A

The notion of predestination is being expressed in Calvinism and Arminianism. In calvanism, this notion is being described by the control that God has over the world. It is also applied in salvation referring to the believe of God in appointing eternal destination for salvation and eternal damnation for the sinners (Perriman, 2012). Calvinists believe that salvation is accomplished by the power of God in trinity; the father who chose the people, the son who died for the people and the holy spirit makes the death effective (Mathew 28:19). In Arminianism, salvation is a condition regardless of the belief or unbelief of man (Perriman, 2012). It is also believed that man has no power of saving himself and no one can respond to the will of God and that the power of salvation is the combined efforts of God and man. These aspects therefore articulate predestination.

The theological concepts that are used in this context include sin where it is stated that the reward for it is eternal damnation. They have also used a concept of salvation which is rewarded by eternal destiny (Perriman, 2012). These two concepts can be got in Romans 6:23.

B

The New Testament eschatology is important in teaching about the New Testament and religion. This, therefore, gives information about the appearance of the Messiah and the execution of his work (Wilberforce & Belmonte, 2006). However, the Jewish theology did not include the days of Messiah, and only gives an introduction about it.

The Christian view of Christianity recommends Christians to live their lives as believers and to shine in the ridden world full of darkness. Christians are required to show prove their faith through their acts (Wilberforce & Belmonte, 2006). It is believed that becoming a Christian makes one’s life new. The practical Christian living is a guideline to Christians on how to maintain the consistent relationship with God based on the power of the holy spirit in order to reach perfection (Mathew 5:48)

References

Perriman, A. (2012). Coming of the son of man: New testament eschatology for an emerging church. Place of publication not identified: Wipf & Stock Publishers.

Wilberforce, W., & Belmonte, K. C. (2006). A practical view of Christianity. Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson Publishers..

STEREOTYPES

            A sex stereotype consists of opinions about the mental traits and features and the activities that are suitable to males and females. Sexes title roles are defined by actions while the sex typecasts are the notions and approaches about manhood and feminist. Masculinity stereotype is much powerful as they distress conceptualizations of ladies and males and develop communal classes for sexual role.  According to Sharon, a stereotype signifies a trick in which people fall in.  According to Claude and Joshua, they claimed that the persistence of the undesirable typecasts distresses those who are in the categorized assemblies.  They suggested that people are likely to sense vulnerable in the conditions that they feel that their presentation will classify them as samples of their collection’s undesirable cast. Even if an individual may not trust the typecast or the assent that it relates, the danger of being recognized with an undesirable typecast can be a current issue that places an individual in the attention and makes pressure and nervousness about the presentation.  By developing a condition that manipulates the expectations of having a test, Steele and Aronson outlined that those prospects affected the participants’ presentation.  For instance, African Americans and women performed much poorly than the white men who are not endangered to the negative stereotypes of their competences.  However, white men can be threatened by the stereotypes of some competences capability. Thus stereotypes can have a positive influence but is much proofed that they can harm and needs more phases to invalidate. This procedure disturbs those who execute the typecasts and those who are the objectives of typecasting. Viewing racial and sex stereotypes can influence the impacts of the daily life.  What happens is that the stereotypes intersect (Usunier, Claude, and Lee, 389).

            According to Galinsky, ethnic stereotypes are apparent as more womanlike associated to the whites while the blacks are stereotyped as more mannish. The typecast gratified for the blacks was reflected to be the most mannish, followed by the whites and the Asians the minimum mannish. Through this, it is found that there is a considerable intersection amid the features of racial and sex typecasts.  These intersections discovered that men have the tendency of favoring females who humanize the womanly model while females favor males who symbolize manhood. These results show that men value femaleness the more they were engrossed to Asian females and less likely to be attracted to the black females.  Galinsky found the identical patterns among interracial marriages by assessing the United States census data.  When the job candidates were assessed, the Asians were selected for the leadership positions that needed teamwork and affiliation structure and behavior which was apparent as feminine.  This research concluded that the connection amid ethnic and sex typecasts develops new borders for accepting how these typecasts causes the important choices that drives the most important consequences at labor and family. The possessions of the gender based races spreads to the management assortment and the race partaking; this was proofed by a further research.  The research whereby participants assessed the occupation applicants, Asians were extra probable to be selected for the management positions.  Black members were to be selected for the locations that needed a violently modest method which is viewed as manly. Racial discernment is the discernment of people based on their race and the people’s stereotypes about the specific race. Racial stereotypes make people prejudge others based on their race that makes them think that others from the same race are the same. Thus it is important to know that are the racial stereotypes and their effects in the community.  Intersectionality philosophies suggest that the effectiveness of assessing the unique stereotypes that is connected with interconnecting group characteristics. There is the focus of black women in America based on sexuality and womanhood (Usunier, Claude, and Lee, 402). 

            Along with the proof based on societal stereotypes have damaging effects that lessens the importance of varying images of black women and increasing the knowledge of how the stereotypes affect the insights of the black women. Researchers have noted that despite the ethnic mothers having different lives and know-hows, many of them have a common history about cultural and sexual discernment in countries that the white supremacy has succeeded. In some countries, Chinese and other Asian women are stereotyped as mother who never took care of their children.  African American mothers were viewed as conventional mother figure as they were said to be obedient, hardworking and good mothers. It is argued that stereotypes of ethnic mothers whether bad or good, acted to advance strict racial and gender divergences. Stereotypes of bad mothers were used to justify and explain gender and racial pyramids. Up to date, ethnic mothers have been amid those that are blamed by the media for matters based on gang attacks leading to mental illnesses. Thus ethnic motherhood has been viewed as to be much different from the white motherhood.  Matriarchal structure of black families can be viewed as the ground to explain the poverty rates between the African Americans, while the black mothers were responsible for compulsive personalities that are known to be in the African American families.  Women's libber historians have assessed the obstinate disapproval of ethnic mothers in the United States where during this era; the national government controlled and sanctioned the cleansing of various African American and the poor white women (Andrea, 37).

