Impacts of Social Networking Sites

Social media networking is not meant for everyone though; it has become a massive part of every individual’s life. Social communication has highly affected individual’s ability to communicate as well as interact in all over the society. Social media being the widely used source of communication, affect the manner in which we communicate as well as engage with each other as related to direct contact. It is a platform where natives are becoming supplementary social and interactive with one another whereby; style of communication changes completely to avoid face to face interaction. As communication travel rapid and rapid, the world gets smaller and smaller thereby; according to Robin’s article, it illustrates that social networking one to communicate easily and effectively with each other. This communication has opened up the World making it a small place since, when it comes to social networking everyone is equal I tend to agree with the articles that internet interaction have changed the manner in which people globally communicate, but I  would suggest that it have negatively affected the manner of communication. It is a platform that has lead to complete change, especially how individuals interact thereby; they have completely lost their social skills. It is obvious that many people are unable of carrying a normal conversation in person with others due to the high dependency on the social media (Robin, 2010).

Introduction of social media have generated several avenues, for facilitating information on daily communication needs.  I would agree with the article by Jessica, suggesting that the social media has impacted to empathy. People take much of their time on the social networking especially, on face- book where individuals talks about almost everything on their lives. It is not effective where people spend long hours; sharing the ups and downs of their lives to people they hardly know. However, it is obvious that they will listen to you but they won’t care since it does not bother them. Social media have negatively affected commutation whereby; grammar has been failed by word are placed in crucial ways. It has never been easier to make friends and, the raise of mobile phones have aided in the change by connecting individual’s globally.   Social networking has led to a world of virtual relationship whereby; individuals are communicating differently. With face-to- face communication personal sincerity was easy to see, unlike with the mobile era whereby; people’s candor has been observed as having changed (Jessica, 2011).

The fundamental issues facing the social media are based on the role it plays on individuals live as well as impact it implicit. Our communication on the social media is aimed at trusting people therefore; we tend to open up our messages. However, the social networking is not strong since there is no proof as it is in the face- to –face communication.  Despite the huge platform opened by the social medial in the field of interaction, it is not able to strengthen and deepen the relationship thus, appears to be in the status quo. Social media networking generates a false sense of connection thus; making it difficult for one to distinguish the essential relationship they foster in the world, with the several relationships created over face-book and twitter. I tend to agree with Andrew’s article because it clearly illustrates on the limitations of social networking suggesting that; technology aimed at enhancing individual’s daily live has dramatically failed The fail is as a result of much focus of personal time as well as psychic energy on meaningful relationships. The social media communication platform has highly encouraged users, on being more public of their personal lives. Media like the face-book that is mainly used globally encourage user to post anything on their lives whereby; people are prone to circumvent the information they might employ while discussing their lives over the social media. Over-sharing as well as loss of privacy is the biggest mistake the social networking site impact led to the society. The entire concept of privacy appears to be inexorably at rapid pace thus; makes it the interesting part of online communication. Most users of internet have become zombies whereby; they are connected all day and night and end up fallen into the society where privacy is not highly valued (Andrew, 2012).

Many people enjoy social networking services like the only shopping as well as entertainment. For a lot of them online has become a better line of connection than of relationship couples therefore; many married couples have fallen into the victims of divorce as well as breakup. In reference to Andrew’s piece, I would agree with its illustration that there will be a time people will fully believe that they do not exist fully without electronic involvement in their lives. The social networking platforms overload to some extent especially the Twitter, which at times requires a change of personal mindset to view it (Andrew, 2012).I would agree with Robin that a human being body changes depending on the social relationship thereby; with the internet it is genuine that individuals are living on top of each other. The three articles are connected in that they generate a similar idea on social networking and, for Andrew’s article it majors on social media. Face-book has become a strong platform encouraging people to happily give up on their private details thus; end up posting everything about them online. Almost for every Face-Book users have posted their full names, birthdays and to an extent of revealing who their families are. It is an awkward thing for people that they can easily reveal everything on their lives on the social media, yet it is difficult for them to do the same on billboards (Robin, 2010).

In conclusion I would suggest that social media communication, have led to decreased productivity in the economy. It is obvious for much business to use the social media platform thus; making work easier while interacting with clients. However, social media can be used negatively in spreading unnecessary information about a company. Andrew suggests that some people are even able to hack business information thus; posing a huge threat on it economy (Andrew, 2012).Online commutation is an addictive site that nobody gets tired of using it. However, the platform is used in private lives, businesses, events as well as other various purposes. Since the development of social media, the world has been filled with less real-life communication. Individuals have decided to shift completely from the real world, by building up relationship online. Feeling closer and connected to individuals found on social media is generated by the more comments, posts as well as like.  Mobile phones being the major elements in social communication have been turned into a studio like whereby; interaction with people globally is easily practiced (Jessica, 2011).

References

Robin Dunbar, (2010).We Can Only Ever Have 150 Friends At Most. My brighter idea.

The Social Media

Introduction

The social media a form of media which enables people from different areas, and in different parts of the world to be able to communicate, chat, post images, videos, and audio. Most people in the world are currently using the social media, some of whom use it for business purposes, while others are using it for social purposes. Youths and teenagers have dominated the social media, and they are currently the frequent users of the social media all over the world. Each and every person uses the social media for his or her own interests, whereby there are those who use the social media in order to get social approval. On the other hand, some people may use the social media in order to know how many people may be attracted to them.

