sustain it for a long period of time. For instance, in sports mass media always gave women less coverage compared to their male counterparts (Gerhards, & Schäfer, 2014). In addition, media helped propagate racism and formation of racial stereotypes through mass media tools such as television and radio. This goes to show the true power at the disposal of mass media and their ability to paint perspectives on the society.

Therefore, yes, the media has the ability to influence opinion on matters concerning criminal justice system and terrorism (Gerhards, & Schäfer, 2014). The influence of racism is deep. They infuse the traditions or beliefs and go above and beyond everyday norms to form perspectives that make people vulnerable. Poor journalism takes place when configurations of communal and governmental mass media systems discriminate against certain category of people based on the color of their skin or even religion.

            From an ethical perspective or fairly speaking out against mass media discrimination, discrimination is wrong and morally corrupt. It goes against the standards of equality. The equality norm states that everyone has a right to justice and fair treatment once they step into the confines of a courtroom, in fact, the media should stop portraying Muslim as a radical religion rather, single out people practicing terrorism (Gerhards, & Schäfer, 2014). In addition, everyone is innocent until proven guilty. In fact, race is not a factor when it comes to assessing a court case and the media should stop associating race with crime hence distorting the public from real facts. Simply put, it is only possible to vindicate poor journalism skills or reporting contrary to the law if there are facts setting ground for such mistreatment. Equality is just an empty term if not put into specific context. In the court system, equality means that people can access communal agencies; receive services and equal treatment as stipulated by the constitution. The bottom line is mass media should report responsibly, give, and account of various aspects that will help safe guard the security of the entire world.

Fighting crime and keeping the world safe from harm is one of the main agendas of the world. Hence, the citizens anticipate accurate coverage from the media, with exaggerating or creating melodrama (Jewkes, & Yar, 2013). The law does not allow any form of unlawful action from mass media outlets to take place within the community and it is punishable in court. One can receive a fine if he or she perpetrates racism. There is a broader way of looking at racism in the court from a legal perspective where everyone has a fair hearing. In other words, it does not permit acts of racism.

 Democratic Right

            Citizens have a right to accurate, unbiased information on various aspects of the community. Accuracy of information the mass media forms a platform that gives every person the chance to access information and share the received information with other people. One may wonder if the information shared was accurate and if not, what were the repercussions of the false information. Based on a scientific study and survey, 52.8 % of the internet users are of the opinion that internet has precise and accurate information (Jewkes, & Yar, 2013). On the other hand, the center of communication policies suggests that an estimated 61% of the people confirm that the traditional media is a vital tool as a source of data. However, Internet is outdoing television and other media sources of information. Thus, internet is a useful source when it comes to information. Regulating it would only limit it as a source of material or evidence. In short, the ability of an internet user to choose from variety internet sources of information gives them a chance and choice to compare and contrast whether the sources are accurate or not. Simply put, citizens can compare which media platform contains accurate information.

Regulation of information on the internet would lead to censorship. One of the pillars that enable operation of any mass media outlet is the freedom to express one’s views. Generally, technology created new ways and platforms where people can express themselves without fearing any consequences (Jewkes, & Yar, 2013). More so, there is no difference between the internet and other media such as newspapers and books. Hence, the same principles applied to the conventional mass media outlets should be the same ones applied to the internet even if some people believe that the internet should face heavy regulation than other media sources. Not to mention that regulation of data does not protect the views and perspectives. Hence, regulations serve to sieve out information, which will not improve the accuracy of information in any way and from any platform.

Realization of accurate information does not come about by controlling the mass media through redundant policies, which bottle up people’s opinions and hinder expression of true feelings (Korstanje, 2013). Accessibility to information will be problematic with regulation of the internet. The existence of numerous websites makes it hard to tell which of them has reliable and accurate information. Giving thought to regulation of the internet means that helpful websites with valuable information can be subject to banning or criticism, which makes them heavily filter reliable information. Regulation of websites with valuable information will eventually lead to hefty straining of information by these websites which will in turn cause ignorance due r to lack of information.

Regulating information on the internet possess a challenge to both implementers and internet users. The government and other agencies need to have  sufficient funds to for implementing regulations and its associated policies which is not an easy task factoring in the large scale  and scope covered by the internet. The shift would disrupt information flow in most of the platforms provided by the internet since the shift and adaptation to the new policies would pause a challenge to users. Thus, implementation of regulators around the internet will interfere with accuracy of data (Korstanje, 2013). A vital factor to note is that information will have to pass through screening so as to align themselves with the policies of the regulators.

Presently, the mass media through the internet applies mechanisms that ensure users have full responsibility over the information they creates and disburse to the public. For instance, some social media platforms such as twitter, warn users that what they are about to access is either sensitive in nature or only meant for adults aged above twenty years old. This strategy enables the users to haves total control over what they consume when they indulge the data. Not to mention that the strategy works wonders. When users have total control over what they consume, they have a higher chance of spotting illegality and reporting it to relevant authorities. In short, there should be no need to look for extra regulations outside the ones mass media owners applied. The users alone should have total control of the internet which and determine the degree of its accuracy. Most people who support the internet limitation argue along the lines that it would put an end to cyberbullying and hacking, which some merit to their argument but infringes on the right of people to get informed.

Reference

Chibnall, S. (2013). Law-and-order news: An analysis of crime reporting in the British press. Routledge.

Archetti, C. (2013). Terrorism, Communication, and the Media. In Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media (pp. 32-59). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Altheide, D. L. (2013). Media logic, social control, and fear. Communication Theory, 23(3), 223-238.

Silverman, J. (2013). Crime, policy and the media: the shaping of criminal justice, 1989-2010. Routledge.

Lankford, A., & Madfis, E. (2018). Don’t name them, don’t show them, but report everything else: A pragmatic proposal for denying mass killers the attention they seek and deterring future offenders. American behavioral scientist, 62(2), 260-279.

Bradimore, A., & Bauder, H. (2012). Mystery ships and risky boat people: Tamil refugee migration in the newsprint media. Canadian Journal of Communication, 36(4).

Bruckberger, R. L. (2018). Images of terror: What we can and can't know about terrorism. Routledge.

Gerhards, J., & Schäfer, M. S. (2014). International terrorism, domestic coverage? How terrorist attacks are presented in the news of CNN, Al Jazeera, the BBC, and ARD. International Communication Gazette, 76(1), 3-26.

Jewkes, Y., & Yar, M. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of Internet crime. Routledge.

Korstanje, M. E. (2013). Preemption and terrorism. When the future governs. Cultura, 10(1), 167-184.

Annotated bibliography

Topic #1:  social media's effect on the social well-being of teens.

 Research question:  does social media promote a truly social lifestyle?

 Thesis:  Social media affect teens positively as it promotes social, mental, physical and social well-being through enhancing connectivity, providing authentic support, and allowing for personal expression.   

Chromey, K. J., Duchsherer, A., Pruett, J., & Vareberg, K. (2016). Double-edged sword:

social media use in the classroom. Educational Media International, 53(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2016.1189259\

The purpose of this article is to assess how students perceive social media in the classroom setting and the perceptions will help understand whether social media can promote a social lifestyle or not.  The argument is that in the education setting, some current research and studies have found that half of the students use social media as an educational tool. However, because not all students access social media, it is important to assess how they perceive the use of social media in order to help the instructors make an informed decision. Chromehy et al (2016) conducted a qualitative study and the participants were 76 (48 female and 28 male), undergraduate students. The researchers collected data through face-to-face interaction in a private room. The results show that students reported a positive perception regarding the use of social media in the education setting. The main limitation of this study is that it used first-year students whose experience of social media in the classroom was limited. In the future, it is important to include high school, and graduate students to gather diverse information regarding the use of social media. This is the source is useful in my research as it will discuss the subtopic ‘students perception'  and help understand if social media can promote a social lifestyle.  The source supports other sources that social media promote social life in the education setting.

DROUIN, M., REINING, L., FLANAGAN, M., CARPENTER, M., & TOSCOS, T. (2018).