            Ethnic mothers were well known of having huge families and mostly relied on the national governments in terms of their wellbeing and medical thus cleansing was seen as a solution to lessen the up surging children born by these ethnical women. The engagement of the black women in the public freedom association led to the passage of the civil right act which stated that it was unlawful to practice racial discrimination in the work places.  This act gave the black Americans security in their work places and enhanced it for them to provide for their families. The ethic mothers also defied the maternal myths and stereotypes that were in the leading philosophy and their own cultural racial groups.  In defying these myths, ethnic mothers tried to make their personal maternal philosophies free from racism and gender indifferences.  Thus, ethnic mothers have challenged the notion of womanhood that do not justify for the many alterations among women (Andrea, 39). 

            Although race in the American account has been viewed as a life concept it is currently known to be featured as a social classification that has changed over time and modifies between societies and cultures. Racial preconception as a social stress on various groups of children and families and drug use, can lead children to increased risks for both the short and long term diseases.  Thus racial stereotypes can influence the evaluation to and the quality of health services. Research on racial, social and gender stereotypes shows that it can affect children’s health via social appliances. We find the unfortunate human feature is a one way of adopting thoughts or notion about the specific types of persons and their unique ways of doing things that may not be real. Some of the most known ideas are based on racial and gender stereotypes that impact to the reflective effects from work places.  Investigations done conclude that stereotypes based on gender and race affects our individual and specialized choices. In United States, Asians as a cultural group is viewed as more womanlike compared to the whites while the blacks are viewed as more mannish (David, 346).

Conclusion

The circumstance that race is gender based; it has deep effects to the multicultural marital, management assortment and sporty involvement. Research has concluded that the typecast for the blacks was viewed as the utmost manly, trailed by the whites and the Asians being the minimum manly.  According to Galinsky, there was a general intersection among the matters of ethnic and sex typecasts.  He displayed that males are more engrossed to Asian females comparative to black females, while females are more attracted to black males compared to Asian males.  The further a man appreciated femaleness, the more probable he was engrossed to an Asian lady and the less probable he was engrossed to black ladies. The similar outcome happened for ladies, with magnetism to maleness motivating the discrepancy magnetism to black men and the Asian males.  The multicultural socializing partialities have the overall world inferences as he demonstrated the American survey statistics and got the same design in the multicultural nuptials.  Focusing on the connection amid ethnic and sex typecasts, the viewpoint unwraps new borders for accepting how typecasts impact to the important resolutions that lead to the results at work and home.

References

O'Reilly, Andrea. Encyclopedia of Motherhood. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2010. Print.

Schneider, David J. The Psychology of Stereotyping. New York [u.a.: Guilford Press, 2005. Print.

Usunier, Jean-Claude, and Julie A. Lee. Marketing Across Cultures. Harlow, Essex, England: Pearson Education, 2009. Print.

                                 UNIT 4: PROJECT MANAGEMENT

                   USING THE WEIGHTED ATTRIBUTE SCORING APPROACH

                                         Table Of Contents

Executive summary…………………………………………………………………………… 1

Project Beta……………………………………………………………………………………1

Project Charlie…………………………………………………………………………………1

Project Alpha…………………………………………………………………………………..1

Project Delta……………………………………………………………………………………2

Summary/Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..2

Reference………………………………………………………………………………………3

Executive summary

Companies make their decision based on the projects which are considered feasible after a rigorous research have been administered. The projections undergo considerable comparison with the help of weighted attribute scoring approach, projects manages has the mandate to analyze which of them all is fit and sound in terms of return on the investment (Keefer, 2012). By doing this, all the cost and the benefits to be projected for each of the projects at last the one with the highest weight is deemed as the most successful project (Resch, 2011).

Project Beta

The project is ranked 55% in terms of ROI-contributing benefits, this the most important area of analyses. Beta has managed to score the highest score in comparison of the all four investment projects. However, the value benefits area has insignificantly posed any determination of clinching the best project, summarizing this could come from the fact the offers average ranking (Keefer, 2012). The project is the most important in general highest score and it performed in other diverse areas too. We can say that the semi qualitative approach really did help in the decision making process to portray Beta and the best project solution.

Project Charlie

With only a score of 1.775 overall clearly the attribute from each area seems to lay low and the potentials of it being viable becomes thinner and thinner. The value benefits hit at a score of 0.675 is however and average score which can bolster the in project consideration race. Work satisfaction and improve on clientele satisfaction lags behind compared to other projects no doubt the project is disadvantaged in financial returns (Keefer, 2012). Even though the project performed well in low risk implementation and worker safety compared to project Delta still it does not look much better in contribution of output production and ROI. Therefore, the project benefits are too low to justify outweigh on costs.

Project Alpha

Ranked in the third place, Alpha chance of being feasible is not boring any fruits. The risk exposure attached to the project is so eminent and going by the rating of 2 which no doubt is the lower in the scale means a lower strength which in future if administered it would under a lot of constraints. Normally, for any project to be viable the cost gas to outweigh the benefits of which Alpha projects seems to be scoring low on that (Resch, 2011). Going by the financial returns this project would be deemed unqualified.