Most people have now started to use the social media as a market place, whereby they post their products for people to purchase (Mandiberg, 45). Social media marketing has therefore been positively embraced, hence most people are now selling their products on the social media. Social media promotion is usually backed up by delivery services, whereby the seller offers free delivery after the buyer purchases the product. This concept has therefore enabled most companies to be able to operate virtually, whereby they only sell their products online without having an actual store. In addition, most people have also been able to buy goods at the comfort of their houses, since most of the online businesses tend to deliver goods to the door step (Bodnar & Jeffrey, 34).

Most advertisements are usually done over the social media, particularly by companies which are targeting the youths (Kawasaki & Fitzpatrick, 65). Social media advertisements are very cheap, thus attracting most companies. On the other hand, the social media allows companies to be able to make their products to go viral, and thus being able to create awareness of their products, and to also gain a huge market share. For instance, a company may post its products on Facebook, and ask people to share the product on their Facebook pages, and whoever gets most likes, gets to win a certain prize (Bodnar & Jeffrey, 34). This consequently makes most people to share the product on their Facebook pages, hence attracting very many people to the product.

A product can also be advertised on twitter, whereby a company can sponsor their products, thus generating traffic to the company’s twitter handle (Mandiberg, 47). The product will therefore start trending on twitter, and everybody who is online will be able to see the product, hence buying it. Companies have also used the social media as a means of getting reviews for their products and services. Most customers would either complain or appreciate the performance of a company through commenting on the company’s social media page. This therefore, allows customers to understand the types of services being offered by companies, or if the company sales genuine products (Kawasaki & Fitzpatrick, 65).

On the other hand, the social media also has its drawbacks, which include addiction (Kawasaki & Fitzpatrick, 67). Most youths are addicted to the social media, and so they cannot be able to concentrate on other activities. Students may also find it very hard to concentrate in their studies, due to addiction to the social media. When a person becomes addicted to the social media, he or she cannot be able to do without the social media. Most people are usually addicted to the social media, but they have not realized it yet. This is usually because a person may think that he or she is doing things in the right way, whereas most of his or her time is spent on the social media (Bodnar & Jeffrey, 35).

Posting of photos on the social media has its advantages and disadvantages, depending on the reaction which one receives from the social media (Mandiberg, 49). When a person posts a photo on the social media, particularly ladies, they always believe that they will get a very positive reaction. This is however not the case, since most women have ended up being insulted even though their photos look good. When a young lady is insulted and humiliated on the social media, she might opt to commit suicide in order to avoid the embarrassment. In addition, there are also some people who have decided to change their physical appearance in order to look attractive, thus being able to get positive comments and more likes on the social media. For instance, when a fat lady gets negative comments from the social media about her body size, she may end up taking pills in order to reduce her body size. This type of a move is usually taken due to low self-esteem, which therefore makes a person to decide to change his or her physical appearance in order to be attracted to other people (Bodnar & Jeffrey, 37).

The social media has also been used as a means of passing information by the members of the fourth estate (Kawasaki & Fitzpatrick, 68). One can therefore be able to read news from the social thus being able to understand the current events. On the contrary, terrorists groups are also using the social media in order to pass their message into the world. In addition, different terrorist groups have also used the social media to recruit new members (Mandiberg, 49). The recruits are usually contacted through the social media whereby they are usually enticed with gifts, and are also promised a lot of money once they join the terrorist groups. This makes them to easily join the groups, and after joining the groups, they are never given whatever they were promised.

Conclusion

Social media sites should be regulated, in order to check on the type of content being posted. This move will help in making the social media a place where only materials with positive content can be posted. On the other hand, the social media has really helped in the creation of jobs, whereby most people have been able to start their business over the social media. Furthermore, most people have also been able to communicate with their friends from different parts of the world. The social media has therefore impacted most people positively, even though some evils have also been done through the use of the social media.

Work Cited

Bodnar, Kipp, and Jeffrey L. Cohen. The B2b Social Media Book: Become a Marketing Superstar by Generating Leads with Blogging, Linkedln, Twitter, Facebook, E-Mail, and More. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012. Print.

Mandiberg, Michael. The Social Media Reader. New York: New York University Press, 2012. Print.

Kawasaki, G., & Fitzpatrick, P. (2014). The art of social media: Power tips for power users.

Zarrella, Dan. The Social Media Marketing Book. Beijing: O'Reilly, 2010. Internet resource.

Funk, Tom. Social Media Playbook for Business: Reaching Your Online Community with Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, and More. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger, 2011. Print.

“Exploring our communication”

Organization Genre: memo

This genre is written by the campus managers for the purpose of internal communication.  The memo is directed to students and they are persuaded to follow the ethical policy by showing respect to others students. The latter have been involved in ethical issue in the place of work.  They have developed harassing behaviors to their fellow students. Various cases have been forwarded to the manager’s office where male students harass female students sexually and when    they report they  are threatened. This is a serious issue in that female students are unable to achieve their educational goals.

 Audiences of this genre are the students   and the genre guides them on the actions to be taken to stop sex discrimination (Yates & Orlikowski, 300). First, employees should understand that abusive behaviors are not allowed within the educational institution and thus, they should abide with the policy in order to avoid repercussions. The purpose for reading the genre is for them to understand the problem   and to take actions. Students are requested to reduce the unprofessional behaviors by following codes of ethics. 

 In writing the memo, the manager ensures that the information reminds the students on self-awareness and professional conduct. It acts as a guide and persuades all students to   treat their fellow students with respect and dignity, to maintain inter-personal relationship and cooperation (Jamison, 94). In dealing and interacting with other students, they should act ethically and avoid acting in unreasonable manner. In executing all actions, students should avoid being engaged in discrimination and harassment (Jamison, 94). When carrying out academic work, students should act ethically and avoid behaviors which would advantage other students.

