Human Rights

            Human rights are believed to be the greatest ethical yardstick that is used in measuring of the government or people’s treatment towards other people. Over the years there has been heated philosophical debate within the colonials and the Europeans descendants. Their argument over the decade was aimed at searching for a moral standard majorly for political organizations and the character that is independent of the contemporary community. Some of the people argue that these human rights are regarded as right or wrong basing on the rules governing that community. This has therefore resulted to fierce debates amongst different political philosophers. A path was established by successive philosophers who lead to the contemporary human rights while another path was established by the philosophers who opposed the human rights. The development of the human rights from natural rights came up with a lot of opposition from other philosophers and it is from the seeds and arguments made by previous philosophers that the contemporary philosophers are building their concepts from.

            H.Gene Blocker, a philosopher came after other pre-modern philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato, and from the modern philosophers such as Hobbes and Locke. He however borrowed some ideas from these philosophers and thus his ideas are an evolution of other philosophers’ line of thought (Blocker 1999). According to H. Gene, he argues out that all humans enjoy an inalienable right that is the natural human rights. He states that the most significant historical sources of his ideas have its foundation from the primordial notions of the natural law and human rights.

 The ideas evolved from the pre-modern to medieval to modern philosophers ideas to the United Nations declaration of human rights to the non-human rights on animals, organization and state to the governments’ rights to entities and to the universal human rights. These universal human rights have basically turned out to be the de facto universal standard to which leaders of the nation at least pay lip service.

            These sources are reflected in the contemporary culture in that, those sources frame as well as form the current or modern government system. While the citizens are entitled to enjoy as well as live the rights of life, freedom, property, justice and equality. These human rights are supported basing on reason and are considered as legal rights within the boundary of national or universal law (Blocker 1999). The formation of the government was important as it ensured that the humans’ rights or human absolute rights proposed by H. Genes are respected. This is because there exists some small proportion of citizens who basically live within the limits of the natural laws but they however pose threat to other citizens’ freedom. The challenge with these human rights is that there is no exact nonfigurative concept of what creates the universal human rights and how these human rights can be respected by all humanity. Another challenge is there is no clear outline of who should ensure that those universal human rights are properly guarded or enforced and protected. It is thus evident that these sources reflected in our current world society are reflected to some societies and not others for instance, respecting the universal human rights over others.

            Some of the documents such as the novels that were written earlier on in history such as the novel that has information and concepts of the philosophers laid a foundation for the acceptance of the universal human rights as the readers empathize with the characters in the novel unlike themselves. This has therefore led to the modern acceptance of the universal human rights and respect awarded to these rights. Other documents are accessible to every individual as they contain the declarations of human rights as well as declaration of liberty. It is thus important to note that the documents that a country has on the universal human rights from the ancient philosophers are safely kept and protected in the archives and museums for all humanity and not limited to those nations’ citizens but to all who want to have a look at them (Ishay 2008). This therefore has led the modern world to be knowledgeable and to be able to relate with our ancient philosophers hence people are able to accept and respect these human rights since they know what they are and how they work. Newspapers that were published in the First World War, treaties and the inaugural records of the speeches made are largely important in the contemporary world as they enable us to relate to the earlier times and be able to make a better today and tomorrow from the various developments of human rights (Ishay 2008). However, these writing are not identical over those years but they possess some similarities and a development of an idea.

References

 Blocker, H. G. (1999). World philosophy: An East-West comparative introduction to       philosophy. Upper             Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.

Ishay, M. R. (2008). The history of human rights: From ancient times to the globalization era.     Berkeley,             Calif. [u.a.: Univ. of California Press.

The Transnational History of a Chinese Family

Q1

            The family of Chang and its immigration account clarifies the arrival of the Yitang in America as an herbalist. Yitang came from Kaiping County which is among the four districts in the Guangdong province.  This led to the arrival of many Chinese immigrants to America. He later developed an herbal medicine business in Los Angeles and sent some of his cash to China to support his wife and children. His wife later died and he married a Chinese who was born in America who bore him some more children. The international crossing of the Chang family was not a personal journey but a mutual action.  They had a family and affinity connection which created a vital organizing element. For many of the Chinese immigrants, migration in America was not a foreign journey but based on reason choice which was on ambition for social progression (Liu, 2005). 

Q2

            Gentry is a name that is currently used by the Americans that means people from a good breeding and education. It was first introduced to the English language when there was a Norman invasion which and this refers to the modification. The term Gentry family was applied when one gained the title, level or an official rank, and all these titles made the holder of them a member of the Gentry family (Liu, 2005). 

Q3

            The ancestral halls were the most complicated buildings in the Chinese village. Due to the start of economic liberalization, the ancestral halls started retrieving back their prerevolutionary significance as the public centers, ritual centers and pints of lineage supremacy. Despite most of these ancestral halls being destroyed and made as event sites and schools and granaries in harvest times, the norms and the networks of the lineage connection have remained flexible (Liu, 2005).

            The rebuilding of the ancestral halls is mostly in China where lineage organizations were more advanced and this made the public enjoy the aid from the connections abroad. The reconstruction of the ancestral halls has happened despite the opposition of the local officials in some areas and with their unspoken or active support and participation in others. The ancestral sites serve as sites for collective rituals and festivals in which people make bend to their ancestors with offerings of food and other items.  Ancestral halls are different and depend on the wealth and ritual requirements of the members (Liu, 2005).

Q4

            The assessment of the determinants of the intergenerational association in the rural China is is by the use of a large examination of household data. The children from the well financed families were more likely to have a higher education although parental education, economy of the family and the other family features were the same. The important way for the intergenerational spread of education in the post modification period is found to be an education based family culture which was formed as an intergenerational cultural response.  The low income families could also invest in their children’s education (Liu, 2005). 

            Another important feature is that wealthy parents had higher education levels where the parent’s education influenced their children’s education. Level of high education made it able for their children to have higher economic status.  In the elaboration of the class based neglect in education through trials in the education level by birth or social status, this would influence the level of class based prejudice. After this assessment, it can be said that children from rich families who had completed their studies gained higher education although the education in the era depended on the social status (Liu, 2005).

Reference

Haiming Liu, The Transnational History of a Chinese Family, Rutgers University, 2005.                                 

Domestic Violence

            Domestic violence entails a pattern of aggression or any other type of violence by a person to another in domestic setting such as cohabitation and marriage. This domestic violence may take place in both same and hetero sex family relationship. This goes further deeper as this form of violence is also subjected against children in the family. Domestic violence takes different forms such as verbal, physical emotional, religious and even sexual (Weiss, 2004). Globally domestic violence overwhelms women as they are the major victims. Domestic violence victims are trapped in such situation through power, isolation, and lack of financial resources, cultural acceptance and to protect children (Weiss, 2004). Different countries around the world have a different definition of domestic violence.  In some countries mostly the developing ones who still have strong roots in culture and traditions see domestic violence as a justification of particular cases especially if a woman is suspected of infidelity. In such countries, gender inequality is significant as women are taken as properties rather than human being (Cefrey, 2009).

    In many countries, domestic violence goes unreported worldwide, mostly if it is a man who is affected. This is because of the social stigma in regard to male victimization and increased overlook by health care providers. It is a norm in many countries for women to be abused and no action taken as they opt to go silent about it as it is acceptable and justifiable.  Many societies believe that the action of domestic violence is as a result of social acceptance as a way of instilling discipline especially to women and children (Weiss, 2004).

    Due to the continued awareness and civilization, different countries have implemented laws and policy to curb down domestic violence.

This is done to prevent victims from having physical disabilities, mental illness, persistent health troubles and deprived ability to generate healthy associations (Cefrey, 2009). Such policies also prevent the victims from experiencing psychological problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder. Different countries also aim at preventing such situation from occurring especially for children living in such household where violence occurs. This is done to prevent psychological problems at a tender age such as dysregulated aggression to prevent the children from continuing the legacy of abuse at adulthood (Cefrey, 2009).

    Different countries have different ways of addressing domestic violence. In countries like England and Wales, they have an approach to protecting victims of domestic violence who no longer live with the offender who is an aggrieved ex-partner. England and Wales are the only jurisdiction approach where all persons regardless of the gender and the sexuality domestic violence can be experienced. No person is limited in a common household (Weiss, 2004). For countries such as France, Malaysia, South Korea and Germany require the offender and the victim to be cohabiting at the time when the abuse occurred to qualify for domestic violence. In all these different forms of jurisdiction, domestic violence is considered as psychological, physical and sexual abuse. In some jurisdiction such as the Ukraine, they have been able to expressly recognize the interrelation between psychological and economic abuse (MacGee, 2000).