Project Delta

The project falls short in areas like RIO, increase in production and reduced rework which is enticing to any company when making decision of the best projects (Resch, 2011). However the employee morale and risk entangled with employees can derail the whole project. The area which should be considered by the project managers should be the weight of each numbers and if by any chance they don’t look juicer then the project should be terminated (Pinto, 2010).

Conclusion

On reliance with the weighted attribute scoring approach on the four projects, Delta, Alpha, and Charlie projects performed well in overall highest score and is deemed better in best project solution (Resch, 2011). However, by the fact Project Alpha scored uppermost of all of them in terms of weight, then this is the final feasible project.

Reference

Resch, M. (2011).Strategic project management transformation: delivering maximum ROI & sustainable business value. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.: J. Ross Pub

Keefer, C. (2012).  Las Vegas history filled with failed stadium, arena projects - Las Vegas Sun News. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/jul/15/las-vegas-history-filled-failed-stadium-arena-proj

Pinto, J. K. (2010). Project Selection and Portfolio. Retrieved from Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage: http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/7225/7398617/MGT310_Ch03.pdf

The South Reimagined

            The cooks that attract us are those who portray the ingredients that they are using in making the foods.  The reason of them doing this is that the combination of the flavors links in the minds of the eaters and creates a positive connection. All kinds of memories are inducing in our minds and the cultural references which make us have the sense of food that is presented to us. For instance a dish with goose, dried fruits and saffron may create a positive attitude towards the food to a person familiar with the feudal history. Prawns together with leaves and ketchup may as well attract those who are aware of the iconic prawn blend in Britain in the early 1970’s. Food inspiration can be advanced by the cooks to the people who have their personal characteristic cookeries. These have grown over time maybe starting with the indigenous crops and then added together with the flavors as a result of trade and immigration (John &White, 30). 

            The picture above portrays a set of cookeries as a food particular to a certain community of people whereby they show a shared set of ingredients and skills.  Cookery boundaries are more pertinent when based on regional or cultural approaches mostly where a nation may be enjoying great climatic changes.  This may be more meaningful to focus on the cookeries of Kerala as opposed by the Indian cookery.  Thus the main aspect of the picture above is to identify the common elements which make cookery unique. Many of the recipes in the Southern cuisines are based on making of a specific cookery.  While we may have a sense that lamb and dried apricots would link well in stew, we may have the information that puts the two ingredients together without the knowledge that lamb and stone fruits are cornerstone foods of the Middle East and not of the Southern Cuisines (International Review of Food & Wine Associates, 131).

             If one has to question how food would be if the cookery is replicated, one might feel attracted to flavor the stew with cumin, coriander and cinnamon which are the main fragrances in the Middle East and serve it with rice which is the chief food in the area. The Portuguese and the Spanish has already adopted the new world cuisines, for instance chilli sprinkle and the peanut which is common in Africa and Asia. A staple starch food can also make cuisines typical.  For instance rice is a staple food but is mostly consumed in the Southern of Iraq; maize is another staple food in Mexico and is consumed in form of porridge and some other means. Many cookeries get back to the same aromas time to time.  For instance aromatics in Persian foods are saffron for rice, cloves cumin and coriander which is used for stew.  These aromas are mostly derived from fermented beans, five spice and star anise pervade in China. Specific alcohols through the world are used to advance the aromas such as cider and shaoxing rice wine which is found in China. In the past few years, food industry has viewed their customers as their main market force.  The customers now target the forceful of the particular foods while marketing and their advertising efforts.  Food marketers are interested mostly by the youths as the consumers as for their expenses influence as for the future of their customers. The meals in the cuisines do not only advance the customers emotions but also creates a positive attitude to the customers when consuming the food (International Review of Food & Wine Associates, 162).

Work cited

Food & Wine: The Guide to Good Taste. New York: International Review of Food & Wine Associates, 1983. Print.

Boyanoski, John, and Knox White. Reimagining Greenville: Building the Best Downtown in America. , 2013. Print.

A bill on whether the fundraisers should be eliminated or not

Outline

Introduction

Thesis statement: this essay will support the passing of the bill that shall stop politicians from holding fundraisers.

Paragraph 1

They should be eliminated because they waste a lot of time and resources

Paragraph 2

Poor politicians are not disadvantaged since there are other alternatives of raising funds.

Paragraph 3

Fundraisers have diverted many politicians’ minds from the core business of serving the citizens.

Paragraph 4

The overall contribution of fundraisers is small compared to the efforts that are put in place.

Conclusion

The bill should be passed for the benefits of the citizens considering the impact fundraisers have on the economy.

Introduction

It has come to our concern that congress officers and politicians have become a burden to citizens by holding fundraisers for the purpose of election campaigns. Raising eighteen thousand dollars per day is so exploiting especially for the sake of campaigns. For this reason, Rep. David Jolly has presented a bill that shall handle this problem before the election period that is due in six months. Different views have come up, some propose while others oppose the motion which has lasted for quite some time. I’m here to present my stand on this issue and try to bring all the parties together to speak in one accord. I want us to reason together on the impact of passing and failing this bill so that we can come to a harmonious state thereafter. Failing the bill would oppress the citizens rather than serving them as the duty demands while passing it would oppress the politicians. Between the two sides of oppression whose impact is significantly felt, of course the oppression of the citizen. This essay will base its arguments in support of the passing of the pending bill bearing in mind how significant the impact is to the beneficiaries.