 In creating this genre, the writer’s goal is to ensure that students understand and implements the ethical policy in their interaction with others to avoid discrimination and harassment. The writer is concerned with solving the issue of sexual harassment and by implementing policy; his or her aim is to persuade students to act ethically. Thus, the writer’s objectives is to put polices and code of ethics into practice and create secure environment where students interacts and cooperates with others without fear, harassment or threat. The readers, who are students, have a goal of changing their behaviors and acting morally. To achieve the goals, they need to accept the values and allows them to guide their decisions when interacting with others. Since the genre is written by the institution manager, students, who are the readers strives to do the best to avoid   harsh punishment from the manager. This genre acts as a guide and helps them meet their needs by being reminded about the policy and codes of ethics which should guide behavior.  In addition, students gain awareness and understands that the institution as well as the community expects them to act in an ethical way

  The memo is does not contain a lot of information since it is a 1page memo.  This makes it easier for the students to understand the main point which are the problem, policies, codes of ethics and actions. The writer designs the memo with black and red color and readers captures the main points easily. The information is organizational in a coherent manner as the writer starts by indication to whom the memo is dedicated, who writes the memo, the date written and the subject.  Then he represents the information clearly by stating the problem and the solutions.  In doing this, the writer uses a formal tone and this means that in writing the memo, he is serious with the issue he is presenting. Since the write is directing the message to students, he uses a persuasive tone and urges them to value ethics and treat other students fairly. Though students are obligated to follow the school rules, they are persuaded to   act ethically in order to create a peaceful school environment.

 In writing the memo, the writer uses the rhetorical strategies. He applies ethos in his writing   by challenging and persuading the readers. Note the writer does not intend to harm the readers but rather   advices and recommends on the best way to follow. The ethos is effective in that first, ethos contain credibility. This means that the writer or the speaker, who is the manager, shows respect, authority, goodwill and expertise (Hyde, 89). Therefore, students will take heed to the message and develop a good moral character.

 The genre, which is the memo, is carried out in written form.  This method is effective in that the written record is important as it reaches all intended audiences thereby building a good relationship.  The most important point with this type of genre is that memo goes direct to the point and the reader gets a clear picture of what is needed for him or her (MacArthur, 140).

            The genre is not unique to this organization. This is because, almost all organization use this genre as a method of internal communication. It relates to other versions like posters, meetings and newsletters. All these genres serve a similar purpose of conveying message to a specific group within the organization (MacArthur, 140).  Similarly, the genres are correlated with idea development and distribution of the idea to the groups involved.  However, there a difference between memo and other genres in terms of the way they are represented.   For example, a writer requires an email address in ordered to send a newsletter unlike a memo where the writer issues a written record to all members. In addition, a meeting   involves a group people who come together to discuss matters. All the same, the genres are intended to convey message and to find a solution to a specific issue (MacArthur, 171).

Work cited

Yates Joanne., & Orlikowski J. Wanda. Genres of Organizational Communication: A Structurational

Approach to Stying Communication and Media. 17(2),1992,299-326. Work cited

Jamison, Lori, and Paul Kropp. The Write Genre: Classroom Activities and Mini-Lessons That Promote

Writing with Clarity, Style and Flashes of Brilliance. Markham, Ont: Pembroke Publishers, 2004.

Internet resource.

MacArthur, Charles A, Steve Graham, and Jill Fitzgerald. Handbook of Writing Research. New York:

Guilford Press, 2008. Print.

Hyde, Michael J. The Ethos of Rhetoric. Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2004. Print.

Communication and Soft Skills

A

            Close-cultural communication has been consciously vital to business due to the enlargement of international commerce, expertise and the use of internet.  Compassionate cultural diversity is important for any organization that has a diverse workforce or schemes in conducting the global business.  This kind of communication focuses on how people from different cultures speak, correspond and recognize the world about them (Maude, 2011). 

            What she means is that the culture in which a person grows has a great influence on how the person will behave amid others. Culture is the quality and knowledge of a certain group of people defined by language, religion, custom or arts. As claimed by Tannen, “we learn the use of language as we grow up, and growing up in different country parts while having different culture, spiritual or class conditions which results in different talking ways  due to the culture that each person engrossed when growing up (Tannen, 2011)”.   

            Cross-cultural communication in business compacts with acknowledging the different business cultures, attitudes and communication plans.  Differences in verbal communication, high situations and low situation cultures, nonverbal assortment and power distance are the important features that focus the cross-cultural communication (Maude, 2011).

            For instance, Mr. Joe is a manager at a Shenzhen company in China.  He has gone to American to talk about possible business with a local American company.  His business matches to Jack who is his corresponding person within the American company. Joe has never been to America before and he is not aware of the cultural customs.  At this moment, Mr. Joe is from China and Jack is from America. When Joes communicates to Jack about the possible business, some vital issues may arise in the cross-cultural communication (Maude, 2011).   

            These issues include low and high cultural context.  American businesses care about the perspective than the terms.  Everything written down becomes a contract.  However, Chinese people focus more on what they communicate in the meeting as a promise.  The second issue is the nonverbal differences; each culture takes the body language, gestures, eye contact and postures differently.  If Joe is not aware of what the nonverbal language means, it can easily ruin the business.  The third issue comprise of language barrier and lack of proper communication. In my viewpoint, this is vital when someone is engaged in a cross-cultural business. Due to the differences in language, it is important to understand what others are trying to express.  Power distance is another challenging issue; when Joe is conducting business with Jack, he should be aware of the power distance that Jack has. This will help him to make a contract easily.  Thus, those issues can arise in the case of cross-cultural communication (Maude, 2011). 

            As many companies are currently assimilating, understanding the cross-culture communication issues within the top managerial is decisive due to the distinguished workforce that people as a whole are involving in our professions.  Managers should reflect on issues such as the diverse contact methods, dissimilar approaches towards divergence and diverse looms of making decisions (Maude, 2011). 

