Miscommunication

An example of miscommunication in my personal life happened while I was working in a small firm. I was exchanging an email with customer who wanted to get full information about an order that he had placed. After the processing of the order he wanted some changes to be made and so I passed incomplete details about the changes to the person involved. Due to lack of clear understanding the, the order was sent without all the required changes.

After the customer received the order, he became very angry and expressed his disappointment. After I carried out an investigation on the same, I realized the miscommunication regarding his request. The product has to be returned since it did not match what the customer wanted. A new order was processed but this time with no charge and I had to bear the blame for this mistake. This represented a case of miscommunication that resulted to results other than expected by the firm and the customer.

Effective communication involves proper writing skills that will pass on the appropriate and the intended in formation, and this requires avoiding omission of important details in the process. There is a need to acknowledge the problems arising from flawed writing and responding to it in a organized manner (Gibbons & Farr, 1998). If a person fails to communicate in way that is meaningful and clear, their good works will be valueless. This is because ineffective communication can lead to unintended consequences (Gibbons & Farr, 1998). In the above case, effective communication should have ensured that the details required by the customer in terms of changes in the order are captured. The processing of the order could have been done correctly.

Reference

Gibbons, D. C., & Farr, K. A. (1998). The good, the bad, and the ugly: Dealing with flawed writing in criminal justice. Crime & Delinquency, 44(3), 464–474.

 The New York Times Magazine:  The Case Against Google

 Introduction/ claim/title

 ‘The Case Against Google’ is a New York Times Magazine Written by Duhigg.  In the article, the author introduces the arguments raised by critics that Google has a monopoly power which acts as a threat to the U.S economy. In addition, critics argue that Google has been involved in anticompetitive practices which have led to not only rapid growth, innovation and unfair advantage but it has also restricted inter-firm competition. It is argued that Google enjoys unfair advantages by offering vertical services and this limits the ‘Quality Score’ of other companies. Critics claim that there should be antitrust concerns and policymakers and business leaders should enforce antitrust laws for consumer protection and more importantly allow other businesses to enter in the labor market and enjoy liberty in the competitive environment. In addition, the anti-trust law will protect the democratic institutions by eliminating the concentration of monopoly power. The title of this article is strong in that the author introduced the arguments from the critics on how Google is a threat to the economy and answers the question on whether the government should step in to support the anti-trust law.

Opposition/Common Ground and supporting evidence

 In the article, there is a common ground or rather  both parties agree that  Google  is one of the profitable businesses and its  vertical search engine that meet the competing preferences has  placed it in a higher position  in the competitive market. Both sides agree that Google has succeeded as it dominated the globe given that it has 87% of online searches (Duhigg, 1). The article tells that in yearly basis, Google   addresses trillions of queries and this makes a profit of 5.5 billion a day.   Given that critics and  supporters of Goggle has a common ground on Google success,  diverse views or rather a  controversy  comes in  as opponents argue that  Google, as a technology company is a powerful entity   which is capable of  using its computer codes to destroy  other industries.  They argue that this tech giant is growing so fast and for this reason there should be antitrust concerns to eliminate the monopolies. They rely on the assumption that when tech giants like Google enjoy a technological advantage, the firm extinguishes other competitors (Duhigg, 1).  The author tells that opponents raise their arguments on threat   and harm on the basis of Google’s vertical-search engines.  For example, Google has been using deceptive practices  such as  the use of ‘Big Daddy update’ and ‘Panda’  to  penalize other websites  while  deceiving the users that such practices are aimed at combating the systems   which interfere with Goggle operations (Duhigg, 1).  

There  are many instances where Google has offered less useful information  and suboptimal links  and these makes the critics argue that ‘the anticompetitive means  will have a lasting negative effects  on consumer welfare”(Duhigg, 1).  Google has  also been accused several times for  anticompetitive practices  such as ‘search bias’  where it  conducts  a vertical integration  for own products making it hard for  other  competitors  to compete. Generally, the  opposition is  not effective  or rather it is not  fairy quoted in that the article clearly states that opponents  argue from the  perspective of violation of antimonopoly laws  and how  its completive behaviors have made other companies suffer from dire consequences. Note that the controversy is not from the consumers but it is rooted from other industries due to their nature of competition in the competition market. To make the opposition effective, the opponents should not only focus on competitive rivalry but should also   show the consumers the harm and threat brought by the Google (Duhigg, 1).

 The author introduces  the  supporters’ views  by arguing that  Google  is a digital company  in the new economy  and the nature of technology  gives it an opportunity to  enter in the competitive  financial  markets  where it   uses  skills and abilities to achieve a competitive advantage and  gain stability in the.  The author supports his argument or rather he offers a supporting evidence by quoting the statement of Herbert Hovenkamp that “competition is good but if the monopoly power extinguishes competition, that is bad” (Duhigg, 1.  In addition,  the article states that  Google and other tech giants such as  Facebook, Amazon  and Apple  are  the  sources of digital entertainment  and  play a great role in business and communication in the world making an annual revenue of  trillion dollars.  Supporters are surprised how Google and these tech giants are threats to the economy and democracy yet people rely on them every day (Duhigg, 1). The article  offers a convincing evidence that  the antitrust laws  do not make sense  by stating that  Google and  other tech giants  have achieved the ‘network effects’  and rapid growth of online world   which makes no need of antitrust laws. The author offers supporting evidence by introducing the case of Microsoft where the government spent   time and money in suing Microsoft.  Even though the Microsoft’s monopoly was ended, the cause was not antitrust violation but it was due to the establishment and rapid development of Google – a search engine that competed with Microsoft businesses (Duhigg, 1).

