Q2.After World War 2, Japan gained a greater economic power which was derived from occupational forces. In 1945 and 1952, Douglas A. Mac Arthur led the U.S forces and enacted socioeconomic and political reforms. In 1945, the allied powers including the U.S implemented indirect rule to Japan. Prior to the reform policies, the Supreme Commander Douglas Mac Arthur prevented the production of military by developing economic demilitarization. In 1947 when MacArthur implemented economic demilitarization, Japan created the Constitution. During this period, Japan had no military power or defense forces but rather it used outside forces from U.S.
Thesis: Both demilitarization and reform polices created democracy and economic success in Japan and the recovery was achieved through destroying Zaibatsu (business conglomerates), land reform and labor democratization.
In 1945 education was regarded as an essential part in the American civil history. Many individuals spent their effort and time of education, with the belief that democracy was only right and fair to everyone despite their skin color. Despite the global interest on the USA civil rights on education for everyone, segregation was still on racism whereby; it was applied in education as well as housing. The Black American were discriminated that, they were settled in the poorest areas with the worst facilities. African American lives were made difficult that even the job they got were poor with the nastiest amenities thereby; all they could afford was the least basic needs. All services as well as opportunities such as medical care, education as well as transport were also included in the racial section. Oliver Brown a black American could not bear the situation of segregation whereby; her daughter had to walk miles to an Africa American school and there were white schools nearby. However, he decide to request for her daughter to be allowed in the white school and, it took the court long to decide on the case. Even after the court ended segregation, the white were not certain thus; moved to the suburbs and left the black plus ethnic whites in the city (Brian 1).
I have much interest on the topic, especially where the Brown and Broad education was introduced thus; aided in end of racism on education sector. The idea was brought by a brave man Oliver Brown who aimed at ending school segregation in Topeka as well as Kansas. The idea of Oliver approaching the National Association for Advancement of Colored People was hilarious because he was a Black American therefore; not sure of the respond he would receive. It was a pity that Brown’s daughter had to walk to the African American school for mile and, there was an elementally school for the White nearby her home. I would suggest that racism in America has been utilized till to date whereby; African American lives have been too expensive. America has developed hate since the election of Donald Trump whereby; news is generated of hateful attacks, racism insults as well various acts of intimidations (San Miguel 4).
I decided to use the Website on school segregation is generates a picture in relation to the topic. The image gives me a huge picture of what on what the Website consists. My other interest on the Website is the readability whereby; the author’s uses clear font size, family as well as color for an essential communication. The Website is build by its content which generates rich information of the topic. The content makes sense to me whereby; am able to flow with the history of racism since 1954 until when Brown’s voice was heard in 1951. I have leant much from this lesson, especially where Olive Brown uses his voice to speak for his people. The cases raised by Brown were powerful that the federal State courts began to see that segregation was unfair justice. However, the Supreme Court ruled on the right of the minority to enroll in the while school all over the nation. From Brown’s bravely am able to understand that, individual’s voice is just no matter what part of the earth one comes from (Brian 2).
The Website is highly recommendable to others because its content is credible whereby; one is easily able to pay attention to the quality details. It has a flow of word and its grammar structure which is well written. It is Website with all details on how racism was brought to existence and, how till today the act is still practiced. The content generates an interactive motion whereby; one is forced to keep returning to the site. From the Website am able to gain my interest especially following the Brown and Broad court case on segregations (Brian 1).
In conclusion I would suggest that the Website generates clear and full information of the situation of racism in the era. It provides the information on how the worst financed schools were built thus; indicating that separation of the white and black education as well as other general standard was a clinical one. African Americans were highly saved by the Brown and Broad Education which impacted in the end of racism in schools. The fight on racism has taken a long journey whereby; even after segregation was elaborated some school still did not consider the court ruling. However, several of the White American preferred private neighborhood schools whereby; teachers could teach them of their cultural ethnicity. The Black still had hope in education especially when, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored Individuals aided the in the fight for discrimination rule. I would suggest that the nation was unjust by separating the African American from other individuals thus; making them to feel inferiority. However, the cases raised by Brown were powerful that the federal State courts began to see that segregation was unfair justice (Brian 2).
San Miguel Jr., Guadalupe. "Mexican American Organization! And the Changing Politics of School Desegregation in Texas, 1945 to 1980." Social Science Quarterly (University of Texas Press), vol. 63, no. 4, Dec. 1982, pp. 701-715. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=17075088&site=ehost-live.
The history of processing sugar typically consists of several phases but the main one entails the extraction sugar juice from the sugarcane. Once the sugar had been transported to the industries, the cane was crushed so as to extract sugar juice (Van, 1949). The juice was then boiled so as to concentrate it in as series of backbreaking as well as intensive operations which mainly lasted for many hours (Christy, 1802). After processing, it was noted that the sugar had a high value because of its bulkiness (MacQueen, 1778-1870). This was traded over a long distance through the use of ship at a considerable profit (Fiske, 1842-1921)
By 17th century, the general spread of the cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar as well as the general improvement of the production method used resulted to the increase demand for sugar (Grant, 1867). During this period, the spread of cultivation and manufacture of sugar was followed by more and more intensive improvement in its production techniques (Whitby, 1828). Towards the end of the medieval period, sugar was perceived as being an expensive commodity hence making it to be considered as a fine spice (Christy, 1802). It is the technological improvements which continued to make it to be a cheaper product (Cave, 1820-1880)
Regardless of the popularity of cane sugar, by 1750s, better sugar mechanizationmethods had already been discovered as another source of sugar (P.O.S, 1785). Although its discovery was perceived as being a mere curiosity for some time, eventually sugar processing industry was built. The processing of sugar lasted until the late 18th century before it suffered destruction as a result of the Napoleonic Wars and revived again (Ragatz, 1897-1978). The decline in its processing was because the wars made the sugar to be unprofitable to the farmers. Despite of the fact that the importation of sugar was cut off by the British blockade, sugar industry continued to emerged particularly after industrialization (Jennings, 1977).
In addition to that, the main problem which was encountered with the sugar production activity was that it was highly labor-intensive during the growing and processing (Rice, 1970). The reason for that is because of its huge weight as well as the bulkiness of the raw sugarcane. This made the farmers to encounter difficulties in transporting it from the field, particularly when using land (Barcia, 2007). By the late 18th century, each state was forced to establish its own factory so as to reduce the transportation costs (W.I.S.T, 1897).
On the other hand, the British sugar industry only had a major scale of sugar processing after losing their scale of production. It should be noted that the local populating on Cyprus mainly consumed a lot of the time cultivating food for home consumption (Bailey, 1994). Regardless of that, a few of them used to work on the sugar plantations (Tomich & Michael, 2008). As a result of that, slaves were much depended to do most of the work. The majority of them were obtained from the Black Sea. Basically, the level of demand as well as the sugar production activities was relatively low and as a result of that there was the need of trading in slaves (Drescher, 2013). The growing demand for slaves to work on the sugar plantations was influenced by the rising demand of sugar. These historical accounts indicate that the cultivation, manufacture, and global spread of sugar are the main factors which lead to the selection of this commodity (Batou, 2011)
Section B
The effectiveness of using all the sources listed below was to ensure that full historical accounts of the evolution of sugar cultivation and processing from the late 17th century to the present have been captured. A brief explanation of the story to be extracted from these sources is illustrated below.
In the Atlantic Ocean, once the exploitation of timber and other raw material was completed, it was obvious that the production of sugar was the most profitable means of obtaining money from the newly established territories (John, 1848). The main challenge which was encountered was obtaining enough slaves because the majority of the British refused to work. The only work they were willing to do is working as supervisors of the sugar plantations (Teelock, 2014). The solution which was arrived at was to outsource more slaves from Africa. The development of the slave trade had already commenced in the 14th century (Sheridan, 1994)
Nevertheless, the initial colonies of the British Empire were mainly established in North America as well as in the West Indies (Van, 1949). The slave traders, especially the British, were the main source of the African Slaves who were highly demanded to work on the sugar plantations (Batou, 2011). The involvement of Britain in the slave trade resulted to the expansion of the activity by the late 1760s. This was enhanced when the British slave traders were granted the Treaty of Utrecht contract (Christy, 1802). In the treaty, it was illustrated that on 14400 was the maximum number of slaves who were to be traded in a year to the Spanish South America (Abbott, 2009)
Towards the end of the 17th century, the number of slaves who were transported to work on the British plantations increased greatly. About six million African slaves were transported to the America, at least three quarters of them in British ships (Andrew, 1759). The estimated number of Africans who were captured and taken to work on the British sugar plantations was about twelve million. The general development of the slave-based sugar plantations and industries ended up making the sugar British farmers prosperous and rich (Boyce, 2008)
In connection to that, the main source of sugar to the British West Indies was Brazil. At that time, the majority of the British farmers used to grow tobacco and cotton (Fradera et al, 2013). Regardless of that, the strong competition which they faced from North American territories made the prices of these crops to start decreasing (Drower, 1996). This forced the owners of the Caribbean plantations to switch to sugar cane growing. As a result of the increase in the demand for sugar, the sugar plantation farmers to purchase more slaves so as to offer a cheap source of labor (Finch & Katherine, 2007)
In return, sugarcane plant remained to be the only crop which was cultivated by several British farmers throughout the Caribbean from 18th century to the 19th century. It was estimated that this plantations generated about 80 to 90 percent of the sugar which was consumed in Europe (Gauci, 2011). By the 18th century, at least every British island was covered with extensive sugar plantations as well as sugar refining mills. Before the abolition of slave trade, African remained to be the main source of slaves. In the late 1750s to 1790s, the general demand for sugar had increased dramatically. This was mainly caused by the increasing popularity of this commodity in sweetening luxury drinks for instance coffee and tea. By 18th century, the British sugar consumption had ultimately risen by four pounds per person (Goldstein, 2015). This was estimated to be an increase of about 19 pounds per consumer.
In addition to that, the continued increase in the popularity and availability of sugar was boosted further by increase in the standard of living. Before this increase was realized, it was only rich individuals who would have afforded it. By19th century, new world colonies that were suitable for growing luxurious crops like sugar embarked on planting it too. Regardless of the fact that rice, indigo, coffee and so on was equally grown by the farmers, sugar remained to be the most popular crop across the Caribbean. It was later acknowledged that if it wasn’t the cheap labor they obtained from the slaves, typically, the public revenue which was obtained from sugar plantations would had been wiped out. Moreover, a large percentage of the British who were involved in triangular trade would have been forced to do away with the business. This meant that the slave-based sugar plantation system was absolutely essential to British industry, wealth, jobs, and so on.
In the late 19th century, sugar managed to surpass grain products as being the most valued commodity which was used in European trade. The reason for that is because the traders managed to make at least 50% from it for all the British traded products. During this time, the sugar market or the general demand for sugar went through a sequence of booms. This was as a result of the change eating habits of the majority of the consumers. This is to say that the majority of them started consuming products like coco, tea, jams, coffee, as well as other sweetened meals in large quantities. The rising demand for sugar was advantageous in that the Caribbean industries had the opportunity of increasing the rate of sugar production. At least 90% of the sugar exported was obtained from the Caribbean islands.
By the late 18th to 19th century, sugar farmers had already established means of boosting its production. This entailed the used of manure to supply more nutrients to the crop. Moreover, they advanced the sugar mills as well as growing and processing better sugarcanes. During this period, the French territories were the most successful producers. The reason for that is because they were using efficient irrigation methods, water-power, and other machines so as to increase sugar production and profits. Regardless of that, this made the sugar prices to reach soaring heights, particularly during the events for instance the Napoleonic Wars and the French and Dutch revolt. Workers therefore were shipped throughout the world. In the second half of the 19th century, about 400000 indentured laborers were shipped from India to work on the British sugar plantations. Other workers were sent to Fiji, Mauritius, Natal, and so on hence making them to the majority of the population.
As more sugar plantations were established in European nations, its prices in Britain fell drastically. As a result of that, the soul nutrients was exhausted hence making the planters to demand more fresher islands to plant the crop so as to cater for the increasing demand in Europe. By 20th century, modernized milling techniques were used for instance enclosed furnaces, vacuum pans, watermills, steam engines, and so on. As much as the production of the sugar was increased by these methods, Cuba also ended up retaining slave trade as compared to the Caribbean islands. Moreover, by this time, sugar production had already spread to America and the rest of the European colonies which was already established in Africa. Both the newly established and the older sugar production areas started making use of indentured labor instead of slaves. The majority of the developed countries mainly depended on machines so as to reduce the number of workers needed.
References
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Fiske, Amos Kidder, 1842-1921. The West Indies: a History of the Islands of the West Indian Archipelago, Together With an Account of Their Physical Characteristics, Natural Resources, And Present Condition. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons; [etc., etc.], 1911.
Whitby Anti-slavery Society. How Do We Procure Sugar?: A Question Proposed for the Consideration of the People of Great Britain. Whitby: Printed for the Anti-slavery Society by R. Kirby, 1828.
Christy, David, b. 1802. A Lecture On African Civilization: Including a Brief Outline of the Social And Moral Condition of Africa; And the Relations of American Slavery to African Civilization. Delivered In the Hall of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, January 19, 1850. Columbus: J. H. Riley & Co., 1853.
Cave, Stephen, 1820-1880. A Few Words, On the Encouragement Given to Slavery And the Slave Trade: by Recent Measures, And Chiefly by The Sugar Bill of 1846 ... 2d ed. [London]: J. Murray, 1849.
MacQueen, James, 1778-1870. The West India Colonies: the Calumnies And Misrepresentations Circulated Against Them by the Edinburgh Review, Mr. Clarkson, Mr. Cropper, &c. &c.. London: Baldwin, Craddock, and Joy, 1824.
Rice, C. Duncan. “'Humanity Sold for Sugar!' The British Abolitionist Response to Free Trade in Slave-Grown Sugar.” The Historical Journal, vol. 13, no. 3, 1970, pp. 402–418., www.jstor.org/stable/2637882
West India Sugar Trade.” Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), vol. 1897, no. 122/123, 1897, pp. 92–96., www.jstor.org/stable/4118463.
Jennings, Lawrence C. “France, Great Britain, and the Repression of the Slave Trade, 1841-1845.” French Historical Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, 1977, pp. 101–125., www.jstor.org/stable/286118.
Barcia, Manuel. “Sugar, Slavery and Bourgeoisie: The Emergence of the Cuban Sugar Industry.” Sugarlandia Revisited: Sugar and Colonialism in Asia and the Americas, 1800-1940, edited by Ulbe Bosma et al., 1st ed., Berghahn Books, 2007, pp. 145–158, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1btc0cm.10.
Tomich, Dale, and Michael Zeuske. “Introduction, the Second Slavery: Mass Slavery, World-Economy, and Comparative Microhistories.” Review (Fernand Braudel Center), vol. 31, no. 2, 2008, pp. 91–100., www.jstor.org/stable/40241709.
Bailey, Ronald. “The Other Side of Slavery: Black Labor, Cotton, and Textile Industrialization in Great Britain and the United States.” Agricultural History, vol. 68, no. 2, 1994, pp. 35–50., www.jstor.org/stable/3744401.
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Minnesota was one of the major industrialized towns in the US, and this therefore saw very many Europeans migrating from Europe into the town, in order to work as miners. They therefore had a lot of impact in the town, since they were able to incorporate their ways of working, talking and living in the town of Minnesota (Wang, Lawrence, 74). The number of immigrants in the town was therefore very high as of the year 1912, due to the huge number of Europeans who had moved to the town. Europeans from different parts of Europe which included the following, Germans, Greeks, Hungarians, Finnish, Slovenian, Slovaks, Norwegians, and Polish, worked as laborers in the deep mines. They worked very hard but received very low wages for their work (Meier, 31).
The immigration to the Iron ore ranges had very many impacts on the town of Minnesota, since people from totally different parts of the world moved into the country. Canadians, from North America also moved into the area, in such of labor in the underground mines (Meier, 31). The work was very hard, and one was paid according to the quantity of ore that he or she was able to obtain. This therefore meant that in order for one to be able to be paid, then he or she had to mine very large quantities of ore. Minnesota therefore became a home to numerous nationalities, which were in the area due to mining (Renzaho, 16).
Minnesota has three different iron mining ranges, which are commonly as the Minnesota iron range. Vermilion, is in the northern part of the town, and it therefore began exporting ore in the year 1884. Cuyuna, is in the southern part of Minnesota, and it started shipping ore in the year 1911. Thirdly, Masabi range, was the largest and the most significant, and it started shipping ore in the year 1892 (Meier, 31). When the three areas started shipping ore, their populations grew rapidly. In the year 1885, the Iron range had a very small population of less than five thousand people, due to its very cold weather. In the year 1920, the population of Minnesota had grown, and Minnesota had a population of more than 100,000 people, most of whom were immigrants (Wang, Lawrence, 74).
The cost of living in the town therefore became very high in the town, due to the high number of immigrants. Moreover, there town’s economy also grew due to the number of people who were employed and worked as miners in the ore mines (Renzaho, 16). Different people from different nationalities therefore came to the town with their beliefs, and they therefore started doing things according to their ways of living. In addition, due to the huge number of immigrants in the town, the natives had no choice but to absorb the new culture of the immigrants (Meier, 32). The natives therefore started living as the immigrants, and would always practice the same way of life as that of the immigrants (Gallagher, 28).
On the other hand, Minnesota developed a different political culture as opposed to other towns in the country (Wang, Lawrence, 75). This was majorly because of the domination of the immigrants in the town. The immigrants therefore struggled to forge a nationality which had not been dominated by the mining companies in the area, consequently leading to the creation of social and cultural organizations. The town therefore built worker’s halls and also labor unions whereby the locals and major political groups would become members (Meier, 32). This therefore led to the formation of the Farmer-Labor party, which was responsible for uniting the miners, a thing which has made the miners to remain in the range for more than 70 years. Up to date, Minnesota has a very different political culture, as compared to other areas in the US.
The social life of the immigrants was very different in the town, since most of the immigrants continued practicing their past beliefs (Renzaho, 18). Churches were started, and immigrants would therefore attend the churches which they were used to attending while in their home countries. For instance, catholic churches were known to be for the Irish, Croatians, Slovenians and Italians. The other groups of immigrants would therefore attend churches which they thought were suited for them. In addition, immigrants spoke their mother tongue, a thing really affected their relationships, since they could not be able to speak to one another due to language barrier. The state was therefore forced to divide the immigrants groups into two, whereby some immigrants lived in the southern part of Minnesota while other lived in the northern part of the town (Meier, 34).
The two immigrant groups therefore led to the domination of different religious beliefs and denominations (Wang, Lawrence, 76). The native citizens of Minnesota were therefore forced to join the different denominations in the area, in order to be able to fit in the sequence. Moreover, there was tension between the two groups, whereby the northern and the southern groups of immigrants could not relate very well due to differences in religious beliefs. The city therefore became an immigrant city with the Native residents being forced to either adapt to the type of living of the immigrants in the northern side or the southern side of the town (Meier, 34).
The migration of Eastern Europeans, Asians and Africans after the Vietnamese war was majorly influenced by the wars being experienced in different regions of the world (Renzaho, 18). For instance, the Arabs were motivated to move into the US after the government repealed the Asian exclusion. This therefore allowed Asians from different parts of Asia to move to the US for business purposes, while there were those who moved into the country in order to unite with their family members. In addition, most Africans who moved into Minnesota during that period, were refugees (Meier, 35). These refugees were mainly from Somalia, and they were therefore moving to the US, due to political instability in their home country. Moreover, the US allowed the movement of refugees into the country, whereby they were also allowed to become citizens of the US after moving into the country.
Eastern Europeans such as Russians, moved into the country due to political instability which was being experienced in their country (Wang, Lawrence, 77). When the US government allowed immigrants into the country, they decided to move into the country, in such of job opportunities. In addition, most of them also moved into the country in such of a better life, due to the political situation in their home countries. The US was therefore a home for refugees and immigrants after the end of the Vietnamese war (Meier, 36). This was therefore a move which the country had taken in order to improve the growth of its economy.
The two types of migration were similar in the sense that, both migrants moved in the town and looked for jobs in order to sustain their lives. In addition, the two groups of migrants had to work for long hours and received very little wages (Meier, 36). On the other hand, the two migrants’ movements were similar in the sense that the migrants in both groups moved into the US, with the mentality that the US is a good place where one can get a job and be able to live peacefully in. Furthermore, due to migration, the town was able to grow economically, hence the living standards of the people of Minnesota were raised (Renzaho, 20).
Minnesota was therefore dominated by the Europeans who moved into the town in order to work at the mines (Wang, Lawrence, 77). This type of immigration was different to the migration of Africans, Asians and Eastern Europeans, simply because Europeans moved from Europe to Minnesota, in pursuit of jobs. They were looking for areas where they could be able to work, and in so doing, they could be able to save money and go back to their home countries. On the other hand, the migration after the end of the Vietnam War was due to political instability and insecurity. Africans, Asians and Eastern Europeans therefore moved in the US in order to seek refuge due to the problems that they had been facing in their home countries (Meier, 38). Moreover, they were not in the US to look for money so that they could be able to go back home after saving certain amounts of money. Their main aim was to live in the US for as long as there was no peace in their country.
Secondly, the migration of Africans, Asians and Eastern Europeans had little or no impact to the culture of the residents of Minnesota (Renzaho, 21). This is so because, during the arrival of Asians, Africans and Eastern Europeans in the town, Minnesota had already been occupied by Europeans. This therefore made it had for the new inhabitants of the area, who were the Africans, Asians and Eastern Europeans in this case, to be able to influence the culture of the earlier inhabitants of the town. The new inhabitants were therefore forced to adapt to the type of culture which the earlier inhabitants had incorporated in the area. The new inhabitants therefore changed their own culture, and accommodated the new culture, which was the old immigrants’ culture (Meier, 39). This therefore clearly explains why the migration of the new inhabitants had very little to no impact on the social, and cultural lives of the people of Minnesota.
Current immigration is going to affect the historical development of Minnesota, since most people will not be allowed to move into the town. This therefore means that the town’s workforce will shrink, a move which will lead to economic stagnation in the town. Moreover, Minnesota is a town which has reached where it is currently because of immigrants, and so strict laws against immigration will consequently lead the town into poverty. This is basically because the town is dominated by immigrants, and this move may limit the liberty of the immigrants in the town. The state government should therefore look for alternative means of dealing with the issue of immigration, but it should not bar immigrants from moving into different towns in the country.
Work Cited
Meier, Peg. Bring Warm Clothes: Letters and Photos from Minnesota's Past. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2009. Print.
Renzaho, Andre M. N. Globalisation, Migration and Health: Challenges and Opportunities. , 2016. Internet resource.
Wang, Xiaoming, Lawrence J. Flynn, and Mikael Fortelius. Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. Print.
Gallagher, Charles A, and Cameron D. Lippard. Race and Racism in the United States: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic. , 2014. Print.
Relationship between men and women in ancient societies in China and Egypt
Introduction
Women rights are the rights that promote the status of a legal and social equality between men and women. Though there are no equal or legal rights in most parts of the world, before democracy a fair approach developed in the ancient societies but was rare. Matrimony was vital in both cultures and males were to make the most significant choices. Conversely, Egyptian women had equivalent privileges than the Chinese women while the women in China looked upon their husbands. They learned to be self-effacing and did not experience many life changes. Egyptian women ruled themselves and had common civil liberties as men.
Differences between men and women in ancient China and Egypt societies
Women rights in China
Ancient China was patrilineal and patriarchal society. They had very limited women rights and all women were under the dictation of men. Women had no rights or civil liberties and occupied the most degraded and lowest life status. For instance, women had to gain three obedient features and have four virtues. The aspects were to abide by their father prior to wedding, their husbands throughout matrimony and their sons in if they had no husbands. The qualities included honesty, enjoyable look, taking precedence and a skilled woman. During birth, female children were as extras of slaves in the family while the male children were as gifts, treated in a better way as they were worth, and could do more for the family (Hinsch, 77).
Moreover, women had no rights to talk their opinions but forced to agree with the men’s opinions and ideas. These were some rules and regulations in Ancient China but inequality and rejection is already clear. Women rights in Ancient China were unfair and an instant of inequality as compared to those of men. Men ruled the Chinese society and women were slaves where their whole life committed to serving men (Hinsch, 87).
Who had better rights?
Women in Ancient Egypt had better rights than women in Ancient China. They had much liberty and advanced rights same to those they presently have. In Ancient China, woman’s life rotated around men around her. Women could not make their own decisions or sound if they did not agree with what said to them. The women of Ancient Egypt experienced equality in their societies unlike the women in China (Trigger, 43).
Women rights in Egypt
In Ancient Egypt, women rights advanced compared to other societies as women had big freedom. For instance, women in Egypt had the right to reject or accept marriage proposals, leave the man’s house for any reason without the permission of company of the man and could leave on her own and summon the legal rights. These were some rights women had, and all applied to each woman despite their social class. Women rights in Ancient Egypt were equal and fair compared to the men’s rights. They had total freedom and according to research, their rights were almost similar to those of men (Robins, 134).
Similarities between females and males in early China and Egypt societies
Egyptian women could achieve property in several approaches. She could obtain them as contributions or legacy from the parents or the husband. She could also either obtain it from the good sales she earned through jobs or borrow. She had the rights to claim up to a third of the society possessions in her matrimony. For instance, the possessions that accrues to her husband and her when they wedded. When a woman had her individual personal properties in matrimony, it continued being hers though the man had the free exploit of it. In an instance of a separation, she took the property back. On the husband’s demise, the women heredities two-thirds of the society possession and the other property shared among their children, the sisters, and the brothers of the dead. A female liberated to donate possessions from her man to her children and to her personal relatives. She could also liberally disown kids of her personal possessions that she conveyed to her marriage or her distribution of the communal possessions (Robins, 145).
Marriage was an important factor in ancient Egypt. Some people claim it as a marriage duty. Compared to the current world, Egyptian marriage was different; marrying more than one wife and people of his close family based on a man’s power. There was no time boundary as to when inhabitants could marry but a young woman could not marry in anticipation of having begun to receive menstruation at the age of 14. Marriage needed no religious or legal celebrations. After she leaves her father’s house and goes into her new residence, she accredited to be a wife. The new husband became the new guardian to the girl. Although the man restricted the possessions gained during the matrimony, the share of these possessions belonged to the woman and if the marriage ended, she could collect her share (Coltrane, 151).
Divorce in ancient Egypt was a personal issue and the government was not involved unless the divorcees requested. Any person who had a matrimony agreement would have to respect the marriage conditions and those who were unable invested for a legal document. Most marriages ended by the women going back to the family setting both of them to remarry. The close elements of the matrimonial life were vital to them. They took existence as a rotation and were not diffident about sex like the present society (Robins, 157)
Pregnancy was important issue in the Egyptian women as the pregnant females was a victorious one. By being expectant, females had all the admiration of the public, support from their men and the admirations from the younger ones. A mother named her child instantly after birth that ensured that the kid would have a person's name in the later life in any incidence of unlucky issue. This society was in fear of the instant death more than the initial one. The instant death was a form of destruction of the worldly reminiscence that was why names were important in the Egyptian community. The Egyptian life was suitable in that it seemed a nice place for women to live. Women balanced the universe harmony and had a power that endorsed God’s principles. Men and women in Egypt had the same legal and economic rights as shown in the Egyptian chronological writings (Robins, 187).
In Ancient China, females were subsidiary to males in most of their existence. A female’s role was to take care of the husband, sons and other men around her. Her utmost duty was to bore a boy and that did not mean she lacked respect from people. Her position as a nurse or a mother in love was vital and her children respected her. In their old age, their families respected women especially if she maintained her marriage. Marriage was a planned connection made in a way that both families would benefit from the union. The family of the bride gave him dowry and due to this, the bride’s father had the right to choose the person to marry his daughter. Their male relatives for specific reasons sold women but this happened in families from poor backgrounds. If there was an awful yield, the father could sell his descendant to survive the family unit during the wintry weather. There was the likelihood for the father to purchase his offspring after getting hitched the other girls. The women sold in this approach ended up in brothels (Victor, 45).
Because of women being subservience, education was not a main concern in the society. Daughters of the women could be uneducated but this was because of the imperial China that was more an omission than a rule. Their work centered on homes and fireplace that is cooking and looking after children. Their husbands would sell products as an income to the households and the farmer’s wives could help their husbands on the fields. There were less acceptable professions such as prostitution. Wealthy and powerful persons had pleasant power and sometimes the person would buy the girl at no cost and take her as his own or a companion. Powerful men had more wives (Coltrane, 65).
The mode of dressing in China was Hanfu for men and women but had different composition for each gender. Each family would make their own Hanfu style where women’s styles included the quju description of shenyi that was a dressing code before the second millennium B.C. The quju has larger sleeves than the male Zhi Ju that was longer and had a curved turn-up. Powerful women wore less described versions of Hanfu or if they were doing common work, they wore loose trousers and simple open jackets with collar. These women did not have worn makeup as the makeup trends were common in fashion among daughters and wives of the dignity who concentrated on eyebrows. There was a legend in the Chinese society that an Emperor or a distinguished man could fall in love with a woman because of her stylish eyebrows (Victor, 89).
Apart from painting their eyebrows, Chinese women applied foundation for a smooth look and applied red lipsticks on their cheeks and lips. Dimples were improved and a flower portrait put on the forehead between the eyebrows. Family life in China improved in the Chinese community. Men and women in China respected and loved their families. Their children did not just stay with the parents but also with their grandparents and other relatives. People took great care of their children in carrying them all the time and gave them enough food. If a family in the China community was not rich, all the strong adults in the family had to toil in the fields during the day and the children stayed with the grandparents or with other elder women. Boys in the Chinese community stayed with their parents even after becoming adults where they spend their whole time living in the same house. Girls got married after growing up and went to live in their husbands houses (Hinsch, 109).
Conclusion
Many earlier civilizations contributed to the present world. Two of the cultures and family life in these societies were both steady and created enduring cultures. There was a series of leaders from the identical relatives or stripe in these societies. Both societies looked upon family rule for guidance. One thing that is much considered in China and Egypt is their characteristics. The Chinese society did not interact with other societies and protected from conducting trade outside the nation, but Egyptians were free to conduct trade with other nations. In both societies, they received basic education and subjected to the men’s authority.
Work cited
Coltrane, Scott. Gender and Families. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Pine Forge Press, 1997. Print.
Hinsch, Bret. Women in Early Imperial China. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. Print.
Robins, Gay. Women in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993. Print.
Trigger, Bruce G. Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. 167
Victor, Christina R. Old Age in Modern Society: A Textbook of Social Gerontology. London: Chapman & Hall, 1994. Internet resource.
Hitler was an amazing spokesperson and had the skills to influence people that he could take them out of depression. The 1920’s was an era of economic challenges for Germany and thus they never believed that anyone would be more convincing. The World War I confused the people of Germany and they could not imagine losing their country. They thought of answers that could bring conquer and a youthful man had already persuaded than that he had their response (Adolf & James, 72).
In the World War 1, Hitler had raised his status of becoming the war champion with an iron traverse of his accomplishments in the war. His position was a bit stumpy but his qualified gains were elevated. Thus, he first gained reimbursements from the war, contrasting the sophisticated officers who got the responsibility for bringing up the rear the war. Therefore, Hitler got himself into a lovable dot and viewed constructively by the community (Adolf & James, 91).
After the war, Hitler continued talking in the beer places. The drunken people were his main spectators and this is where he gained and promoted his knowledge as a spokesperson. Hitler as a young German lad and one who had promised to do heroic things had the answers. He would always talk of the Germans with pride and respect. He got his standing acclaim (Adolf & James, 123).
Eskart being a famous German writer who rose the German worker’s gathering that later turned into the Nazi party was fairly powerful and associated. He was also an associate of the occult culture that supposed in the coming of the German messiah who was to convey the people. When he took heed about the Hitler’s speech at the beer hall, he was so fascinated and believed that Hitler was the said Messiah. Hitler trained in the community speaking and got money from the wealthy donors. Hitler had a tough status of the community communication where he fascinated a large number of people. He tried a coup in 1923 and this was an unintelligent thing. Hitler protested into the Munich city hall and detained it. German law enforcement responded to this rapidly, the coup was unsuccessful, and threw him in prison (James, 278).
The long time supports of Hitler gave him a national gratitude. During his era in prison, Hitler got time to expand the Nazi thoughts and build a muscular follow up. People were in progress to believe Hitler and he got the status of a person who was ready to give up for Germany. He wrote his autobiography, and inspired a few Germans who read it (James, 310).
Conclusion
Hitler and the Nazi’s became more powerful due to the Great depression that took place in 1929. Hitler demoralized the fear, poverty and the economical problems that the Germans experienced and took the blame on the people who he claimed to be inferior such as Jews, black people, Asians and the mixed races. As a result, to the World War 1, the Germans were still paying debts that they owed England, France and America and then there was the Great depression that diminished the German’s economy and made it bankrupt. Hitler took this advantage through the mass communication and magazines. Since most of the Germans could not afford a TV set, Hitler moved around giving speeches to many people promising them a better future following the Nazi party. The Germans gave Hitler his power and he continued to give many campaign promises and Germans took him as their savior.
Work cited
Hitler, Adolf, and James V. Murphy. Mein Kampf. Boring, Or: CPA Book Publisher, 2000. Print.
Wilson, James. Hitler's Alpine Headquarters. , 2013. Print.
Causes of WWI and causes for U.S entry into the war
How the war started
The murder of Franz Ferdinand was the catalyst of the war. The Austro-Hungarian powers had for wanted to put their effects over Serbia. The murder gave an excuse to do that. They had two options that included the military strike that could cause problems as Russian had an accord to protect Serbia in the event of any attack or any diplomatic pressure. The war that would arise would be one that would cause obliteration and defeat of life that resulted to deaths of million defense forces and residents and formed the bodily destruction in Europe (Christopher, 13).
As Russia continued to support Serbia, an Austria-Hungary statement of war belated until the leaders established the declarations from the German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany could sustain their cause in the incident of a Russian involvement. However, Serbia approved all but two of the dispute terms, Russia affirmed its purpose to support Serbia in the issue of such a disagreement and Austria-Hungary continued with its declaration of war against Serbia on 28 July, a month after the murder (Christopher, 34).
With that assertion, the unsubstantiated peace between Europe’s immense controls was devastated. Germany advised Russia that continuing to have recruitment against Austria- Hungary meant war with Germany. On 2 August, the first Germany army units entered into Luxembourg as part of the long designed Germany plan to attack France through the neutral Belgium. France and Germany affirmed war against each other on 3 August where in that night; Germany attacked Belgium and promoted Great Britain to state war on Germany (Christopher, 53).
Major causes for the war outbreak in Europe 1914
Communal Defense coalition
With time, states in Europe made common protection agreement that would pull them into the conflict. These agreements doomed that, if there was any attack at any country, the associated states were there to secure them. Before the First World War, some coalitions included Russia and Serbia, France and Russia and many more. Austria- Hungary affirmed war on Serbia where Russia implicated to protect Serbia. When Germany saw Russia organizing, they confirmed War on Russia. Later, France drew in to be play in opposition to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany therefore harassed France during Belgium drawing Britain into combat (Hew, 143).
Imperialism
Imperialism happens when a state upsurge their supremacy and prosperity by putting extra countries in their power. Before the war, Africa and some Asian regions were places of disputation among the European states. This was true due to the resources that these regions provided. The increased competence and the wish to have these greater territories led to the raise in disagreement that assisted in moving the planet into the First World War (Hew, 148).
Armed Forces
As the world approached the 20th century, the arm battle had started. By 1914, Germany had the maximum enhancement in the forces setup. Great Britain and Germany enlarged their armies in that era. Additionally, Germany, Russia, and mainly the services foundation started to have greater possessions on the communal rule. The augment in the army facilitated thrust the countries that were concerned into the conflict.
Patriotism
Much of the war caused by wishes of the Slavic citizens in Bosnia and Herzegovina to stop existing as one of the Austria Hungary but be components of Serbia. According to this, patriotism caused the combat. However, in an extra compromising mode, patriotism of specific nations in Europe donated not only to the start of expansion of the conflict in Europe. Each state tried to increase their supremacy and control (Hew, 134).
Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The instant reason of First World War that caused it was the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. In June 1914, a Serbian autonomist radical group was sent to kill Archduke. This killing led to the Austria- Hungary and declared war to Serbia. When Russia started to protest due to its coalition with Serbia, Germany affirmed war on Russia. Therefore, the growth of the war concerned the common protection coalitions (Hew, 151)
The Causes of America’s entry into WW1-1917
When war started in Europe, Woodrow Wilson declared that America would stay out of the European associations and stay impartial. Wilson knew that America had no concern in the issues that did not openly influence the American citizens. He anticipated that United States would stay impartial and persist to trade with the military nations. The American approach of impartiality intended to have the freedom to trade safely with either side at conflict as long as it involved the open seas (Robert, 54)
America expected to stay out of the issue because war was analyzed as inefficient and wicked. Thus, there was no main cause as to why America would engage with the European issues. In addition, Wilson knew of huge immigrant populations that had entered America from those other states due to conflict. Thus, many settlers would not sustain the war since the previous hatred towards the Great Britain. Great Britain prohibited a big part of the sea throughout this era and was the first to make a barrier between America and Germany. America disputed but Britain sustained to force the American vessels to search for rations, medicinal conditions and steel before getting to Germany (Robert, 65).
Though America was in opposition of the barrier, it had less crash to the U.S wealth. With the Great Britain moving to combat, America formed sufficient war based on the sells to other countries to pull them out of its prewar depression. Wilson continued to claim for detachment, he held understanding toward the Great Britain. After all, the Americans joined their linguistic and customs to the English in distinction to Germany who lined their state in a more military way (Robert, 86).
As Wilson did nothing in reaction to the Great Britain’s contravention of the American impartiality, Germany viewed this as a symbol of siding with English.
Germany got anxious with having no deal with America that was making their economy decrease. As a result, Germany violated the global warfare law by attacking with submarines without warning. According to Wilson’ response, he demanded Germany to stop the obstruction or face the consequences (Robert, 113).
Work cited
Clark, Christopher M. Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. New York: Harper Perennial, 2014. Print.
Strachan, Hew. The Outbreak of the First World War. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004. Print.
Tucker, Robert W. Woodrow Wilson and the Great War: Reconsidering America's Neutrality 1914-1917. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2007. Print.
How religion affected the early development of civilization around the 4th century
The rejection of the classical territory led to many features that spread what turned to be the great universal religions. Previously, most of the religions in these territories were regional. By Buddhism distribution throughout India at different regions in the traditional era, this could clinch the entire domain. As the Hinduism religion developed from the Brahman faith, it also widened in some areas of the Indian marketable pressure in the Southeast Asia. Christianity showed the skills to win a rising alternative in the Roman kingdom and a few sections away from its margins (Rouner, 10).
The declining of the great territories confused the ecological borders from the Mediterranean to the Pacific in that the national limits of the belief changed more radically. This opinionated rejection optimized people more religious. As a result, the global keys stages in which these faiths changed and the civilizing commitments took on new protective chains. Even faiths such as Daoism in China and Hinduism in India toiled to win innovative points of the vigorous and known devotion (Rouner, 15).
During the commotion era in China, Rome rejection conveyed importantly new spiritual pressures to the civilizations in the region of the Mediterranean. Christianity enthused to the West from its inventive midpoint; Buddhism was scattering from east to India. Buddhism based on facts of adapters, Christianity would later confirm to be one of the two major beliefs in the world. It would form an important position on the configuration of two postclassical cultures including those of eastern and western Europe. Christianity was similar to Buddhism in vital customs. It could highlight the insignificance of the worldly possessions, urging the inferiority of people’s holy way and center on religion (Rouner, 19).
In addition, Christianity such as Buddhism fashioned a quality and simple movement where the holy persons grouped and lived a holy life to provide their creed during their holiness. Christianity showed the description of Buddhism that expanded to China by showing the likelihood on a later life and the function that the holy selected could cooperate in aiding them achieve it (Rouner, 24).
Christianity started as part of the Jewish improvement association. During the two centuries prior to the confinement of Christ, many rebellious Jews had sermonized the impending of Messiah, the redeemer who would convey the final ruling to people. Many changed Jews highlighted the accountability of eternal life for the righteous that was a new approach for the Judaism. Jesus of Nazareth, who supposed by the Christians to be the son of God, sent to world to live a life without sins so that his surrender on the cross would convert the creature offense and this was an essential progress. Joining the unexpected calmness of Holy force and the immense traits, Jesus summoned broadly in Israel and joined many devoted followers. Traditionally, it seemed that there was no intention to look for an original belief. After the crucifixion of Jesus, the followers anticipated his looming come again and with it, the world will finish. When the second impending of Jesus did not emerge, the followers started to admire out through summoning the gospel and got a large number of supports in some parts of the Roman kingdom (Upshure et al, 45).
This memorandum extended at an appropriate instance. The executive belief of the Greeks and the Romans had appeared more sterilized to the poor. The Christians stresses the attractiveness of lack and the religious unity of all citizens and the favor to the premature Christians who gained the developing consideration. The huge accomplish to the Roman kingdom ended easy for the Christian believers to travel far in Europe and Middle East and extend the new word. These changes affected the early Christians leaders and exploited their adaptations. Christians started to perceive themselves as components of the new belief and not the Jewish improvement association. Finally, Christian policy increased as the writings of some followers and others were composed into what is currently the New Testament (Upshure et al, 78).
Christianity become known
Throughout the first three centuries after Christ, the original belief contended amid many Eastern unknown faiths. It also experienced the cyclic harassment from the generally activist imperial government. By this era when the Constantine changed to the faiths and received it as a lawful devotion, Christianity had succeeded in many parts of the empire population. One switcher was the mother to Constantine; she tripped the Holy domain and established many sanctuaries there. The patience of Constantine developed some troubles to Christianity mainly on the state interference by issues on doctrines. Thus, it became simple to increase Christianity using the authorized support. Christian writers said that the church and the kingdom were the God’s workings. At that time, the ongoing decline of the territory improved to the purpose to bond the victorious church. In the Eastern Mediterranean where the regal rule stayed sturdy, the state support turned into a way of life. In the west where the situation was challenging, the bishops had a freer hand (Bulliet, 123).
By the era when Roman collapsed, Christianity demonstrated a huge religious control and had a firm association, although one varied in the west. The new church faced many challenges over the principle but was able to advance special values as alongside the numerous deviations. The experience in struggle with the deviations promoted the Christian attention in preventing an only faith and reinforced its tolerance for any opposing principle (Bulliet, 134).
The Early Christians produced an important official religion through the formative writers. This divinity composed many essentials of the traditional attitude with the Christian faith and aided the house of worship have more respect amid the thinkers. Diviners struggled with such troubles as liberty of the motivation that spirit is influential and can make humans have a free determination. By reviewing these issues to elaborate the Christian policies, the early on diviners of the church ministers, gave a vital position for official that sustained to highlight the main significance of devotion. The Benedict rule extended too many other basics and the convents advised a discipline living with appeal and holy enthusiasm changing with effort in farming. The basic actions expanded in the eastern kingdoms such as Greece and turkey and in Egypt. St. Basil established the Monastic in the 4th century (Bulliet, 154).
Therefore, through civilization, Christianity tried to encourage the restraint strong faithfulness and to evade a total inlet amid the existence of the devout persons and the religious apprehension of the normal public. The success of Christianity and the executive control pleaded to the opinionated selected. However, the innovative faith did not become the developer of the higher course only but also its admired communication of custom and deliverance persistent to represent the deprived. Relatively to the Hinduism in India, Christianity gave some spiritual agreement between diverse communal factions. This made a unique attention for women as it did not only produce parity amid people but it preached identical significance of peoples’ souls. With this, it expected all genders to worship together distinct to many other beliefs (Akira, Yamada & Hisada, 78).
Christianity encouraged an innovative civilization among those who followed them. The rituals and the interest in religion were different from the main subjects of the traditional Mediterranean culture. Christianity changed the traditional values in the vital significance of the nation and the opinionated devotions. While Christians established the condition, they did not put it initial. They toiled with other usual organizations such as slavery grounded on unity and finally Christians would admit slavery in other approaches. Christianity may have promoted a better decency for the restricted work than had been in the current ethics of the Mediterranean culture mainly throughout the morals that endorsed the Western monasticism (Akira, Yamada & Hisada, 87)
Mainly, Christianity wanted some alternations in the traditional society such as the better stress on the sexual moderation that was ahead of their central spiritual communication. Christianity sealed the significant traditional principles in accumulation to the firm group and a few of the subjects of the traditional attitude. Church constructions in the Western Europe preserved important Roman artwork approaches however often with huge ease if only since the scarcity of the anon in territory and the ensuing German nations. Latin linguistic remained the church language in the West while the Greek was the idiom of the most Christians in the eastern Mediterranean (Akira, Yamada & Hisada, 104).
The rising Religious map
Due to the failure of the Roman territory, the Christian account was developing. The Western cathedral seemed to spread rapidly its messengers to the northern Europe and the Eastern Church would spread to the Slavic domains of Russia. Christianity by then recognized as an important globe faith and one of the little that had developed. The odd resilience and the illustration authority define the Universal religion through a difficulty that would win the devotion from dissimilar types of natives. Major faiths of the world showed some skills that based on diverse customs to win the renovators in a wide ecological region and among the substantial assortment (Fox, 32).
The spread of the major religions was a major outcome of the traditional civilizations that was formed through their molest and perish. Regardless of the significant assortment amid these major beliefs that incorporated shared hatred mainly amid Christian and Muslim, the main expansion claims that the significant essential survivors could run through the culture universe based on the political and cultural borders. Common hardships included the attacking forces that came out of the parallel changes in different civilizations. Getting in touch with these cultures through job and tours offered ordinary merges (Fox, 45).
The Chinese explorers cultured a lot about Buddhism throughout the business displays in India. There was a major structure, which affected the split exists of the main cultures. The new religion conveyed to every main culture and other components of the world and formed a better attention in the assumption of the religious issues to hub one essential religion instead of worshiping many gods. Animists’ values and performances were persistent to develop as part of the known Hinduism, admired Daoism, and not fully displaced among the ordinary people who converted into the new religions. The new religions flow abridged the grasp of the actual idol worship in main parts of Asia and Europe and this was an essential growth transversely the borders (Fox, 68).
The growth and expansion of the main world beliefs that connected to the procedure of turn down in the huge domains while looking on the statement guides, these territories formed a major adjustment at a universal past event. Some religions were not liable and they had great religions that had touched the Americans and spread more on the northern Europe. Therefore, Islam would leave the countryside beliefs unbroken and concentrate on the city religious practices. Christianity cooperated with the animist beliefs in the magical and in sacrament possessions such as the saint bones (Fox, 99).
Conclusion
The increase of the huge beliefs subjected many people in diverse cultures to an inclination to change the ideas away from the traditional ways to the proposal of a host of heavenly spirit in scenery to a huge focus on an influential and lone delightful on innovative trust for an eternal life. This adjustment showed the spiritual requirements of citizens existing among the new opinionated doubts. The immense beliefs provided consolation and assisted making new connections of unity in cultures where firmly supporting attaches were declining. Not only the Hindu civilization, but also Christianity and Islam provide the mutual values that could excel alienated through internal strife the opinionated components. The great beliefs assisted the global trade, as they did not look forward on local customers but on a universal God as the manager of all natures at the logical great classification, which in turn multiplied the new religions. In spite of the diverse approaches, the innovative faith had planned to advance a conceptual erudition than the animist beliefs had done as part of the central but not as much of physical and divine attendance.
Work cited
Bulliet, Richard W. The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2009. Print.
Fox, Jonathan. Religion, Civilization, and Civil War: 1945 through the Millennium. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2004. Print.
Rouner, Leroy S. Philosophy, Religion, and the Coming World Civilization: Essays in Honor of William Ernest Hocking. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1966. Internet resource.
Tsuneki, Akira, Shigeo Yamada, and Ken-ichiro Hisada. Ancient West Asian Civilization: Geoenvironment and Society in the Pre-Islamic Middle East. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. Internet resource.
Upshur, Jiu-Hwa L, Janice J. Terry, James P. Holoka, Richard Goff, and George H. Cassar. World History. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2011. Internet resource.
The Inception of the New World Primary sources plays a huge role in a person who is researching on a historical event since they relay first-hand information. The American Yawp conveys information about the inception of the United States of America and how it was formed into a web of violence and oppression of the people who were already living in the state. The America Yawp is an important primary source as it gives a real sense to the reader on what happened in the past. It helps the reader to get a deeper understanding of historical events and through research, the reader gains additional evidence. The reason of using the American Yawp is because it explores the American history and particularly the warfare between Native Americans and Europeans. The documents ‘The New World’ and the ‘Colliding Cultures’ focus on life Native American life and the conflict which led to the arrival of Europeans in America. The documents, with support from other primary sources assert that American history is understood by focusing on Native Americans who developed American culture and values. However, when Europeans arrived they transformed the American through the Columbian Exchange. Even though the Columbian exchange primarily focused on combining the New World with Europeans, American was affected by diseases. The document explains how the Columbian exchange led to disparate results and how American was affected.
The Europeans saw the country as a vast space that was open for conquering. The perception led to the introduction of an era that connected over ten thousand years of separation and introduced centuries of war while releasing a biological weapon which has never been conceived in the human history [1].The conquest of the America was the beginning of one of the consistent progress of the people in the history. 3 The Native Americans were the first people to settle in America, and their beliefs were passed down through their stories that tried to find a logical explanation on how they came to be while exposing the values and the things that they believed in. Historians and archeologists, however, argue that the Native Indians also conquered the country and were not the original owners as well. The archeologists have used their artifacts and bones as well as their genetic makeup to trace the people of Native Americans as individuals who were highly mobile before settling in the country and making it their home [2].
The conquest by other migrants was however not an easy thing as the native Americans solidly defended themselves, despite their vulnerable defense systems due to high mortality that was as a result of diseases and constant attack by the Europeans. The diseases were a challenge for the Native Americans since they had no established methods of managing the conditions. When the Native Americans saw that there was minimal chance of them winning the constant attacks, they were prudent enough to adapt to the ways of the new colonialists. The Native Americans saw the need to accommodate the Spaniards who were one of the major forces that were interested in the New world as they aptly described it [3]. When the victory of the Spaniards was known, the Spaniards who yearned for wealth, land and the possibilities of even learning titles became apparent; they streamed in throngs to the America. The now superior Spain imposed the Native Americans to work on the estates, through a legal process known as Encomienda. Once Bartolome wrote an account of the injustices that the people faced, and it became public, the authorities ditched the laws of the Encomienda and replaced it with repartimiento that was though as softer than its predecessor. 4 From the stated events of the Spaniards under the rule, it is evident that the colonialism of America was a breeding ground for the horrors which was characterized by a trail of unwarranted deaths and pointless oppression that exposed aspects such as murder, glutton, and slavery.
The diseases were, however, one of the deadliest things that happened to the American people with archeologists estimating it to be responsible for over 20 million deaths. An average of ninety-five percent of Native Americans died at what has been nicknamed as the Black deaths. The perishing with almost all tribes was attributed to the lack of exposure and defense since it was a relatively a new phenomena for them [4]. Historians such as Henry Dobyns assert the fact the disease was the sole influence that made the Europeans conquer the natives. Diseases such as smallpox, typhus, flu measles and mumps spread fast and killed the people in equal measure all over the continent while wreaking havoc amongst members of the various communities and in others, wrecking them [5]. The diseases were so horrendous and when combined with a culture that was a synonym for violence, it becomes a subject for wiping the whole population. It was so astonishing to the archeologists that the people and the human species were not wiped in totality.
The documents from the American Yawp play a significant role in exploring the historical events in America. For example, the documents focus on Native American history and the rise of warfare with Europeans. ‘The New World’ tells that that American history was created by Native Americans who developed the American values. The ‘colliding culture reader’ shows that the Native people expressed aggressive violence which the root causes was the Columbian Exchange. Europeans settlements in the New World led to the rise of new empires and culture collision. Europeans led to destruction of American in that the diseases had a big impact to culture and knowledge. People who could implement technology in the economic system had died[1].
The documents from the American Yawp show that Columbian Exchange which led to the rise in multiculturalism, Native American movement and European imperialism transformed the North American old elites[2]. This has led to the culture wars between North America, Europeans and Indian. The documents are important in that they help the reader understand the emergence of the New World and how the native population was affected by the Europeans settlers. Despite the fact that the Columbian Exchange was between European and Native America, native population were overwhelmed[3]. In 1492, when the New World was discovered, the contact between Europeans and Americans began since the former was against the America. In 16th century, The Spanish attempted to create a colony in the Southern part of North America. In 1570, Spanish created a colony near Chesapeake. The documents moves deeper to the historical context and asserts that European contact led to sufferings to the native peoples and only 5million out of 100million survived in the New World population. In North America, only 375,000 out of 12million people survived [4]. These historical events still have impact in America today as most regions face population declines.
Conclusion
In researching the relationship between Native Americans and Europeans, the America Yawp has deeper historical context which helps the reader understand the events. The threat of the diseases remains to be one of the biggest challenges to the people who lived in that era since they did not have the luxury of managing a particular single disease but rather were unfortunate enough to handle a variety of potentially terminal disease of that era. The black deaths also led to an overhaul of diets worldwide. Americans now held an affinity for the foods that were rich in calories and made an overhaul of the agriculture system. The changes in the diets also led to a population boom that was necessary given 5 the decline because of the black deaths. The colonialism of the Native Indians was, therefore, the start of connection to different worlds and the centuries of history that were apart due to the closing of the Bering while changing the world forever.
Bibliography
Chapters, All. "1. The New World | The American Yawp". Americanyawp.Com. Last modified 2017. Accessed March 26, 2017. http://www.americanyawp.com/text/01- the-new-world/. [1] All Chapters, "1. The New World | The American Yawp", Americanyawp.Com, last modified 2017, accessed March 26, 2017, http://www.americanyawp.com/text/01- the-new-world/. [2] All Chapters, "1. The New World | The American Yawp", Americanyawp.Com, last modified 2017, accessed March 26, 2017, http://www.americanyawp.com/text/01- the-new-world/. [3] All Chapters, "1. The New World | The American Yawp", Americanyawp.Com, last modified 2017, accessed March 26, 2017, http://www.americanyawp.com/text/01- the-new-world/. 6 [4] ibid [5] All Chapters, "1. The New World | The American Yawp", Americanyawp.Com, last modified 2017, accessed March 26, 2017, http://www.americanyawp.com/text/01- the-new-world/. [6] ibid
[7] Sutton Mark. Introduction to Native North America. 2015. Routledge
[8] Starkey Armstrong. European and Native American Warfare 1675-1815 Warfare and History. Routledge
[9] Ibid 25
[10] Ibid 25
[11] Ibid 28
[1] Sutton Mark. Introduction to Native North America. 2015. Routledge pg 17
[2] Starkey Armstrong. European and Native American Warfare 1675-1815 Warfare and History. Routledge pg 25
Starkey Armstrong. European and Native American Warfare 1675-1815 Warfare and History. Routledge pg 25
The Chicano Movement was an era of pride for the Chicano community. People of Chicano, the Mexican Americans and the individuals of all races joined to address a common distress. This concern was about the social injustices in the community amid the Anglos and Chicanos, the exploitation in the workplaces, the terrible atrocities that was involved with immigration and the disagreement on the border. As a result, it was a revival for the Chicano community where Chicano’s became organized and presented new ideas. The Chicano community took this as a time that someone had heard their cry. The literary borders that were broken during the movement were what really made it special and exclusive (Garcia, 4).
Rodolfo Corky Gonzalez played a huge and important role in the expansion of the Chicano Movement. He is described as the founding father of the book. He was a bright person who graduated high school at the age of 16. His research methodologies included the fact that he was an iconic justice leader who wanted equality for the Mexican Americans in the Southwest. He later led a Chicano dependent to the poor people’s March and gave a plan that demanded for better housing and education (Garcia, 14).
Education is one of the main themes in the book. The author described educating the community with the Chicano’s movements as a way that identified oneself as a Chicano. Culture in the book describes the struggle of many Chicanos and further describes how Chicano has spread the notion of the Chicano nationalism through wall painting walls. Many Chicano’s took the theme of art as a way that expressed their ideas of Chicanismo, these art ways included poetry, songs and art (Garcia, 32).
In part one, the main topic was mission for a mother country: This mission topic showed how the Tijerina’s war to induce the national regime to respect the accord. This section is important in founding the Chicano nationalism through its assertion of the cultural identity based on the legendary homeland of Chicano. In section two, the main topic discussed is the fight back in the countryside: This reviews the significance of Cesar Chavez and his hard work to arrange farm employees in the middle vale of California (Garcia, 117).
It defines the different mechanisms of Chavez plan for ranch workers autonomy. In section3, the topic was winning the schools back: It shows how Los Angeles high schools bluster out of 1968 with enthusiasm. It can be explained using section 3 on how young people work up for change through education. Section four’s main topic was the fight for political supremacy. This section confers the foundation of La Raza Unida social gathering as a third agency force for biased authority and the significance of the opinionated freedom (Garcia, 123).
The author of the book has created a great and varied modern literature custom by investigating the culture of the Mexican Americans through the narrative writing style. The book has a clear introduction and conclusion. The perspective of the book from the twentieth century reviews the various stands of the book by exploring the outlines of the movement while arguing the idea of it being one monumental group. In its conclusion, the book shows the impacts of the movement and brings a result of what it means by being an activist, a Chicano and an American (Garcia, 132).
The author provided firm evidence to back up their viewpoints. This is shown by the disturbance and the renaissance of the Chicano movement during which the author reconnects with their culture and proclaims their rights as equal in the detection of the American dream (Garcia, 78).
The book is well written as we observe the literary before our eyes. It also gives us an intelligence of the growing conflict of the Mexican American. The book does not meet the goals of the author objectives, as it never explains the ongoing implication of the Chicago movement and its legacy. The weakness of the book is that it defines the significance of the Chicano movement as the new consciousness of the farm staff and community needs. The strengths of the book is that through teaching about the Chicano movement or the political activism, the books benefits us by showing an extraordinary succession about an extra usual era in record (Garcia, 123).
The Chicano movement confronts the typecasts of women across the sex, customs, group and race. This shows that it serves as a central opinion amid the Chicano society and the Women’s release Act. The book relates to other books based on communities of color in that it also shows how the rival between the Chicanos and the LAPD helped the Mexican Americans develop a modern political awareness that included a huge sense of ethnic unity, which ended subordination (Garcia, 201).
The impact on the book helps us understand the communities of color in America. It shows how the civil right Acts of the 1960’s were great advances. The Chicano movement addressed the negative ethnic typecasts of the Mexicans in America. The author was successful in carrying the overall aim of the book in that the Chicano movement is seen to have roused and skilled a new age group of protesters and select few, which led to a federal period of main issues that were significant to the Mexican American society (Garcia, 245).
Conclusion
The Chicano Movement by the Mexicans is decent in America that connected the civil rights protestors with a modern assertive racial individuality. The Chicano supremacy with the workers struggle led by Cesar and Dolores made the movement expand to urban areas and to the Southwest. The generations declared Chicano’s to have fought to authorize their communities. Lately, a new generation of historians has produced an explosion of attractive work on the group.
Work cited
Mario T. Garcia Ed... The Chicano Movement: Perspectives from the Twenty First Century, 2014.
Barbarossa Brothers were well known in the 16th century whereby; they were feared. The brothers were also referred to as ‘Corsairs’ indicating that, the pirates were real because they were able to conquer The Mediterranean Sea thus; taking it for their own gain. The brothers captured town ships, in order to gain the riches they wanted. Under the Turkish authority, the Barbarossa was loyal especially to the Islamic. Arjur and Hizir were both born in Greece. However, their careers were determined by the ability they had, when they attacked a ship at Lesbos. IT was then that, Aruj was captured by the Egyptian navy thus; led to slavery (Walton, 2015).
Barbarossa Brothers in the latter years extended their attacks on the Spanish whereby; they also raided more towns at the coastal region. The main aims for the brothers to settle in Spanish was probably, to ravage on how Spanish did no support them during war. Arjur being the elder brother was put in charge of the entire ship, a position that he left to Hizir after he died. The elder of the four brothers was the first to be successful whereby; in the 16th century he stroked up a deal with the king. From the deal he was famous since, it stated that he would share his riches if the king agreed to protect him from his enemies. Ajour had defeated several head of clan and, freed many ports from the Spanish Christian rule. The Barbarossa Brothers were loyal to the Muslims thereby; their headquarters were located on the Island of Jebra. Kher-ed-din was the second brother and due to his intelligence, he became the great naval commander, having the advantage that he was able to speak several different languages. Kher-ed-din wanted to work for Sultan Suleiman because; it had a powerful Muslims at the Mediterranean (Walton, 2015).
Hayreddin in Europe was a world used to refer to integrity and, the honorary name was given by Sultan, highly recognized as the magnificent. Latter Hayreddin inherited another title as Barbarossa after the demise of his senior brother Oruc Real’s .Oruc was murdered in skirmish with the Spanish Algeria and, he was highly recognized as ‘Baba Oruc’ thus known as Italian for red-beard. Oruc was given the nickname simply because; he had no red-beard though, it was stacked to Hayreddin’s local person's name in outline of Barbarossa. The Barbarossa involved four brothers, who were betrothed with the marine associations as well as obliged to global sea trade. Ajour was the first brother to become a seaman whereby; he was joined by his brother Ilyas and Khizr who began his career while he obtained his own ship. The brothers were just simple sailors but, latter they change to privateers and served Knight of St. John Hospital, that was based on operating on the Island of Rhodes. Oruc was centered in Levant that is between Syria and Egypt. Khizr was place in the sea whereby; his operation was aimed at Thesoloniki. The elder son remained on the ship whereby; he was involved with pecuniary associations as well as family business.
Orcuc appeared to be intelligent and successful thereby; that did not please the prince as well as governor in the Island city. However, Oruc was charged with an offence of generating violent at Knight of St. John whereby; victims were found inflicting solemn damage. In the following year, Orcuc was under another governor who gave him over 23 galleys at the port hence; authorized him to join the Ottoman naval expedition in Italy. He was put into a delicate situation thereby; in his mission he was able to bomb numerous sea fortresses that incarcerated two vessles. On his way back, he managed to capture a vessel where in was Korkut who happened to be his brother. Korkut had run to Egypt to avoid a common practice whereby; succession brought about disputes. Oruc took his brother with him thus; making the Barbarossa a group of four. The brothers settled in Djerba and, they were easily able to contact the Sultan thus; granted right to under good conditions (Walton, 2015).
As the naval Commander, Kher-ed-din had hopes of being around to pay a visit in Sultan thereby; he offered many riches to the Ottoman Empire. A new sultann came to rule after Kher-ed entered the empire and, his name was Sultan Suleiman. He agreed to see Kher-ed-din with an aim of evicting, the Christian ship from the land. The Sultan believed that Kher-ed-din would help whereby; he asked him to organize a strong navy before the Christians became a threat. Kher-ed-din was appointed as the admiral chief though; it took him time to get into the Ottoman Empire when he arrived everything was arranged for him. He came with over forty ships filled with gifts for Sultan (Mineau, 2014). The ships were recognized as galley whereby each with about 100 galley slaves for control. It was not easy for the slaves since they would seat on long benches whereby; their feet were chained. Every oar contained four men and, the slaves were to row for about five hours without any break. The galleries were highly secured whereby; solders were heavily armed with cannons, spears and guns (Walton, 2015).
On the way to Sultan Empire, there was the Tunis city which Kher-ed-din planned of attacking. The ruler of Tunis heard of the threats and, freed from the city thus; leaving the city to be captured. In the year 1535, Spain’s Emperor Charles V planned on getting back the city of Tunis thus; sent a large armed navy to attack. Kher-ed-din being the most feared navy commander heard of the attack therefore; prepared his troop for it. The attack did not take place because; thousand of Christian’s slaves invaded the city whereby they were able to find supply of weapons. The slaves were able to attack Muslims whereby; they took over that city (Grant, 2012).
Sailing from North Africa Coast, the Barbarossa Brothers, managed to capture several ships in the Mediterranean Sea and they became rich. After capturing the Mediterranean, The Barbarossa Brothers went to the base of Djerba with pillage from merchants and warships alike. They settled in Djerba whereby; many of the Mediterranean victims had become their victims were turned into slaves (Malam, 2008). Several years later, the brothers moved to the port near Algiers after the fallout with the Sultan of Tunis. Aruj being the elder brother took the advantage of disfavor of the Algerian Sultan whereby; he invades the port and killed him in 1516. Latter after two years, the city of Tunis had conflicts with local areas which were controlled by the Spanish. The situation became worse to a point where Aruj tried to escape, but he was killed trying to blockade in the city of Tlemcan (Grant, 2012).
The red-bearded (Barbarossa brothers) were the most6 feared pirates in 15th century. Two of the brothers developed their fame whereby; Arouj took over Algiers while Kheir-ed-din aided the Muslims in fighting over Christian imperative along the Barbary Coast. Despite the two brothers all the four were united that, they helped their father in his pottery work plus other trading businesses he was involved in during the early years (Grant, 2012). Ishak and Hayreddin were the two of the brothers left behind, to manage their fathers businesses while Aljour and Kheri-ed-din were at the sea on a mission (Mineau, 2014).
The red-bearded began their journey of vengeance by detaining traffic galleys whereby; they fled several incarcerated Muslims. Exacting vengeance into to such a manner was not only to full fill their mission, but also as a one way to give rise to their fleet. Barbarossa was not just a name but earned, when they got into the Island of Elba and confined two other ships and the galleys. One red- beard Aruj lost his arm when they were warned of getting to Algiers (Walton, 2015). It was then that the brothers took a break from attacks, though they had developed a lethal character with the Spanish. The rebellion of the Algerian was over and the brothers had no choice but to snatch the power whereby, Aruj became the Chief of Algiers. He was recognized and the leader of Barbary Pirates, though his term did not last long whereby; Charles sent a heavy armed force to kill him thus taking over. After Aruj was assassinated his brother was to take over from where he left, but the Spain began to decline thus leading to weaker power (Weintraub, 2012).
The Barbarossa brothers generated the importance of naval events whereby; they brought the extension of Muslim seafarer’s hegemony to Western Mediterranean. Khair extended the Islamic power to the entire sea from Levant to Gibraltar. At that time of extension, the European naval power found it ship whereby; some was carrying gold with booty impunity. In (1518) Aruj became a Sultan in Northern Africa where he faced his demise in a battle against Spanish forces. Khizr being the younger brother build a navy for Turkey in respect of his dead brother. The navy was more powerful that it ruled the Mediterranean Sea until half of the 16th century. Aruj’s broad exploits ruled after then with the aim of determining, the real pattern of life and trade in the sea (Weintraub, 2012).
The two Barbarossa brothers build a legend in the Mediterranean Sea whereby the elder one Arjour made the red bearded become their nickname while the younger one Khizr, was well recognized by carrying a brown beard. The brothers were instinctive in the in the islet of Lesbos, their vicar was a solder in the Island which he had been granted by a Christian priest. Yaqub the father had recognized potter which had a vessel on his own thus, traded his goods. Ajur aided in the boat while Khizr on the pottery, not much said of the other two brothers since one became the Imam while the other a carpenter. Yaqub’s galley was attacked under Ajur’s command thus; changed his occupation from a peaceful business partner in the sea to battle (Malam, 2008). The captured galleys were meant for Christian Knights therefore; it led to a serious situation at the sea where non- Christian men were abducted and the female plus children were sold to slavery for religious grab (Mineau, 2014).
Kheir-ed-Din is not only recognized as the younger one of Barbarossa brothers and a pirate but also, a killer, a thief as well as an insignificant figure. Contrary Kheir-ed-Din was a highly recognized man for his culture, intelligence and the significant collision he led on North Africa. He is a gentleman who left behind a legacy at the Mediterranean Sea which will endure forever. The Barbarossa younger brother began his career under the guidance of his elder brother Ajour. However, the two brothers were close that they left Lesbo for North Africa and, carried nothing with them but two galleons. Fourteen years later the elder brother was killed but before then, they had already created a small fleet which generated the kingdom of Algiers (Weintraub, 2012).
After the death of Aljour it was Kheir-ed-Din took a step further and expanded the kingdom further. It only took him three centuries and the kingdom dictated it trade movement of ships at the Mediterranean Sea. The centuries marked him a man of momentous figure though it was just a prologue. Sultan Suleiman latter appeared as the splendid of the Ottoman Empire though, he was not certain of his position because he needed a naval commander. The Empire had an inexperienced navy which was unable to maintain swiftness against the generated fleet. The navy appeared untrained since it had trouble protecting it own territory thus, protected its further expansion. The Sultan was interested by the Kheir-en-Din reputations thus; requested to summon him in court. Kheir-en-Din entered the court and he was surprised by greetings from generals as well as several heads of State in their majesty. The younger one of Barbarossa brothers, face the Sultan as a burly as well as warfare scarred warrior though with a self made assurance (Weintraub, 2012). Sultan Suleiman had confidence in Kheir-en-Din thus, he appointed him as the commander in chief on the Ottoman naval fleet. Kheir-en-Din was rewarded heavily for his strength on leading the navy. As a Commander in Chief he began his work by recognizing the dockyard system, which was meant to serve the entire Island for many years. The Barbarossa brother built a convoy from ground using his intelligence of ship building; the skills he gained from North Africa were useful in the fleet he made (Slyomovics, Berber, Inc Masmoudi, Inc Zirout, 2013).
Sultan Suleiman obliged Kheir-en-Din on a mission and after the navy solders were well prepared, the commander in Chief led it to the Mediterranean Sea. He was to aid the Ottoman Empire in conjuring everything in Aegean, Ionian as well as ravage the Italian Coast. The younger of Barbarossa brothers was Royal to the Ottoman Sultan thereby; he managed to conquer the enemies and formed supremacy at the sea (Mineau, 2014).
The Commander in Chief of the Ottoman had no desire in returning to North Africa, because he had already found comfort in the Ottoman Empire. Her remained there as the Commander in Chief until when he faced his demise peacefully. He is one of the Barbarossa brothers mostly celebrated in the Muslim east as well as one who healed a high self-esteem with no differences. His legacy is highly regarded today as a hero in Turkey, as one of the utmost man in the Ottoman Empire. The brothers captured town ships, in order to gain the riches they wanted. Under the Turkish authority, the Barbarossa was loyal especially to the Islamic. Arjur and Hizir were both born in Greece (Mineau, 2014).
References
Grant, N. (2012). Barbarossa: The pirate king. New York: Hawthorn Books
Mineau, A. (2014). Operation Barbarossa. Amsterdam [u.a.: Rodopi.
Malam, J. (2008). The Barbarossa brothers and pirates of the Mediterranean. Laguna Hills, CA: QEB Pub.
Masmoudi, B. A., Zirout, A., Slyomovics, S., In Berber, N., Masmoudi, B. A., Zirout, A., Masmoudi, B. A., ... Zirout, A. (2013). The Barbarossa brothers: Kings of the Barbary Coast.
Weintraub, A. (2012). The Barbarossa brothers: Sixteenth-century pirates of the Barbary Coast. New York: PowerKids Press.
Walton, N. (2015). Genoa, 'La superba': The rise and fall of a merchant pirate superpower.
Manifest destiny was a term which was consequently used in the 19th century during the period when US was undergoing an expansion. The main objective of the US was therefore to expand its territories from coast to coast. Manifest destiny was therefore an attitude which helped in increasing western settlement in America (Greenberg, 2012). Moreover, it also motivated the Westerners to oust the Native Americans from their land, and to also wage a War against the Mexicans in their country. In addition, the expansion was not merely based on gaining land, but it was as a way of improving civilization in America.
Manifest destiny is however different from both Voyager of exploration and the conquest of European countries, in the sense that its aims were very different as compared to this ones’ (Peoples & Bailey, 2012). This is consequently because, manifest destiny was an attitude which was required to motivate the Europeans through their reclamation of land from the Native Americans (Greenberg, 2012). In addition, during the period of manifest destiny, the Europeans were not looking for colonial territories, but they were looking for a land which they could be able to settle in. In addition, they were determined to make America their own land.
When it comes to voyager of exploration, it was only concerned with the exploration of new territories, and thus providing information to the colonial masters for them to get colonies (Greenberg, 2012). Manifest destiny did not have anything to do with exploring the colony, in order to gain colonial power over such land. Their main aim was to look for a new land far from Europe, where some Europeans would move to and grow their business, thus creating market for manufactured goods from Europe (Peoples & Bailey, 2012).
Reference
Greenberg, A. S. (2012). Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: BEDFORD/ST. MARTIN'S.
Peoples, J. G., & Bailey, G. A. (2012). Humanity: An introduction to cultural anthropology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
The article discusses the idea that history of capitalism as narrated by Giovanni Arrighi, Fernard braudel and Wallerstein and Western epistemology history as it has been understood since European Renaissance complement each other. The above idea holds that spreading of Western capitalism was an indication of Western epistemology in regard to all of its impacts from the basic reason that accompanied industrial revolution and capitalism, to criticism of state and capitalism and various state theories. In relation to this, modernity is different from modern-world system whereby modernity relates to philosophy, literature and history of concepts but the system of the modern world relates to the idea of social sciences.
In addition, modernity and post-modernity can be traced to the western civilization with its origin being Greece while the idea of modern world-class system indicates some show of power instead of a continuous succession of events. The later forms the basis for colonial power theories. However, the writer suggests that the two are interrelated even though they are distinct. In earlier centuries – 18th century - colonialism was not of importance to European countries and the major reason for moving to other countries was for commercial purposes rather than political conversion. Dependency theory is deemed to explain dependency as a strategy used in exercising colonial power and organized interstate system hierarchically which is even seen today in Third World. Essentially, the article describes colonial differences as a result of colonilaity of power and other aspects in post modernity like neoliberal and neo-socialism.
The article rightly relates western epistemology and colonialism are closely related and can seen in modernity and modern-world systems which both involve succession of various past events and a need for various countries to assert their power. Western civilization led to colonialism due a need to increase the reach of power among countries and the need for commercial opportunities and these are the origin of modernity and post-modernity.
Reference
Mignolo, W. (2002). The geopolitics of knowledge and the colonial difference. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 101(1).
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