            To conclude the Tannen statement, “all communication is more or less cross-cultural,” whether a person is on the managerial level or in the daily working level, it is important to acknowledge the communication of different cultures (Tannen, 2011).           

B

            Communication is a crucial capacity used in life and in the working environments.  It is hard to live without talking to other persons.  As Tannen argues that when observing the communication between people, it is important to differentiate between the content of the information and metamessages.  According to the reading content, information transmits by the word meaning in a message.  The way people think and feel is the way in which information transmits by the methods of data using, figures and actualities.  They consider this as information in communication.  Without information, communication does not subsist. It is essential for information to be real, fastidious and on time (Tannen, 2011). 

            Metamessages are not similar to the information content.  Metamessage is an interior message resulting from communication. It entails to what the persons needs to communicate.  In addition, the information that people give may have different meanings.  If people want to avoid confusion that can arise when speaking with others, they have to ensure that the information ties the meta messages for us to get the precise and clear message across (Tannen, 2011). 

            In the occasion the information content and meta-messages are not well allied, it will result to a huge confusion in the communication.   Provided are some cases of a person who focuses on distributing information content to others and does not understand the working of meta messages. First, this instance happens in our daily lives. Sometimes when confused by bad emotions, we wish to talk to close friend through the phone.  However, we only concentrate on the information we give to the friends.  Our friends may respond, “I am having lunch right now” and many more but we still insist our personal issues to the person.  We never pay attention to their reactions. We think that having lunch does not affect the communication and think that they are still listening to our stories (Martha, Fanning & McKay, 2009). 

            However, their response has a diverse meaning.  Since we are close friends, they do not want to break the friendship between each other. Nevertheless, the truth is that they cannot respond to the issue, as they are busy at that moment. We never read their metamessage.  This can cause violence and misunderstanding in the communication.  This is therefore an example that makes us seem not to understand the working of metamessage and create miscommunication with others (Martha, Fanning & McKay, 2009).

            Second, if one person is from Japan and the other from Germany, the one from Japan communicates in Japanese while the other communicates in German.  Both subjects experience their communication in their personal language and are able to understand each other’s language.  However, the native linguistics comprises many meta messages that they are not aware in this case.  They only understand the universal idea and not the message behind the meta messages.  Therefore, this is still an example that shows the importance of understanding metamessages (Martha, Fanning & McKay, 2009). 

            As a result, people give other meanings through their meta messages that occurs differently from their information.  This means that is important to acknowledge the functioning of meta messages (Tannen, 2011).   

C

            There are two kinds of communication indirect and direct communication.  Direct communication involves saying what a person thinks, feels, and manifested by listening actively and giving effective feedback.  It is clear and involves two ways of sharing thoughts, which are the feelings, and opinions.  There is no deception or concealed messages in direct communication and its main aim is to give information from one person to another or from a group to another.  Its disadvantage is that it easily causes conflicts to other people by discounting their mindset.  In indirect communication, the use of words does not outline the meaning but the nonverbal manners (Tannen, 2011).

            The overall goal of the communication is sustaining harmony.  Indirect communication main purpose is to stay away from variance, anxiety and unstable conditions.  In a high-based civilization that may be comparatively homogenous and have a tendency to stress the confidence and communal connections, inhabitants get insensible perceptive of what the culture expects. Due to the shared prospect about behavior, the speaker can change the approach to express communication (Tannen, 2011).

            Such matters as the individuality of the presenter, statement features that are not considered all expresses the statement.  In oblique statement, the audience has to acknowledge the ethnicity to appreciate the connotation of communication.  The audience is accountable for memo interpretation (Tannen, 2011). 

            Mainly in America, disapproval of oblique statement is common. Tannen spot the persistent disbelieve of implicitness conveying that many Americans experience it proved that openness is sensible and connected with influence whereas obliqueness is an approach to deceit and shows dishonesty. Straight speakers anticipate and value sincerity, frankness and take oblique speakers as motionless, violent and scheming.  In addition, in America, the issue of efficient statement appears to lay on those who are oblique and appears as the accountability of the oblique talker to show the statement rather than the accountability of the audience to recognize it (Tannen, 2011). 

            As the straight speakers have problems with oblique talkers, those who anticipate indirect answers affronts by talk in any other way.  Direct communicators seem unsuitable and rude which can cause interpersonal nervousness, insight of poor presentation and other challenges.  Essentially, direct communicators do not appreciate how indirectness functions and do not apprehend what is missing.  Thus, it is unfeasible for the straight individual to appreciate the intricacy of obliqueness in anticipation of having been involved in it.  As a result, straight speakers can be aggravated and puzzled in an oblique situation and many know that something is not functioning, but may not recognize their responsibility may be mistaken.  This is for the reason that indirect communicators bound them and no one will directly tell them what they are doing is wrong (Tin-Toomey, 1999). 

            Despite these pessimistic statement policies, Tannen claims that not anything is mistaken with being straight or oblique.  Both policies have compensations.  The trouble arises when there are dissimilarities in policies or diverse potential about the exploitation of the policy in a fastidious condition (Tannen, 2011).  

            Tannen stresses that elasticity and common respect are main features in dealing with communication different styles.  Understanding direct and indirect communication is one feature to use when we interact with others.  When people consider that dissimilar message policies may be a component of the setback, we use straight and oblique message to people.  The trouble is that the straight speaker does not distinguish the oblique status of the surroundings and does not recognize the importance of the message approach on others.  People in this condition practice logic of reprieve when specified the way to consider their condition.  Occasionally people understand that this condition will not function and they decide to depart while at times they may adjust to the situation prearranged to the response and develop to be effective with an oblique communiqué background (Tannen, 2011). 