             The rapid growth of Google is due to its skills and ability and this makes supporters argue that ‘when our products don’t work..it’s easy for users to go elsewhere…” (Duhigg, 1.) In the article,  the many supporting evidence helps the reader view both sides   and make conclusion  on  whether  Google competitive practices are extinguishing competition and  there should  be  antitrust law or not. On rejecting the allegations, the article asserts that Google competitive practices or all its business operations benefit the users.  For example, the changes such as changes in search algorithm are aimed at delivering the best search results   or rather the Google conclude that its main goal is to ensure that Google users get the best results. On the same note, Google data show that the search engine has benefited the users and the best result are not favoring the company but rather it is for the benefit of   the consumers and advertisers (Duhigg, 1). Other thing opponents should understand  is that the antitrust laws  is not about the benefits, monopolistic power , condemning the success or  fairness but rather it  acts as a legal system  which ensures a constructive marketplace. Through these evidences, the article show that the allegation toward Google threat and harm are false since they do not relate to the antitrust theory.  In real sense, Google benefits the consumers and more importantly it competes with other tech giants such as Facebook (Duhigg, 1).

Experts/Credibility

Duhigg, the author of this article is a writer of ‘The New York Times’ and he graduated from Yale University.  He has written several articles on global economy which is on the New York Times best-seller list. Being an expert in the field of economy, he has a vast knowledge and offers credible information on ‘Case against Google’ (Duhigg, 1). The authors allows the reader understand that there is difference between electronic commerce markets and the physical world. Failure to make the difference is the great weakness of the antitrust authorities because it does not value the technical aspects as well as the competition behaviors of the Google. The author is an expert as he offers various examples and supporting evidence to show that there is no a convincing evidence that Google violates the antitrust laws. Through his knowledge, the article argues that Google is a monopoly and consumers do not have any problem with the monopolistic nature (Duhigg, 1).  Through a comprehensive research, the author shows that Google has benefited its consumers and a positive network and its dominance position in the competitive market might be the reason for false allegations.

 Conclusion

 This article has interesting information and I would recommend it to readers who are interested in global economy and in specific readers who have the interest to understand the role of antitrust laws in the process of competition as well as the guiding principles. This article is helpful as it helps the readers understand that  in investigation  how Google violates the antitrust laws,   a comprehensive report should be given on how  such company damages the completion and  how it harms the consumers. I do not agree with the subject-matter presented that   it violates the antitrust legal system. Vertical competitors accuse Google for unfair advantage due to its higher vertical services Note that there are no evidence or sound criteria to show that its position in the competitive market is extinguishing other competitors in general violating the antitrust laws.  In real sense, Google in the New Economy where its competition aims at offering the best result or rather a perfect competition by diminishing the power of other competitors.  Note that company aim at making a dynamic growth and   development and these two are achieved through competition in terms of innovation and monopoly power which are responsible in the creation of strong network effects.

 Work cited

Comparative politics and Orientalism

 In the interview, the main argument that Said presents is that Western people have negative attitudes toward the people of the Middle East and this has contributed to Eurocentric prejudice. He provides evidence that Americans have created an implicit justification by reflecting on images, literature, music, popular media and discussions which do not present realistic representations (Palestine Diary, 2012). I agree that  these attitudes or knowledge  are not  factual  but rather the Western  people  use preconceived archetypes  which make  the conclusion that  ‘Eastern’ societies  are different from ‘Western’ societies. It is true that  the method  that the West and Europe use to  acquire the knowledge  about the  Middle East is not objective  and  for this reason, the  end results makes them arrive to certain  interest. Note that the West and Europe knowledge distorts the reality and the end result contributes to an immense stereotyping. Due to the images and threatening pictures presented by the media, Western   view Islam as a threat and whose business is to kill Americans (Palestine Diary, 2012).  I agree that the problem with Western people is that they make vast generalizations on the nature of Islam   which concluded that   they are foreign devils.  Thus, it is important for Western people to observe rules and use the appropriate system of gaining knowledge.

Counter-argument

 First, it is important to understand that the negative attitude about the people of the Middle East is made from the historical and institutional background (Palestine Diary, 2012).   The construction of these attitudes is rooted from the ‘Imperial conquest’ and the reality is that the geopolitical dynamic and relationship between Islam and other nations show imperialistic attitudes.  People from the West derive knowledge by focusing more on the Islamic world and the Islamic political culture. America reflects on the long-existing patterns of behavior which helps them to understand more about Middle East people. While Said neglects the Islamic Imperialism, it is evident that Americans negative attitude are influenced by the pattern of behaviors and how the popular culture present them in the present day (Palestine Diary, 2012).   Note that since the Western civilization, people from the West are controlled by ‘golden threads’ namely rationalism and universalism. The former means that American’s knowledge and attitudes toward the Arabs is reinforced by sense experience which gives a fundamental truth. Second, universalism means that the Islamic nature since history to  the present day is the same.  Thus, the tradition’s history, collective and individual experience has created diversity and racism.

Reference

Palestine Diary. (2012). Edward Said On Orientalism. Retrieved from: https://goo.gl/X3pFpy

Criminological Theories Presented in the Media

The application of political theories in media is important as it assists in increasing the ratings of the media channels and thus enabling the aspect of money making. Utilization of inequality, repression and racism theories by the media sensationalizes a given crime. This makes the media therefore to have more of sensational reporting. Sensationalism in the media contributes towards the increment of the top ratings in the media. Moreover, political theories are also important as they support some of the political perspectives. One of the core goals of the media is sensationalism that which empowers a strong emotional response from the audience targeted. For this to be attained, the media ensures that the crime revolves around inequality, repression and prejudice. A good example to illustrate how the media fails to express sensation is using a murder case where the media reports of a killing that just happened somewhere. Due to lack of sensation, the news may not attract too much audience and hence it may not be of great profit to the media stations. However, if the media uses political theories to explain a murder, then the case may seem to attract higher ratings from the people hence resulting to a strong emotion aroused by the reporting that the murder occurred due to racism.

The rational theory is the most seen in the present day mass media. It asserts that people tend to participate in taking an action that is in line with their own preferences. It thus aids people to make decisions and especially in businesses where the media entrepreneurs better understand the audience’s actions in a society as it is fully based on rationality where they have the freedom to choose what they want based on their preferences. It asserts that people adjust for prejudices of information that is coming from particular media channel. The media are thus able to apply this theory in their broadcasting as most of the crime shows apply the rational choice idea.

The rate at which violence in the media is increasing is quite alarming. This is because it is reaching a point where it is dangerous for the American society. Much of the media shows are filled with violence and reality has actually been replaced with fiction. However, due to the high rate of violence being televised, most of the people are convinced that crime is happening everywhere and that guns are important for protection (Gentile, 2012). The causal factor of crime is thus as a result of the high rate of obsessions with the violent images from the media. It is therefore important to note that the increased rate, at which people are watching violent scenes on the television, increases their chances of actually having aggressive conducts.  Evidence suggests that exposure to violence by the media is a causal risk factor that has led to the increased crimes and prosaically conducts.

Nightcrawler film, 2014, exposes the media deception that is often portrayed in reality. Being witnesses the audiences are able to gain insights on the level of distortion that is present in the strategic planning places of the consecrated media stations (Claremont, 2014). The film is a representation of the political theory as it is more exploitative and scandalous as it displays violence throughout the play.

References

Gentile DA, Bushman BJ. (2012).Reassessing media violence effects using a risk and resilience approach to understanding aggression. Psychology of Popular Media Culture.

Claremont, C. (2014). Nightcrawler Vol. 1: Homecoming. Marvel Entertainment.  

Media Depiction of the Police

    Throughout the years, the study of media has had its influence on crimes. As people continue to interact with the mass media, they are often offered with crime images and information. It is asserted by many that this bombardment of criminal images on pour media, can lead to a higher degree of fear of crime amongst people. This is because most of these images are violent and they often include violence and hence they can cause people to make an overestimation of how much crime exists. People often associate with what they see on their television with real-life situations. Hence if the media shows an increased crime rates, real life must also exhibit the same. The growth of the mass media both in numbers and size results to panic due to the violent crime images are seen in the media causes an increase in violent behaviors. It is therefore evident that there is a strong correlation between excessive media and fear of crime.

    The media plays a major role in public attitudes towards police effectiveness. It may have a strong effect on the public criminal justice attitudes. Reenactment of crimes often misleads viewers into believing that such crimes actually happened. Though police strongly believe that reenactments usually help investigators in visualizing the crime, legal experts challenge this idea as they assert that this goes against the suspects’ rights and therefore should be abolished. People view these crimes in real life since they are able to get the details as close to the old crime. Thus people are able to make a thorough engagement of an old crime so as to clearly understand the crime in the present (Dowler 2003).

    Law enforcers have a hard task ahead of them as they have to ensure that all the information that they offer to the media is true and that deception of the media is evaded at all costs.  However, most of the law enforcers often use deception as a major part of their duty in conducting criminal investigations especially those that are within the undercover jurisdiction. Some of these practices are morally permissible for as long as they are carried out within a given legal parameter, for instance, the restraints on setup. However, the law enforcer should publicize the media deception after concluding the case so as to prove that the deception was ethical. The outcome that the deception might have on the integrity of the police officers with the media as well as with the public signifies a significant consequence that law enforcers must consider. Police officers are expected to act with integrity where they must be honest at all times. They ought to be truthful to their colleagues and to the general public in all their dealings so as to foster, maintain and secure confidence in the police service. Thus they are expected by law to be keen on making sure that they do not compromise their position through carrying out unlawful and corrupted dealings. They should refrain from knowingly making false and inaccurate statements whether written or oral.

    In conclusion, the role of media in the democracy is crucial. Policing strategies as well as law enforcement plans can only be achieved through the support and the consent of the general public being policed. Crime continues to exist and thus the media, as well as the public and the law enforcers, should work together in ensuring that fear of crime is reduced.

References

Dowler, K. (2003). Media consumption and public attitudes toward crime and justice: The           relationship between fear of crime, punitive attitudes, and perceived police effectiveness.         Journal of criminal justice and popular culture, 10(2), 109-126.

Speeches are just words written on paper until they are made alive by presentations. The methodology used to present is as important as the message contained in the speech. Martin Luther King Jr. was a black American leader who was killed while trying to improve the lives of other black Americans. He is considerably  one of  the notable  American civil rights leaders who emerged in the 1960s.He had a very nonviolent perspective and approach to social rectifications and political advocacy which was characterized by peaceful protests and large crowds meant to drive change he purposed to see. On the month of August 28, in the year 1963, Martin Luther King Jr conveyed: I have a dream at Lincoln Memorial .This speech grabbed the attention of every civil rights movement and was spread through radio, magazine and printed in newspapers in the United States and even around the world. Martin Luther King had the most impact and influence on the United States literature history. (Birt, 100)

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr had a very authoritative command of expression and language. This enabled him to convert the speech into more than just persuasive words. He was eloquent and could use English language to pass his message of peace which would be brought to life and have an impact on his diversified audience. (King, 130)

As he commenced the speech, he speaks about Abraham Lincoln and the freedom proclamation. He emphasizes that freedom and other rights they are fighting for are achievable. His course gained traction and was supported by numerous people and most of people believed in what he was advocating for. It is very rare to find individuals who can inspire with words alone. The words of Martin Luther King Jr seemed small and without impact but because of his prowess, they bared meaning greater than just words ‘I have a dream’. . (King, 180)

Dr. Martin Luther King concentrates entirely on peaceful activism and demonstrations. He urges people not to satisfy their desire for freedom by taking part in violence and hatred. He is very diplomatic, yet he is fighting for very important issues.

The content of ‘I have dream’ is very moving and inspiring. The moment he made this speech, he integrated American society and all other civil right movements of the time. It was powerful deciding moment; Fifty years ago and it is still an example of one of the greatest speech ever written in United States history. (Birt, 98)

The location where the speech was spoken is said to have anchored and contributed to the message being spoken by Dr. Martin Luther King. In most scenarios one cannot just pinpoint a location or spot to present a speech. But Martin Luther King Jr chose a location that had a very powerful symbolic result on the speech he presented. He also spoke a few words of Gettysburg address. These few words from the Gettysburg speech weaved mental pictures and gave the speech historical framework during his presentation.  He utilized the location to bring out the uniqueness of the speech and to inspire his audience. Therefore the speech became more custom made and memorable. (Birt, 198)

Dr Martin Luther King Jr included examples that expressed to both mind and individual’s emotions. The opening paragraphs contain the constitution, Freedom decrees and the declaration of liberty. These inventive referrals gave the speech credible and momentous historical framework. The references were quiet well and linked the audience with relatable subjects. (Burrow, 219).

The speech uses very vivid and had figurative language. It is obvious that a lot of speeches are boring including the ones that contain very important aspects of our daily lives. It is very simple to default to dialect and technical vocabulary or go off track and lose facts and objective of what one was supposed to speak about. But Dr.Martin Luther King utilized suggestive, intense language that created an atmosphere of strong and noteworthy images .Martin Luther King went an extra mile to talk about gradualism and he cautions against it. He vividly creates a picture of the situation of black Americans. He explains how they live in abject poverty whereas there are enough opportunities for them to improve their lives as a community. He includes his won perspective in his speech to persuade the audience on his stand on what he speaks and to what extent he has gone and what he cannot do. His own perspective gives hope to the audience and entangles it with emotions and metaphors that pivots his message further. . (King, 78)

Dr.Martin Luther King horned his ideas through comparison. There is nothing that uncovers a great idea or views sharply and brings them forth into the spotlight than describing and demonstrating two opposite facts. Martin Luther king used contrast in a number of fascinating ways. He first presented the contradiction and the problem that was associated with it and would then describe the solution. These contrast would create and develop a great effect with his audience. Foe example ‘with faith we be able to change the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brother hood’. Martin Luther King Jr uses contrast repetitively to bring out the problem and then gives a picture of the solution. (Birt, 67)

The other thing that made Dr.Martin Luther King Jr speech leave a significant impact on the American literature is the reinforcement of key facts through repetition. If there is any vital message that one needs their audience to keep in mind and apply it, speaking the message once is not enough. This the point when repetition comes in handy as it assist  the  message to linger in the minds of the audience longer than is expected .Repetition also improved the message of Martin Luther King Jr and structured his  presentation’s pattern, arrangement and flow. Dr.Martin Luther King Jr’s vital ideas were time bound and were accompanied by words that oozed into the audience’s conscious mind and altered their reasoning through articulate repetition and insistence. (Burrow, 59).

Deliberate repetition exposed the content of the speech in a fashion that was pure and of high quality. Repetition also gave the speech its poetic flow hence it was not a flat. Martin Luther King Jr used repetition in a precise way. He avoided unnecessary information in his repetitions. This brought out the key facts of his speech.Using only vital information in his repetition made his message sink in naturally. (Burrow, 119).

Martin Luther King Jr’s message was very clear, precise and compelling. His speech was constructed to stimulate action or cause change. He articulated his message in clear details. In his speech he said that action must be implemented but he wants his audience to conduct themselves in a proper manner as they took action. This creates urgency and his plea for action did not go unanswered (Birt, 311).

He ended his speech with a hopeful tone. Dr Martin Luther King Jr crosses over from an intensive, emotional tone to a hopeful tone that leaves his audience moved and convinced .He gives a vivid picture of the ways things need to be in an equal society where everyone ids given an equal chance. (King, 91).

Works cited

Birt, Robert E. The Liberatory Thought of Martin Luther King Jr: Critical Essays on the Philosopher King. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2012.

Burrow, Rufus. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Theology of Resistance. , 2015

King, Martin L. The Trumpet of Conscience. , 2010

Communication

Introduction

 The study and practice of communication is necessary for effective leadership because good communication skills builds trust and enhance team development .It is unheard of to imagine of any great leader who is not a good communicator. This is because communication plays a vital role in painting the leader’s picture and raising his stands above the rest. It is good to note that a talker is different from a good communicator. The secret key to talented communicating is rarely found lying in the intellectuals domains of the academic world. It rather lies in cultivating awareness and characteristics that surely make good communication different from average social interactions that center around small talk. Leaders who are good communicators convey messages that addresses their concepts and ideas in a way that openly reveal their intentions and at the same time appeal to their audience emotions and their desires .Good leaders also take note of the fact that if the message they are delivering does not get buried deep inside the conscience of their audience then, there is a chance it will not be accepted hence it will not achieve its purpose or even be championed for by the public majority.