First, fundraisers waste a lot of time and resources. Just holding a single fundraiser is very expensive and also time consuming. A recent research show that members of the congress spend over thirty hours a week in soliciting campaigns. A lot of money is also spent in the process. This wastage comes about due to the many committee meetings, transport, preparations and other minor expenses like hiring facilities and investing in good awareness to the citizens. Follow-up which is one of the important steps of a fundraiser is also cumbersome whereby others end up not meeting their targets. This scatters the little that had been gathered at the expense of getting more funds from the citizens. If a single fundraiser costs this much, the many fundraisers that are done after every now and then would really drag back the economy[1].

Poor politicians and members of the congress are not disadvantaged. This is because citizens will still be allowed to channel their contributions as much as they are willing to do so.  Volunteers, well-wishers and sponsors are also not lock out from assisting politicians in raising funds for the campaign. Furthermore, the members of the congress shall be encouraged to seek other sources of getting those funds such as loans from financial institutions and so on. This will not put any citizen under pressure in the name of raising eighteen thousand dollars per day for campaign purposes[2].

Raising funds has diverted many politicians’ minds from the core business of serving the citizens. Many politicians have failed to perform their duties as expected. Some of them are also corrupt such that even when they get hold of those offices, they divert their dedication to their own selfish gain. It is during such fundraisers that the politicians come again to outline false manifesto towards the goals of the society[3].

Weighing the opposition side, the arguments are still substantial. Some people think that Jolly who standing in for the open senate is competing with Rubio. On this knot, I would like to put emphasis on the suffering parties of our actions. It’s not a matter of politicians to benefit rather it’s for the citizens. Passing of this bill will serve and save many generations afterwards from the dangers that come about due to fundraisers[4].

The overall contribution of fundraisers is small compared to the efforts that are put in place. Fundraisers of the past have contributed less than they ought to give to the improvement of the economy. Focusing on how much the fundraisers have contributed to our economy at large, we find that it is not proportional to the efforts that are put in place for it to be successful. For instance, the former Senate Majority Leader, Tom Daschle has done estimation. He found that two-thirds of his time as a senate was used up in raising money for political issues. These and many more arguments should be considered as we look forward towards passing the bill[5].

Conclusion

In conclusion, there are more pressing and important public policy issues that are waiting us as the politicians. We should consider the many drawbacks that come about due to fundraisers. Just to briefly highlight them they include wastage of time money and other resources, putting stress on the citizens instead of serving them and diverting the main goal by inclining the politicians towards corruption and self-gains. We have also offered alternative means whereby members of the congress can get support like getting loans from financial institutions, getting funds from volunteers and well-wishers and other safe means. Our main target is to safeguard the well-being of the citizens whom we represent in the government. Finally, both sides have benefits but passing the bill would have more impact in boosting the economy of this country.

Flanagan, Joan. 2000. Successful fundraising.

Bottom of Form

Jordan, Ronald R., and Katelyn L. Quynn. 2007. Planned giving, 3rd edition: management, marketing, and law. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Bottom of Form

Flanagan, Joan. 2000. Successful fundraising.

Bottom of Form

Jordan, Ronald R., and Katelyn L. Quynn. 2007. Planned giving, 3rd edition: management, marketing, and law. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Bottom of Form

Rosenthal, Lesley. 2012. Good counsel: meeting the legal needs of nonprofits. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Bottom of Form

SMSU Student Observation

            I spent 3 days in my 3^rd classroom of 30 students.  While I was there, I involved in doing various activities such as correcting, stapling, cutting and sorting homework review among other routine activities. I also gained presentation and leadership skills through engaging the students in different classroom activities. Working with this group of people also expanded my knowledge as I was involved in various research activities in diverse fields. The different composition of people reflected diverse cultures and through our interaction we got to understand, learn and appreciate the different societies from all around the world. This position creates employment opportunities and I would really appreciate chance to work here. This is a better opportunity for me as I am multi lingual and therefore communication among the different groups of people will be good for me. I am well informed and I believe that I have the information that is needed for this group of people.

            Teaching has always been something passionate for me as I am well able to identify the characters and behavior of these children just by interacting with them. I am always focused in ensuring that what is taught to the children is of great importance to their growth and development. I believe that a teacher should be very understanding to these children as they are people who are curious about life and ensuring that they are molded to become intelligent and responsible people is a great accountability of the teachers.  It is also vital to ensure that the students see much aspiration and confidence in their educators. This can be achieved by ensuring that the environment is clean and safe for the children, ensure that they embrace all the challenges that come along with new learning and also offer them solutions, opinions and ideas that will catapult their thinking capacity to a higher level. Creating a plat form where these children are able to comfortably share their ideas and opinions is also of great importance as it will create a sense of belonging and appreciation to the children.

I also learnt that children are prone to crying for no good reason. This requires someone who is understanding and can identify with the children’s needs. I also observed that children may not be able to explain themselves properly as they may be limited in speech; this will require teachers that able to get inside the mind of the child and understand what they are trying to communicate.

            I really enjoyed my stay here because I got to learn a lot concerning children to a point I wish I would be one of the educators. Playing with these children brought much excitement in me as I got to realize that life is not all about the serious bit of fit. There is a social life that people need to embrace. I also understood that children are always ready to learn from anything from games to literal learning. This also made me realize that one is required to know exactly what they are teaching to avoid laying wrong foundations in children.

            I believe that I need to improve my teaching skills because they are very critical in this system. This is because in life one may be required to stand before a group of people and explain something to them. When one stands before people, the children normally look beyond the language. This is to mean that they normally see the farfetched emotion behind the physical. Body language, voice tone and use of gestures are very critical as they pass a message. I learned about the philosophy; it is to teach the student in different but appealing ways and being friendly too like reading books, games and engaging the class.

            During the first days, I was really struggling to remember their names but within a short name I knew all students’ names and personality and this made it easier for me to communicate. The class was so interesting to appoint I wished the hours of learning would have been increased so that I could spent more time with the children. We educators have the power in our classrooms to actually increase our student's intelligence by providing education that keeps our students engaged and motivated. 

            I believe the education system would be made more appropriate if the children were divided in relation to their ages. This is because the different age groups have different understanding capabilities. It would also ensure that the children are taught according to the level of understanding and also ensure that the children feel free with others of their same age.  Forum should also be introduced where the children are allowed to express what they have learnt in class through poems or plays. This will create more in depth understanding of a particular topic and also make learning more interesting.

            However, I really enjoyed my time in the laboratory and I strongly believe that if these recommendations are put in place; efficiency and effectiveness in teaching will be attained.

The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct

Part one of the AICPA code comprises of the principles. This part of the code of professional conduct gives ultimate standards of ethical conduct (Duska, Duska & Ragatz, 2011). The principles give a structure for the rules of conduct and they are normally enforceable.

The state boards of accountancy help in implementing the principle of AICPA that states that public accountancy should be practiced by only qualified licensee (Duska, Duska & Ragatz, 2011). This is normally enforceable.

The codes of the state societies of CPA observe principles that help in serving the professional requirements of the Certified Public Accountants (Crawford, & Loyd, 2008). They ensure educating different personalities about CPA and their services and also encourage students to take accounting courses. These codes are not enforceable.

The Institute of Management Accountants’ Statement of Ethical Professional Practice aims at providing a forum for research, education, practice development, and advocating for the highest ethical practices in accounting and finance management as per the principles of AICPA (Duska, Duska & Ragatz, 2011). It is not always enforceable

The institute of internal Auditors’ Code of Ethics ensures that ethical culture in internal auditing profession. Internal auditing works hand in hand with accounting and therefore, this institute helps to ensure ethics in internal auditing in order to meet the principles in accounting and this is to be enforceable.

The AICPA statements on standards for tax services are standards enforceable to members of the AICPA regardless of the types of taxes and the jurisdictions in which they practice. SSTSs inform members about their responsibilities to the public, taxpayers, the government and their profession (Duska, Duska & Ragatz, 2011).

Accounting codes have almost the same requirement of demonstrating high standard of professional conduct and to put the public interest into consideration (Crawford, & Loyd, 2008). This is to create public trust on financial matters. The codes help to meet the responsibilities by providing the ethical guideline to be followed.

References

Duska, R. F., Duska, B. S., & Ragatz, J. (2011). Accounting ethics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell.

Crawford, Michael A., & Loyd, D. Scot. (2008). Cpa's Multistate Guide to Ethics and Professional Conduct 2008. Cch Inc.

ECOLOGY

Ecology refers to the interaction between different organism and their environment. It involves the diversity, biomass, distribution and the population of the organisms as well as the association and antagonism amongst organism and the ecosystem. In the movie, it is evident to say that the ecosystem is made up of both living and non-living components of the environment. The ecosystem has various processes. The main process is the primary production process that involves pedogenesis, nutrients cycling and construction activities that regulate the instability matter and energy through an environment. In order to enhance this process, the organism with specific traits has to be involved together with a variety of organism in order to form sustainability to each other.

Humans are actively involved in the ecology in several ways. In agriculture, rearing of domestics animals, cities plans and industrial parks have an impact on ecology. The materials used in the various processes that human being is involved intends to cause an imbalance in the ecology. In an attempt to improve ecology there are different approaches including scientific ones that play a great role. To protect and manage the nature in a way is an involving task that will include both plant and animal ecology as well as microbial ecology.

There are reasons as to why it the human being responsibility to take care of the environment which will relate to a better ecology of the organism due to its importance. A good environment causes a balance to the ecosystem where an organism can interact with one another. This is advantageous since there will be mutual cohabitation between the organism. Ecology is an integrative discipline that involves the great complexity of nature.

Reference

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqxENMKaeCU

Is Spanking A Sufficient Means Of Punishment?

Introduction

Physical punishments such as spanking to the children refer to the act done by the parent or a guardian that liberates discomfort to the minor or physical pain as a response due to undesired behavior. The spanking is administered through open hand or with implements such as paddles, slippers, cane or even belt that can cause the minor to stay in uncomfortable positions. It is a common way of administrating discipline to the minors as it has been there for days. Constitutional child abuse is referred to the act of the parent or guardian that may potentially harm the child. In different cultures, parents and guardians are deemed to have the right to punish their children for misbehaving as a way of teaching appropriate conduct. With time, there has been researching conducted by using this type of punishment to minors. This is due to the effect that has been evidently shown by children who have been subjected to this type of punishment. The effect of this type of punishment has been seen to affect the minors negatively that has resulted to more aggressive behaviors and less obedience in the long-term. There have been adverse effects such as anxiety, antisocial behavior, depression and increase in physical abuse that have made many including pediatricians, psychologists, and psychiatrists to come out strongly against the administration of corporal discipline in schools and homes.

Spanking as part of the punishment to minors is not the most effective method to deal with children who are disobedient. In personal experience, it is true to say that this type of punishment is most done when the parent or the guardian is under stress or angry. With defiance of minors, it is most probable that the parents might hit the child without thinking the effect it will have on the children. These can result into violence and abuse that will only make the child worse (Wallace & Roberson 2015). Corporal punishment does conflict with the religious ideology on the discipline to the children. Corporal discipline was done out of the love for the child but did not say to which extent. This has made guardians slow on deciding the best method to administer discipline to the minors since if one is reluctant to do so then there is a possibility that the child will be spoiled and hate their children (Wallace & Roberson 2015).

Spanking is wrong in all aspects and this has led to raging debates all over. According to Reeves & Cuddy (2014), Adrian Peterson was shown on hitting his son using a switch. This caused a public uproar as it was generalized that Peterson was wrong even though he have the right to punish his son. The debate, however, died after two months most probably because the American parents hit their children. According to the statistics, 70% of the parents agreed that it was equally important to discipline their children (Reeves & Cuddy 2014). Although they agreed it is for the best to discipline the children the method that should be used is still facing debate.

Parents that continuously spank their children they develop a great distant of a parent-child relationship. This is because the punishment may lead to alcohol and drug abuse according to the research studies. The spanking aims at putting an immediate stop to the undesired behavior but do not address the future date (Wallace & Roberson 2015). The children become more aggressive when a child and an adult. As a child being on the receiving end, it results in learning about being violent to get own way. This results into bullying in school and partners abuse with time. A study carried out shows 40% of father and 52% of mothers who engaged in children spanking when they were of five ears showed externalizing behaviors and an array of risk that resulted into a lower child receptive (Wallace  & Roberson 2015). This shows that spanking is a typical nurturing experience for the American child. With the research, the statistics show that spanking on the child have a negative effect on the behavioral on the child that is longitudinal from childbirth to the age of nine (Wallace & Roberson 2015).

A decrease in cognitive ability in children in early childhood is evident due to corporal punishment in children. Children who are subjected to this punishment treatment are slow in gaining cognitive ability compared to those that are not spanked (Belkin, 2008). Evidence have continued to emerge to show the negativity of spanking on minors. With the recent experimental study showed the attendance of punitive and non-punitive school environment. Children in the punitive environment did perform worse than those who were in non-punitive environments (Belkin, 2008). Hitting children are often associated with behavioral problems and slow skill development. This may have the implication of their daily life and social mobility. This is especially due to the prevalence of punishment that differs across the socio-economic group.

 International human rights such as Committee on the Rights of the Children and other treaty bodies have been actively involved in ending all forms of corporal punishment. They argue that this way of punishment violates the children’s rights and dignity to physical integrity. There are laws that exist against battering, assault, and even child abuse. This organization pushes for the laws because the result of this punishment can be damaging to the minor. Although domestic punishment is legal the organization has the right to prosecute the parent or guardian that has excessively punished their children resulting in damages. They argue that parents should embrace more effective, non-violent methods to discipline the children (Belkin, 2008). The organization also argues that the effect of punishment is both short-term and long-term. The say that this method is extreme and should not be used as it is inappropriate. This method is limited to effectiveness as it has potentially deleterious effect (Bialik, 2009).Their programs are greatly driven with the negativity it has the children development. They also point out that for this type of punishment to be effective is always driven by anger and physical aggression in order to cause pain. This is dangerous since the results of anger can be damaging to the child health and its well-being. The organization also believes that this punishment also polarizes parent-child relationship. The aim of providing protection to the minors and advocating for ways that can promote desirable characteristics (Bialik, 2009).

Children’s reaction to such punishment is filled with negative comments. Children who are subjected to such punishment testify of being hurt not only physically but they are also hurt from inside (Khoo, 2016). This causes negative emotions such as confusion, resentment, hatred, sadness, anger and humiliation. This cause’s slow development due to the fear created and impedes learning that is not constructive as a result of poor reasoning. It also perpetuates violence among children as a method of resolving conflicts. Such comments from the children suggest that children are sensitive to double standards and inequality. The experience horrifies the children as it really hurts them. This causes pain a distress to the minors which with time it precipitates to mental-health issues.  This may also cause the children to run away from their homes due to the pain they experience. It also creates the feeling that their parents don’t like them anymore (Wallace & Roberson 2015)

Less aggressive methods of punishment can greatly reduce the effect of spanking as a form of punishment to the children. This will eliminate the slow development the children experience due to the punishment. This will also reduce the chances of mental illness associated with the punishment. Fear and the feeling of not being liked by their parents will have no space in the child. This will also reduce the chances of the child becoming more aggressive and using violent means in order to solve any conflict that they may encounter (Baumrind, Larzelere &Owen 2010).

    It is ironic to say despite all the negativity that comes along with using spanking as a method of punishment there are positive elements that can be derived from it. Psychical punishment as a disciplinary method tames undesirable characteristics and behaviors that are shown by the children (Lee & Huang, 2012). This makes them aware of committing such crimes again will result in some disciplinary action. This also makes them cautious of what they do and thus making them responsible. This type of punishment also makes and creates stronger individuals (Lee & Huang, 2012). This can only be realized if the effect of the punishment is not negative. Although it is difficult to show how this can be made possible through such punishment, there are those parents who believe they can only mold their children behaviors by spanking them. This is because it is a culture that worked for them and they still believe that it can work for their children. Young parents may also consider spanking of their children as a way of punishment to their defiant children in order to instill discipline (Lee & Huang, 2012).

Conclusion

Parenting using spanking is not the best method to use this is because of the negative impacts it has on the children.  There should be policies that will improve parenting method and the way to administer discipline that can promote positive and desirable characteristic in the children through methods such as reading. It is worth saying alternatives methods such as speaking to the child will facilitate the children development in the long term. The distance that is developed to the spanking the children will also be reduced which will facilitate proper and great bonding between the child and the guardian or the parent. Parents and guardians should be educated on the adverse effects their children may have when subjected to this type of punishment for long. The aim of every parent is to instill discipline in their children which can be achieved by using less violent methods.

Reference

Reeves V.R & Cuddy E (2014); Hitting Kids; American Parenting and Physical Punishment;             Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington,

Lee, M., & Huang, F. (2012). Finding dynamic treatment effects under anticipation: the effects of spanking on behavior. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics In Society), 175(2), 535-567. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2011.01001.x

Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Owens, E. B. (2010). Effects of Preschool Parents' Power Assertive Patterns and Practices on Adolescent Development. Parenting: Science & Practice,          10(3), 157-201. doi:10.1080/15295190903290790

Wallace .H.P & Roberson .C; (2015) Family Violence; Legal, Medical and Social Perspectives;   Routledge

Bialik.C ;( 2009) New Research on spanking might need a time out; the wall street journal;          Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125548136491383915

Belkin. L (2008); When is spanking Child Abuse? The New York Times; Retrieved from             http://parenting.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/when-is-spanking-child-abuse/?_r=0

Khoo. I; (2016); Spanking Law; You can’t spank kids in these countries; the Huffington Post;      Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2016/02/01/spanking-law_n_9133170.html

Argument 1

            In Philadelphia, all public acts of excretion are prohibited. Hence, spitting is prohibited, given that spitting is excretion. For the same reasons, barfing should be prohibited. (Barfing should be prohibited and given the same charges as all other acts of excretion).  Public barfing causes much stronger effects on the public than spitting.  Barfing can cause some health issues to individuals due to the generated smell and their disgusting nature which may then affects the activities of individuals in Philadelphia (Mentis, 46). Hence barfing should be prohibited like all other public excretion acts as they all affect the environment negative.

Argument 2

            It is well-known that the Earth is spherical. After all, spheres cast curved shadows. Further, the Earth casts a curved shadow on the moon during an eclipse. During the lunar eclipse a full moon occurs on the orbit of the earth and the moon moves slowly to the shadow of the earth. All the time that the shadow is seen on the moon its edge is round.  The only known solid that projects around shape is the sphere’s shadow (Dubay, 54). The earth is the only solid of geometry that possesses a circular share according to astronauts. (This therefore proves that the earth is spherical because it holds infinite edges as each picture of it proves that it is spherical).

            Argument 3

            No one who endangers his health is rational. It follows that students who smoke cigarettes are irrational, because cigarettes endanger their health and they know it. Moreover, kids who smoke cigs are BAD. Being sane entails the fact that an individual is fully concerned about their well being. Any type of drug makes an individual irrational because they are driven by the influence of the drug which at times threatens their well being. (Therefore those individuals who smoke cigarettes are irrational because nicotine which affects the blood flow as it travels via the blood stream and moves to the brain). This therefore affects the brain activity as it affects several parts of the brain to break down (Battle, 87).

            Argument 4

            The moon influences the water in our bodies. Isn't the water in our bodies’ water on the Earth? And isn't it true that the gravity of the moon influences all the water on the Earth? Moons gravity therefore influences water bodies because fluids are associated with easy of flow and they are therefore more affected than solids.   Those elements that have lower density are most likely to be affected by the gravity of the moon (Dubay, 32).  (Therefore water bodies are more affected by the gravity of the moon because it has less density and they have high speed in movement).

            Argument 5

            Standard aptitude tests are culturally biased. That means that the standard aptitude tests are unconstitutional, since cultural bias is discrimination and discrimination is prohibited by the Constitution. Standard tests are discriminative because they fail to work based on equality as they favor some individuals thus excluding others. (The tests are biased because they are aimed at ranking and sorting students as most of the students score below the minimum mark). The tests discriminate students based on their color, discriminate against those that are from low income backgrounds and those that English is not their native language (Barrett, 112).

            Work cited

Barrett, James. The Aptitude Test Workbook: Discover Your Potential and Improve Your Career Options with Practice Psychometric Tests. London: Kogan Page, 2011. Print.

Battle, Constance U. Essentials of Public Health Biology: A Guide for the Study of            Pathophysiology. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009. Print.

Dubay, Eric. The Atlantean Conspiracy: Exposing the Global Conspiracy from Atlantis to Zion. ,             2015.             Print.

Mentis, M T. Bridging Learning: Unlocking Cognitive Potential in and Out of the Classroom.     Thousand Oaks, Calif: Corwin, 2009. Print.

Daniel Ellis

            From the information provided, Ellis has made the highest sales in both 2011 and 2012. This is to mean that he has been the best sales person with the highest performance. The total basic salary for all the sales people was $384,801 and in order to calculate the pool of dollars for the merit increases. This amount needs to be multiplied by 4.2% which is $16161.64.

            There are several reasons that leaded me to giving the whole amount to Ellis. The main reason is that he has the best performance in terms of sales. It is also evident that he has the highest gross profit margin. This is to mean that he is generating more profits for the organization than all the other sales people. The aspect of expenses incurred is also considered in this decision and it is clear that he has the minimum expenses among all representatives. The pool of merit increases will be to motivate him to do better and also motivate the other representatives to do better in order to receive the pool of merit the next time.

            I believe that the sales people have maximized potential in the territories they are at present. This is because most of them are well familiar with the potential of their geographical location and shifting them to new locations would cause a reduction in the sales. However, they should be given incentives to motivate them to increase their sales and make higher gross profits.

            The meeting was successful because there is increased potential for growth. As recorded that his area is densely populated, it means that if extra effort was added sales and profit would shoot up rapidly. This can also be seen from the increase in sales from 211 to 2012.

Google

Mission Statement

To establish information from different parts of the world and make it useful and accessible to anyone in the world (Matthew, 2016).

Google’s Structure and Culture

Google operates under a matrix organizational structure with a substantial notch of flatness (Steiber, 2014). The structure of the company therefore has three main features namely:

Function-based definition

Product-based definition

Flatness

Function is used by the company to put the employees’ in specific groups. Employees are therefore grouped according to their work departments. Each work department consequently has its team thus making the company to have different teams of employees. On the other hand, products are also used when grouping the employees (Matthew, 2016). Furthermore, the company groups the employees in order to ensure the services are offered at a very first rate. Moreover, the fat structure allows the employees of the company to directly report to the CEO together with CEO’s without having to follow the required procedures (Steiber, 2014).

The company works hard in order to maintain a free culture, which is in most cases linked to start-ups’. Whereby each and everybody contributes his or her ideas and also feels comfortable when doing so (Erbe, 2014). The company’s culture is therefore to maintain a close friendship between its staff and the clients. Therefore setting a conducive climate for both the clients and the employees to be able to enjoy the services that the company offers. On the other hand, clients are able to provide the best services to the company thus reaching the clients effectively without any problems at all. The company encourages, openness, whereby each and every employ is allowed to contribute his or her own ideas to the company. Secondly, the company also encourages innovativeness, where the employees and the customers are given a chance to come up with ways of improving the performance of the company (Matthew, 2016).

Leadership and Management

The company uses different leadership which include the following:

Charismatic leadership

Participative leadership

Introvert leadership

The servant leadership

The company uses these leadership styles in order to make sure that the customers are able to receive the best services (Steiber, 2014). On the other hand, through participative leadership, the company allows the employees to interact freely and to provide the company with new ideas. Introvert leadership has enabled the company’s CEO to be able to put into consideration the ideas of the employees. Finally, through servant leadership, the company has been able to take good care of its employees thus making sure that they in turn provide the best services to the company (Matthew, 2016).

The company uses a lot of different team building activities such as grouping the employees in different groups and makes it easy for them to be able to communicate with each other at ease. Furthermore, they can also be able to interact with other and come up with ideas which will really help improve the performance of the company (Matthew, 2016). The company also holds sports competitions between different departments of the company hence linking different employees from different departments. Moreover, the company provides a prize to the winning teams thus motivating them to be able to work together in providing the best services to the company. The groups which provide the best and effective ideas to the company, receive an award. This motivates the other group members into working hard and making it easy for them to be able to compete thus providing the company with the best ideas (Erbe, 2014).

Risk Management

Google manages risks in a very unique way in that it categorises the types of risks that it might be likely to face (Steiber, 2014). After categorizing the risks, the company then sets out strategies which can be able to deal with the risks depending on the types of risks that it might be likely to face. Some of these risks include the following: political risks, economical risks, social risks, and technological risks (Matthew, 2016).

The company consequently uses risk management strategies according to the stipulated risk. This strategy deals with the risk and it also acts to predict the future (Erbe, 2014). This makes it easy for the company to come up with another risk strategy which would otherwise protect the company against any problems. Moreover, if the risk keeps on recurring, the company formulates ways in which it can be able to eradicate the risk fully thus avoiding any problems. This move has really helped the company to be able to maintain its performance thus it is able to conduct different activities. The management also predicts the trends of the risks thus coming up with risk strategies from time to time in order to deal with the problem (Matthew, 2016).

Science of Management

The company reforecasts its budgets and the usage of resources, this makes it easy for it to be able to ensure maximum usage of the resources is maintained. Hence the company reduces the costs of managing the projects. On the other hand the company keeps it different groups up-to-date thus making sure that they are working according to the stipulated time limits. This makes it easy for the projects to be executed within the shortest time possible hence reducing the time taken for the projects to be executed in the company (Matthew, 2016).

The purpose of these techniques is therefore to make sure that the company is able to reach its goals (Matthew, 2016). On the other hand, the techniques also foster hard work and time saving in the company hence providing the best results within the shortest duration. Clients therefore get to enjoy the best services offered in the company within the shortest time possible (Steiber, 2014).

Results

According to my point of view, I think the company should increase its communication with the customers. The company should also not reduce the cost of coming up with new projects but in turn, it should improve the current project (Matthew, 2016). Increasing communication with the clients is one of the best ways of making sure that the company is able to know what the customers want. This will consequently help in coming up with new projects which would really help in increasing the number of the customers. Furthermore, the company would also be able to provide the best services according to the needs of the clients. When the company meets its clients’ needs, then they will not depart from it. The company should focus on improving current projects other than in setting up new projects. This will really see the company improving its services thus being very effective in delivering the best services. This move will also see the company saving a lot of costs that could have otherwise been used to setting up new projects. The company will be able to reach its goals and thus avoid any misunderstanding (Erbe, 2014).

Reference

Matthew, C. (2016). Power. Information Science Reference.

In Erbe, N. (2014). Approaches to managing organizational diversity and innovation.

Steiber, A. (2014). The Google model: Managing continuous innovation in a rapidly changing world.