            Therefore, indirect communication has its advantages in that it creates strong awareness communication indications and manages communication with care.  Its disadvantages are that it causes misunderstanding in the communication and appears unclear and untrustworthy (Tin-Toomey, 1999).    

.

References

Martha, D., Fanning, P., & McKay, Matthew. (2009). Messages: The Communication Skills Book. New Harbinger.

Maude, B. (2011). Managing cross-cultural communication: Principles and practice.

Tannen, D. (2011). That's not what I meant!: How conversational style makes or breaks relationships. New York: Harper.  

Tin-Toomey, S. (1999). Communication across cultures. New York [etc.: The Guilford press.

Media Violence and Judgments of Offensiveness and Violent Media Increase Aggression

Article 1

This study seeks to determine whether viewers are offended by media violence and whether the link between aggressive behavior and watching media violence is brought about by this offense.  The research carried out in 2 Universities located in United States used a sample of 1429 young adults comprising of 60 % female and 40 percent male within an average age of 20.49. The recruitment of the sample comprised of about half from a Midwest state university and the other half from a Western private university (Coyne, Callister, Gentile, & Howard, 2016).  

The collection of the data involved was done through online questionnaires.  The results of the research indicate a variation in offensiveness reactions towards media violence with the range being from no offense to highly offended (Coyne et. al 2016).  This was a cross-sectional research which involved seeking views of different groups within the population at the same time. The limitations of includes using a single item to appraise the attitudes and failure to define various terns used in this survey.

Article 2

This article seeks to test whether there is variation among media researchers’ views on how violent media related to aggression in children and such views with parents and pediatricians opinions. The sample for the study included 371 mass communication scientists and media psychologists, 92 pediatricians and 268 parents. The sample was nationally represented on the basis gender and race, while the recruitment of parents was done by Qualtrics Panel with a small fee as the payment (Bushman, Gollwitzer, & Cruz, 2015).   

The sampling method used was random sampling where the involved participants involved responded to announcements that had been sent by various research moderators.  The data collection methodology used involved completion of an online survey which addressed how violent media affects aggression in children.  The results of the study showed an overall consensus among the participants that violent media led to aggression in children (Bushman et. al 2015). This was a cross-sectional study since it involved comparing different groups of a population at the same time. The limitation of the study include an assumption that aggressive behavior is indicated by offensive feelings  and the entire emerging adult population is not represented since the study was done only in two different places of the country.

References

Coyne, S. M., Callister, M. A., Gentile, D. A., & Howard, E. (2016). Media violence and judgments of offensiveness: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(4), 372.

Bushman, B. J., Gollwitzer, M., & Cruz, C. (2015). There is broad consensus: Media researchers agree that violent media increase aggression in children, and pediatricians and parents concur. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 4(3), 200.

Delivering Bad News

Delivering bad news can be tough especially when the managers have to break the news to the junior employees. It is hard for managers to deliver bad news to employees who always have high hopes that their projects will be accepted. Taking the case of Mark Costa, one realizes that delivering bad news is hard since it disappoints parties involved. The group of IT experts had spent most of their time coming up with three software options that would be best used to monitor the activities of employees in the company who work online. The team analyzed the three software options and concluded that the third software was the best for the company. The team used cost and benefit as their main means of analysis and concluded that the most expensive was the best software. The management team reviewed the groups work and concluded that the recommended software was expensive thus they turned down the offer and opted on using cheaper software which the IT team had not recommended.

The groups felt disappointed since they had used most of their time coming up with the best software. However, the manager ensured that the IT team understood that the company had no finances to purchase the most expensive software. The manager while delivering bad news needs to have prepared the conversation before talking to the employees (Gallo, 2015). The manager has to ensure he is confident giving employees the news and answering all the questions they have to ask. In this case, the manager ensured that the IT team experts understood that the management team did not have enough resources to purchase the best software. The manager ensured the team understood the management team and took their decision well since they too understood they would have one a similar thing. Delivering bad news becomes effective when employees take the decisions in the right way even if they may feel a little bit disappointed.

References

Gallo.A (2015) How to Deliver Bad News to Your Employees. Retrieved from             https://hbr.org/2015/03/how-to-deliver-bad-news-to-your-employees

Family Communication

Everyone is different.  Therefore, each person’s response to different activities and ideas is chracterised with the differences.  The phenomenon  can best  be  referred  to individualization as everyone  has  become  an  individualists and the  axis  via which the world turns.  Individualism  can be described  as  the freedom as well as the  rights of persons  in the society  through which they  adopt  special  situations that  best applies to them (New & Cochran, 2007).  Early childhood development offers the best basis for individualization for instance in a daycare setting for children of amid two and three years.

The unique self identification of every individual that is separate from all others is created via the individuation process.  This  procedure  best starts  at two years when in the stage  the child is  likely to typically spot a personality  sense  by holding a stable  mental depiction or their caregiver  or parents  even without their presence (Reis & Sprecher, 2009).  In this case, if the individuation separation procedure is implemented effectively the child will adapt autonomy and an individual identity firm sense.   Individualization in early childhood development is crucial since when the independence amount is increased a sense of high self confidence will directly grow.  Being in high control over a child makes the child to feel inadequate and full of self doubts.

The individualism procedure is accounted as essential to the growth of a healthy identity and the creation of healthy relationships.  A child  who is highly  individualistic will  have a high sense  of comfort  and  confidence in their  general objective of  pursing  certain goals. Individualism is a needed procedure in the discovery and analysis of self (New & Cochran, 2007).  The procedure‘s delay may result in personal and mental stability issues due to depression and anxiety disorders. With the mentions, I believe that individualism is highly important during the early development process of children.