Some may undermine the importance of the role played by communication in effective leadership. Communication is not a subject matter and neither is it an objective. The only objective of effective leadership is to develop understanding which can be achieved through various methods that do not require communication. A leader contains the blueprint of ideas that can be communicated through different methodologies and still have the same meaning. Leadership is all about results rather than empty flow of words that may never come to reality. Understanding can be developed through empathy that can only be shown by actions that speak louder than words. Words cannot build legacies but actions can. Most known leaders are remembered by what they did to change the lives of people rather than good speeches they wrote and sang to the public (Roger Soder, 2001).

I do not agree with the above sentiments that communication is  just  emptying of words that cannot amount to anything .Words spoken contain ideas that can be judged and put into account by the audience who are listening to the leader. Therefore communication plays key role to ensure that understanding is fostered between people and ideas discussed are implemented.

Present day’s rhetoric has the ability and means within which one can understand various ways they can use to communicate effectively. Grasping rhetoric and its practical functions is a crucial step in understanding its efficiency and competency in exchanging ideas .In order to gain insight on how effective communication works, the rhetoric perspective can be used. No matter how complicated it may be the rhetoric concept has always emphasized on very specific situations that can used to enhance communication (William & Christian, 2008).

In rhetoric, speeches are organized on the basis of the purpose they serve to educate, alter, entertain and persuade people. Rhetoric helps to discover different concepts, ideas and meanings of texts and how leaders or authors can use these concepts to harness persuasion from crowds or employees through entertaining, informing or and persuasion or a combination of the three. (William & Christian, 2008)

One of the ways rhetoric can be used to persuade and communicate to people is by focusing on audience. This can be done by using the four elements of rhetoric used in communication namely: messages. The one who receives, the media and the sender. (William & Christian, 2008).

For example New Testament ideas, the senders in this context are the authors who wrote the books such as the gospels and revelations. Using this descriptions one can easily tell their messages. This books can also be studied based on the people who believe in them and its entire form which is one of the methods used by rhetoric. (William & Christian, 2008).

When one establishes the four components of rhetoric, it gives a platform with a solid foundation of truth and facts. A very specific and prominent method used by Greece in the ancient period was aping of other well established authors and speakers of the current time and of a before period. Mimicry impersonates and later forces an individual to learn through observation and behaviors .Hence, this practice can be confirmed to be a good way of adapting into a successful way of communication with an intent of producing good leadership qualities and transforming through learning. Mimicry utilizes elements of rhetoric and passed along with other characteristics of good speakers (William & Christian, 2008).

            Good leadership skills are enhanced by language and communication that is enabled by verbal and non-verbal cues to bring out emotions and pass the intended meaning. In ancient times speeches have caused wars and have stopped them. Speeches have produced Christian religion and civil movements. Rhetoric has often been placed at the center of such speeches together with components that make it work; that is messages, media, audiences and the senders. Such authors in the past must have practiced through mimicry of their leader’s work which help to reap the results they wanted from the audience (William & Christian, 2008).

William, Keith and Christian claim that rhetoric and its components is very vital when it comes to adequate communication. Therefore it is very important to explain the manner in which it is supposed to be utilized during communication. In this case, it can be defined as involving persuasion and language and linking both of these to communication. Persuasion is key when it comes to communicating any rhetoric because persuasion is the underlying force that creates influence and impact. It can be concluded that rhetoric is intertwined with persuasion. When a listener is led to feel any emotion, it can be said that it has occurred due to the relevance of the message communicated (William & Christian, 2008).

Efficient and effective language and leadership are conjoined twins. A good leader is often well positioned to engage his audience on issues that concern them. Communication is a framework that can be built on trust and other qualities. When one can simply trust a leader, then communicating becomes easy and bears fruits. Whenever trust is breached, one can make amends that can alter the situation at the moment. Therefore, the bottom line is trust. Most leaders continuously communicate and it is also their duty to listen, take note and learn. It is such a seal that keeps them ahead and above the rest as leaders and not average people who became leaders. Hence this important component of communication is what gives leaders credibility and makes them visionary and successful. Factors that can assist a leader create a good communication skills must always be put into account. Language that harbors and portrays leadership must be accompanied with strength and confidence. (Roger Soder, 2001).

The natural capability to quickly get and absorb the skills of communication and make people of various backgrounds understand a leader from their own perspective rarely comes natural. Words of communication must bring people together in thinking, their visions and the way they run their daily affairs. This makes a good communicator able to build a team and point the team to a common goal. (Roger Soder, 2001).

Pillars such as showing respect and being appreciative creates openness that can facilitate communication and breed an environment that has a good atmosphere of tolerance. Tolerance enables leaders to show they have insight into beliefs and different perspectives that people portray. If an atmosphere of tolerance and respect is created, communication will not require very extensive and cautionary skills to be achieved. (Roger Soder, 2001).

Simple language is overlooked most of the time when it comes to proper communication. Very simple language eases understanding and passage of knowledge intended by the leaders. It is always good to avoid the use of slang that might not be familiar with people from other countries. Simplicity creates flexibility that enables management. Enabling management paves way for discovering ways where challenges might be by the leaders. A simplified language also can be easily adapted by subordinates leading to quick solutions to problems without supervision and monitoring of situations by the leader himself. (Roger Soder, 2001).

In my own view, Communication does not need to be spoken to achieve it subjectiveness .Using various methods such as  writing proper instructions is a very good and innovative way of enabling communication by leaders. A written instruction can be read and understood within a short period of time. Although most leaders do not consider this method written down instructions can be re-read and implemented. Communication can also be used to strategize and implement strategies by leaders. Although it looks easy, it is often not smooth. Be it spoken or written using words and backing them with actions, communications plays a role in demonstrating vision and values that a leader holds dear. What the public fails to understand and approve is that communicating a message is not about articulating issues and eloquence that accompanies the message but the manner in which the message has been communicated contributes a lot. The manner in which the message has been displayed is what gives life to the information and forms an idea of what the leaders stands for. Communicating a message clearly, persistently and accurately gives people direction and a leader’s role takes shape through this direction presented through his communication. Hence a leader is the same as the message he or she portrays to the public.

Dissemination of information is very critical but is only half of the entire struggle faced by leaders. Yes, it is true a leader must communicate openly and clearly on issues faced by the people he or she leads and is accountable to. A leader cannot just stop after effective communication verbally and non-verbally .One must ensure that they inspire and use their words to transfer their feelings to their people .This can be done by communicating deeply and confidently to impact the words spoken. Good communications has the ability to inform, direct, encourage and motivate .A good leader must impact through words as he or she reveals his true person to his audience. This descriptions will make a leader become more effective have an established reputation among his peers and followers (Roger Soder, 2001).

The other flip side of communicating is knowing what other people already know. Knowing what others knows put one in a better position to tackle issues and consider their challenges as a leader speaks. Good communication is not a one way road but a mutual two way road. Hence understanding and knowing other peoples predicaments is part of good communication skills .When a leader knows what others know, he can find information on what they do not yet know and use his insight to drive important issues so that no one can lose objectivity and focus .Being enlighten on what others knows gives a leader an opportunity to take control of all the concepts he has learn from the vast information he possess (Roger Soder, 2001).

The type of information conveyed during communication is critical but also is the body and face expressions that accompany the information such as the pitch of the voice as they are part and parcel of the message being communicated by a leader. They are physical evidences that show the magnitude of the message being communicated to the public by a leader therefore they should not be ignored in totality. Humans are very intuitive people and can easily detect a lie from a leader. Leaders should therefore be always on alert not to distort a message just because their physical expressions are speaking louder than their own words (Roger Soder, 2001).

Good leadership often acknowledges that they are pace setters in any organization or cooperation where they work therefore when they  communicate they are sending  a clear message that they are participating in the agenda they have told people about .An environment where a leader takes apart in concepts he communicates normally does not lead to any misunderstanding  and miscalculations. A good leader must joint contribute to the outcome he so wishes to achieve in the end.to achieve the desired outcome the leader must  be adaptive in his communication to suit the people he is speaking to. For example when communicating with employees he may need to take a more direct approach than when he is speaking to customers or presenting. All in all he must be friendly for the sake of achieving objectives and other targets. Adjusting approaches needed for communication helps the leaders to motivate a reaction from the people they speak to and draw interest as different messages are packaged differently based on necessity. Adapting to various styles of communicating a message gives a chance to explore thoughts and opinions that are hidden by a person’s words or actions. For their leader is able to switch and find if people are comfortable or not with his message. This gives a leader the upper hand in predicting reactions towards his leadership.

In leadership communication can be influenced through social interactions. Social capital approach can be used to initiate effective communication by leaders.it is often said that people respond on information based on how they are treated and how the friendly relationships they are in. Social capital exist in every society and community.it can be use, enhanced or modified to enable communication by leaders. Without social capital communication is mostly likely to fail and therefore a leader cannot carry put his duties .some of the benefits that come with enhancing social capital in communicating are: improved information sharing due to good and genuine relationships; increase in trust and integrity that enables communication to be listen to and keen interest taken; reduction in the overall operation cost  that comes as a result of good communication and implementation of information which in turn saves money meant for training and other related programs due consistent transfer of message by the leadership and cohesiveness that enables understanding and openness with one another (Cohen & Prusak,2001).

In my perspective, communication plays a role in making leaders effective. Good communication skills can be learnt from previous effective leaders who used it as a tool. Body language can also be used to show the meaning of whatever is being portrayed to the audience. Rhetoric be applied to facts and evidence that can give communication purpose and a firm intention. Understanding the audience plays apart to know when and how to communicate. Creating social cohesion within the community or organization can help leaders to easily pas information due to a supportive and understanding atmosphere built by social capital. If one cannot communicate effectively, how will one have the ability to control and lead in the first place? The power to use words to influence and inspire gives leaders followers and followers create a platform that the leaders use to lead. People are judged by what they speak. Words are born in the  mind before they are spoken. Spoken words communicates ideas and hopes of people. Communication holds a leader to account and gives him the identity of leadership.

References

Cohen, D., & Prusak, L. (2001). In good company: How social capital makes organizations work. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press

Roger Soder. (2001). the Language of Leadership, Josey-Bass.

William M. Keith and Christian O. Lundberg. (2008). the Essential Guide to Rhetoric, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press.

Social Media Effect and Change

Introduction

Social Media refers to a combination of digital media including electronic texts, sound frequencies, moving images and also graphics to form a digital system through which people use data to socialize for specific purposes. It is commonly accepted as an effective method for social interaction. Social media is currently growing across the world with many enjoying its diversity in different parts of the world. Most among the world's population including and youths are joining the various sites of social media such as MySpace, Twitter, Whatsup, Facebook and Instagram for social interaction with family, friends and extensively with strangers. This induces that its introduction in the world continues to influence significant transformations of diverse ways. Social media, likely, evidently, entails a lot of effects of different orientations as evidenced from one individual to another across the world. The current world refers social media as a helpful tool that has the potential to change an individual's life. However, it has the likelihood of imposing a range of adverse impacts to a person. Social media entails some negativity, but its positive contributions to communication continue to strengthen the world. Therefore, this essay analyses the effects of social media on people’s lives by job orientations, fame, and interpersonal communication. 

Jobs

 Social media is a significant player in the attempts of reducing unemployment levels in the world.  Social media or rather the cyberspace has turned to be a substantial base through which people are employed in different environments (Briz 25) including media houses and so, reducing poverty between individuals and communities.  Social media is currently used as a tool of spreading crucial issues with efficacy, which ensures that all people despite one's social, gender, economic or political affiliation get reliable and consistent updates on such information. It allows job advertisements hence potential employees have enough chances and equal priorities to employment since social media provides the right to freedom by allowing the engagement of all kinds of people (Story 99). Nevertheless, social media has enhanced job management through its flexibility and accessibility. For instance, the various platforms enable secure and efficient interviews to job positions through its ability to allow visual interactions.

Fame

Positively, cyberspace has dramatically mobilized the search for superiority in different fields including business and political environments. Most business focused entities including public and private organizations claim the viability of social media to promote different products and services and artistic capabilities in various markets across the world. Social Media continues to enhance the process of introducing an offering in different target markets through its marketing capabilities facilitated by the flexibility and diversity to communicating information of all kinds. Companies and business entities employ social media platforms to brand their products and services owing to its abilities to deliver both visual and sound data (Richardson 91). People of different backgrounds have easy access to social media hence its importance to creating the value of products and services across the world for market growth (Noor 229). Moreover, technological advancements within the communications industry suggest new and more efficient products such as computers and other digital products and services in the market, which has positively influenced market growth in different regions worldwide.

On the other hand, cyberspace has the potential to distracting superiority since perpetrators consider social media as an active channel for spreading stimulating, inciting or offensive information concerning an existing figure of a commodity (Gupta 12). It allows the transfer of misguiding information on product sales while communicating criticism which impacts the official acceptance in the community of market. For that reason, the complexities of the management of social media due to its changeability continue to posit significant uncertainties on fame (Gupta 12). It is deducible that a large population worldwide utilize most of their time for social interaction through the internet, a trend that deters innovation, educational performance, and other business practices. Social interaction via cyberspace is hindering majority to fully participating in respective environments thus the fading pattern of one's publicity. Social media is ranked as a significant factor with negative impacts on performance and also, as a factor that disrupts participation.

Political promotion

Most political groups or politicians incline to use social media for political promotions.  Social media provides a valuable promotional base from which aspirants for political positions and political parties can easily promote administration goals at lower costs (Pătruţ & Pătruţ 286). It is also time efficient facilitated by the diversity of social platforms thus providing political aspirants equal and enough chances to reach a larger group of supporters over political tours. Politicians and political parties employ social media as a surface to manage cost and time efficacy when promoting legislative determinations (Lees-Marshment 51). Nevertheless, social media avails politicians' viable chances to clarify hecklings of the mainstream media.

On the contrary, the evaluation of truthfulness accrues severe complexities regardless the beneficial influence of social media to enhancing the transfer of political information. The platforms, particularly, Facebook is negatively reputed for its failure to discern truthful and falsely modified manifestos thus allowing the spread of fake news concerning political aspirants to the public (Lees-Marshment 51). The weakness posits the making of wrong legislative determinations among the voters. For instance, false report on critical issues like corruption and discrimination may enact development of negative attitudes concerning governance of the current government while promoting the opposition government by false articulations.

Communication

Cyber technology is persistently becoming a dominant alternative to human transmission, information distribution, learning, and politicking and a prospect for the comprehensive transformation of social systems (Salmon 190). Mobile phones are extensively becoming not just a luxury but a human need that even the uneducated groups within the local communities tend to find useful. Cyber cafes or simply internet connectivity is increasingly becoming a norm in pursuit of interpersonal and also societal relationships to the larger society. It is arguably true that social media is a domineering technology that provides enough chances to ensuring conformity within the contexts of communication.

The broad elements of social media have considerably improved communication between people. Social media in the modern day postulate interactive effects, that is, positive influences on the way people communicate. Social media has unrelenting contributions to improved social interactions through its abundant, accessible and affordable base for communication (Baird 100). As such, social media is primarily used as an effective means for the connection between friends and family and also meeting new friends across the world owing to its affordability.  The communication tool is accessible to different to people of diverse backgrounds either social, cultural, educational (both literate and illiterate) despite one's economic status due to globalization; with exciting and accessible models of holding a social interaction between all people. Social media as well employs a variety of communication platforms including Facebook, Twitter or Whatsup hence its importance in expanding interaction boundaries. People have the freedom to hire a platform of their choice by communication efficacy and content (Salmon 190). Interestingly, while its efficiency commonly accepts social media in communication, the flexibility of the tool allows the spread of various material including visual, written and audio messages. For that reason, communication is now livelier considering that people tend to communicate and exchange ideas through graphics – videos, pictures or even sound recordings that represent discussion as a practical experience. 

Work Cite

Discussion post

            For Tyler to avoid the existing conflict between him and Riley, I recommend that the first step he should take is to have a personal meeting with Riley. Communication is a very key factor in improving working relationship. And many disagreements normally occur due to breakdowns in communication. After meeting Riley on personal level, Tyler can now share with him the benefits of maintaining in production. This communication should be interactive involving Riley’s views on that (Siebert & Ballard, 1992). Tyler can also inform Riley the dangers it will cause a company to ignore quality. I think, this approach will make Riley understand it with a lot of concern. And since both of them are managers, there is a need to have this right manner to approach each other rather than confrontations.

            Tyler should emphasize that quality management is about producing fantastic products that are satisfactory before customers. And a business should always aim making products that satisfy their customers to maintain the relationship. If customers are satisfied, they will always feel they are getting high quality products hence they will keep a constant trade with the company. And the other thing Tyler should inform Riley is that however much production is high, if those goods do not meet the standard of the customers, many will run away and abandon the product.

            So to make this layout standout, Tyler should put into consideration interpersonal communication. This is effective while emphasizing on change. In interpersonal communication, the two parties are involved directly in the conversation and this can provide a solution in a proper manner. Secondly, Tyler should also avoid his impolite language because it does not persuade for change (Siebert & Ballard, 1992).

References

Siebert, L., & Ballard, L. (1992). Making a good layout. Cincinnati, Ohio: North Light Books.

Discussion Post

            There is a rapid development in electronic communication and advancement in the social media. This has led to an increase in the simplicity of collecting data, processing, discovery, storage and disclosure. In such a modern electric world, almost every move taken by a person can be observed. Information can be tracked and stored for later use. There is a possibility to follow up someone’s communication including private files stored by a person privately. People’s behavior can also be observed (Anttiroiko, 2008). With this electronic development, it is also possible to access private information for instance, the website visited by a person at every specific time, including the location of that particular user at that moment. Therefore, with this aspect of electronic development, it is difficult to assume that there is any measure of privacy.

            These are some of the tips a manager can use to lead the subordinates in a proper way. First of all, managers should value their subordinates by appreciating their contributions in the business. This also means that a manager should always be close to the subordinates and can be approached very easily and should know all the members he or she is leading (Andersen, 2012). By being closer to them, you will be able to correct them where there is a mistake and understand their interests. Secondly, leaders should also not behave to be knowing everything. By having such a belief, he will be willing to welcome ideas from other members of the organization regardless of one’s position and this will promote teamwork. A manager should also be fair with all his subordinates (Andersen, 2012). This means, all employees should be treated equally without any single discrimination.

References

Anttiroiko, A.-V. (2008). Electronic government: Concepts, methodologies, tools and applications. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference.

Andersen, E. (2012). Leading so people will follow. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Wiley.

Learn How to Write an Excellent Application Letter

As competition is intensifying globally, students are becoming more cautious in regard to selecting the top-ranked colleges and universities. Studying in one of the best university or college is not only essential in settling for the best working opportunities but also several other factors count such as more enhanced exposure to the real world while learning, better openings to participate in local and international cooperation, competent and experienced faculties, easy resources access, infrastructure and so on. While applying to these universities, the institutions demand a college application from the students via http://goo.gl/rjRNL2 which critical thinking and writing skills of each student get known to the deans accountable for the admission procedure. Essay writing in most cases makes a student fall into uneasiness since the selection is based on the writing. Obviously, an ill-written essay will get excluded by the respective university. Therefore, the student is required to deliver the essay at his or her best. To begin with, let’s learn how to write an excellent and winning application essay.

Guidelines for Writing an Excellent Application Essay

• Understand the requirements: In often cases, students will be given a specified topic or question. They are supposed to center on the subject without diverging from the set ideas. One must begin by understanding the question which leads to the development of thoughts making it easy to develop and organize the essay. In-depth evaluation of a certain subject can be useful to the student with a more precise visualization prior to writing.
• Then formulate all the primary ideas as one: Strategically begin to picture ideas that should be incorporated in the writing. There might be http://goo.gl/rjRNL2 several concepts that might be needed to connect with the subject. Such things should be assessed and drafted to writing an effective essay.
• The ideas can then be drafted down in narrowed formats that act as a guide and fit within the requirements of the essay. The application essay should emulate the opinion, competence, values, and beliefs of the students.
• An effective essay should have three parts but a range of paragraphs. Some of an essential parts include an introduction, purpose or theme, body, and conclusion. The ideas should be placed in a format that precisely communicates the thoughts appropriately when reading.
• Begin your essay based on the thoughts acquired from the steps above and present them in a manner that supports your claims. It is more appropriate to base the essay on a more personal point of view. However, the essay should be fully supported by illustrations, facts, and well-formatted thoughts.
• Once the draft is ready, the essay should be reread with a more new perspective to get rid of any present errors. After correction confirmation of the suitability of the essay to the set, expectations should be next.
• The written application essay should be fully supported by a student’s own ideas with a practical disclosure of self with precise arguments about the given subject matter without the existence of any errors. Replication is not an option and creativity is highly encouraged for a winning application.

How to make a perfect presentation

The title slide is basically one of the most important parts of a presentation for a presenter. Before the presentation starts, title slides are usually displayed to prepare the audience for the presentation so they must be at the best level to create interest and curiosity. Relevancy is a part that every presenter must include in the title slide (Bowden, 2013). Keeping the audience at the start of the presentation makes the audience connected and ready to listen. Creating a curiosity in the minds of the audience is also a way of capturing their minds and they pay attention to the presentation. Having a question in terms of what the presentation will about create some level of suspense which in turn makes the audience more engaged.

Making a title very long is a temptation that most presenters face while designing a title page. The audience needs to be captured by the first thing they see on the title page. In every 10 people who see the title page, only less than 1 will be interested to listen to the rest of the details if the title is too long (Bowden, 2013).  Repetition of words on the title page is also very dangerous since it could even make the present audience leave until the presenter has no audience. 

In cases where a team member has left part of the presentation at home, one could engage the audience in asking questions which will allow them to start contributing to the topic of the day. Through this process, one is able to gather some thoughts on what the presentation is all about. Use of examples from real life situations is a perfect way to gain the momentum for the presentation. Real examples from experience are the best in such times since they do not need prior preparation.

Reference

Bowden, M. (2013). How to present: The ultimate guide to presenting your ideas and       influencing people using techniques that actually work. Milton, Qld: Wiley.