    Offenders of domestic laws are punished in different ways. This involves imprisonment and fines depending on the severity of the offense. In a country like Ukraine, there are other punishments such as public works or corrective labor while in France the offenders are restricted to perform certain types of works or working at particular fields and in the Czech Republic, they are subjected to community service (Weiss, 2004).

In the majority of jurisdiction including America, a court may order that the offender may undergo psychotherapy or counseling as a form of rehabilitation. This helps in addressing the underlying issue in the household that caused domestic violence. Some of these countries have a non-governmental organization that helps to run voluntary programs by setting up crisis centers to help address the issue such as Indonesia and Russia.  They provide counseling and anger management to prevent any form of violence to the offenders (Cefrey, 2009). Such programs are also found in England, Wales, Ukraine and Czech Republic. Across this jurisdiction, they have come up with ways to support the victims. They vary from one jurisdiction to another but the common one is giving a protection order to the victims from the offenders (In Salisbury, In Donavin & In Price, 2002). This includes contacting the victims, restricting certain distances and returning to the share homes. In countries such as south Africa, Ukraine, south Africa and Malaysia the victims have the right to claim monetary compensation from the offender for any loss cause such as loss of income, medical expenses and the cost of any temporary shelter (MacGee, 2000).

    In the United States, they are policies that already exist in relation to domestic violence. They both punish the offenders and offer support to the victims. It would be advantageous of America to make sure that every person is subjected to such policies regardless of the age and the gender. It should not also limit domestic violence to occur when the two parties involved are cohabiting together (In Salisbury, In Donavin & in Price, 2002). The victims are offered support and training in the programs made by the government to help them overcome the pain and the stress caused in such situations where children should not be left out.

    In conclusion, it is, therefore, important for all forms of domestic violence to be controlled while offenders ought to be heavily punished for their illegal action. It is, therefore, the role of the government to ensure that they provide the public with policies that govern the way they conduct themselves with each other and hence the implementation of these policies will guard the victims who have been violated and prevent those who are planning on doing it.

Reference

Cefrey, H. (2009). Domestic violence. New York, NY: Rosen Pub. Group.

In Salisbury, E., In Donavin, G., & In Price, M. L. (2002). Domestic violence in medieval texts.

MacGee, C. (2000). Childhood experiences of domestic violence. London [u.a.: Kingsley.

Weiss, E. (2004). Surviving domestic violence: Voices of women who broke free. Volcano, Calif:             Volcano Press.

Immigration

            This is the worldwide movement of people from their original originating region to another destination region mainly another country where they are not citizens. Majorly, this occurs when those people who are moving, cross the borders and it can occur in two ways, that is when people may move into another country hence they are referred to as immigrants while those who are moving out of their country’s boards are referred to as the emigrants. The push factors are responsible for driving out the people from their native country as they are pulled to the destination country (Hajnal et al 2014). Immigration is quite evident in the recent times especially in the United States. Racial discrimination is one of the push factors that may drive some of the people to move out from their country to another country which has no racial discrimination. America for instance is one of the states that are being affected by racism due to the recent immigration of immigrants into their country that has caused increase in diversity.  Racial diversity as a result of immigration influence, affects the political identities and the preferences of voting.  Most of the citizens have negative attitude towards immigration as they consider immigrants as a burden to their nation (Hajnal et al 2014).

            In conclusion, it is important to note that immigration is not perceived well especially when people from other countries come to other people’s country. This causes the natives to develop a negative and poor attitude towards the immigrants as they view them as threats since they compete for resources with the natives and this result to the racial discrimination. In carrying out of racism by the natives, the immigrants have high chances of feeling uncomfortable hence they may decide to move out to another country or even back to their country.

References

Hajnal, Z., & Rivera, M. U. (2014). Immigration, Latinos, and White Partisan Politics: The New Democratic                 Defection. American Journal Of Political Science, 58(4), 773-789. doi:10.1111/ajps.12101

Children’s Right to Vote

            Children are quite relevant in every activity that takes place in a country. This is because they form an important part in the development of the country in the years to come. Those who are parents and guardians to these children will be long gone in years to come hence leaving all the wealth and leadership to their children who at that time will be parents. Hence it is important to deeply involve these children both in all sectors in the country. In doing this, there will be an effective transmission of development in all sectors as the knowledge is known by the children hence this allows an intergeneration transfer of knowledge for the well being of the country. This paper therefore will narrow down its argument on the political sector of a country. The argument will basically support Joshua Gans theory as it will deeply look into the rationale for the children voting activity and its significance and the importance of political education as the start of transmission of children’s right to voting.

            There is a strong status transmission in those states which have an intergenerational connection in the attainment of education. The study of politics as well as social-economics is important as it ensures that the children have the knowledge of the equality and development that is there in their nation. Once this kind of education is transmitted from parents to their children it allows for the political and social economic reproduction. It is thus evident that education is the driving factor of political activities from one generation to another (Gidengil et al 374). Hence those parents who are well equipped with the political knowledge are likely to create an environment where politics is the order of the day and hence this allows for their children to have knowledge on the same. Children can learn on the voting process through observation or through the modeling of their behaviors from their parents.

Hence, politically active parents influence the political view point of their children hence this results to the activeness of these children (Gidengil et al 375).

            As the parents discuss issues to do with politics as well as actively engaging themselves in politics allows the children to grow up actively involved politically. As the social-economic advantageous parents continues to develop, they are able to directly translate this into a political benefit since the children are able to get good education, better jobs with well paying salaries that allows them to have wide social networks and are actively involved in political campaigns (Gidengil et al 374). Live actions are as well important in enhancing the child to learn on the political activity for instance when children are allowed to accompany their parents during voting allows them to be politically involved (Gidengil et al 1).

            As the children are even allowed to vote, they are given the right to choose their favorite candidate and this enhances them to learn more of democracy. Thus the children are allowed to have a right to their opinions and they are able to intellectually and emotionally mature very fast and thus are able to be independent as they have the chance to exercise the adult rights (Kevin 2). According to Joshua Gans, It is important that the children be allowed to vote since they also need a voice and be heard through them being allowed to cast votes. They also have some of these rights which they need to be defended and tax issues and government policies that impact the lives of these children hence they need to be allowed to vote.

References

Gidengil E, Wass H & Valaste M. “Political Socialization and Voting: The Parent–Child Link in Turnout”. Vol 69(2) 373-383

Kevin S. One child, one vote: UNICEF and Elections Canada team up to enthuse kids about their             "rights". Vol 10 (28-31)

Locke

            Locke’s conception on religion is different from those who support uniformity of religion as a fundamental in the proper functioning of the society. Locke argues that fewer religions bring in civil unrest and thus to end civil unrest, more religious groups must be introduced. He also argues that civil unrest comes as a result of preventing practice of various religions in the society rather than tolerating their spread. Locke wrote a letter with fear that Catholicism could take over England hence putting other a people at a state of tolerance (Locke & Popple, 2007). There are significant reasons where Locke’s vision of toleration is useful and ethical basing on how he strongly argued out his views. To begin with, Locke’s definition of church is a voluntary society of men coming together in one accord with an intention to worship God in public as long as it sounds acceptable to them and useful to the salvation of their souls. This therefore implies that someone’s religion should not be dictated. People should have freedom to choose and belong to the religion of their own wish as long as it does not break the rules governing the nation. This freedom minimizes the rate of religion toleration and one of the human rights is right to belong to any religion. Therefore, Locke’s view on toleration becomes useful for this case. According to Locke, civil unrest may be caused by denial of freedom of worship (Locke & Popple, 2007). This is possible because if it becomes intolerable for some people, they tend to rebel back. Therefore, it is important to give people freedom of worship rather than letting them tolerate and cause harm in the society. According to his argument, it promotes equality and where people feel equally treated, there is always peace. However, it is also uniformity is always important tool of peace since all people have all beliefs in common and there is nothing differentiating them. Religious uniformity promotes national unity rather than differential beliefs as a result differing religions.

            There are cases where it is acceptable for a society to resist religious communities which have intolerable beliefs and practices. Due to increase in interfaith marriages, children raised in such families have a tendency to decide on which religion fits them and the one that makes them not to tolerate but instead have freedom. In cases where the religious belief does not concur with the liberal practice, it is acceptable for a society to disagree with such intolerable practice (Ricoeur, 1996). For instance the American fundamentalist Christian pharmacists who opposed the filling of prescriptions for birth control pills. This kind of practice is failure to fulfill their requirement to serve the public. This is a necessary public good that people are entitled to but due to their religious belief, they limit people. Therefore with such beliefs, the society is allowed to decide not to tolerate such religious communities (Ricoeur, 1996). This is because a group of believers are meant to enjoy their religion and it should not have any negative social impact to them. There are also religious communities that limit people fundamental rights such as education. With such beliefs, the society is allowed not to tolerate. In general, if the practice or the belief does not meet the requirement of the law, it is acceptable not to tolerate such a religious community.

            There are considerations or principles that can help one while determining the religious communities to be treated as intolerable. Firstly, the religious beliefs and practices should be free and fair in that people should not be limited to certain human rights. Believers should have freedom to exercise their daily innocuous duties and roles (Ricoeur, 1996). In case the religious community prohibits individuals certain rights, then it should be regarded as intolerable. A religion should also not bring in issues of moral conflict for example setting its own way to live different from the society’s way of life or else it should regarded intolerable.

            It is not acceptable for individuals’ religious beliefs to affect the law administration. Normally, all religions are under the supervision of the government and it is always important that these religions observe the laws governing a given community (Evans & Janis, 1999). Religion is a belief held by particular people and it is always voluntary, this therefore means that other people should not have a right to enforce their religious beliefs on others. If religion is allowed to affect law, it means certain parties shall be forced to abide with beliefs not of their interest. Conversely, the laws should not distort the moral belief of these religions for example enforcing abominable orders to them but meaning religions have a voice to speak in case of inappropriate laws that are against the spiritual belief of that particular religion. In conclusion bot religion and law are important and beneficial in the society wellbeing (Evans & Janis, 1999). Religion should observe the administrative laws and laws should not be set and enforced to interfere with particular religions.

References

Locke, J., & Popple, W. (2007). A letter concerning toleration. Vancouver: Emerald Knight Pub.

Ricoeur, P. (1996). Tolerance between intolerance and the intolerable. Providence u.a: Berghahn Books

Evans, C., & Janis, M. W. (1999). Religion and international law. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publ.

PROPOSAL LETTER

    Walden Community welcomes people from different parts of the world regardless of race or ethnicity. Because of this, the community comprises of people from different ethnic backgrounds, interacting on a daily basis as they share ideas and exchange customs. She, therefore, believes that the community is best suited to enhance her growth and development in the community. Due to the diversity in culture within the community, she will be in a better position to improve her social and communication skills because she will be learning from people with different perspectives, perceptions, and qualities. This will enable her to be able to interact with people of different culture and learn the best way to communicate with them with respect to their culture.

            Being self-driven is one of the qualities that every individual should be focusing on. This, therefore, motivates her into believing in herself as a self-driven person who possesses various skills. She thus uses these skills on a regular basis to ensure that both her interpersonal goals and the organizational goals are accomplished. She recognizes the importance of keeping time which is why she ensures that any task that she has is completed in due time and it is done to the best level of satisfaction. Throughout her experiences over the years, she has been able to learn the importance of building good relationships with others and working together for better results.

           Walden Community is one of the best places that she can be able to practice and use her skills and experiences that she has been able to acquire during her period while pursuing her degree. Other than completing her MFIT hours, she also possesses proficient therapist skills that could help others in the community who may be facing difficult situations and need help coping with life.

Helping the needy has always been her major passion and she often does what she can so as to help those who are in need. It is through her desire, passion, and determination that led her to open a child care which is responsible for feeding the homeless and assisting children and the elderly who are facing challenges in their lives in the community.

           According to her, education is quite valuable and she strongly believes that attaining knowledge is a process that never ends. Therefore, for her to become a more effective and valuable member, she hopes to attain knowledge and training that will improve her communication and social skills. Thus, she will be able to interact with other members since she understands the different language skills and facial expressions that are applied while communicating so as to ensure that the message is delivered effectively.

                       She believes in building relationships with other people as a way to establish a community that is willing to work together to bring about positive change. The cohesion of people within the community would enhance them to be united into working together, achieving goals hence success and efficiency. With the knowledge and skills that she possesses, she engages others in projects that will be beneficial to a group and not just one individual. Walden Community will be a better place to incorporate her policy to those whom she associates with and work together for the common good of everyone in the community. Her devotion and determination in developing her skills and her strong willingness help the less fortunate in the Walden community will definitely result in her interpersonal growth and growth of the society.

THE MORAL LIMIT

According to Michael Sandel's money cannot buy everything. There are moral limits in the market due to its nature and the increasing commodification in the current existence amongst individual of the society. I strongly disagree with the commercialization of body parts. To begin with body parts are more private and the idea to sell them comes with an evil mind or evil intent. The extraction of any part of the body involves a weird and strange procedure that poses a great health issue to the individual. In medical grounds, an individual may consider donating a part of the body to help another individual live a better life. Donation can only take place when an individual is willing to offer and give their body part and not selling it. It is not allowed since this will create a room for unethical practices. Individuals will be placed at intervals of great risk because there will be chances of stealing these parts for personal gains.

On the other hand commercialization of sex is regarded as morally wrong. Selling sex involves two or more parties who are willing and they are not forced. Sex can only be exchanged since there is no transfer of ownership. Sex can be sold so long as no individual is forced to do so or they are not aware of what they are doing. Therefore, sex can take place even without involving money which is not the case with body parts. The government is faced with a challenge of prohibiting both acts since they are both morally wrong. Even if sex takes place between individuals who are willing commercializing it will create loopholes for sex tracking and morally degrading the society. It is true to say that none of the acts should be allowed to take place as they are a disgrace to the community and will further result in unclean and impure mindset among individuals.

            Children Development

            Question 1

            Section A

            A typical misbehavior that can be observed in a child in a child care setting is biting and mouth toying.  This behavior is one in which a child develops the tendency of biting others or mouthing everything that they come about.  This behavior is mainly influenced by the discovery aspect, exploration and curiosity in the development stages of a child. The child therefore ignore the verbal requested given because they have the desire to bite the other and observe what might occur next (Farr, 2010).

            Section B

            Care givers can correct the miss behavior by self reregulation.  This is by utilizing a customized guidance model which helps in controlling behaviors as well as offering support to the skills of development which continue to evolve with time.  This can be by providing direct play conversation combination or reviewing the physical surrounding of the particular child and directly interact with them to ensure that the behavior is hindered and the urge is eradicated (Farr, 2010).

            Question 2

            Section A

            Classroom regulations can be set in reference to interactions. This involves directly engaging individual’s ion conversations that are aimed as shaping activities or drawing guidance’s. This helps in   developing of standardized and favorable ruges which can be accepted fully by all the children.  This form of setting helps in ensuring that the children do not form the urge of becoming rebellious because they are  happy with the rules. This helps in involving all the favorable ways through high recognition and customization (Farr, 2010).

            Section B

            Adult can teach children on how to follow the set rules by accepting and appreciating good behaviors and utilization of words to explain the right things.  Positive wording helps children in developing a positive attitude towards the things that they hear. This helps in eliminating trouble desire and hence attaining cooperation (Farr, 2010).

            Reference

            Farr, S. (2010). Teaching as leadership: The highly effective teacher's guide to closing the achievement gap. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Personality tests

Personality assessment is a tool that can be used in personnel selection to predict an individual future job performance and can show lesser potential for adverse effects. They are usually preferred in organisations since they provide a method that is data-based and non-subjective for identifying employees who have high potential and in which work environment they will fit well (Stabile, 2002). An organisation has to determine the best measures to be observed in personnel selection and the various problems that may be encountered in the process.

Question 1

Personality tests are widely used in organisation for the purpose of understanding the differences in behaviour or traits of individuals and in determining their impact in job performance. The aim of having this process in selection is to ensure that candidates with the greatest possibility of success in performance are hired (Whitney, 2014).The company may also favour personality tests over other assessments since such tests demonstrate little to no adverse effects as they normally do not allow for any discrimination against the members of protected groups. They typically only show only little differences when comparing various significant demographic groups such as age, gender or ethnicity. Hence, companies implement personality assessment in the selection process so as to rise predictive validity and decrease a potential for adverse effect (Stabile, 2002).

Question 2

The personality tests have various severe shortcomings despite them being insightful, inexpensive and widely available. To begin with, they are highly transparent and thus the test taker can influence the results so that they appear in a manner that will be seen as favourable by any administrator. Secondly, because the design of the test is such that they measure the states rather than traits that are more stable, there is a high possibility that the results will change with time as the contexts of an individual is changing (Whitney, 2014). In addition, since this assessment is done through probabilities and statistics, it is not possible to ascertain whether the candidate will be successful in job performance based only test scores. The widespread application of personality assessment in determining the right employees may raise a number of issues concerning the reliability of the results and the invasion of candidates’ privacy. The question is whether the benefits arising from these tests outweigh the cost of using them. (Stabile, 2002).

Question 3

The article alludes to a better measure in personnel selection that includes personality assessment combined with other attributes that will give remarkable value for self-realisation, coaching, team building, enhanced communication and many other developmental applications. Such attributes consists of measuring stable traits which will not have a tendency to change after the candidate has spent some time doing the job. The test should be normative to allow for comparison results for different candidates so as to the ones possessing preferred trait. The measure should ensure there is scale to detect distortion or lies in order to understand the accuracy of the results, high reliability that allow for test-retest dependability and have been known to predict job performance accurately (Stabile, 2002).

Question 4

Personality assessment cannot be relied to solely provide information for making personnel decisions. Though they have been applied widely by organisation to hire employees through prediction of possible job performance, there are various validity issues that may make their results not to be wholly reliable. Therefore, there is need to incorporated a measure that will ensure that results of the test are accurate and reliable.

References

Whitney, M. (2014).The Problem with Using Personality Tests for Hiring. Harvard Business Review. 1-6.

 Stabile, S. (2002) .THE USE OF PERSONALITY TESTS AS A HIRING TOOL: IS THE BENEFIT WORTH THE COST? 5-18. Retrieved from: https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/jbl/articles/volume4/issue2/Stabile4U.Pa.J.Lab.&Emp.L.279(2002).pdf

Sex and Relationship

            Social Penetration Theory

            The concept of social penetration suggests that relationships improves, interpersonal communication shifts from shallow  which is a non level of intimacy to the most deeper level of intimacy (Amichai-Hamburger, 2013).  The theory holds that the procedure occurs primarily via self disclosure and the development of closeness occurs when individuals are able to move in orderly and gradual mode to intimate levels from superficial levels. This is through the exchange which is the combination of functions of both forecast and immediate impacts.   Vulnerability of one individual can result in development of closeness through developing self disclosure which is the main route of the concept of social penetration (Amichai-Hamburger, 2013).

            According to the social penetration concept as relationships improves they enter into deeper aspects which are both personal and private matters.  This therefore results in opening for vulnerability to occur and this necessitate trust to be fully developed along the way.  The social penetration in relationships is achieved through the penetration of different stages (Amichai-Hamburger, 2013). Social penetration in relationships therefore begins with the orientation phase.  In this stage individuals play safe in regard to keeping simple talks and activities which are referred to be essential in earning loyalty.  This involves the utilization of life standards which are regarded as appropriate life norms.  In this stage the partners are involved in classified penetration which does not display much information.  Exploratory affective phase follows where partners begin to show themselves through expressing their individual attitudes in regard to moderate topics like education and government.  This may not be revealed with the general truth because individuals have not yet attained comfort ability in laying their bare selves.  This is caused by that the opinions may hurt or not be impressing to the other and additionally because they are still searching for the better way forward for expressions.  This stage can thus be referred as a casual friendship stage where individuals are still learning to live with each other.  In most cases   high number of relationships fails to exceed these phase.  Affective phase is where individuals begin to talk more about their personal and private issues.  This is achieved by the use of private idioms.  In this stage individuals are comfortable expressing what they love or hate because they have achieved a way of expression and they are comfortable with each other.  Arguments as well as criticism begin to arise because the thoughts and principles of one individual may contradict the other thus causing argument (Zeidler, 2009).

            Additionally this is caused by the fact that the best forms of expressions have not yet be established because the relationships still depends on the efficiency of the casual friendship phase (Zeidler, 2009).   At the stage intimate touching as well as kissing is bound to occur since individuals become too comfortable and this becomes as a form of expression on what they feel.  However this may not be influenced by love but by the relationship that has been developed due to the friendship.  The stable phase is where the relationship developed is in the plateau stage where private things are mutually shared and individuals are able to comfortably predict psychological and physical reactions of the other. This helps in handling arguments developed in regards to thoughts expressions.  The last stage of the social penetration concept is the depenetration when relationships begin to break down and the involved costs exceed the reimbursements. This results in disclosure withdrawal which in turn leads to the relationship termination. This is because the relationship that had been developed before lacks meaning as what had initially be purposed is failed by the raising issues.  This occurs when individuals are unable to share similar ideas comfortably (Zeidler, 2009).

            The Graduate

            From the film ‘’The Graduate’’ which was produced in 1967 as an American comedy social penetration concept is well illustrated. The film was acted by Bancroft Anne, Ross Katharine who acted as Mrs. Robinson and Elaine.  The characters are utilized in depicting the major theme of the film which is isolation and its general relation to interpersonal communication in development of a relationship. The situation in the film would be different if social penetration concept was utilized and Benjamin would this not feel isolated. This would have changed Benjamin’s relationship. The clip is relevant in regard to the social penetration concept as it helps in illustrating how  traction in relationships is crucial in maintain relationships.

            The Triangular Concept of Love

            Triangular love concept is a love theory that was generated by Robert Sternberg. In regard to the interpersonal context there are three love components in relation to the theory.  Based on the triangular concept there components include passion component, commitment or decision component and intimacy component.  The intimacy component is the phase which encompasses the attachment feelings, connectedness, bond and closeness.  Passion phase involves the drives that are related to sexual attractions and activities as well as limerence.  The commitment phase involves the short term decisions made by individuals in regard to remaining together as well as the long-term decisions that are made by the involved individuals (Coon, Mitterer, Talbot, & Vanchella, 2010).

            In regard, to the attraction levels empty love contains full commitment but fails in having intimacy and passion.  Attraction is therefore crucial in subconscious and conscious decisions in those that individuals associate with. This can thus be related a fizzled marriage where the partners believe in their vows sacredness.  These individuals are therefore fully committed to the relationship that they share. However the individuals lack the capability of having fun as a couple and this therefore implies that they are not aroused sexually by one another (Coon, Mitterer, Talbot, & Vanchella, 2010).

            The need of developing sexual attachments helps in developing relationships. This is mainly influenced by the perspective of attractiveness that brought people together.  Therefore attraction cannot be grounded on the physical connection because love can neither be grounded on it.  These areas can be termed as the measures of visual, emotional and cognitive aspects. The passion of love is the major component that fuels physical attraction in romantic relationships and the sexual integration desire.  The thoughts of cognitive aspects generally refers to the conscious decisions ability of maintain the relationship and loving each other over period despite the existing issues.

            Chasing Amy

            The movie ‘’Chasing Amy’’ is clear illustration of love triangular concept. The movie is thus relevant as it shows the importance of attraction in regard to intimacy and the strength of maintain a relationship despite having different challenges. The movie clearly depicts that the level of attraction matters in ensuring that a relationship develops to different phases as a relationship is build by trust. According to the movie true love helps in overcoming arguments which are caused by the existing differences between individuals (Bathe, 1996).

            References

Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2013). The social net: Understanding our online behavior. Oxford:         Oxford University Press.

Bathe, J. O. (1996). Sternberg's triangular theory of love, attachment style, and relationship           satisfaction.

Chasing Amy Official Trailer #1 - (1997) HD

Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., Talbot, S., & Vanchella, C. M. (2010). Introduction to psychology:         Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiATQ04pH14

The Graduate (1967) - I have a date with Elaine------            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCa9vtTvQpE

Zeidler, C. (2009). Mobile support in customer loyalty management: An architectural         framework. Wiesbaden: Gabler Edition Wissenschaft.

"How have fatherhood changed over time"

Fatherhood has changed over time due to many such as technology and the evolving social traditions. There are themes that are associated with fatherhood. They include the demographic changes. In the older generation family had many children compared to the current generation. The change in their lives and the pattern they were used to had also changed. The financial strain that is experienced has led to families having fewer children (Nease & Wiley, 2010).

            The takeaway point in fatherhood is the responsibility of raising a family. A lot is involved not only financially but also time. This is so crucial because fathers have to strike a balance in their working schedule in order to make time for their children and be there when they are growing up. The commitment that comes with raising the children and their health also worry young fathers. There also worrying cases whereby the children might be born with disabilities is a huge turning point to many fathers (Nease & Wiley, 2010).

There are limitations that are evident in the study. When addressing the issue of challenges the fathers face, most of them addressed the issue of finance. In reality, there are many challenges that fathers face other than finance issue. Challenges such as the influence that the fathers have towards their children and how they impact their children was not well tackled. This is because most of them spoke positively thus not giving a clear view of fatherhood (Nease & Wiley, 2010). To do it differently would mean that other family members should be included in the interview to shed more light of how fathers go about when raising their children. At the end of the interview, I was about to come up with a new question of how are individuals prepared to enter into fatherhood? This is because some of them expressed some fears that a father should not have regarding a child disability and how they should be educated to accept the form in which a child is born.

Reference

Nease, L., Austin, M. W., & Wiley InterScience (Online service). (2010). Fatherhood -    philosophy for everyone: The Dao of daddy. Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell