Distributed vs. Massed practice

Introduction

            Distributed practice is also referred to as spaced practice or repetition and is a learning strategy that involves break down of practice into various short sessions for a long time. People and animals find out about items more effectively in a list when they study in various sessions broken down for a long period of time (Seabrook, 2005). Massed practice on the other hand, is divided into fewer sessions that take a long period of time. It has minimal periods to rest with many trials to practice during the time. It can also be referred to as a continuous application with short or no time for rest compared to the work interval. The two are methods of learning that are used by students to study. The paper will argue that distributed practice is better than massed practice (Seabrook, 2005).

            One of the facts why distributed practice produces better learning is retrieval which means that every time an item is encountered during review, there is always an attempted recovery from memory. If the recovery is a success meaning that the mind is reminded of the past occurrence the memory gets stronger and does not forget easily (Arthur, 2010). In this method, gaps are placed between the occurrence of an item and this helps in making memory recovery effortful and it is a benefit to the memory. This is because the memory is allowed to rest for a while and when the learner goes back to studying and encounter the same thing then it is remembered easily. It is considered to be an effective method unlike the massed one where an item is seen only once and assumed to be still on the mind. It therefore does not require memory retrieval (Arthur, 2010).

            The other reason is background unpredictability which means that when data is programmed in memory, its presentation is also recorded. This data can serve later as an important reminder for recovering the information (Carpenter, 2012). This does not happen in massed practice as the circumstance that surrounds each successive incidence of an item is extremely possible to be alike. In distributed method, the circumstances are possibly more uneven because of the time passage that results in the recording of dissimilar related information which is more useful at prompting later recovery (Carpenter, 2012).

            The other reason why distributed practice yields better results is that there is resting time and therefore the same item is not encountered back to back. This become that the learner does not become familiar to the item which may lead to them paying less attention. It therefore produces best results because when the learner encounters the item after some time then the memory is recovered and they remember the details and pay more attention to it. It makes them perform well during exams because they remember it well. This is not the same with massed practice because the learner comes across the same item over and over again. It makes the learner used to it and therefore pays less attention. This means that during the exam, the student will not be able to remember anything (Gaspelin, 2013).

The other reason is the effect of spacing which makes it superior for continuing learning and withholding. It is clear that when the entire time spent on learning is compared, if the reviews are spaced apart instead of being massed then long-term learning is improved. This means that for each time that is used on review information is recorded if the review is spaced. It is a very effective practice especially for the study of the same information (James, 2014). Study shows that distributed practice encourages meaningful learning whereas massed practice encourages rote learning. In order for the student to have a long-term benefit they should choose to use distributed practice. This is because after a long college career, the student who applied this practice would be far ahead than the one who spent the massed technique as they would remember most of the things. This is not the case with massed practice because it is sometimes seen as cramming. It is not a good method of learning because the learner tends to forget everything during exams (James, 2014).

            The other reason is that distributed learning provides better responses to unlike circumstances especially in games. This is because an athlete must always decide on the skill to use in a competitive situation and must be recalled from the memory. The message must then be sent to the required muscles in order to perform. This practice is seen to be more game like because every repetition needs a decision and remembrance (Arthur, 2010). It also shows that the skills practiced with the application of this practice are better learned and remembered for a long time. This is because players performing various skills in a series are able to evaluate methods. It therefore produces the best understanding of the skills which in turn improves the performance.  The method is also effective because the learners are able to pay more attention by changing the tasks constantly. Massed practice on the other hand does not bring better reactions to various situations because the student may not remember the right decision to be made. It is not also possible for the comparison of results which is very crucial in understanding the skills and improving performance. Massed practice does not produce better results because it becomes boring to repeat the same item over and over which makes learners to pay less attention (Arthur, 2010).  

Conclusion

            The paper has argued that distributed practice produces better learning. It has defined distributed practice as spaced practice or repetition and is a learning strategy that involves break down of practice into various short sessions for a long time. It has also defined Massed practice as a method which is divided into fewer sessions that take a long period of time. The paper has argued five points why distributed practice produces better learning. One of them is memory recovery which means that when an item is encountered during review then it is remembered unlike massed practice.  The other point is that it provides some time to rest which refreshes the mind. The other point is background unpredictability which means that when data is programmed in memory, its presentation is also recorded. The other point is that it is spaced so it is not boring and makes it superior for continuing learning unlike massed practice. The other point is that provides better responses to unlike circumstances especially in games. This does not happen in massed practice the players are not able to remember past items. In conclusion distributed learning produces better learning.

References

Seabrook, R., Brown, G. A., & Solity, J. E. (2005). Distributed and massed practice: from laboratory to classroom. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 107-122. doi:10.1002/acp.1066

Arthur, W., Day, E. A., Villado, A. J., Boatman, P. R., Kowollik, V., Bennett, W., & Bhupatkar, A. (2010). The Effect of Distributed Practice on Immediate Posttraining, and Long-Term Performance on a Complex Command-and-Control Simulation Task. Human Performance, 23(5), 428-445. doi:10.1080/08959285.2010.515277

Carpenter, S., Cepeda, N., Rohrer, D., Kang, S., & Pashler, H. (2012). Using Spacing to Enhance Diverse Forms of Learning: Review of Recent Research and Implications for Instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 24(3), 369-378.

Gaspelin, N., Ruthruff, E., & Pashler, H. (2013). Divided attention: An undesirable difficulty in memory retention. Memory & Cognition, 41(7), 978-988. doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0326-5

James, E. G., & Conatser, P. (2014). Effects of Practice Variability on Unimanual Arm Rotation. Journal Of Motor Behavior, 46(4), 203-210. doi:10.1080/00222895.2014.881314

Physical Education

Introduction

          Physical education is an element that has been neglected in the modern world because many institutions in the contemporary society are not looking for the best avenues or the better way to continue living better lives in the community. The majority of the people in the universe have not been able to liver better lives because their physical health is an important problem in the modern world.  The main idea is that the issues of weight gain and obesity have been a great challenge due to the many challenges that are connected to poor exercise and physical health (Fitzpatrick & Russell, 2015). The problem is that many people are living a centenary life that is not able to make them live a better life in the first place. This paper discusses how this problem can be overcome by discussing issues related to sustainability and consumption unit in relation to physical education. Physical education is vital and absolutely necessary in the development of the health of the society as it is possible to create an outstanding approach to live as one will be physically fit and therefore the idea of physical fitness a priority. The fact that the society lacks the right approach to physical education it is the reason we are experiencing great health complications in the current days. The truth is that the issue of physical health is what makes it possible to know its function in the real sense. Physical education plays a significant role in the progress of the right strategies for a healthier society than before (Fitzpatrick & Russell, 2015). Therefore, it is essential and very important thing to understanding that the physical education neglect is what is predisposing the community to high health complications. The primary focus is that there is a need to develop the right environment for enhancement and improvement of physical health.

Problem statement

The health of children is currently at a risk due to low levels of physical activity. In spite of the fact that uncommon in youth ages 12 to 19 years, sort two diabetes is progressively being found in kids and teenagers, especially among minority groups. Besides, the 2005-2006 NHANES information demonstrates that around 16% of this adolescent have pre diabetes. In a late national study, 58% of youngsters determined to have sort two diabetes were hefty.

Significance of the study

          The part and significance of game in school have often been managed at extraordinary length on the whole inside of the structure of proceeding with training. The physical and get into an action is not an end in itself. It must be rehearsed and saddled both as methods for accomplishing the students satisfaction and as a scientific work of instruction. It is a method for figuring out how to look for success and acknowledge out the health of learners. It is a way for liberation, a strategy for socialization and mix, with school remaining the ideal spot for precise socialization for various youngsters, male and female (Fitzpatrick & Russell, 2015).

Methods of data analysis

The part of physical activities and games instruction will be analyzed from two points of view, for instance, inside of the training framework from one viewpoint and, on the other, inside of a casual or extracurricular system. Inside of formal instruction, the game ought to be utilized as a method for transmitting instructive qualities (Fletcher, 2014). Also as a way of figuring out how to be mindful, of building up a community sense to feel a native of the world without stopping to be a subject of one' s own nation and of adjusting to the earth.

Literature review on physical education

          Physical instruction and game ought to likewise be connected with each of the three stages. The three stages are whether hypothetical, alluring or compelling; the answer may change starting with one nation then onto the next of the instructive procedure. The first stage concentrated on the educator; the second stage of start went for giving youngsters separately and in gatherings an awareness of other's expectations. The third stage including self administration of the procedure by the students themselves. Moreover, outside the school environment, various examinations are under route pointed specifically at upgrading connection among and with youngsters in trouble some or peripheral neighborhoods of real urban communities and at advancing the act of game for all. For instance, by making gyms and multipurpose games offices accessible to youngsters. Whether in or out of school, it would appear to be important to empower the standard quest for physical and wearing exercises, which ought to be seen as an integral part of any procedure of instruction and preparing (Fitzpatrick & Russell, 2015).

          It appears to be vital and very important to put more confirmation on physical preparation and game in school and college as an essential part of the procedure of proceeding with education. However, execute a system went for advancing and updating physical instruction and game in school and college. The change will be including procurement of the most suitable offices, award physical instruction and games educators a status. It should be similar to that perceived and understand for instructors in different subjects. It is a plan to assess all who are regularly seen as releasing a through and through the worthier task. Look to guarantee solidarity and association between physical instruction and game from one perspective, and scholarly, stylish and moral education and professional preparing then again, specifically by outlining programs that highlight the instructive ethics of game; configuration projects of exercises in physical training and game to forestall wrongdoing among youngsters (Kirk, 2013).

          In economy and sports and games, various late studies take on witness to the quick improvement of the physical education on economics as an autonomous section of financial matters. All the ideas have highlighted the measure of turn over produced by game the working of the foundation, the assembling of capital and buyer products, the procurement of administrations, the scattering of information, takings from games occasions, promoting consumption and sponsorship spending plans. Quite a long while prior that various very enlightening studies were embraced in a few nations. It is evaluated that the games economy is worth somewhere around 1 and 2 for every penny of GNP in different countries, and is having a tendency to become quicker than most different divisions. In the meantime, this economy is turning out to be progressively global, asserting a developing offer of world exchange (Kirk, 2013). Besides, it ought to be noticed that such considers don't bring along with the record the exceptionally significant commitment of innumerable volunteers dynamic at all hierarchical. As to the subsidizing of physical and donning exercises. Consideration ought to be attracted to the low level of assets accessible at all created nations, and to the inclination of open dominant voices in various countries, including numerous industrialized nations, to cut their games spending plans and place more noteworthy dependence on extra-budgetary sorts of financing: lotteries and wagering on the game.

          As a delineation of such communication, tests have been done in some industrialized nations looking to connect the advancement of the game to the improvement of rustic regions. Experience demonstrates that by advancing physical and donning exercises in the field, regularly in coupled with other social, social or touristic activities, the country environment may at the end of the day turn into a setting of cordiality (Kirk, 2013). Along these lines, the act of physical and wearing exercises advances the improvement of outside destinations, the building and upkeep of neighborhood, civil or region offices, the procurement of administrations, and the production of low maintenance and full-time employments.

          According to Hayden, Mary (2013), there are differences between school types and education systems. However, the international schools are lacking this education and therefore are the leading in obesity cases. This is connected with the access of junks by the scholars and overlay lack of time for exercise. However, it is important for all parents to make a decision about the type of school most appropriate for their children especially concerning education strategies and physical activities involved.

          As exhibited by a study distributed quite a long while back, the underdevelopment of game is both a perspective and an outcome of financial underdevelopment (Fitzpatrick & Russell, 2013). The result of underdevelopment in the match is a "muscle channel". Given that creating nations have an overriding commitment to meet the essential needs of their populaces, should best class game incorporate into that classification? Are there not more dire and squeezing needs? Does it bode well for those nations to empty cash into onlooker sport? At whatever point these inquiries have been raised, they have provoked genuinely sharp trades. When in doubt, nonetheless, it is perceived that game, and all the more particularly top-class game, is costly and that its cost tends to rise speedier than the quantity of players or competitors (Kirk, 2013)

          The internationalization of the media, observer do, a cutting edge type of stimulation has ended up one of the primary types of mass correspondence, molding general world supposition, and in that capacity is presently a critical issue. This issue must be dissected by considering the intricate relationship between game, the media, and multinational organizations. The level headed discussion on this point uncovers two sorts of rationale: the one entirely business, and the other political in nature (Cawley, Frisvold & Meyerhoefer, 2013). Very likely, it is non business contemplations that provoke the pioneers of progressively various nations to long for facilitating the Olympics. More voices are being raised as far as possible to the enormous and modern nature of the offices and gear, for more systematic decentralization of real occasions and more adjusted representation of experts from creating nations in global games bodies.