            References

New, R. S., & Cochran, M. (2007). Early childhood education: An international encyclopedia. Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers.

Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2009). Encyclopedia of human relationships: Vol. 1-. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Non verbal communications

Hulea, L. (2010). Communication - Organizations' Work Device. Annals Of The University Of Petrosani Economics, 10(3), 197-206.

The article by Hulea, 2010 explains how Normal appearance and dressing explains how people make judgments about their looks based on their dressing codes. Dressing ways are used as status symbols, thus most of the Americans appear most gripped with the dressing codes and the personal charisma.

Subapriya, K. (2009). The Importance of Non-Verbal Cues. ICFAI Journal of Soft Skills, 3(2), 37-42.

The article by Subapriya, 2009 demonstrates the way the body movements send information towards a person and the wish of controlling the environment.  This emotional condition such as tapping fingers can move toward or away from a person.

Courchesne, L., Durand, E., & Roy, B. (2014). Posture Platform and the Drawing Room: Virtual Teleportation in Cyberspace. Leonardo, 47(4), 367-374. Doi: 10.1162/LEON_a_00842

Posturing is another mode of non verbal communication as explained by Courchesne, Durand & Roy, 2014.  This means that the posturing or the body posture that is showed by the persons show many messages which may seem good or bad.  Posturing shows the subject’s level of concentration or engagement. 

Dreiss, A. N., Chatelain, P. G., Roulin, A., & Richner, H. (2016). Prosody Predicts Contest Outcome in Non-Verbal Dialogs. Plos ONE, 11(12), 1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166953

The authors, Dreiss, Chatelain, Roulin & Richner, 2016, explains how gesturing varies from one culture to the other.  Some cultures are livelier while others are controlled.  The controlled cultures see the lively cultures having low manners while the lively cultures see the controlled cultures as having no feelings or interest.

Oh, S. Y., Bailenson, J., Krämer, N., & Li, B. (2016). Let the Avatar Brighten Your Smile: Effects of Enhancing Facial Expressions in Virtual Environments. Plos ONE, 11(9), 1-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161794

The authors, Oh, Bailenson, Kramer, & Li, 2016, explain how people say that facial expressions are the same.  This means that most of the facial expressions have the same meaning globally based on smiling, crying or expression of anger or sorrow.  These however are different from culture to culture.

Savalli, C., Resende, B., & Gaunet, F. (2016). Eye Contact Is Crucial for Referential Communication in Pet Dogs. Plos ONE, 11(9), 1-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162161

As proofed by Savalli, Resende & Gaunet, 2016, the contact of the eye shows the level of concentration that affects the change in attitude.  This shows the emotion that is based with the type of communication which later defines the power and has its main role in controlling the impersonation of others. 

Gabbott, M., & Hogg, G. (2001). The Role of Non-verbal Communication in Service Encounters: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Marketing Management, 17(1-2), 5-26.

Touch as viewed by the authors Gabbott & Hogg, 2001, it can be culturally defined though every culture has its own clear approach of the parts of the body that one may touch.  The touch communication is meant to affect or to control.

Durand, A., Turkina, E., & Robson, M. (2016). Psychic Distance and Country Image in Exporter-Importer Relationships. Journal of International Marketing, 24(3), 31-57. doi:10.1509/jim.15.0056

According to Durand, Turkina & Robson, 2016, the amount of distance space that we sustain between ourselves and the other persons in which we are communication with shows the importance of the proxemics.  This kind of distance can be used in the kind of communication that happens in the business connections. 

Lemaitre, G., Houix, O., Voisin, F., Misdariis, N., & Susini, P. (2016). Vocal Imitations of Non-Vocal Sounds. Plos ONE, 11(12), 1-28. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168167

Voice is a way of non verbal communication.  As explained by the authors Lemaitre, Houix, Voisin, Misdariis & Susini, 2016, it does not include the way people say it but in that when we speak, other people are able to read our voices in addition to listening to our words.  Things that people may give attention including the time and the speed, how loud one speaks and this makes them understand the person’s voice meaning such as “ahh.  ”

Phutela, D. (2015). The Importance of Non-Verbal Communication. IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 9(4), 43-49.

Smell as demonstrated by Phutela, 2015 shows that people has the fear of the offensive smells.  He later explains that though many cultures take the body odors as normal, other cultures such as the Asians consider Americans of having bad odors due to them not taking often baths. 

Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively

Introduction

Effective communication entails communication where managers provide enough channels for employees to express their ideas and air out their grievances. Managers are able to build effective relationships with employees if communication is effective within the organization. Managers ensure they motivate and inspire their employees since without this failure will occur within the organization. Managers act as role models and therefore have to ensure information reaches the employees on time. Most organizations have put in place technological measures since they think that technology will be the solution to problems within the organization. Most organizations prefer using emails as their main communication channels. Face to face communication is the most effective form of communication but organizations prefer using emails as one way of embracing technology. Using emails instead of face to face has made managers fail to know and understand their employees since there is no physical contact. Managers should interact with the employees physically in order to understand them and know their problems. Therefore communication is the most important thing within the organization since information has to be passed from the leaders to the employees and vice versa. This paper will focus on understanding how effective and supportive communication helps build relationships within the organization.

Importance of supportive communication

Supportive communication entails having specific goals one want to achieve and techniques of ensuring the goals are achieved (Michael, 2014). Supportive communication ensures that conflicts within the organization are solved in an effective manner while strengthening the relationship between the individuals involved in the conflict. Supportive communication is not only used in employees but can be used in other organization where there are seniors and juniors such as schools and homes. There are many types of interpersonal interactions that ensure supportive communication is used such as solving conflict between a child and a parent. Supportive communication can also be used effective in people who share equal amount of power such as friends, partners and business partners as well (Michael, 2014). Understanding the techniques of supportive communication will ensure that communication remains effective. In addition, it will ensure that conflicts are solved reasonably and that strong relationships are formed instead of creating enemies within the organizations.

Supportive communication is effective within the organization since it focuses on knowing the problems and getting the solutions to the problem (Bradley & Campbell, 2016). Rather than focusing on the individuals involved in the problem, supportive communication aims at focusing on the problem and coming up with changes or solutions that will ensure the problem is solved. This ensures communication remains effective since the person involved in the problem will participate in the process of coming up with solutions rather than defend themselves. This type of communication is effective within organizations since the person involved in the problem will be willing to come up with solutions to the problem since no blame game takes place. Supportive communication entails use of descriptive language rather than using a language that may sound judgmental to the people involved in the problem (Bradley & Campbell, 2016). Descriptive language ensures that the problem or situation is described thoroughly in order to avoid misunderstandings. The situation is described in a manner that everyone understands since the focus is on coming up with solutions that will deter such a situation from happening again. 

Supportive communication is effective since it focuses on finding the solutions rather than focusing on the problem. It ensures individuals feel respected and valued rather than getting judgment after problems occur (Bradley & Campbell, 2016). With this type of communication, people are able to identify themselves as problem solvers through coming up with solutions that will ensure people live peacefully.  This communication does not support people giving demands to others rather people dialogue and come up with solutions. Giving demands make other people feel inferior and at the end of it all, conflicts will not be solved (Michael, 2014). This communication is necessary in any given institution since it strengthens the relationship amongst employees and the leaders as well. People need to feel appreciated and valued thus supportive communication makes it possible for problems to get solved in a systematic manner whereby all people feel appreciated and valued as part of the problem solving group (Bradley & Campbell, 2016). This communication is effective and has made relationships strengthen after a conflict since all people feel valued, respected and appreciated.

Building positive interpersonal relationships

Positive relationships within an organization ensure that an organization remains all round since it grows socially, intellectually, emotionally and physiologically (Bradley & Campbell, 2016). Positive relationships ensure employees give better performance in the organization since they feel valued and appreciated as part of the organization. Organizations that have positive relationships are advantaged since employees will be more committed towards ensuring the organization remains successful and prosperous. Employees are able to interact well and share their ideas in organizations where positive relationships are possible. This implies that positive relationships motivate employees to work in the organization since employees feel appreciated. Sharing information and ideas make it possible for employees to learn new things and contribute towards ensuring the organization remains successful (Michael, 2014). Negative communication may exist within the organization but dealing with it require positive relationships that will ensure people handle the situation in an effective manner that will help strengthen their relationships (Bradley & Campbell, 2016). Effective managers should have the skill of communicating supportively since it helps strengthen the relationships between the managers and employees. Without strong relationship organizations cannot succeed since employees will always feel inferior therefore cannot express their problems and ideas freely.

Importance of effective communication within organizations

Organizations currently dwell on use of emails rather than face to face communication. Research shows that organizations are failing since they are focusing too much on using electronic communication methods rather than face to face communication which is the most effective method of communication (High & Solomon, 2016). Electronic communication comes with various challenges such as employees receive too much information which at times is not understood by all. In addition information can lack meaning since there is no explanation because emails are short. This communication does not give room for dialogue thus it is not effective as face to face communication where one will know the reaction of the people. Face to face communication ensures that good relationship exist between the managers and employees. Face to face communication is effective since managers are able to know and understand the employees (High & Solomon, 2016). Electronic communication should be mixed with face to face communication in order to ensure communication remains effective within the organization. Face to face communication strengthens the relationship amongst people in the organization. Managers should ensure they practice supportive communication whereby they work together with other employees in ensuring they find solutions to the problems affecting them.

Communication should be accurate since this will help deter errors that keep happening within the organization. Communication should be channeled using the right communication channels. Managers should ensure they practice effective communication in such a manner that enable them pass information to employees using the right channels (High & Solomon, 2016). Managers should not rely on electronic communication alone rather focus on face to face communication. Face to face communication help strengthen the relationship between employees and managers. In case of any problems facing employees managers should be able to know, if they are using the right communication channels. This shows that employees should have confidence in themselves and work towards ensuring the organization remains successful. Communication ensures that important information reaches employees on time and that problems are solved within the organization at the right time. This shows that communication is the most important thing that ensures success is achieved in the organization.

Conclusion

From the above discussion, it is evident that effective communication is the key to success in all organization. Managers should ensure they practice supportive communication in order to strengthen the relationship between them and the employees. Managers should have good communication skills so that information can flow effectively to other employees within the organization. They should possess skills in supportive communication so that conflicts can be solved in the best way possible. Solving conflicts in the best way possible enables build the relationship between employees and the manager. Managers should be ready to respect and value employees since employees are important shareholders in the organizations. Supportive communication ensures that conflicts within the organization are solved in an effective manner while strengthening the relationship between the individuals involved in the conflict.

References

Bradley, G. L., & Campbell, A. C. (2016). Managing Difficult Workplace Conversations: Goals, Strategies, and Outcomes. International Journal Of Business Communication, 53(4), 443-       464. doi:10.1177/2329488414525468

High, A. C., & Solomon, D. H. (2016). Explaining the Durable Effects of Verbal Person-  Centered Supportive Communication: Indirect Effects or Invisible Support?. Human       Communication Research, 42(2), 200-220. doi:10.1111/hcre.12077

Michael, D. F. (2014). Supportive Supervisor Communication As A Mediator Of The Leader-      Member Exchange And Subordinate Performance Relationship. International Journal Of     Leadership Studies, 8(2), 44-65.

Social work narrative interview

            I am collecting social work roles in substance abuse for a training project that I am carrying out and I carried out an interview on Mr. Fife. I listened to him paying close attention to all what he had to say and assured him that I will not interrupt him as he talked. However, I took a couple of notes in which I later asked him questions about. This interview enhanced me to understand his credentials, the experiences that he have encountered in his line of work, his job roles, some of the values that are necessary for in this profession and the major value conflicts that arises in this work and how to deal with these conflicts.

1. Fife is a very articulate as well as passionate expert about his work and most of his discussion during the interview was pertained to substance use and the way social work helps in the control of their use so as to attain mental health. He holds a MPLSW and works with the Bluegrass mental health broad agency. His main role in this agency is to offer therapy for the drug abuse services for all the populations that are within the centre of Kentucky. He works with other twelve counselors with whom they serve about sixteen counties. He is therefore one of the drug abuse therapist where he ensures that any outpatient who visits the agency for help gets quality services with close monitoring of the patient so as to ensure that the therapy is a success. One of his values in this line of work is confidentiality. He thus upholds a higher level of confidentiality between him and his patients. Therefore, anything that needs to be disclosed can only be done if and only the patient signs a document giving him the permission to do so. According to him, this responsibility that is bestowed upon him is one that is immense in regards to mental illness as they deal with an overwhelming number of patients who thus create pressure in the environment. As a professional he insisted that he has to start support groups for the substance abuse patients and also for those who live with these patients as this would help them to cope with them and helping them to get out of the feelings of rejection by their loved ones as they are encourage one another in the support group.

Conducting Interview & Interrogation IP3

To: Chief detective

From:

Date: 24^th February 2017

Ref: Conducting Interview & Interrogation IP3

            While conducting Interview & Interrogation IP3, a good detective will carry-out the following procedures, first they will carry out the preparation and planning process, they will later engage and then explain, they will then account for clarification as well as pose some challenges, they will later obtain closure through creation of a good rapport and finally they will ensure that they carry out a thorough evaluation.

            In carrying out any interview or rather an interrogation, it is important to note that planning is the most essential component that must first be carried out. Planning ensures that the relevant information in relation to the case is covered. For the interview or the interrogation to be successful, the criminal investigator is involved in the process of obtaining information that the subject matter in this case may not want to supply to the lead investigator concerning their guilt as well as their involvement in that given case. Basically, some of the interviews end up turning into interrogations and mostly when the suspect reveals the information that points towards their guilt. It is also essential to plan for the interview that may turn out to be an interrogation as this will enhance the success of both the interview as well as the interrogation. During the process of planning for both the interview and the interrogation, the likelihood of the interview turning out to be an interrogation should carefully be considered. Firstly, as the criminal investigator, it is important to be able to establish the psychical environment that would be capable of providing security so as to enhance minimal or no interruptions and a place that builds pressure on the suspect causing them to be truthful (Bogner et al 2009).

            In some cases, planning sometimes is dependent on the subject matter and especially during the early stages of the interrogation. In this case, the eyewitness identification is thus very essential and it determines the planning and the preparation of the interview as well as the interrogation. However, the detective must investigate and determine whether the eyewitness is reliable or viable. Despite the amount of preparation and the experiences that the detective or the interrogator has, they can only be successful in their interrogation if they are good listeners with good skills to read the nonverbal cues (Bogner et al 2009). In doing this they are able to realize the non verbal and the verbal conducts that are demonstrated by the subject. They are also able to build a rapport with the subject as they identify a common ground with the subject hence enabling them to determine whether they should be interrogated especially when there is no doubts about the subject’s involvement in the case and more facts about the case are continually obtained.

            While planning, the detective should also resolve the important details of documenting the subjects’ confession even before conducting the interrogation. As a detective, one should familiarize with the subject’s history and background before conducting the interview. The subject’s personality traits such as emotions, feelings and individual values, influence the success of the interview and the interrogation. Once the investigator is able to obtain this information, they are able to use this information as persuasion strategy unto the subject hence causing them to confess the truth which is in their best benefit.  The investigator should as well be able to understand the case facts before undertaking the interrogation or the interview (Swanson & Swanson 2006). Thus they should first obtain the knowledge of the manner in which the crime was committed and thus they increase their credibility rate ad this increases their chances of succeeding in the interrogation process.  A separation of time in between the interview and interrogation is quite essential as it allows the detective to have some time to be able to formulate an interrogation mechanism and hence shifting from the non-accusatory strategy and fact-finding interrogation tone to the accusatory process and persuasive interrogation tone. The interrogator may at some cases use his or her absence from the interview or the interrogation room so as to strengthen his confrontation towards the suspect at the beginning of the interrogation.

            In conclusion, a detective may have only one chance to carry out a formal interview as well as an interrogation of a suspect. Hence it is important that the detective maximizes the amount of time, resources and information that they have to acquire quality information out of the interview. The case under investigation should be clearly outlined and defined with a series of relevant questions that are prepared earlier in advance. These questions should be asked so as to develop the investigated information and the conduct symptoms of either the truth or deception. Once the relevant information of the investigated issue is drawn out, the detective is supposed to step out of the interview room and should reevaluate and review the notes of the interrogation and any other evidence that has been collected thus coming up with a decision.

References

Swanson, C. R., & Swanson, C. R. (2006). Criminal investigation. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Bogner, A., Littig, B., Menz, W., & Palgrave Connect (Online service). (2009). Interviewing experts. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan.