Propaganda

On the 7th of August 2016, the New York Times exposed the manner in which new media and the American journalism who are portrayed as objective and independent were mainly under the pentagon’s guidance. According to the piece as working journalists who mainly believe that Trump during his campaigns was an agitator acting as the worst racists and a dictator and deemed as dangerous when controlling the American nuclear codes then one should never cover him (Rutenberg, 2016). In this context, the media should get rid of the past journalism guidance and focus on telling the truth to the public rather than covering the act of an individual (Rutenberg, 2016).

I believe that the propaganda was produced in the questing of showing the public that Trump was even worse than what was being portrayed by the media. In addition, the piece as a propaganda was seeking to demonstrate that Trump was dangerous for the state by not only being a racist but also a dictator who held no ability to control the nuclear codes of the state (Rutenberg, 2016). What makes the article a propaganda is that it is a communication piece that is objected at influencing the attitude of the American populace in creating a certain political position. The information given is impartial and is primarily utilized in influencing the audience in regard to a given an agenda by offering selective facts while omitting several others that are relevant to the matter.  This is conducted in encouraging negative thoughts and emotions rather than encouraging rationality response based on actual facts. I believe that the chosen propaganda is ethically appropriate given that it does not seek to offend rather it is objected on informing. Propaganda can be utilized in a positive manner but the chosen sample does not achieve this.

Reference

Rutenberg, J. (2016). Trump Is Testing The Norms Of Objectivity In Journalism. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/08/business/balance-fairness-and-a-proudly-provocative-presidential-candidate.html

Language Exercise: When Rules Collide

Episode: Henry and I were seated on bench in a park talking about the possibility of living in Britain and how it would be like. Relationship: We have just become friends for about one month and hence we try to have our discussion carefully, not wanting to offend each other even though our opinions are very different. Henry thought that people there are “self-absorbed and will hardly notice you are new” due to a competitive culture. My view was that the people are not much different from U.S since “no one gives attention to strangers”. Identity: I perceive myself as empathetic and one who upholds grace over other qualities.  This came out in the conversation more so when we delved into the country’s political system. Henry perceives himself as person who is logical as compared to my illogical empathy.

Culture: while discussing life in Britain, our approach was from Americans points of view, and who have little knowledge about the country. We had different approach during the conversation since we argued from different contexts. I seemed to lean more on how the politics in US and Britain are fair similar as people from the two countries experience similar social and economic problems. Henry is quicker to point out the callous nature of our politics where there is huge class gap in terms of race and social aspects.  I quickly realized that we can’t have a meaningful conversation about Britain without engaging in divisive politics. For both of us, identity level is where we experienced misunderstanding in our conversation as each had different views and facts on how life is in Britain.  The episode level regards the communication behavior pattern and the various ways in which people have a consistent conversation. As a dynamic and transactional process communication is a constant movement where the participant moves back and forth with no clear path to this process (Creede et. al 2012).  While discussing the issue with Henry, it was not clear where the conversation begun or ended and so there was punctuation which decided the starting, middle and end of the episode. For both Henry and I, punctuation led to very different meanings.

In communicating together, people create a reality and get to be shaped by that reality. The use of the words self –absorbed and empathetic in the conversation further led to lack of a consensus but rather they highlighted the divergent views held by both of us. The rules involved in this conversation were constitutive, where the message has different meaning in this context.  Henry used constitutive rules so as to enhance the understanding of what he meant by the notion that people in Britain are self-absorbed. On my part I used the regulating rule to assist in regulating the statements in the conversation so that it stays within a normal conversation. Given that the conversation could not lead to consensus, it was abandoned altogether as the best solution.

 In order for people to understand one another while communicating, it is vital that they understand the roles used by others. This will help the other parties as being respectful and trying to make meaning of the message being delivered. Increasing sensitivity to these rules can be accomplished through having an interpersonal meaning where the people are coordinated in the conversation (Duck & McMahan, 2014).

References

Creede, C., Fisher-Yoshida, B., & Gallegos, P. V. (2012). The reflective, facilitative, and interpretive practices of the coordinated management of meaning: Making lives, making meaning. Madison, N.J: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2-3

Duck, S., & McMahan, D. T. (2014). Communication in everyday life: The basic course edition with public speaking. 38-39

Visual Communication

Generation of a brand’s identity through advertising connotes a broad discipline that encompasses different ways of ensuring its accomplishment (Berger et al 2016). However, business owners determine the appropriate method of creating their brand’s identity in accordance to method’s efficiency to deliver clear and accurate descriptions about a brand or a business.  For that reason, visual communication is contemporarily the commonly used method of delivering product information in various business environments. According to (Kumar, 2008), visual communication can be regarded as the makeover of desired information and also ideas about a brand in form of imagery and other appropriate symbols. Most businesses prefer visual communication in brand advertisement due to its convenience of delivering product information using various types of communication composed in one form. For instance, it can be used as a form of diversifying verbal communication including speaking and also as a non-verbal form of communication such as expression of body language and tone (Jamieson, 2006). Moreover, visual advertisement can include various components such as signs, typography and graphic designs which highly boost identity generation. I therefore prefer the use of print advertisement a major component of visual communication for advertising my business in the digital based industry.

Print Advertisement

Print advertising is an effective method of infusing information about my business to a broad coverage of target market. For instance, my business specifically targets market composed of people with different forms of desires related to technological transformation in the ever-changing computing world. Therefore, print advertising is a convenient method of generating the identity of my business to massive number of consumers since it involves portable channels of printed medium such as newspapers, direct mail and magazines (Winston & Granat, 2014).

Speedtech

Speedtech is a modern Cybercafé that majors in the provision of digital services related to computer customs, virtual expertise and information technology. Speedtech characterize service flexibility of prevailing changes in the comprehensive elements of computer revolution.  

SPEEDTECH

The cyber cafe is guided by a set of laws that document definite objectives aimed at orienting performance towards its purpose by limiting attendants from engaging personal motives in service provision. Thus, the code of conduct facilitates engagement of competent attendants in the system (Mignin et al 2007). Nevertheless, this facility positions its founding objectives on the diversification of attendants. Our cyber café employs continuous workforce diversification and so, generating an accommodating environment for attendant-customer relations. Attendant diversity for example ensures appropriate communication and considerable understanding of customer needs thus boosting customer comfort in the café (Reed & Bogardus, 2012). Speedtech’s code of conduct influences attendants to work as a team towards similar intentions of helping customers in different presentations.  

Technology

Thong (2006) illustrates that computing industry experience continuous technological developments on a regular basis. This declares that emerging technologies in the computing practices are much effective in relation to technologies that existed prior the advancements. Nevertheless, technology advancement emphasize the need for computer businesses such as cyber cafes to embrace immediate and appropriate mechanisms of adopting with continuing transformation in order to project service reliability for customer satisfaction. Speedtech is familiar with technological advancements hence invests in every trending advancement in the market. System upgrade as well as system modification is a common culture at speedtech that ensures effective adoption of our services to current technologies.

Service Description

Speedtech cyber café is dedicated in the provision services that justify service expense and customer requirements. Speedtech café encourages customers to avail themselves in its facility to enjoy exclusive internet and present day computer accessories at fair and ethically motivated services.  It is designed in a way that offers customers the opportunity to enjoy computing and other related services at customer-oriented competences that reflect their comfort desires.  Some of the services provided at our café include internet accessibilities, Fax services at both local and international levels and other all inclusive assistance associated with computing industry such as but not limited; color printing, scanning and photocopying.  Speedtech accepts the accountability of facilitating social and economic development by exposing people to the contemporarily high flying technology in the world. It thus engages in the sale of modern computer systems and also offers repair assistance for its customers at fair prices. Importantly, the facility sets up a basis for training purposes with comprehensive educational tools whereby interested individuals can enroll for extended computer learning (Singleton et al 2013).

Nevertheles, the facility is sectioned for an IT Shop in conjuction with an effetive Cafeteria shop amid a general objective of lessing its customers the burden of tiresome movements in pursuit for common items in other facilities. Cafeteria is purposed for the provision of food items such as quality snacks and beverage drinks when need be. On the other hand, IT Shop offers customers the conveniency of purchasing stationery products like envelopes and floppy discs.

Social-Economic and Environmental Responsibility

The facility’s structure is as well modeled to accommodate range of products at fair prices.  The café for example avails MTN Call Card in forms of World Call and Pre-Paid at fair costs that comply with price regulations in the computing industry.  This proves that Speedtech is not only purposed to enact profit motives but also it is committed to make close products of essential benefits to the public welfare. For instance, it aims at familiarizing all people with the MTN Call Card which gives them the privilege of enjoying free services such as free calls and internet services (MTN, 2017).

Extracted from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi17M6YupHUAhUJcRQKHabxCwkQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtnblog.co.za%2Fport-to-mtn%2F&psig=AFQjCNES6BOC-gqxNsTyzapWnWwLIXFrwQ&ust=1496021929152824

Speedtech’s services are accessible to people of all economic classes since it provides equal services to the wealthier and also to the economically despaired. Literate and illiterate people are exposed to equal services in response to one’s requirements. Employees embrace socially interactive values which enable them to willingly dedicate themselves at helping people with little or no computer skills through different processes. Furthermore, Speedtech deters any form of discrimination on the basis of either; but not limited race, ethnicity, gender or color. It for instance offers equal opportunities to its employees in all occupations regardless of gender difference (Mignin et al 2007). This sustains the affluent principles of ethicality in the society thus enhancing protection of human rights and equality.

Singleton et al (2013) conceptualizes that it is important for a cyber cafe to be purposed at establishing an exclusive and effective environment driven by technological innovation with the capability of providing distinct privileges to its customers. According to singleton a cyber café includes the accountability of enhancing diversity of innovative ideas within surrounding environments supposedly by provision of supportive systems. Speedtech therefore leads its cyber activities with a primary objective of terminating social differences by enhancing the existence of a casual environment capable of influencing socialization regardless of people’s ethnicity or interests. Additionally, Speedtech projects performance towards the commitment of accomplishing the need to provide high-quality services in response to people’s expectations. Importantly, Speedtech is usually focused at providing extended opportunities in its services such as cyber chatting and surfing through which customers can share and extract innovative ideas with efficacy.

Competitive Comparison

Speedtech focuses in the development of individually oriented competitive opportunities in response to market ethicality. Speedtech has for example purposed in equating of service pricing and service demand in the computing industry which enables it to operate under a sustainable competitive advantage over other cyber cafés (Ferrell & Hartline, 2013). We have been able to exploit the increasing trend of computing in the contemporary world to lower service prices at a significant portion in comparison to the competitors’ prices. Increase in computing trend projects consistency of service demand in the present day and in future. Notably, ability to strengthen the relationship between facility identity and service reputation at low pricing has highly increased competitive gap. Generally, Speedtech assures its customers provision of high quality and reliable services at relatively low prices.

Customer Relations

Speedtech is a transparent business facility thus uses its business logo to represent its services to customers. It has a relatively large business logo with its business name meant for recognition purposes since people are able to differentiate it from other cafes in its locality.

Additionally, the facility’s logo includes a definite business website that facilitates immediate interaction with its customers. The primary objective of a website in our facility is to give customers from different backgrounds easy access to cafes major services and is also used as an effective channel of receiving immediate customer feedbacks in regards to the provided services.

References

Berger, E. S. C., Kuckertz, A., & Springer International Publishing AG. (2016). Complexity in             entrepreneurship, innovation and technology research: Applications of emergent and       neglected methods. Cham: Springer.

Leadership and Management

Communication Media and Format

Workplace communication is crucial despite the complexity that is involved as it necessitated an effective understanding of the surrounding. This is the procedure of acquiring and offering information so that the desired outcomes can be achieved for the organization’s success (Hynes, 2015). This implies that an effective communication format and media is required. The selected media, in this case, is a written communication via the use of meeting minutes and agendas. Organizational meetings are a necessary section in the professional surrounding because they create adequate time for staffs networking, thoughts sharing in emphasizing teamwork and create equal information to the management and the employees in regard to fresh developments among consumers or within the corporation. Meeting are essential both in leadership as well as communication and when they are running effectively they lead to time-saving, motivation increase, the capability of solving issues and increased productivity.

Communication Strategy

Meeting agenda is a suitable communication strategy based on its ability to deliver the intended message without being distorted. This kind of strategy is useful in the creation of fresh thoughts and initiatives without triggering any invention. In addition, the strategy holds more potential in diffusing the occurrence of conflicts as compared to a presentation, emails or even memos. The message communicated using strategic meeting agenda is characterized by an actual sensation as well as meaning in general. This is an effective strategy because activities are usually accomplished in the way that they are authored and every member’s thoughts are accounted as useful. Strategic meeting agendas are useful as they help the organization’s leaders in planning for the corporations needs even when time is limited. They are useful in communication some important aspects which are mission, purpose, strategic focus and action planning in reference to the strategic focuses.

Meeting Agenda

Time                         Goal

9.00 – 9:20                Introduction to the meetings overview

                                  Presentation of primary priorities

9:20 – 10:00              Discussion of issues

                                  What the company hopes to obtain from the kind of communication

                                  Success measures and things required in development

                                  Strategic plan presentation

10:00 - 10:45             Vision and purpose review

                                   What has been achieved and how?

10: 45 - 11: 15            Tea break

11:15 – 1:00               Strategies priorities

                                   Strategic approaches

1:00 – 2:00                 Lunch

2:00 - 2:45                  the need for change

                                    Significance of prioritization

2: 45 – 3:30                Risk identification

                                    Other relevant information

                                    Achievement barriers

3:30 - 4:00                  Strategic action approaches to overcome

Meeting agenda as a strategy of communication serves an essential aim in ensuring that objectives are adequately communicated to employees. A key advantage of the strategy is that it offers details and saves much time and offers opportunities to create thoughts that can be shared during meetings. This is a simplified form of communication that provides insights in regard to what is necessitated and provides opportunities for the recognition of several complex matters like negotiations of issues and the ability to achieve efficiency. In addition, the agenda recognizes the actual location and time of the meeting and the extensive discussions that will occur without any form of distraction (Ferreira, Erasmus & Groenewald, 2003). This saves time that would have been utilized in the discussion thus permitting the corporation in engaging in productive activities.

Meetings offer the most appropriate surrounding for encouraging cooperation among employees as it offers forums where the set objectives can be discussed and create rather creative strategies for ensuring that they are all achieved. In addition, the use of strategic agenda creates objectivity by attempting to limit the general period that is utilized during meeting discussions as the employees are usually prepared with ideas of the prevailing issues and the strategic approaches that can be utilized in gaining efficiency. Unlike in presentations or emails where information tends to be distorted meeting agenda provides employees with firm grounds through which their thoughts can be argued and their concerns addressed (Ferreira, Erasmus & Groenewald, 2003). Meetings encourage participation rather than depending on authoritative communication where communication is mainly acquired from the leaders while the employees follow.

Meeting’s agenda offers a form of preparation where the purpose is stated and transferred effectively in ensuring that the members are adequately prepared. In addition to communicating the objectives, it ensures that everyone understands the general outcomes that are expected in all the listed items. The creation of effective agendas is essential in creating a plan for a meeting that is productive. The significance of the meeting agenda is that it offers subjects for discussion, offers meeting structure, creates focus, acts as a framework for ensuring that all the listed activities are achieved and acts as a form of preparation (Hynes, 2015). The receiving party’s communication level is quite high based on subject’s discussions and expectations listed. The communication was appropriately and positively received on the grounds that no conclusions were developed without the engagement of the employees. In addition, the strategy encourages cooperation and participation rather than the exercise of power which makes it effective. The communication approach is well appreciated because it encourages discussion of thoughts so that strategic approaches to handling any challenges can be achieved.

References

Ferreira, E. J., Erasmus, A. W., & Groenewald, D. (2003). Administrative management. Lansdowne [South Africa: Juta Academic.

Hynes, G. E. (2015). Managerial Communication: Strategies and Applications. Sage Publication.

Media & Public Opinion

The media consequently affects the public opinion, based on the type of information that it conveys to the public. Currently, most people spend most of their time working at home, thus making them to watch the television more than when they are at work (Kort-Butler & Hartshorn, 2011). In the year 2003, the percentage of people working from home was 3%, this has however changed, and by the 2015, it had increased to 24% (Bjornstrom et al, 2010). This consequently shows how much time most spend while watching the TV while at home. The media tends to affect the beliefs of the public, through presenting either good or bad information concerning certain groups of people.

The media widely covers crime in the news, and consequently shows the group of people who participate in criminal activities (Entman & Gross, 2008). This puts the issue of race in question, since most people tend to believe that, since most people of a certain color are usually arrested particularly during a criminal act, the public tends to discriminate people based on their colors. For instance, when the crime rates in Chicago are very high, the media consequently reports such news, whereby the images of those arrested is usually captured (Smolej & Kivivuori, 2006). In an area such as Chicago which is dominated by African Americans, it is highly expected that most African Americans within that region will participate in crime.

When people from other states such as New York get such information, they will consequently link African American’s with crime (Doyle, 2006). Moreover, the ages of and gender of the criminals is usually recorded, a thing which makes most people of a certain age, color, and gender to criminal activities. The issue of social classes is usually depicted, whereby most criminals tend to come from lower social classes, thus making most people to associate people of a low social class with crime. On the other hand, the media also affects the perception of criminal justice, and this usually through covering falls information concerning a person whose case is currently in court (Sandstig, 2010). This makes the jury to think otherwise concerning the criminal, hence rendering falls justice.

Reference

 Bjornstrom, E.S., Kaufman, R. L., Peterson, R. D., & Slater, M. D. (2010). Race and Ethnic Representation of Lawbreakers and Victims in Crime News: A National Study of Television Coverage. Social Problems, 57(2), 269-293. 

Doyle, A. (2006). How not to think about Crime in the Media: Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 48(6), 867-885. 

Entman, R. M., & Gross, K. A. (2008). Race to judgment: Stereotyping media and criminal defendants. Law & Contemporary Programs, 71(4), 93-133. Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/gtx/infomark.do?contentSet=IAC-Documents&docType=IAC&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=EAIM&docId=A191514426&userGroupName=minn4020&version=1.0&searchTyp

Sandstig, G. (2010). Media influences and effects on experiences of uncertainty and fear n urban public spaces. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 7(12), 66-84. Retrieved from http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=57457328&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Smolej, M., & Kivivuori, J. (2006). The Relation between Crime News and Fear of Violence: Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and CrimePrevention, 7(2), 211-227. 

Kort-Butler, L. A., & Hartshorn, K. (2011). Watching the detectives: Crime programming, fear of crime, and attitudes about the criminal justice system. Sociological Quarterly, 52(1), 36-55. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01191.x/abstract

Impacts of using Social Media in a Company

The social media is a very important tool which a company can employ, in order to increase its productivity. However, the social media can become a very bad tool if used in the wrong way, and it might cost the company.

The following are the pros of the social media in business.

• The social media allows the company to gain insights from valuable customers.
• Increases traffic on the company’s website (Bowen & Ozuem, 2016).
• Free advertisements from viral marketing.
• Improves communication between the company and the customers.
• Builds a good relationship between the company and the customers (Leland, 2016).

A company can be able to successfully gain from the social media, through first and foremost developing a social media page, having a ready social media team and offer its customers promotions through the social media. This will consequently help in making the company to be able to deal with any issues or questions asked by the customer. Moreover, offering technical support will consequently allow the company to be able to forge forward.

On the other hand, social media in business has its own pros, which include the following.

• It leads to the spread of bad publicity.
• The company’s private information might be breached through the social media.
• Some people might be paid to post bad reviews on the company’s social media by its competitors (Bowen & Ozuem, 2016).
• Scammers, may also come up with a similar page, and con people.

A company can avoid this problems through educating its employees on the use of the social media. This will consequently allow the employees to avoid spreading the company’s private information (Leland, 2016). Moreover, the company should from time to time clear bad reviews posted by customers on its social media page, and improve its services according to what the customers want.

Reference

In Bowen, G., & In Ozuem, W. (2016). Competitive social media marketing strategies. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference.

Leland, K. (2016). Brand Mapping Strategy. Irvine, UNITED STATES: Entrepreneur Press.

Problem of Communication

Introduction

In most cases in the current times involve the problem of communication which is basically the cause and also the effect. Misunderstanding can cause poor communication which will result in conflicts or maybe worse depending on the effects (Woszidlo & Segrin, 2013). When conflicts arise, communication difficulties also arise as the individuals involved in the conflict are not willing to communicate. In most cases, communication is based on two parties where we have the speaker and the listener and in this case we have the criminal justice system as the listener. Communication is very important especially in the passage of information and assists to reduce the effects of having an unclear message that can lead to chaos. In many countries, lack of communication is the main cause of violent as the leaders are always conflicting over the same issues (Brown, 2016). Staying informed is all about communication and if a certain party is not well informed, then miscommunication is the result which sends a very negative message to the audience. Under the criminal justice system, the problem of communication is the order of the day where various systems have collided with the justice system. 

There are many barriers to having an effective communication, especially in the criminal justice system. One of the major barriers to communication is that which involves the semantics. Semantics can be termed as the understanding of every individual who is affected by certain words or phrases during communication. In every basic professional network, there are expressions and terms which hold certain meaning (Mustajoki, 2012). The system of justice also experiences the same as what every organization experiences. However, when certain phrases and terms hold vital meaning to the big number of officers, the same words can hold a very different information or meaning to other people. This can occasionally cause the problem of communication when one is speaking to the public or even within an organization if specific words are not chosen correctly. When two individuals come together from the same social background, it is more likely that the both of them can be understood. In case there are two individuals who are from different social backgrounds when they come together with the likelihood of having a miscommunication increases extensively. This is the most common and appears in almost every court session. The terminologies used in these fields in many cases have an effect on the person being addressed (Woszidlo & Segrin, 2013). It involves the use of law related terminologies which are hardly known to many people.

The ability to listen is also a barrier to communication as individuals are not willing to learn or listen to what is said to them. In the event of having a speaker, most people do not listen to what the speaker is saying if they are bored and do not want to listen. In many circumstances, speakers who are boring are never given the attention they need even if the information they are passing is vital to the audience. The audience clearly understands that the speaker has some good information but due to the reduction in interest, being dull or very stubborn makes them not ready to listen. This is a natural feeling since most individuals are known to assume or not listen to others (Mustajoki, 2012). If there is a boring topic, listeners will try as much as they can to block the topic and disregard every piece of information given. Other outside stress also prevents people from listening. If a person has some personal problems which are in his or her mind, then this will reduce the level of attention to the speaker and shift the mind to other fields. External distractions also can be a problem to communication whereby a person is busy talking to someone then an eye-catching act catches the attention of either party, therefore, causing a distraction. Being emotional also increases the level of a person having a problem of communication. Some people are too emotional which makes them prone to break down at any point in during a conversation (Woszidlo & Segrin, 2013).

Certain kinds of people consider minor issues as hurting and discouraging as anything. It is therefore very important to always recognize the fact that in such cases being careful is a necessity, not an option. The problem of having a misinterpretation of the messages in the justice system has been a common challenge which has affected the justice system as individuals struggle to understand some of these basic terms. Diversity in terms of the cultural backgrounds also can cause the misinterpretation of vital information as required. Some cultures have different meanings over the issue but term it differently and in this scenario, a different answer is provided. Several different language groups present different challenges that have presented difficult choices to take care of. Lack of knowledge can be a contributor to the problem of communication (Brown, 2016). An individual in the justice system mostly the leaders have adequate knowledge and have an experience of dealing with the justice system but it becomes a challenge to address the same when dealing with a common man. Communication is very vital and can cause unwanted complications if not well address. Lack of awareness in terms of the legal rights and choices is also a problem of communication.

Lack of awareness is the most immediate cause of communication barrier since making a person understand what he or she does not want to understand becomes a challenge. Crime victimization has been reported in many cases but has changed the meaning to that of cognitive impairment which has not been reported by some individuals since they are not aware of such considerations. The social misconception of the cognitive disability presents itself as a problem of communication amongst the individuals with cognitive impairment. A person with an intellectual disability does not face criminal justice as the legal system, the courts and the police believe that the person has no capability of doing any reported crime as a misconception (Woszidlo & Segrin, 2013). Anxiety is also a big problem of communication as individuals who are anxious about a particular subject tends to have a communication breakdown. Use of substances has generated the fear among people which has caused the normal communication to be physically challenging in the real sense. A complicated system of justice can contribute to the breakdown in communication.

There are certain procedures o be followed when one wants to act on something, therefore, the system must be followed and this presents a challenge. The level of confidence is also a determiner in every communication where members who have more confidence tend to have a good communication compared to others who lack confidence and there is an occurrence of a problem in communication (Mustajoki, 2012). In cases such as those which involve the pathologists, individuals have less to say since the basic understanding of simple forensic is a problem so communication becomes challenging. The level of confidence among the pathologist is high enough making the other party to panic very easily. The justice system can present an ideology where the opinions of other people matter whenever they favor the system. The problem of communication can be caused by having a very messy thought about a particular subject. Individuals who have a tendency of having a messy thought are the main causes of misunderstandings since they most talk with the same messy tone and cause a problem of communication. These kinds of people are always contradictive in nature and do not have a level ground from where they can stand by the truth (Brown, 2016).

Some definitions are faulty and these form a basis for the communication problems. The wording in the justice system discourages the interest of a person wanting to get more information on the same issue. The use of hard and law-related terms with a different definition creates a physical challenge which can lead to a loss of meaning. Also, use of homophones by the system can cause the dependent to generalize the meaning to something unexplainable. The voice of words can secure such a case but makes it difficult to put it down on a piece of paper. Use of sloppy language outside the justice causes a problem of using the same terminology in the correct way. These poor habits of communication can lead to the miscommunication as the environment changes momentarily, therefore, increasing the likeliness of miscommunication (Brown, 2016). This particular habit changes the thinking and understanding of the situation making it an issue to acknowledge the effects. In government related cases, the quality of words and the intention does not matter as long as the quantity is highly rewarded. Hard to understand topics are of interest to people like the lawyers whereas this is a form of miscommunication among the society.

 Many prefer the use of plain language which will tend to differ from what the original meaning of an issue. This is a form of miscommunication and has its deepest roots in use of vague language mostly mixed with a lot of cultural backgrounds. Lack of a mission and a vision also contributes to miscommunication in most cases. Justice system is full of rules and directives which are stipulated to ensure the upholding of justice is observed. Such events can cause the miscommunication since not everyone who understands the essence of making it factual. Lack of ownership in certain occurrences can influence a problem of communication (Mustajoki, 2012). A defined class of individuals will always lack ownership and make decisions according to their own thinking which creates a dispute which affects other parties causing miscommunication. In many occasions, the justice system brings out the right message but which makes it difficult to explain the cause of action in many people’s mind. At this point the understanding of a normal common person is undecided.

Taking a keen interest on the assumptions one is making is important to avoid miscommunication. This can be done when each party during a conversation is willing to work on the guiding principles of the law. The justice system is bundled with information which might require much more than the required kind of education and this clearly indicates the essence of understanding. Individuals can also use formatting in communication in order to prevent the occurrence of miscommunication. The legal framework should be able to influence and recognize the various levels of people the society has before giving a confusing decision. Training the society the need for understanding how the system works can be a vital step to ending miscommunication. Certain terminologies which have deep meaning in the systems should be replaced with others which are understandable and have a clear meaning. Using difficult words to explain scenarios only creates the need for change. The justice system should not challenge the members of society with difficult tasks leading to undefined conceptions.

Conclusion

The problem of communication has caused a lot of misunderstandings in the justice system since most of the terminologies confuse not only the listeners but also the users in certain cases. Speakers and those accorded the respect of leading should consider the fact that the audience or the members are from different cultural backgrounds and so the need for a formal language of communication. Encouraging the general public on the need for change and understanding the system is essential for all. Certain rules stipulated by the law require a commitment to understanding this can be a good way of elimination miscommunication through training (Bloom et al., 2014). The language barrier is the main issue which should be looked into keenly and in the right way. Certain communities have issues understanding matters to do with the law and thus to avoid the occurrence of miscommunication, clear guidelines have to be implemented quickly.

References

Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R., & Van Reenen, J. (2014). The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization. Management Science, 60(12), 2859-2885.

Brown, E. T. (2016). Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Criminal Justice System: An Interdisciplinary Study.

Kennedy, R. (2000). Much Ado About Noting: Problems in the Legal Translation Industry. Temp. Int'l & Comp. LJ, 14, 423.

Mizuno, Y., Yamada, Y., Hochi, Y., Takahashi, H., Shoji, N., Aida, H., ... & Mizuno, M. (2017). A Study on Communication Activity and Social Skills of Nursing Organization. In Advances in Human Factors, Business Management, Training and Education (pp. 561-568). Springer International Publishing.

Mustajoki, A. (2012). A speaker-oriented multidimensional approach to risks and causes of miscommunication. Language and dialogue, 2(2), 216-243.

Stroud, N. (2014). Accommodating language difference: A collaborative approach to justice in the Koori Court of Victoria.

Woszidlo, A., & Segrin, C. (2013). Negative affectivity and educational attainment as predictors of newlyweds’ problem solving communication and marital quality. The Journal of psychology, 147(1), 49-73.

Social Worker Interview with Video

Summary of Interview Subject

The interview was conducted in an appropriate way, and this was evident through the type of information which was gathered. In addition, the interview was very broad, in the sense that I was able to ask specific questions, thus breaking down large topics in order to be able to get to know about social work. Moreover, I was also able to gather a lot of information, since I made sure I understood each and every term which the social worker was talking about. This consequently allowed me to be able to get to know and be able to fully understand how the community works, and what the main functions of the community are.

Issue Discussed

            The main issue under discussion was social work, I decided to choose on this topic, in order to be able to clearly understand what social work is really about. Social work is very broad, and this is not what I thought it really was (Kadushin & Kadushin, 2013). I was able to understand how social work aims at facilitating the welfare of groups, individuals, communities and families. The interview was good in the sense that it enabled me to understand how social work educates people to be able to live peacefully. Moreover, I was able to learn new approaches on how to be able to lead a peaceful life, even though sometimes people tend to pass through a lot of challenges. In addition, I was able to learn how to incorporate new techniques and strategies in life, in order to be able to achieve my goals.

Skills Strengths and Areas to Improve

            The interview began very well, and I consequently understood my areas of strength and weaknesses as the interview progressed on. My main strength was the use of non-verbal cues while asking the questions, and showing that if I was satisfied with the answer or not. I used different non-verbal cues such as facial expressions in order to show that I had understood whatever the interviewee was talking about. For instance, in the interview I kept on nodding particularly if the answer I received was clearly explained. I did this in order to allow the interviewee to know that I was not only paying attention to what she was talking about, but I also clearly understood what she was talking about. Similarly, I acknowledged a sense of humor through laughing, particularly when the interviewee joked or said something jokingly (Kadushin & Kadushin, 2013).

The use of non-verbal cues was consequently my main strength, and it also allowed me to engage the interviewee, thus making the interview lively. I was also observant, a thing which allowed me to understand if the interviewee really understood the questions which I was asking. The interviewee attended the interview without any objects, since this was going to be an issue relating to the course which the interviewee new about (Ife, 2012).

            As the interview progressed, I realized that my main weakness was etiquette. I was not able to allow the interviewee to finish talking before interjecting. I would interject before the interviewee was done (Kadushin & Kadushin, 2013). I consequently realized that I was impatient, and I was also nervous, a thing which made me to do things hastily in order to complete the interview. I realized the tension between the two us, since both of us a nervous, a thing which consequently affected me more than the interviewee, as the interviewee was able to overcome nervousness after sometime.

Discussion about Consent, Confidentiality, and Rating Scale.

I made sure I asked the interviewee the questions which should would like to be asked or not before the interview. This consequently allowed me to be able to know the types of questions which the interviewee does not want to be asked. In addition, we only talked about issues related to child abuse and dependent adult abuse (Kadushin & Kadushin, 2013). This consequently made it easier for the interview to concentrate on the issues which were not in any way confidential. The private information concerning the interviewee remained confidential, since I did not ask the interviewee anything concerning private life.

Throughout the interview, I was able to maintain an eye contact with the interviewee, even though the interviewee kept looking on the other side the moment our eyes came into contact. In addition, the interviewee sat upright on the chair, as I also sat upright (Kadushin & Kadushin, 2013). The interviewee used gestures while explaining different points, as I nodded in order to show I had understood the point being given. The rise and fall of intonation was systematic, since the interviewee used varied tones depending on the type of statement made. I was also very keen on the use of my tone, particularly when asking questions, I would use a rising intonation.

Conclusion

            The exercise was enjoyable according to me, as I was able to learn different types of communication skills. Moreover, I was able to learn a lot about social work, a thing which consequently made me to understand different techniques of dealing with life. I learnt the reasons as to why some children are usually abused, and the ways through which one can be able to stop child abuse.

Reference

Kadushin, A., & Kadushin, G. (2013). The social work interview. New York: Columbia University Press.

Ife, J. (2012). Human Rights and Social Work: Towards rights-based practice.

Social media has a negative effect on personal relationships

 Before the development of social media, people used face-to-face communication and real life interaction in creating and maintaining relationship. However, inventions and innovation of social media has changed everything in that people do not communicate face-to-face but rather they exchange information online (Baym, 2010).  In other word, real life interaction is limited and social media has become the medium of communication in building and maintaining relationship.  Scholars and researchers are found that young adults have eradicated face-to-face communication and this has negatively affected the interpersonal communication skills.  Ineffective communication has affected family relationship, skill development and more (Baym, 2010).  In addition, it is found that the excessive use of social media has decreased the quality of friendship between adolescents and lack of real life interaction and growth of relationship has been associated with depression and anxiety. The point is that social media affects the interpersonal skill development and folks involved in relationships are unable to apply problem solving skills (Baym, 2010).  In other words, people are unable to address real-life conflicts   due to the excessive reliance on technology. People’s life has been affected in that they do not understand the relationships and they do not comprehend how digital media has brought negative changes in their lives (Baym, 2010). 

 Farrugia (2013) introduces the term computer mediated communication (CMC) and asserts that individuals exchange information through technological devices. People use texts, emails and more on computers and cell phones. Due to the increase of social media, relationships have deteriorated especially in families. For example, online communication decreases the creations of social circles and interaction with extended families. The author goes on to assert that   social media affect relationship negatively due to the increase of online couple surveillance (Farrugia, 2013). There is an issue on internal trust and people now have developed partner monitoring especially in Facebook. Though monitoring is socially acceptable, it affects relationship in that when monitoring is done in daily routine, the romantic relationship is not maintained. The relationship may not last long due to the fact that functional relationship is diminished and a partner may decide to end up relationship to free from surveillance (Farrugia, 2013).   

Surveillance also contributed to jealousy which is driven by the need to discover private information with other partner. Monitoring creates relationship threats, conflicts and disagreements and finally affects the relationship in a negative way.  Online communication develops low self-esteem and feeling of jealousy due to the feeling that a partner may be unfaithful (Farrugia, 2013).  In other words, social media creates romantic jealousy where partner are not satisfied with relationship due to the use of social networking sites. For example, a partner may monitor Facebook activities of a lover in daily basis and may find a picture of his partner with an opposite sex. The partner develops jealous reaction and feel betrayed despite the fact the picture are innocent. These are type of cyber infidelity where partners develop the feeling of distrust toward their loves ones. Personal relationship is affected by excessive use of social media since partner decrease their commitment and this affects the self-esteem of partners (Farrugia, 2013). The author introduces the social penetration theory and states that social media allows partners to know each other better and to disclose private information. In relationship, couples increases monitoring and jealous due to the feelings that a partner may be involved in other relationship (Farrugia, 2013). The author asserts that social media or Internet communication produce negative outcomes which weakness the bonds that units neighborhood and communities. Note that social Internet communication lacks facial expression and tones or in other words it lack non-verbal cues. This weakness loose ‘richness’ of information and affects the interaction (Farrugia, 2013).

Reference

Farrugia C. Rianne (2013). Facebook and Relationships: A Study of How Social Media Use is Affecting

Long-Term Relationships. Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT)  Scholar Works.

Retrieved from; http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=theses

Baym, N. K. (2010). Personal connections in the digital age. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

Leadership

Communication competency is one of the leadership strategies identified in the book. An individual’s perception such as the knowledge, skills, sensitivity and the values influence the organizations outcomes (Shockley-Zalabak pg205). The perception of competency can be identified as adding up of the preferences and the predispositions mostly for the organizations behavior in regards to communication.

Leadership Tips: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkotter/2012/06/06/leadership-tip-its-about-how-you-act-not-your-position/#48b033f8132c

Management is about being the best in terms of creating value and giving progressive ideas which can run an organization and make it a success. Having the positive thoughts about life and generally about an organization can be advantageous. Leaders do not wait until they are given that leadership position but they work to be leaders. Skills achieved can be very crucial as they can increase the level of production in an organization.

Leadership: http://www.simpletruths.com/motivational-leadership-videos.html

People of great minds and who are leaders in most cases do not believe in the success of an organization but the success of the person. Being dedicated about an activity is the only way to succeed. Believing and having a positive mentality about doing something will always create a positive impact in an organization. Outside assistance can always be beneficial and of great quality since without the personal skills work needed cannot thrive.

The essentials of Leadership: http://www.simpletruths.com/motivational-leadership-videos.html

The essence of leadership is the ideology to make it in life. Great leadership does not always come easily but through many challenges. Along the way to leadership, certain challenges cannot be omitted but will always offer the best alternative for any solutions. Develop an attitude that is beyond the human reach and which focuses on achieving great heights. Skills are essential and will always offer the best if a leader uses or has the skills.

Works cited

Shockley-Zalabak, Pamela. Fundamentals of Organizational Communication: Knowledge,           Sensitivity, Skills, Values. ,            2015. Print.

Annotated bibliography

 "Gendered Hierarchies of Violence." Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol. 28, Mar2009 Supplement 1, pp. 110-134. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2009.00327.x.

Women meet sexual violence in their everyday life. Indeed, violence toward women is taken-for-granted or in other words men believe that violence is normal and natural. Violence is contributed by gender power relations and in this case, men have the power to control women in social and political setting. The author of this article asserts that male dominance is rooted from the ideology that men tend to create gender identities and follow the ideology that without violence they cannot control behavior. In societies, ‘dominant gender constructions’ influence violence in that when men have the dominance, they belief that they have certain norms and values which should control women.

Lako, Wani Tombe. "Gender Difference Masquerading as a Tool for Women Oppression in Cultural

Discourse." Ahfad Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, June 2004, p. 4. EBSCOhost

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=15393913&site=ehost-live.

According to Lako, culture is important in the society but in all cultures there is gender inequality. Women are subjected to inequality and they are vulnerable to sexual violence in the society.  In culture discourse, gender difference creates a patriarchal society where women become vulnerable of suffering due to male dominance. The appalling thing with patriarchy is that women are denied opportunities to move forward since they are regarded as inferior and their rights are also violated.  In private and public spheres, men have absolute priority and the difference in power relationship makes women to become subordinate.

Basile, Kathleen C., et al. "Disability and Risk of Recent Sexual Violence in the United

States." American Journal of Public Health, vol. 106, no. 5, May 2016, pp. 928-933. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303004.

Sexual violence is a health problem and women are more vulnerable than men. Studies have also confirmed that women with disability are at a greater risk of sexual violence in U.S. These women are affected mentally, intellectually and physically and this means that disabled women face double oppression. In social setting or in work place, disabled people get little service provision and the management undervalues their social needs. Various study show that women with disability have greater risk than men and this shows that women are forced to unwanted sex. Despite the fact both disabled men and women should have equal rights, women are more discriminated than men. 

Kalichman, S. C., et al. "Sexual Assault, Sexual Risks and Gender Attitudes in a Community Sample of

South African Men." AIDS Care, vol. 19, no. 1, Jan. 2007, pp. 20-27. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1080/09540120600984003.

The issue of women oppression as explored in the poem is all over the world. The literature helps us understand the lives of women and the various challenges they meet while under male dominance. Kalichman et al (20) assert that HIV-AIDS is the leading cause of death in South Africa and women death rate is high given that 13% are infected compared with men 9%.The reason as to why the number of women is higher than men is that women face sexual violence than men.

Special occasion speech

Commencements speech is a special kind of a speech presented to a certain class of people. In this case, it involves a graduation ceremony for an international university. People who have made a difference in their lives present a very great way of encouraging other graduates about how to approach life after campus (Hamilton, 2014).

The former president of the United States, Obama, has been in the high offices and being a renowned individual the best subject. Being a politician and a parent to two daughters, success in his own terms is about doing what you can to be the best against all odds (Hetland, 2013). Having completed campus and ready for a new chapter in life, it is always advisable to use the skills one has learned and achieved to make the best out of it.  Completing campus is a dream that most people will want but the real idea of campus is what a person has gained out of the university. Over the years, education has recognized as the gateway in life and still remains the gateway to life currently. Having some knowledge and understanding of how to tackle life hardships is the key thing and it is vital in every sense. With education, the points of view in life are solved in a certain manner that allows another perspective of self-will and dedication to take action (Hetland, 2013).

Individuals might argue that education is the hardest thing in life which is simply the truth but having that idea about education is the hardest thing. Trying to compete for the same resources in the world is never easy and it will never be easy unless someone chooses to be unique. If a person can create a solution for the general world in terms of anything they do use their minds then that what is the outcome is what gives them uniqueness (Jackson, 2012). The world we are in today needs inventions which can only be obtained if a person can have the knowledge and understanding of education.

Wealth is sometimes considered as an alternative to education. This is however not true since in the society today, the most educated person is regarded even when they have less to show off in terms of wealth. The world we are leaving in today discourages people who do not have education and in most countries, education is free. To stay on par with the universe, people need to always think about education. Being aware of what is happening global is all thanks to education which will also help many others reach to higher levels. The development in technology is all about the education.

Inventing the future starts with being a person with a mindset to achieve greater heights and have the free will of trying new things once in a while (Jackson, 2012). Technology inventions such as the capability to see the skies from below here have been enabled by the fact that people have developed certain appliances and devices which they can use to monitor the world. Having eyes in the sky looking down below the earth is also a development enhanced by being educated. We all like being safe from external intruders who bring no good to us but bad luck. This has been enabled by the fact that someone has developed a device that can detect any acts that suggest he or she has a mission to destroy. Education is as important as being alive.

References

Clark, C., Fasching-Varner, K. J., & Brimhall-Vargas, M. (2012). Occupying the academy: Just how important is diversity work in higher education?. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield        Publishers, Inc.

Hamilton, C. (2014). Essentials of public speaking.

Hetland, L. (2013). Studio thinking 2: The real benefits of visual arts education.

Jackson, P. W. (2012). What is education?. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Moss, M. H. (2012). Education and its discontents: Teaching, the humanities, and the importance of a liberal education in the age of mass information. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books.

Obama, B. (2009). The Obama education plan: An Education week guide. San Francisco:             Jossey-Bass.