CULTURE AND PERFORMANCE

            There are many factors that affect any organization’s performance and the organization’s culture is one of the many factors as it ensures that the organization has the capability to invent, innovate, and compete and enhances a well engagement of both the workers and the customers in a corporate culture. Organizational culture refers to the way in which human resources complete undertakings and interact with one another in the organization (Druckman et al 1997). This business culture unites the employees together and provides a direction towards the governing of the company. Business culture comprises of the incorporation of values, mission and vision in the running of the organization’s day to day characteristic of relations, communication and operational objectives which creates the company’s environment that pervades the way in which the workforce work. It is therefore evident that the organizational culture majorly deals with the sharing of the established beliefs and values created by the company’s leaders and later communicated and toughened through different methods (Druckman et al 1997). Hence this has ultimately leaded to the shaping of the workers perception, performance and understanding. Thus business structure and design can be seen as its body whereas its culture is simply the soul of the organization hence a strong organizational culture has a major role to play in ensuring improvement of the general performance and efficiency (Druckman et al 1997). This paper therefore will explore on the various components of organizational culture such as the individualism versus collectiveness, power distance, uncertainty and risk avoidance strategies and achievement versus nurturing orientation.

Individualism culture deals with independent individuals who are capable of succeeding on their own as they are just members of the group. Individualism has the idea that a person has the right to live his/her life according to how they see it fit, make their own judgment, utilize on the output of their efforts and to pursue the cost of their choices as life belongs to an individual (Price 2007). Collectiveness on the other hand has a different perspective with that of individualism as they believe that a person’s life does not belong to him but rather to the entire group or the society and he/she has no rights to himself as all efforts and objectivity should be geared towards the society’s greater good. In collectiveness the whole group is of greater moral concern while individuals are only important when they are serving the community (Price 2007).

            Power distance refers to the degree in which members of a group or community who have less power in the society agree to and also expect that the allocation of power is undertaken unequally. This dimension therefore states clearly that there is an establishment and execution of hierarchy in the society. Inequality and power is apparent from the lower level members in the society (Matsumoto 2016).

            Uncertainty and risk avoidance refers to the society’s tolerance for indistinctness where people hold close to an occurrence of something unexpected, unidentified or far away from the status quo. Higher extent of this uncertainty and avoidance index selects stiff codes of behavior, guiding principles, laws and absolute truth.

            Achievement and nurturing direction represents a competitive versus cooperative view of inter-relations with other people. Achievement index explains the extent to which societal values are exemplified by assertiveness, competitiveness and materialism.

Those who have a higher desire for achievement have reasonable challenges, individual responsibility, acknowledgment and feedback. Achievers always value those who are tough and support the possession of money and the material products. Whereas nurturing index insists on relationships and the moral concern for others well being. Their major focus is on the human interaction rather than the individual success and competition.  They care so much for others and continuation is dominant while they generally stress on equality, cohesion and quality of work for their survival.

            In conclusion, organizational culture is quite essential in any business structure as it is clear that the effectiveness, efficiency as well as competence are as a result of a well formulated organization culture. The organization culture is therefore different in the various business structures as they have different roles they have to play. The goal of an organization determines its culture that is their beliefs, values and objectivity. It is thus important that before any form of culture is designed, the goals of the organization should be clearly stated so that the leaders may now choose on the appropriate culture that would fit in the business. Any organization ought to have a culture to which they are upholding in which they are geared to achieving the specific goals. Goals that are geared to helping out each employee individual such as individualism, achievement enhance individual’s performance for one’s own benefit whereas those that are geared towards helping the society like the collectiveness and nurturing enhance group achievement and success. Strong organizational culture provides the employees with better relation qualities, cohesiveness, competence and performance than those that have weaker business culture. Decision making, strong knowledge, less disagreements, mutual trust as well as cooperation are core benefits that accrues to any business with strong company culture.

Reference

Druckman, D., Singer, J. E., Van, C. H. P., & National Research Council (U.S.). (1997).           Enhancing organizational performance. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

Matsumoto, D. (2016). Culture and psychology. Place of publication not identified:           Cengage Learning.

Price, A. (2007). Human resource management in a business context. London: Thomson.

Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment is the verbal or physical conduct of unwelcome sexual requests or favors that are made as terms and conditions for getting employment or any other need one may have. Sexual harassment may come in different forms but the most common are associated with either a favorable treatment in acceptance or hostile working environment for refusal (TWC, 2011). From the recent statistics, only 18 percent of female employees in China, Nanjing, have never faced Sexual Harassment out of 100 respondents (Lim & Yazdanifard, 2015). This shows that sexual harassment is a global issue

I’ve heard many harassment cases among which one of my friends was a victim. It was a tiresome period of looking for a job and luckily she found one. The vacancy was for a secretary in a private hospital and so she became one. She realized that the job was simple but well paying comparing to the other occupations she had had. Little did she know that this treatment would be at a cost. The doctor who was also the owner of the hospital made several attempts of seducing the lady. Lucky enough she was able to realize this in time and so she had to flee. She later came to know that several people had been offered jobs there but ended up being sexually harassed.

In times of sexual harassment, one should seek legal help in the workplace. This can be through consulting an employee rights attorney who is experienced. Most people suffer this harassment because of keeping silence instead of speaking up. People should speak up the issue regardless of the consequences (TWC, 2011).

For the cases of sexual harassment to be prevented, organizations should consider the following measures. First they should develop a policy that prohibits sexual harassment, communicate it to all workers, carry out investigations on such cases and if anyone is found she or she should be punished. A follow-up of the policy should be made unlike in the case study where it is stated that “The president did not follow that policy…” (TWC, 2011)

References

Lim Woan, J., & Yazdanifard, R. (2015). The Alarming Trend of Sexual Harassment Occurrences in the Workplace and What Can Be Done. International Journal Of Management, Accounting & Economics, 2(5), 467-480.

How to Spot a Liar

Pamela Meyer talk on lie spotting is an illuminating matter, as she clearly uses scientifically proven tells that most liars have. We are liars in one or any other way but more often than not we claim to detest deception. To be a lie spotter, the first thing you must note is that lying is a cooperative act, whether willingly or unwillingly, the key thing is to note what is the benefit of the lie. In our weakness or hunger for something more than who we really are that’s how a lie begins. The role we play or our character also play a key issue in our life when it comes to the number of times we lie, for instance if you are an introvert you tend to lie less, a man lies more in a relation as compared to women.

Liars always have a pattern when it comes to expressing themselves. They distance themselves from the subject and tend to be more formal. Using qualifying language or giving more than required details is also a tell when it comes to identifying a liar. When it comes to body language some body movement will also show a liar, this include, excessive blinking, finger chattering, fake smiles, contraction of the face muscles, legs facing an exit, different sound variation. Attitude is also an important tell. Liars are very uncooperative, withdrawn, be rough or over defensive. More often than not, liars have anger that latter grows to contempt.

The most surprising thing was that lying has been an evolutionary act. That even little children lie. One year children lie by concealment, two years’ bluff, five year olds flatter their way through anything while nine years lie by covering up their deeds. This helps us become better liars in our college and even later on in our careers. This is quite an astounding discovery. But noting a truthful person can also help in separating them from liars. A truthful person is often cooperative, and even more strict when it comes to suggesting punishment for liars, and tend to be more genuine with their feelings. But at the end of the day our character and integrity will help us be unequivocal when it comes to lying.

Reference

Pamela Talk on lie spotting, retried from:

https://www.ted.com/talks/pamela_meyer_how_to_spot_a_liar?language=en

ANTHROPOLOGY

Introduction

During the timely nineteenth century, Anthropologists viewed religions as archaic approach of thought of action which could properly retrocede in the dynamism of contemporary institution of science in the near future. With anthropology the focus is mainly in ethnographic point of view. Anthropology tries to evaluate the human cultures and how it is linked to religion in a number of ways, it is the study of social organisms whereby human being interacts often with each other in a close proximity of their environment. It is actually about the cultural aspects of life. Anthropology was established so as to free herself from the precincts of religious buff, up to date it concerns itself with reporting on the difference emitted in actual religion and the profanity. There are some things which actually go out of the sphere of religions and inclines towards the matters of this world which then to drift itself from what religion should actually be practicing (Jones, 2010).

Aboriginal Baby Smoking In Sydney

Reverend peter jones explores what we have never thought it could exist in this world. In part one covering the pacific and Australia to be precise raised some issues on what really should not be and should be incorporated in religion (Jones, 2010). It is interesting to see the extent people can go just for the sake religion proliferations, child smoking by indigenous Australians’ I don’t think the a baby can be health courtesy of such deeds. I can compare this like baptizing but again the order of events by Aborigines looks weird and how religion comes in still baffles me in all this.

TITTLE: Around the World in 80 Faiths, Episode Three, Africa

Director: Tom Sheahan

Year: 2009

Rastafarians of Ethiopia

From Ethiopia is a group of people who actually believes that Haile Selassie is the true messiah and for that reason they are no dwelling in Zion to be precise. They worship Him just like how we Christians see God their famous way of life is Rastafari who always refer their teachings from the King James Version kind of bible (Jones, 2010). By the fact that they worship Jah and still considers God as the ultimate ruler even though Haile Selassie is another god besides the real God in heaven. They have a very distinctive revelation between Ethiopia and Jamaica; they believe that the western world which it is Babylon as corrupt and Babylon is the Jah Promised Land.

Relationship Between The Two Religions Practices

Indeed, the world has a lot of diversities to offer, religion manifold of what they belief in and faith they have in it means a lot. Rastafarians and the Aborigines in Australia have one thing in common which are the beliefs and they will do whatever it takes to make the continuation of the tradition go on. Passing it from generation to generation, Around the World in 80 Faiths presents a combination of faiths emanating from different diversity (Jones, 2010). We learn and discover rituals, customs, and cultures present in diverse faiths and at the end of the day, we should learn to clasp diversity and more in embracing your religion apart from directing it towards the teachings of the bible.

Conclusion

The thought of religion is not only what you think should be especially after having a look at the various number of documentaries. Present anthropology of religion is based on diverse methodology and theories (Jones, 2010). Not only should be dwell in making our faiths count but also, we should correct the tradition which pulls us down or in one way or the other it compromises humanity. Religions are there to guide our faith but we must have a stand if they are not really what the holy books teach us. The thought of religion is not only what you think should be especially after having a look at the various number of documentaries. Not only should be dwell in making our faiths count but also we should correct the tradition which pulls us down or in one way or the other it compromises humanity. Religions are there to guide our faith but we must have a stand if they are not really what the holy books teach us.

Reference

 Jones. P (2010). Around the World in 80 Faiths. Random House

Top of Form

            Psychology Application Essay: Fast Mapping

            Single mapping is the thought that holds that children have the capability of learning a word on the ground of one exposure.  This is because children have been established to be fast at picking words as well as establishing how they can use the words (Shaffer, 2010). Fast mapping concept holds that children learn on how to utilize a certain word after hearing it for the first time and they are thus able to know how to use the word.  The children accomplish to use the word effectively even after hearing it for the first time this is because they utilize the information and knowledge that they have in order to know where to position the word (Shaffer, 2010).  More often children are bound to light the meaning of the given word by excluding the existing possibilities that they hold several words that are attached to them. The children, therefore, apply the learned word to several actions or objects which have no known names to them. 

            Fast mapping concept is effective in explaining why children are fully able to learn the mother tongue language without being engaged in active learning (Shaffer, 2010).  They learn the language by selecting up words as well as what they mean through daily activities and from those that surrounds them. Language mapping is an important concept during the acquisition process of language in young individuals and this, therefore, explains the high rate of children in learning vocabularies.  However in order for the fast mapping process to be fully effective  a child is therefore required to be a holder  of  retention and  selection referent of a word.  This can be accomplished by kids who are as young as two years old even with the presence of distracters or time constraint (Shaffer, 2010).

            The concept of fast mapping helps children to retain the memory of the word for a substantial time amount after being exposed for the first time.  Even with a single exposure child are able to retain the word even a week after without hearing the word for the second time.  The ability to recall novel words in young children exceeds their aptitude of recalling different types of information such as facts in regard to the novel (Shaffer, 2010). Therefore, a fast mapping is an effective mechanism which is more specified in learning words.

            In my own personal experience, I visited my aunt’s place several weeks ago and my kid who is almost two years old cousin was playing on the floor. As I was talking to my aunt I noticed that their family picture on the wall was somehow tilted and I told my aunt that the picture was tilted. My cousin was able to pick the word tilted despite the fact that he was fully involved in his play.  Lately, when he points at the picture and say that the picture is tilted. Rom this it is clear that the kid was able to pick the world tilted from our conversation and figured out on how to use it in his wording. The concept of fast mapping is thus true that children have the aptitude for learning wording application which helps them in developing a language without being engaged in active teachings.  The integral fast mapping concept is that children utilize the knowledge that they acquire in contracting options of the things that the word they acquired would be referring to (Shaffer, 2010).

            Reference

Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence.         Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

THE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE POLICY

Introduction

The U.S Supreme Court had a ruling that States cannot be allowed to ban marriage relationship between the same sexes. This was after a huge extent of consultation with the public on the definition of marriage and what the limits are, eventually the law allowed the union of both sexes. At first, anyone posing as defender and sympathizer of the same-sex relationship was seen as the mentally ill person who needs transformation (Cahill & Tobias, 2006). Apparently, as a result of the ratification The State of Minnesota have full legal right to marry and have recognition of their legal marriages (Ward, 2008. The gay people in each and every state have undergone some really prejudicing moments ranging routinely being persecuted and barred from any private and public employment since this was classified as mental illness (In Swan, 2014). Since then, many movements have come the championing the right of their sexuality recognition in the same marriage. The same-sex couple may practice the essential factual to marry and live peacefully without any discrimination. Proponents of permissible matrimony resist that the ban of people involving in same-sex marriage is unfair and undemocratic and they ought to reap all the paybacks relished by dissimilar-sex couples.

In colleges we have witnessed several scenes where kissing between same-sex partner is just a norm, this extent to the campus parties too (Gayle, 2006). In fact, national data in regards to the same sex show that fewer people are able to identify themselves with as gay or lesbian more than the sexual attraction to the same sex (Ward, 2008). Consequently, black men on the question of gay marriage are seen as the new subculture whereby masculinity in confused and taken as a blend of hyper-heterosexuality backgrounds hence rendering them gay (Ward, 2008). The fact that, there exist an argument that the lines between queerness and normalcy featured by sexual does and identities than any artistic practices and revelatory frames. In the state of Minnesota, The policy has emerged courtesy of the people who have been fighting so long to see it being stopped from any radicalization which makes them look like a sect and group necessitating oust from the society. It is amazing how the quickly this situation has progressed in a manner that the society is now embracing it even though the percentage is still low just like the states which are now familiarizing with Gay rights (Ward, 2008). The last few decades has been dedicated to amazing strides in terms of laws protecting the gays and even to the extent of the lesbians, as well as social and cultural influences geared towards the acceptance in particularly the state of Minnesota. Consequently, the same-sex married people are seen as just a next door neighbor unlike few years ago why they were being sidelined as abnormal people (Ward, 2008). Of course, there have been people who have been fighting tooth and nail to see people who are wedded to their religious and personal prejudice to cease to exist; this is a threat to the institution of prejudice (Gayle, 2006). Consequently, we can see the society has not changed its views on homosexuality until recently when the Supreme Court ruled otherwise in Minnesota. The people who opposed the same-sex marriage are quicker to use profanity, and blatantly willing to distort the truth from the mere fact which in any way cannot be related to the fight for the policy change in same-sex marriage. For a moment, the debate regarding the gay marriage seemed to be fading in the public eye until the sudden catapulting back in the headlines. Minnesota has set the pace for other states since the decision in 2003 to allow gay and lesbian couples privileges to marry and the aftermath of it saw some other states issue the license to the gay marriages (Ward, 2008). Nonetheless, the determinations to hit the two-thirds target of majority hit low in the year 2004 and then again in 2006 to which it could have allowed amendment pass from both houses (In Swan, 2014).

Consequently, this type of union has had the significant impact on the society in a diverse number of ways, the positive and of the negative effects have all manipulated themselves into different shapes. Promotion of equality and Non-discrimination in the wider society is owed to the contribution of same couples triumph, talk of cultural, social, political and financial benefits (Gayle, 2006). They are fundamental people in the society and no doubt they are linked to continued growth and evolution which the nation would considerably suffer a lot without them just like other people in the society. Such promotion has impressively helped in diminishing homophobia and affirming the minority groups which for the longest have been shelved. The group who otherwise they deserve the best from the society apart from the appreciation as fellow human being having rights, they have suffered and endured stigmatization (Cahill & Tobias, 2006). We have helped communicate the message of goodwill and help in plummeting intergroup prejudice and auxiliary cultural diversity. Notably, the State which has embraced the rights of LGBT has gained in terms of economic and business opportunity courtesy of the marriage equality (Ward, 2008). This has seen the gay married partners move to this states where they are being appreciated and carrying along with them is their business empires and worthy ideas worth developing the economy within a span of short time compared to state which barred them. Additionally, the tourism industry in Minnesota State will rise by the fact that gay couples will be visiting the State more preferably than the other opposing. It should be no surprise that in the current era more corporations are articulating for sustenance for the connubial parity and more so, stalk in an indulgence of the same-sex married couples.

It is of huge benefit if the laws gagging the same-sex marriage is awarded freedom so as to achieve their full potential life without the hindrances which amount to the huge waste of vital periods besides the crucial resources just like in Minnesota. The culmination of discrimination in marriage will aid in upholding psychosocial and physical welfare (In Swan, 2014). The debate about the rights and legalizing of the same-sex marriage is gaining momentum in the public domain and we no longer hide the reality from those who tend to neglect the existing facts. This is fetched from the discourse of morality which goes in hand with religion, also the welfare of the children which many tantrums have been emanating from right left in a fight of how marriage is seen (Cahill & Tobias, 2006). The meaning of marriage has to involve procreation of children between two opposite sex but not adoption is what you would normally hear from the opponents. The argument that same-sex kind of marriage damages children on the reliance of scientific research, many argue that such proponents are far from the reality check (Ward, 2008). All the same, the perspective of conceptualizing the same-sex marriage debate greatly impacts the idea of which gay life is produced same as the lesbian marriage. When the issue only embraces the religious perspective, it tends to put the fact that also the courts have a say in this whole issue. Some argue that marriage is only restricted to heterosexual unions austerely just because of the biblical reliance and the teachings it comes with. As a result of this, we have seen many churches shift their long stood point of view that homosexuality is a sin, they are now leaning towards acceptance of same-sex marriages. In this same time, many have witnessed a complete shift of paradigm from those who have been known and at times confused being a sadist to social change in society (In Swan, 2014). The opinion polls also show changes whereby more of the populace are accepting the fact that gay marriages are here with us to stay. However, the impact that the media has had over this issue in the recent decade is overwhelming, the shift in the public domain is credited to the media houses and other platforms. At the end of the day, we must acknowledge that diversity approval is something which we cannot run from at least not for long.

The significance of acknowledging all this policy recognizing same marriage to the wider society of Minnesota has a lot of gains not only to the partners but the people so that they respect what the policy state in so doing the stigma and discrimination will tremendously reduce. Remember the benefits of the gay marriage policy introduction and the economic gain which no doubt it has elevated our understanding of acceptance of equality. The policy has come at the right time in which the world needs a change in perception and a wider look out of what diversity really means to the LGBT community (In Swan, 2014). Demeaning them the rights to have what they love is like taking away the precious thing in life which is the factor of love. To the group of people who see same-sex marriage as a sin, yes there would be change to some of the laws and the fact that error has no right hangs loose. For instance, some years back we conventionally accepted slavery and there was no immorality leave alone dehumanizing of it so change is necessary for particular with the global shifts and social impacts with eventually needs change.

Reference

Cahill, S., & Tobias, S. (2006). Policy issues affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender families. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Gayle Rubin “Thinking Sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality,” in Culture, society and sexuality: A reader, edited by Richard Parker and Peter [Chapter 9] (2006)

In Swan, W. (2014). Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender civil rights: A public policy agenda for uniting a divided America.

Jane Ward, “Dude Sex: White Masculinities and ‘Authentic’ Heterosexuality Among Dudes who have sex with dudes,” Sexualities 11 (2008): Page 414-434

Racial Equity in Parks and Recreation

Introduction

There have been a significant number of cases of both large-scale and small-scale riots and protests at various recreational facilities in U.S in the past. Expansion of recreational spaces’ civil rights is very important ensuring equality and equity not in terms of racial equity and equality but in having a collective engagement for overall success (Kellogg & Nelson, 2016). There is a need to come up with a plan that will conform to the government policies that call for equity and equality in accessing recreational opportunities. Such a plan will address the cases of institutional racism where procedure and practices unintentionally work for white people better than people of colour and structural racism where past and current reality in institutions work together to have a system that affect people of colour negatively (Bullock & Rodgers, 1975).

Renovation.

The plan is to use $2 million for the purpose of renovation of a park such that it becomes a dual purpose facility that have fields for various sports such as softball and football. At the same time the park should hold recreational facilities that can be useful to the neighbourhood residents. The park is made such that it can host members outside the neighbouring community and at the same time accommodate members outside the city who may not share same demographics as the residents (Brianna, 2016). This will reduce the cases of local residents, who prefer different sports, being displaced by people from other suburbs.

Training of staff

The plan will also involve training the staffs especially those who manage the park and the renovation team on how to ensure racial equity. This will be done in consideration that the neighbourhood may have many immigrants who are usually the people of colour and predominantly renters.

Outreach mission

The plan will involve reaching out to the local residents and families to improve their understanding on how to register for the programs at the park and this will be done while making sure that instructions can be accessed in various languages. Included also is emphasis on the need for cohesion regardless among community members regardless of racial affiliation. To reduce conflict between residents and outsiders there will be posting of signs to notification on when any field is reserved (Wolcott, 2012).

Selecting a community advisory committee

The project will use a wider approach to ensure racial equity. A community committee will be recruited that includes representatives of the diverse demographics in terms of race. It will also include members of various economic classes and various age groups. Thus the plan will include the immigrants and native residents who will be required to apply to join the committee. The committee will be expected to hold the authorities responsible and ensure no group is left out in accessing the park.

Future goal

An assessment will be done on recreational programs and recreational facilities for the next 25 years. This process will target future delivery of high recreation service and will ensure that it is done appropriately to include all racial group. The plan will engage local community groups that advocate for racial equity. The community organisations will be assisted where they are unable to address equity issues.

The results will be that recreational parks will serve the whole community regardless of their racial affiliation and the class (Kellogg & Nelson, 2016). There will be an assessment of the proportion of various racial groups using the parks, a process that will be done through listening sessions and evaluations by the community organisations on the programming given demographics of people using the service.

Conclusion

There is need for policy makers to come up with strategies that will increase access to parks and recreational facilities especially the low-income neighbourhoods and people of colour. This plan will ensure that racial equity is achieved in utilising recreational parks.

References

Kellogg M., Nelson J. (2016).Racial Equity in Parks and Recreation.2-3

Bullock, C. S., & Rodgers, H. R. (1975). Racial equality in America: In search of an unfulfilled goal. Pacific Palisades, Calif: Goodyear Pub. Co.p.31

Wolcott, V. W. (2012). Race, riots, and roller coasters: The struggle over segregated recreation in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.6-11

Brianna D. (2016).Planning the next generation of park recreation centres. Camden Community News. Retrieved from:http://www.camdennews.org/2016/03/planning-the-next-generation-of-park-recreation-centers/

            Ways in Which Campbell Studies the Drug War Zone Culture, and the Results of Those Methods

            Campbell studied the drug zone culture by environmental observation and acquiring knowledge through reading about the drug trafficking activities. First, he learned about the drug trafficking culture while he was living in the city of Mexico in the early years of 1980’s (Campbell, 2). During the time read about Sicilia Alberta and Felix Gallardo’s drugs corporation from the first huge trafficking cartels (Campbell, 2). Through the publications, individuals became aware of the adventure which was heroic at that time In regard to Ventura Florentine who was a loud narcotic cop, brutality as well as the associated corruption of Arturo Durazo who was a police chief in Mexico City (Campbell, 2).  This, therefore, resulted to the revelation of various cases of drug trafficking which the public had not fully embraced as they were slowly coming out.

            Additionally, Campbell gathered about the drug trafficking cartels while he was in his profession.  When he becomes a university professor in Texas, during his first class he had news of a student who had assisted large cocaine tons passage who was acting as an immigration officer of the United States (Campbell, 3). The cocaine tons were thus seized in the city of Los Angeles and this case become the largest amputation in the history of America and the student was convicted later of the crime.  Afterward, Campbell was able to encounter his close friends from the both beginning folks of Juarez association. This made him become more immersed in the broad environment whose ideal setting was essential for drug trafficking study (Campbell, 3).  From the environment, he was, therefore, able to acquire information regarding the drug zone culture as information was readily available. This was influenced by the increasing rate of the drug trafficking cases that were being revealed almost each day. His study methods generated more information which was dangerous to reveal and this information influenced him in writing a book.

            Reference

Campbell, H. (2010). Drug War Zone: Frontline Dispatches from Streets of El Paso and Juarez. Texas Press, University. Copyright.

            Depiction of Drug War Zone

            Texas is highly associated with criminal activities especially drug trafficking (Campbell, 3).  Campbell, therefore, relates the environment to be suitable for drug trafficking studies because information is readily available.  This is due to the fact that even those that are close friends are the core founders of the cartels (Campbell, 3). The ideal setting of the county, therefore, fails in offering safety to those living in it. Arturo Durazo as the chief police of the Mexican police was involved in drug corruption as stated by Campbell (Campbell, 2).  This is, therefore, unjust because was responsible for protecting individuals from the cartels yet failed the people.  This, therefore, demonstrates how the drug association utilizes resources in ensuring that they obtain full control of drug trafficking activities.

            Several movies depict the definition of drug war zone culture definition by Campbell.  For example, the cartel land which is a critically acclaimed film documentary which was screened in 2015. The film demonstrates and transports its audiences to the drug centers were the vigilante have taken the efforts to fight against drug cartels by themselves. This is because the cartels utilize intimidation in instilling fear into their own individuals. This is thus in relation to the deflation by Campbell who states that   the users of drugs, narcotics of anti-drugs as well drug traffickers utilizes their resources  in the attempt of subverting each  other (Campbell, 3).  The contending parties therefore battle in order to achieve full control of the drug zones which is well depicted in the cartel land film as defined by Campbell.

            Additionally in the film, kingdom of shadows which was released in 2015 the definitions of Campbell are well depicted.  The film highlights the war on drugs in the United States as well as in Mexico featuring persons who have the experience of drug war from different perspectives. The movie reveals the faces of those individuals who are seeking for justice and those that are not afraid in keeping their families safe. The movie, therefore, holds the theme that when things are spoken out a solution can easily be established.  This is thus relevant because Campbell states that creation of awareness is crucial in fighting the operations of the cartels (Campbell, 2).

            Reference

Campbell, H. (2010). Drug War Zone: Frontline Dispatches from Streets of El Paso and Juarez. Texas Press, University. Copyright.

Institutional v. Individual Deviance

Introduction

            Any action or behavior that stands to violate a social norm can be termed as deviance (Rainwater 65). It is vital to note that the society is normally guided by the rules and expectations that are put in place. This therefore means any action whatsoever that does not meet or fulfill the expectations of the society can be said to be deviance (Goode 87). It is evident that these norms may vary from one culture to another and therefore that which may be considered as a deviant act in one society may not be deviant in another. Deviance can also be comparative to time and place (Rainwater 91). This is to mean that an act may be considered to be deviant in relation to the social context.

Institutional deviance

            This can be termed as the occurrences that take place when an institution fails to meet the needs of the people (Goode 73). Institutions can be schools, hospitals, state agencies, organizations among others. It is vital to note that all forms of institutions have an obligation of meeting the needs of the people it serves. For example a hospital is required to perform all the health functions exceptionally and ensure that the society has confidence in them.

            It is also critical to understand why the institutions should carry out the needs of the people and how things should be done.  The basic needs of a society are in most cases narrowed down into five vital requirements which are;

• The necessity of communication within the society (Goode 76).
• The necessity of order in the society (Goode 79).
• The need for security and protection from harm (Goode 81).
• The basic requirement of food, shelter and clothes (Goode 82).
• The necessity of accepting and considering the authenticity of things (Goode 84).

            It is evident that the five needs mentioned above relate to different but interconnected social institutions. These are the government, the culture, the foreign policy, the economy and the cosmology. As discussed above, each and every institution is required to fulfill at least one of the needs by ensuring that they deliver systems and models that depict suitable and conventional behavior and the moral values that direct, control and monitor the actions of human beings (Goode 131). The uniqueness, exclusivity and relation of each institution are determined by the manner in which each institution is able to fulfill its specific need.

• Government

            The government is an institution that serves the need of creating and maintaining order in the society (Krohn et al 142). It has a mandatory obligation of serving the society and any act that would cause the need not to be fulfilled can be termed as an act of defiance. Acts of crime can be termed as institutional deviance because the need for safety is not fulfilled (Krohn et al 168). There are various causes of government deviance. Some of the main causes are political unrests, terrorist attacks and any other act that is a responsibility if the government (Krohn et al 171).

            It is vital to note that the ABA international section has created and sponsored various programs and seminars in ensuring that the government securely submits that which belongs to clients properly without extortion (Rainwater 172). Trainings have been held to offer information on the methods of positive deviance especially in the United States. This deviance approach is meant to create and enhance financially and morally sound businesses that are corruption free and also establish international business (Rainwater 174).

            Increased rates of crime are also an act of deviance from the government. It is important for the government to find ways and combat the cases of crime in the society (Krohn et al 75). This can be done by ensuring that there are strict laws and regulations in relation to that. In relation to this, it is evident that the government has the authority to make legal and ethical decisions that are final and that affect the society either positively or negatively.

            The main function of the government is to make, enforce and implement laws that govern the people (Krohn et al 79). It also comes up with a constitution that are made up of laws and regulations that define the organization of the government. This is to show that when the government is not able to fulfill these needs it is then termed as institution deviance.

• Economy

            The economy has a legal obligation to meet the needs of people in terms of food, shelter and clothing (Goode 286). This also explains the reason as to why people and societies use the resources such as land, labor and capital for the provision of these basic needs. It is critical to note that a society that would be deprived of these needs would be satisfied and therefore the rule of provision would be defied (Goode 288).

There are various factors that relate with the economy such as the market. This is the process and the systems within which the society is able to exchange goods and services. The state of the economy also determines the market; this is to mean that if the market forces are weak then the society is not able to have an effective market (Goode 291). The exchange that is carried out in the market is what determines the financial stability of the society. This therefore means that for the society to be able to own things then the market forces need to be checked.

            According to economics, it is evident that capitalism states that the systems that make up an economy are determined by the private ownership of property while socialism states that the economic system is made up of the public ownership (Goode 395). In either way, is the economy of a place is declining then deviance is experienced. This would in turn lead to criminal activities. This is because the society will find means of survival despite the crumbling economy leading to crime.

            This therefore means that the economy is an institution that can be considered deviant especially when rules and regulations are not conformed to and result to negative impact to the people it serves thus causing institutional deviance.

• Cosmology

            Religious institutions have a responsibility of ensuring that the people understand their relationship with the spiritual (Rainwater 193). This is to mean that they impart knowledge to the people concerning their spiritual life. This in most cases is based on moral and ethical aspects of life. It is evident that different religious institutions have different beliefs and faith on different subjects (Rainwater 205). This can bring controversy as what is deemed to be right in a particular belief may be wrong to another.

            Institutional deviance in this aspect can be brought about when an institution fails to meet the requirements of the society (Rainwater 209). This in most cases happens when an institution that has a different faith is placed in an area where people have a different belief. In this case, the needs for the people are not fulfilled because the institution offers something different.  This can cause different responses from the society such as despise due to the irrationality in the faith (Rainwater 211).

            It is also vital to note that there is a direct link between religion and crime. Some countries relate crime to people from a particular religion (Krohn et al 112). This clearly shows that if an institution is involved in acts that the society deems to be wrong then there is not fulfillment of the societal needs (Bagchi et al 51). For example a hospital that advocates for abortions in a society that does not encourage the same can be said to be in institutional deviance because it does not fulfill the needs of the society.

• Foreign policy

            This is an institution that is responsible for ensuring that the society is safe and secure from harm especially from outside risks (Neves et al 165). This can mostly be in form of attacks from other countries where the government provides security for the residents. This is done to protect the interests of the Society. It is vital to note that some nations use threats and violence in order to relate with the neighboring countries (Neves et al 167). This is done to instill fear to the other country and especially if the nation is more empowered than the other. It is also important to note that some use negotiations to initiate peace.

            It is vital to note that in places where there are wars or international conflicts the society is not at peace (Neves et al 170). This is what causes then to flee to other countries to become refugees. It is evident that nations that are experiencing war are not able to meet the needs of foreign policy and therefore institutional deviance.

• Culture

            This is an institution that is responsible for ensuring that values, knowledge and ethics are transferred from one generation to the next (Bagchi et al 60). This is achieved from communication. With the world becoming a global village, this has become increasingly difficult. This is because people have moved and settled in different countries (Bagchi et al 66). An example is the United States where people from all over the globe meet and some settle thus bringing in with them as aspect of their culture. This has caused the corroding and fading away of culture as most countries have become multicultural (Bagchi et al 69). This clearly shows that this societal need has not been fulfilled and is therefore termed as institutional deviance.

            From the above, it is evident that institutions have a moral obligation of ensuring that the needs of the society are met. This is done by ensuring that the laws and regulations are followed and implemented. 

Individual deviance

            This is the act or behavior that is carried out by an individual and does not conform to the law and does not meet the needs of the society (Chen et al 1894). An example is that of a person who involved in drug abuse and eventually is involved in criminal activities. This is deviance because the use of drugs is prohibited in the nation and the act of crime is also illegal. It is vital to note that all people who are involved in activities that are illegal are deviants (Chen et al 1890).

            Crime is an act of deviance that is carried out by people. This is because most of them chose to do these activities at will (Kurtz 79). It is also vital to understand that some individual deviants carry out these activities for personal gain while others are forced into carrying them out.  For instance, a person who is involved in robbery in order to satisfy their addiction can be said to be one who carries out such activities at will. This is because the individual can decide to avoid the drugs and work.

            Criminal activities in most cases affect the society. This is because they also face the risks of being killed, robbed or even assaulted (Liu et al 2713). This is to mean that the society is not at peace when the rate of crime is increasing. These acts normally disrupt the rules and regulations, the expectations and the understanding especially in the social systems (Liu et al 2715).

            It is vital to note that individual deviance can be exclusively explained as a result of mental illness or the disorganization of personality and character (Kurtz 83). It is vital to note that there is a difference between deviant behaviors and deviant roles. For example, just because someone stole something they do not qualify to be called a thief. It is evident that deviant behavior is a violation of the rules, regulations and the norms and may not have an impact on the deviant role (Marshall 398). However, it is critical to note that deviant roles are always depicted even in the absence of deviant behavior.

            It is critical to note that the social norms, rules and regulations vary from one location to another. This therefore means that a person cannot be termed to be individual deviant because of how they act but only if their behavior disrupts and violates the norms of that particular place (Marshall 352). It is clear that the behavior of an individual does not mostly depend with what the person does but rather where the behavior and activity is portrayed and how it affects the society in that place.

            While speaking of individual deviance, the social context comes into picture. This is because a particular behavior can be said to be both deviant and non-deviant (Chen et al 1895).  This will depend on the different systems that are implicated to by the individual. It is also critical to note that the society and the people to who the act or behavior is being subjected to stand to judge the individual (Chen et al 1900). However, there is always an argument because different people have different perceptions and the orientation to the rules may be different. It is clear that some people may do things that may seem to disrupt the rules without their knowledge and this creates a state of imbalance on who should determine one who is individually deviant (Chen et al 1907).

Conclusion

            Both institutional and individual deviance is interrelated due to the fact that both act on deviant behaviors or actions. It is vital to note that in both cases moral ethics is of great importance because it is directly revealed through behavior. However, the rules, regulations and social norms should be clearly states and known by all people in order to ensure that the relevant risks are minimized.

            It is also vital to understand that when an institution fails to meet the needs that brought it into existence, then it means that it is corrupt. This is because the laws and regulations that were put to ensure existence are not followed. It is also evident that all people that do not conform to the rules and regulations in the society are corrupt as well.

Work Cited

Bagchi, Aniruddha, and Siddhartha Bandyopadhyay. "Workplace Deviance And Recession."       B.E. Journal Of Theoretical Economics 16.1 (2016): 47-81. Business Source Complete. Web. 9 May 2016.

Chen, Chien-Cheng, Mavis Yi-Ching Chen, and Ying-Chun Liu. "Negative Affectivity And         Workplace Deviance: The Moderating Role Of Ethical Climate." International Journal           Of Human Resource Management 24.15 (2013): 2894-2910. Business Source Complete.             Web. 9 May 2016.

Goode, Erich. Deviant Behavior. 2015. Routledge. Print

Goode, Erich. The Handbook on Deviance. , 2015. Print.

Krohn, Marvin D, Alan J. Lizotte, and Gina P. Hall. Handbook on Crime and Deviance.   Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. Internet resource.

Kurtz, Rick S. "Organizational Deviance, Integrity, And Regulation." Public Integrity 17.1          (2014): 75-89. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 May 2016.

Liu, Na-Ting, and Cherng G. Ding. "General Ethical Judgments, Perceived Organizational           Support, Interactional Justice, And Workplace Deviance." International Journal Of Human Resource Management 23.13 (2012): 2712-2735. Business Source Complete.           Web. 9 May 2016.

Marshall, Clinard.,B and Robert, Meier., F. sociology of Deviant Behavior. 2015. Cengage           Learning. Print

Neves, Pedro, and Joana Story. "Ethical Leadership And Reputation: Combined Indirect Effects On Organizational Deviance." Journal Of Business Ethics 127.1 (2015): 165-176.       Business Source Complete. Web. 9 May 2016.

Rainwater, Lee. Deviance & Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy. New Brunswick:             AldineTransaction, 2011. Print.

Middle Age: Beginning of Aging or Prime of Life?

From birth, childhood, adolescence, midlife, and finally old age is a cycle of life. Middle age is the period in a person’s life between the age of 35-65 years though others argue that its between 40-60 years. A number of people argue that it is at this period that most people have it all since it’s a period identified as the secure age. In this notation secure means to have financial stability, career stability, emotional and physical prime and clear of all identity crisis since on has already discovered the person they are and work to achieve all their goals set in life. Its period when all the kids are all grown up, so your parental duties decrease by the day leaving yourself all the time for all other things. But there is a number of people that label it a crisis era even with the common notation, ‘midlife crisis’ being used a lot in the day to day living.

A research done by MacArthur Foundation Research Network revealed that middle age is the prime of life. The research that was done over a period of 10 years and with 8000 applicants showed that most people are at balance at this age as compared to their earlier ages and later years. Middle age people appear to be at good health when it comes to their taking care of their physical and mental health. From having good healthy diets and good medical record, the middle-aged people appeared to be at the peak of their lives at this age and having a great sense of well-being when it came to their emotional and mental health (Goode, New York Times).

When it comes to productivity the middle age people are at their peak, with most working extra hard so that they can provide financial stability for their families while the women mostly make accommodations in their work lives in order to take care of their children. Women at the middle age referred to as the ‘social emotional leader’ is at this point skilled as maternal guardian, house keeper and emotional pillar. there is active involvement of both men and women in their social lives from interaction with neighbors, relatives, their children and even grandchildren. On the social family, work, marriage, and community in general the middle age is the best place to be (Neugarten 56).

On the other downside of middle age, there are certain factors that make mid-life a bumpy ride. For instance, at this age especially those past 55 years it’s a period of health complications. 6% of women and 4% of men get cancer at this age. Others even experience other more serious ailments like high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis, migraine headaches, back problems, memory loss and insomnia. Though some of this ailments can be attributed to the lives they lived earlier the consequences are mostly felt at this period (Mintz 329).

At the late age of middle age most people experience a lot of struggles especially when it comes to their appearance. Most start having grey hair, wrinkles on their faces, skin sags, and even slow metabolic rates that makes them slow in their activities. Women begin experiencing menopause that is not such a friendly experience to most of them. They experience great physical stress even hot plashes. This in some causes cases of depression. Men on the other hand experience andropause a period characterized by changes in their sexual functions such as impotence, problems achieving spontaneous erections which leads to them having esteem issues (Kaczmarek 275).

Most people experience what is termed as mid-life crisis. This is a period of personal upheaval and psychological turmoil. In order to deal with their fears of aging others begin to purchase things like motorcycles, or even sports cars in order to get that feeling of being young. Others even go to the extent of dumping their spouses for other younger ones. There is a decrease in competency and also downward shifts in mental abilities.  Other view this period as a time of numerous obligations from all round, extra demand from work and at home, stresses and losses. When it even comes to the loss of life one of every six men and one of every eight women lose their life at this period, even a s the life expectancy rate has increased in several nations.

Generally midlife is a period that will be taken differently by different people. Others view it as a negative period while other feel at their best. From their productivity, lifestyle changes, financial security, job security, and other life ordeals, middle age can be a blessing to most people it all depends on your attitude. In negative things that cannot be changed even with our attitude for instance menopause it is importance to embrace the changes and enjoy every single moment. For things like financial problem, it is important that we work hard because it is at this period that productivity is at peak. Common myths like mid-life crisis should not be taken seriously because it does not affect everyone. So, middle age a sign of aging or prime of life: it’s all up to you.

Work cited

Mintz, Steven. The Prime of Life: A History of Modern Adulthood., 2015. Print.

Neugarten, Bernice L. Middle Age and Aging: A Reader in Social Psychology. Chicago [u.a.: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1973. Print.

Kaczmarek, Maria. "On The Doorstep to Senility: Physical Changes, Health Status And Well-Being In Midlife." Anthropological Review 78.3 (2015): 269-287. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 May 2016.

Goode, Erica. New study shows middle age is the prime of life. New York times, 1999. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/16/health/new-study-finds-middle-age-is-prime-of-life.html?pagewanted=all

Childhood Education

Assignment 2: Understanding and applying-transition magician

Transition times need to be occupied with activities to avoid scattering and disorganization caused by children which can bring disruptions all over. Therefore, to avoid this, teachers should involve children in activities that move a child from one activity to another and these activities must fit in daily schedule time frame (Gordon & Browne, 2017). This will help to decrease the issues of misbehaviors that happen during that time of transition. The following are some of the activities that teachers should involve their children in during transition time.

After an activity, the teacher can read aloud to children interesting books available. That is during the morning transition to usher in children to another activity (Gordon & Browne, 2017). By doing this, children will get exposed to reading and they will always get accustomed to it.

While taking children for the morning snack, they all need to wash their hands before a snack and this cannot be done once for the whole group (Gordon & Browne, 2017). Therefore a teacher may perhaps have a song for children such that as others are washing hands others are kept busy in singing until they all finish. A teacher may also have a group of 4-5 children going to the sink as other are kept in a transitional game.

After that mid morning snack, children may not be left to move disorganized to class. A teacher may gather them and introduce to them a game that ushers them to the next activity for example a rope game such that each of them jumps and can signify getting into another activity (Gordon & Browne, 2017).

Children may begin struggles as they want to take up their seats. A teacher may use positional words and have all the children stand up and have each of them act out. The teacher urges them to shake hands above, behind, and under. Children may also jump up and down while counting certain number. This may not only be a game but still helps children learn some important words and practice counting as well. A teacher may have children touch their body parts for instance “touch your head, ears, waist, feet” etc. By doing this so faster, children learn more of their body parts though they may take it as something silly (Gordon & Browne, 2017). After a short time when they are all attentively enjoying the play, they can now take up their seat with no interruptions.

After another activity children always have a transition time of going out to ease themselves. This may require them to line up for quite a long time and they may struggle with each other (Gordon & Browne, 2017). To make it happen in an organized manner, a teacher may call out children in a circle and have them sing and jump as some run to ease themselves. This should last until all children have eased themselves.

The teacher may also have a transition activity at the time when children prepare to have a meal. Still by following the procedure of washing hands, they need to have an activity that can make other children in a cool moment as other move to the sink in a group of 3 to 4 children.

Assignment 3: analyzing, evaluating and creating thematic planning

Thematic plan for literacy and language

For literacy and language lesson plan, children must be in position to read certain books by themselves when left. They should be in position to retell the story that was once read to us. The teacher has to sort pictures in to initial sounds with clear labels from the letters of alphabet. Children should also have to read and name objects and their letter sounds (Morgan, 2011). The teacher may form interesting conversations that may encourage children to explore and learn more about their world hence improving their knowledge on the language using the terms and the words being used (Morgan, 2011). Organizing a plan for literacy and language must include a program that equips children with skills of reading. It must also involve oral language where conversations are included in the learning. The conversation must be careful so as to impact the child’s vocabulary. They must be interesting conversations with use of variety of words both complex and simple to enable children develop their vocabulary and reasoning (Morgan, 2011). Story telling must be included and in the course of stories, children need to have a view of pictures and be in position to ask and answer questions in good sentences. Make smaller groups inside the class for children to share their views after a particular reading. The plan should be structured to involve playful and interactive experiences for children. Equip children with listening skills in order to improve in the rhyming.

Lesson plan for emotional/social development

Children should be required to use their brain to come up with ideas about themselves. They should also make compliments about the friends and this is to be done by every child. Here, the teacher may help out the child with the skills to address social and emotional issues. The teacher has to provide literature on friendship, love, dangers of conflicting and this can help the children understand social skills to use in the classroom (Morgan, 2011). The teacher should introduce various characters of people both good and bad such that the child is able to evaluate on those behaviors in order to learn how to stay with others peacefully and this strengthens the child’s relationship with the surrounding. In this section, a teacher aims to help the children on how to deal with negative emotions and social skill to deal with others in a friendly manner (Morgan, 2011). A teacher must use the literature guides that teach on friendship, love, dangers of bullying and conflicts. The teacher needs to show his self portrait, act in a conflict manner to see how to handle some children who are emotional. Outline ways to deal with conflicts. Teach children some social behaviors like how to eat with others, how to speak with others, etc. Involve children in cooperative work for example assigning activities in a group of four to five children and this can help children to develop skills in story structure, and communication of ideas.

A lesson on science and technology

Children will observe, and explore some scientific objects for example exploring the bean seed. The child can be helped to compare the dry lima bean seed and the dry one. Science is wide and the child is to be introduced to various essentials in scientific field (Warner & Johnson, 2008). To cover bits in technology, the child is to be introduced to the various forms of technology describing features of certain technological aspects. The child should also be briefed on how to deal with various forms of technology. This section of the plan must be designed to cover topics which concern with the human life, earth animals, and water (Warner & Johnson, 2008). Teachers should include in the lessons what children must do for the health of their bodies, importance of cleaning, sanitation and hygiene. The lessons should cover a study of living in a safe and a healthy environment and a practice of health and safety of our bodies.

The lesson plan on motor skills

For early childhood learning, Gross and fine motor activities aims to involve children in games like running, throwing and catching. The teacher has to set a suitable place for the activity. Items like balls and any other that can be used by children in plays are recommended as the educational materials for this case (Warner & Johnson, 2008). Children are also involved in hands on activities like building blocks. It also involves musical ASAPs where music is combined with physical education. This equips the child with locomotor skills plus balance and children are able to feel the impact of body movements (Warner & Johnson, 2008). Super stunt activity should be involved in the lesson and here, children do a lot of maneuvers like standing using one foot, standing on crossed legs and many other activities. This kind of lesson is helpful for balancing, agility hence helping children to have confidence while moving and in their physical abilities (Warner & Johnson, 2008). Generally, there are several activities that can be involved in equipping the child with motor skills and normally these activities are funny and children take it enjoyably.

A lesson plan for mathematics

In a mathematics lesson, the plan must be designed in a way that tackles the concepts of mathematics which is mostly based on numerical (Warner & Johnson, 2008). Children have to get used of counting, dealing with the figures. Introduce the materials to children that can help them make the concept of counting effective. Introduce the child in adding and subtraction of numbers. This can even be done practically by adding items, people, stones as long as the concept is being attained by the child (Herr, 2013). In the lesson program, the teacher must design charts with numerical computations of additions and subtraction that a child can observe and understand the key concept of mathematics. Children can also e introduced to shapes like circles, triangle squares, etc.

A lesson plan for creative arts

Creative art lesson involves children in drawing, painting, coloring and molding objects. For the young children, the lesson plan should be designed to involve all children in molding objects in a shape that can be recognized for example molding a table, chair, using certain artistic materials (Herr, 2013). Children are taught how to color objects using appropriate colors. This helps the children in attaining creativity skills.

A lesson plan on social studies

Making a lesson plan for a social studies class requires the teacher to include studies on nature by presenting the characteristics of various locations in terms of climate, land forms, economic activities and social set up (Herr, 2013). The class should contain drawings showing the current state of the country.

References

Gordon, A. M., & Browne, K. W. (2017). Beginnings & Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education

Jacobs, H. H., & Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. (2010). Curriculum 21: Essential Education for a Changing World. Alexandria, Va: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development

Morgan, H. (2011). Early childhood education: History, theory, and practice. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.

Warner, L., & Johnson, D. (2008). Themes for inclusive classrooms: Lesson plans for every learner.

Herr, J. (2013). Creative resources for the early childhood classroom. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.