College Students in Distress: Can Social Media Be a Source of Social

Support? College Student Journal, 52(4), 494–504. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=134341758&site=ehost-live

  Drouin et al (2018) review the effect of social media on distressed college students.  In specific, the authors wanted to know the source of social support when college students are in distress.  They conducted research and used 662 undergraduates who suffered from depression and anxiety. The participants with high depression reported that they rarely approached mental health professionals for support but rather they used social media. Even though some students preferred formal sources of support, 69% received support from social media. The main limitation of this study is that the study used students from various ranks and from one ethnic group and this indicates that students have different needs that may force them to seek support from a formal or informal source. To understand whether social media is the best source of social support, the study could employ a plait study which involves the use of small scale to determine the feasibility and later employ full-scale research. It is also important to use diverse samples from different ethnicities in order to have a statistical comparison. I will use this source in my research to discuss how social media promote a social lifestyle, especially in distressed students.  This source supports other sources that social media is a source of support.

Eleuteri, S., Saladino, V., & Verrastro, V. (2017). Identity, relationships, sexuality, and

risky behaviors of adolescents in the context of social media. Sexual & Relationship

Therapy, 32(3/4), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2017.1397953

In this article, Eleuteri, Saladino & Verrastro (2017) offer a counter-argument that social media is associated with risky behaviors. The authors derive data and information from recent researches that talks about teenagers and social media. The authors argue that social media is a tool that enables a teenager to share information, create identity, create relationships, interact,   and grow cognitively and emotionally. However, teenagers are influenced by social, cultural, social and other factors to make a decision. Teenagers find it difficult to control emotion and they end teens through social media interaction. Their research aims to assess the exposure to health-risk behaviors which results in aggression, deviance, low-self-esteem, and more.  The main limitation of this study is that it relies on already conducted research or in other words secondary research and failed to conduct primary research to come up with new data and offer a credible conclusion. In the future, researchers should also conduct primary research such as ‘focus groups' or face-to-face surveys' to come up with an in-depth analysis. I will use this source in my research to discuss how social media affect adolescents' identity and the potential challenges in the online environment. The source contrast with other sources as it shows the negative side of social media.

Greenhow, C. (2011). Youth, Learning, and Social Media. Journal of Educational

Computing Research, 45(2), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.2190/EC.45.2.a

Greenhow (2011) review the effects of social media on youth's learning. His research focuses on supporting that social media sites have great educational potential by connecting learners.  The users also develop a sense of belonging, peer support, form peer relationships and more importantly they achieve educational success. The author derives information from articles that discuss the topic of social media by digital natives. The articles report that young people get a way of connecting through social media sites. As they find a connection, they share knowledge and ideas through perspective-taking, competing for discourses, collaborative arguments and other activities that promote students' awareness. The author supports that social media sites promote adolescents development, self-identity, social relationships, knowledge building and more. The main limitation is that the article uses other researchers' information and point of views and failed to offer empirical data and findings which could be derived through experimentation. In the future, empirical information is important since it is unbiased and it is credible.  I will use this source in conducting research to show that social media sites promote social lifestyle through learning. The source supports other sources since it offers a common argument that digital natives can promote social life using social media.

Guinta, M. R. (2018). Social Media and Adolescent Health. Pediatric Nursing, 44(4), 196–

201. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=tfh&AN=131366570&site=ehost-live

In this article, Guinta (2018)   reviews the effects of social media on adolescents' health. Their research focuses on both positive and negative effects and their aim is to mobilize the adolescents to use positive effects and avoid negative effects into order to promote healthy habits.  The author use data and information from studies conducted in 2015 and 2018 on the use of social media in adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. The findings also show that even though these sites are associated with harmful consequences, teens encounter benefits such as an increase in collaboration, the creation of social support networks, build high self-esteem, access to health information among other uses. The main limitation of this article is that it summarizes the original data from other sources and misses relevant research. In the future, it is important to include both data from other sources and conduct research to come up with new research findings. In conducting the research, I will apply this source to discuss the positive and negative effects so that the reader, the teenagers, the families as well the nurses can understand the possible consequences and make wise choices of using the social media appropriately.  This source supports other sources that social media can promote social users to recognize the potential risks and benefits.

Martin, F., Chuang Wang, Petty, T., Weichao Wang, & Wilkins, P. (2018). Middle School

Students’Social Media Use. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1),

213–224. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=127424792&site=ehost-live

Martin et al (2017) review the negative effects of social media in middle school students. They derived data and information on students' perceptions of social media and security issues from the Pew Research Center. Their research focuses on informing parents, teachers and technology facilitators that as schools are implementing social media technology in children's lives, they should be aware of the cyberbullying and privacy issues. The study used 593 middle school students aged from 12-16 who gave their opinion regarding the use of social media.  Students reported security and privacy issues which cause cyber bullying. The main limitation of this study is that it used Pew Research Center and this poses the risk of using biased and unreliable information. In the future, researchers should also conduct more studies, review different contexts and come up with valid findings. This source is useful to my research as it will offer a counter-argument that will strengthen the research. In other words, the source will help understand the topic deeply by considering different views on social media effect on teenagers.  The source contract other sources by arguing that social media does not promote social lifestyle among teenagers but rather it is associated with a lack of privacy, and bullying.

Polivanova, K. N., & Koroleva, D. O. (2018). Social Networks as a New Tool that Facilitates

the Development of Urban Adolescents. Russian Education & Society, 60(6), 496–

505. https://doi.org/10.1080/10609393.2018.1527127

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of social networks on urban adolescents. Polivanona & Koroleva argue that social media allow young people to socialize, solve basic problems, and gain education development. The authors' hypothesis is that ‘social networks is a platform that promotes adolescents development'. They derive information from already conducted studies and in specific, they focused in information communication practices in social media and results were amazing since students reported to use social media to find education information, and communicate with peers. However, the study has limitations in that the studies treated social media as an end but not as a mean.  In other words, it is important to conduct research on how teenagers use social media as a means to solve the problem and other activities but not using social media as an alternative. I will use this source in my research to show that there is a big difference between online and offline communication in terms of academic achievement, relationship building, and personal development. The source supports other sources that social media promotes social lifestyle by providing real communication.

Yust, K.-M. (2014). Digital power: exploring the effects of social media on children’s

spirituality. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 19(2), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2014.924908

Yust (2014) review the social media effect on children's spirituality. The author research is focused on exploring the digital power in social media and how this power plays a significant role in identity formation, and more importantly, the spiritual well-being. The author derived the data and information from studies of adolescent's internet activity and well-being and interprets the study findings. In general, report that when children are engaged with social networks sites such as Facebook, they upload videos, post images, share messages, experience a sense of empowerment, develop consciousness, discuss imaginative rituals, and more importantly, gain spiritual. The main limitation of this study is that the studies lack survey instruments and the means that the conclusion made is unreliable. In the future, it is important to review credible sources that do not assume results but rather uses empirical findings. I will use this source in my research to discuss the digital power in social media that not only promote social lifestyle but also helps children grow spiritually. This source supports other sources in digital culture, social networking is an important tool that promotes identity formation, relationship building, and spiritual development.

 Explain the general purpose of conducting a root cause analysis (RCA).

The root cause analysis (RCA) is basically the nursing methodical means used for the purpose of identifying the primary cause of events or problems as well as the for responding to them.

1. Explain eachof the six steps used to conduct an RCA, as defined by IHI.

Step A. identification of causal factors

Step B. identification of the root cause

Step C. Identification of the existing communication challenges

Step D. prioritization of the prevailing communication challenges

Step E. understanding the means of resourcing the means of curbing those challenges

Step F. Recognizing the ways of dealing with those challenges

• Apply the RCA process to the scenario to describe the causative and contributing factors that led to the sentinel event outcome.

   Some of the causal factors that are recognized have been toted to be the ultimate contributes of the existing problems although not regarded as being the main cause of it.  

1. Propose a process improvement plan that would decrease the likelihood of a reoccurrence of the scenario outcome.

The elimination of the root causes of the problem or curbing the existing obstacle or obstacles

1. Discuss how eachphase of Lewin’s change theory on the human side of change could be applied to the proposed improvement plan.

According to Kurt Lewin’s change theory, changing, refreezing and unfreezing are different chemical changes. Despite that, Lewin ended up perceiving the final stage as being the final freezing model. The reason for that is because it is the one that has the changes that occurs after such a chemical change.

1. Explain the general purpose of the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) process.
2. Describe the steps of the FMEA process as defined by IHI.
3. Reviewing the whole process
4. Brainstorming the potential failure modes
5. Listing the effects of each individual failure
6. Assigning severity rankings
7. Assigning occurrence rankings
8. Assigning detection rankings
9. Calculating RPN (reverse polish notation)
10. Developing the required action plan
11. Complete the attached FMEA table by appropriately applying the scales of severity, occurrence, and detection to the process improvement plan proposed in part B.

• Note: You are not expected to carry out the full FMEA.

1. Explain how you would test the interventions from the process improvement plan from part B to improve care.

            Collaborating with the analysis team to aid in identifying some of the existing failure modes  

1. Explain how a professional nurse can competently demonstrate leadership in eachof the following areas:

• promoting quality care – continuing educating themselves about the health care protocols
• improving patient outcomes _ the physician should ensure that he or she has explained to the patient the kind of the medical attention to be provided taking into account the assessment done.
• influencing quality improvement activities – the associate physician should ensure that the patient have complied with the inpatient or outpatient health care assessment to be provided.

1. Discuss how the involvement of the professional nurse in the RCA and FMEA processes demonstrates leadership qualities.

            Nursing professionalism always ensures that they physicians have understood that they are the one of the heath care channels to be used in promoting health of their society at large. In order to improve their leadership qualities, it is vital for them to appraise some of the potential failures noted as well as establish the general impacts of its improvements. 

 Critique of the article ‘End of Social Media Immunity’

The objective of this article is to inform the society on the importance of having restrictions when it comes to social media in order to create a socially ethical society. The article begins by explaining the extent to which the use of social media has become widely spread and how this usage has been beneficial to the world. The article also mentions that social media has also negatively impacted the society whereby it encourages unethical behaviours like matter relating sex trafficking among others and that is why there needs to be restrictions in regard to the things that can be shared on these platforms.

The article uses secondary method of research whereby it uses data that has also ready been researched and published to help support its views. One law that is particularly cited is the section 230 of ‘The Communication Decency Act’ that is quoted to be the main cause of the increased cases of online sex trafficking. The article effectively argue that with this act, the providers did not bother to limit the kind of things that their users post on their platforms and this is what has led to increased unethical activities on the internet. The law that can help fight the issue of sex trafficking in online platforms as pointed out in the article is FOSTA (Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act) of 2017. This act issues that the social sites that promote or facilitate prostitution or any form of sex trafficking will be liable and subjected to a fine or incarceration of up to ten years. The article concludes with the illustration that though FOSTA may take time to be accepted, it has so far been successful in reducing unethical activities that promote sex trafficking online and the article justifies this by giving examples of sites such as Reddit and Craigslist that have so far banned several of its communities.

This article has major implications for the business world as it helps to show the broad manner in which the business world has been affected by social media. Some of the benefits that have been mentioned include the ease of communication and also the diversity of businesses where social media has created room for businesses to reach people from all over the world. The issue of sex trafficking greatly affects business ethics and there is hence the need to be a change in the acts that are already in place such that they ensure that matters to do with sex trafficking and other unethical matters that transpire in these social media sites are limited.

I find this article very education, many times we see unethical things posted on the internet and we assume that it is okay and it is not and this needs to change through creation of laws that ensure that unethical activities are not happening in these platforms. The article is effective in the presentation of its arguments and this it does by citing the available laws and the way that these laws have been changing over the years up to date. One weakness with this article is the fact that it only uses data from one region which is the United States. This limits the findings and arguments of the article from being accepted in other parts of the world which means that the important facts being communicated will not reach every individual.

The social media have become widely accepted in the society, with people having more than one social media profile. This article helps to illustrate that with increased use of social media there has been adoption of unethical activities such as sex trafficking. There is hence the need for strict laws like FOSTA that force the social media sites owners to be responsible of the content that is posted in their platforms. This article will be beneficial to business owners who choose to use the social media platform for their business activities because they will understand some of the rules that they are expected to follow in the course of their online business activities.

References

Pike, G. H. (2018, May). The End of Social Media Immunity? Retrieved from

            http://www.infotoday.com/it/may18/Pike--The-End-of-Social-Media-Immunity.shtml

 Abraham Lincoln’s “A house Divided Speech”

Introduction

Abraham Lincoln used the, “A House Divided” speech in Springfield, Illinois to address the pressing issue of slavery, which if failed to be addressed would cause a crisis. He urged the nation to take a stand since the state of confusion would cause a rise in civil wars in the country. The country had already passed a law to abolish slavery but five years had passed and slavery had not yet ended. He continued further by urging those who oppose slavery should push it further to its extinction and those who advocate slavery push it forward till the nation agrees that its practice is legal. Slavery was intensifying between the north and south and something needed to be done. Lincoln used this speech to lay down the debate concerning slavery since he was against its practice in the united states, he also gave opinions on how to address this issue. This speech acted as a wakeup call to the people of the united states to take a stand on the issue of slavery.

He talks of how in the beginning of the year 1854 more than half the states were successful in excluding slavery in their state constitution. This was only possible through congressional prohibition. However, four days after new year this congressional prohibition was revoked and this made all national territory free to carry out slavery. This decision did not have any impact since the squatter sovereignty that gave territories power to decide whether they will enter the union as a slave free state or as a states supporting slave trade was still in place. The squatter sovereignty was incorporated into the Kansas-Nebraska bill that gave the people the right to enslave others by stating that no one shall have a right to question another man who chooses to enslave another. He viewed this clause as a perverted one since it gave one right to enslave another.

He continued further to elaborate the events that took place when the Kansas –Nebraska bill was in congress. When this bill was in congress a question involving the freedom of the Negros rose due to a law case of a Negro whose name was Dred Scot, he was a former slave who had lived in a slavery free state. He had gone to court to request citizenship so as to be guaranteed protection by the constitution. This law case was argued in the supreme court before the next presidential elections. This case was in the supreme court for a long time since the election were held and Mr. Buchanan was elected president. His inauguration passed and the supreme court had not yet decided, although president Buchanan advised the people to abide by whatever decision of the supreme court comes to.

A few days after Buchanan inauguration, the supreme court announced its decision which led to a conflict between Buchanan and an advocate of the Nebraska bill. This made the president to support the Republicans in their quest to abolish the second constitution of Kansas that agreed that a black man was not supposed to reside in Kansas and also protected slave holding. This constitution was known as the Lecompton constitution. He and the republicans campaigned for the right of the people to draft their own constitution.

In his speech, he tried to show that the decision that no slave imported from Africa and their descendants shall ever be a citizen of the country deprived the Negros privileges that are derived from being a citizen of a state. This decision was made after the Dred Scot case. He goes further to prove that this decision was not to stop slavery but to continue it because it denied territorial authority permission to restrict or exclude slavery from any of the states in the united states. Men got the opportunity to fill territories with slaves since the fear of losing them had been eliminated. He continues to prove that all rights had been taken away from the Negro since the courts of the united states were restricted from deciding the fate of a slave. This decision was left in the hands of the court of any slave free state. He talked about how the decision to let the people be subject of the constitution was not a picture of perfect freedom, but a picture of no freedom.

Lincoln used his speech to tell people that they have been deprived of their right to vote whether to exclude slavery or not on the basis that if this was allowed it would have ruined the Dred Scot decision. He tries to show that the decision on the Dred Scot case was withheld it was because it would have ruined the elections that were a definition of perfect freedom. He tries to show the conspiracy involved in making the Dred Scot decision that no slave living in a slave free state can be a citizen of the united states. This was a conspiracy because the new elected president urged people to abide by the decision of the supreme court even before it was made. He uses a quote to show how the former president who succeeded by Buchanan worked hand in hand with each other in the extension of slavery considering the former president made some comments on the Dred Scot case before Buchanan succeeded him.

He proves that when making the Dred Scot decision some issues were overlooked such as the fact that the constitution of the united states does not permit territorial authority the power to exclude from any state from slavery. the leading judge, chief justice Taney and all the other judges omit one declaration that the constitution allows the state to exclude slavery within its jurisdiction. He questioned how the states were controlled by the constitution of the united states to show that if ever a case similar to the Dred Scot case arose, the supreme court will make a decision again that the constitution does not allow a state to exclude slavery from its jurisdiction, yet the question on the amount of power the constitution of the united states has on the states is not answered.

He warns the people that they thought they were making their state free but they were not, he uses this speech to warn them that they shall be struck by the reality that the supreme court was making their state a slave state without their consent .he courage’s the people that for them to overthrown those rules placed on them by the supreme court, they should work then before their state is made a slave state .he discouraged the voting of his opponent Douglas since he believed that his opponent did not have any intentions of resisting the revival of the slave trade and for years he had supported slavery.

Lincoln went further to challenge the motives of his competitor and how he would help solve the issue of slavery since he had never shown interest of fighting it but rather encouraged it. He advised the people that they should entrust their cause in the hands of the people with the same interest at heart and mind but not in the hands of those who do not care of the outcomes. He is urging the people not to give up on the fight against slavery before they achieve complete abolishment of it in the united states. He encourages them to stay firm in the face of opposition from leaders such as Douglas who might divert them from their cause. He encourages them further that he has faith that they will succeed but only if they will stand firm and vote for wise council that is needed to accelerate their victory.

Conclusion

The “A House Divided “speech gave Lincoln an opportunity to air his concerns and fears of what would happen if the issue of slavery was not properly addressed. This speech helped him to show how the supreme court was denying rights to slave free slave states. It helped him encourage people to stand united in the fight to abolish slavery in the united states. It also it gave an opportunity to paint a true picture of how the leaders were working together for the extension of slavery.  He urges the people to remain firm and finally they will have their long awaited victory.

Work cited

Mackey, Thomas C. Documentary History of the American Civil War Era: Volume 2., 2013.

Internet resource.

Discussion Post 4

 Based on the readings, there are various important elements that are needed for team building and face to face communications. The first element is open communication- this will promote effective communication as each member will have a contribute ideas, share thoughts and opinion, increase morale, and more importantly create and build an effective team (Hassell, 2019). However, for open communication to occur, there must be trust, commitments, a common goal, company culture, respect, honor, methods of collaboration such as software tools, and managers should act as the role model and communicate goals and values (Hassell, 2019). These elements will encourage open communication which will then lead to a greater team. A second element that is needed in building a team is contribution- when organization members meet to discuss an issue, they should have both technical and interpersonal skills so that they can have the ability to participate in the meeting.  The more the members contribute the more they develop a sense of belonging, confidence, and empowerment. Third, it is important to cooperate during communication in order to produce team productivity. To cooperate, members need to follow-through to ensure that decisions and actions made are completed or fulfilled.  Members should also maintain accuracy when making decisions, they should be creative, value time, and manage differences (Edutopia, 2016). Generally, members should support each other, share ideas, participate, communicate and give constructive feedback.  These elements will produce team energy and build successful teamwork.

  I encountered a good experience with team building in my classroom. Students were given a business and management research project and it was not easy to complete independently since a wide research was needed. Thus, we formed groups where we raised questions about the project, opinions, views, skills, and knowledge and finally we came up with project objectives and completed the project effectively. Rather than working individually, we developed groups and created goals, and shared ideas and opinion. The completion of the project was effective due to cooperation in identifying and solving the problem, open communication and motivation.

 References

Hassell David.  (2019). Open Communication: Vital to Business Success.  American

Management Association.  Retrieved from: http://www.amanet.org/training/articles/open-

communication-vital-to-business-success.aspx

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