Conclusion

          In conclusion, there is a need to make the vital conditions guarantee that, everywhere throughout the world, the privilege to access to physical training and a game might be adequately worked out, as per the basic standard stated in the International Charter. The activity of that right, which is a conclusion of the privilege of each to instruction, starts at school. Nor ought to youngsters not in school be denied of that right, whose recognition those in control of non-formal training projects could try to ensure, inside of the methods accessible to them. In the improvement of kids and youths, scholarly, enthusiastic, otherworldly and physical variables go as one. There is like this need to guarantee that physical instruction and game are sufficiently given room in the school timetable and educational modules and that qualified staff is accessible.

Different studies and research papers have highlighted the extensive focal points to be gotten from the regular and moderate routine of the game as a necessary segment of one' s way of life. Enhanced wellbeing, less truancy and fewer work mishaps, better social incorporation, and a more noteworthy assortment of recreational open doors for the individual and the family. Ponders in Canada have demonstrated the assumable monetary effect of donning exercises for all on wellbeing spending. The advertising of games things and the utilization of game for offering different sorts of goods, in specific through exposure and sponsorship, is a remarkable and consistently developing wonder (Fitzpatrick & Russell, 2015).

References:

Cawley, J., Frisvold, D., & Meyerhoefer, C. (2013). The impact of physical education on obesity among elementary school children. Journal of Health Economics, 32, 743-755. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.04.006

Fitzpatrick, K., & Russell, D. (2015). On being critical in health and physical education. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 20(2), 159-173.

Fletcher, T. (2014). Developing principles of PE teacher education practice through self-study. Physical Education and Sports Pedagogy, 1-19. http://dx.doi. /10.1080/17408989 .2014.990370

Hayden, Mary (Director of Studies, Centre for the Study of Education in an International Context,University of Bath), & Thompson, Jeff (Professor and Director, Centre for the Study of Education in an International Context,University of Bath),. (2013). International schools and international education improving teaching, management and quality. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Kirk, D. (2013). Educational value and models-based practice in physical education. Educational Philosophy & Theory,45(9), 973-986. doi:10.1080/00131857.2013.785352

Lumpkin, A. (1994). Physical education and sport : A contemporary introduction St. Louis : Mosby, c1994; 3rd ed.

SHOULD COLLEGE EDUCATION BE AVAILABLE TO PRISONERS?

Introduction

    Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, values, habits, beliefs and skills through learning. Facilitating this process there are methods used such as discussion, training, researching and teaching. This takes place under the guidance educators but learners must committee themselves in learning on their own in order to be successful. Education can either be formal or informal depending on the settings and the formative effects it may have on one. The demand for learning has been high especially with the growing generation (Brown, 2015). There being the largest number of young convicts in the United States there has been debates on whether college education should be provided them or not. This is based on the advantages that come from it and it is opposed due to its disadvantages. College education is non-compulsory which includes vocational education and training. It is recognized by the issue of certificates academic degrees and diplomas (Brown, 2015). For education to be provided to the convicts is must be based on a good course and for it to work it must have an institutional commitment that will facilitate a culture that supports education in federal and state prison. This will involve vocational training and programs that will need to be promoted. Measures that see the guards and prison guards prohibited from denying prisoners from enrolling to such programs should be put in place (Brown, 2015).

    Education to prisoners shows recidivism rates go down which is a direct correlation to the number of prisoners and the rates continue to drop with the additional level of education achieved. By educating prisoners the cost of incarceration can be reduced and much can be shown to it (Rose & Rose, 2014). Putting resources to educate prisoners will assist in transforming them to be productive and law abiding citizens to the society and the country at large. It is hard giving inmates a chance to learn and earn the degree programs offered by the colleges since the taxpayer will be more concerned educating their offspring rather than inmates (Rose & Rose, 2014). This is because the burden of educating them will be injected on the taxpayers. In the society, inmates are not entitled to chances like this since they are being punished for their wrong acts other than being put on track. This is not only ill but also short sighted. This is as a result of the public and the society being unaware of the impact of educating such inmates (Rose & Rose, 2014).

    Educating inmates are advantageous since it improves economy and raises the security of the communities and reduces the crimes rates. This creates a common ground for reasoning since they have acquired knowledge. Their minds are occupied with things that can result to a better life. This also nurtures the talents of the inmates (Brown, 2015). A nurtured talent can go a long in transforming a person and in a way that can benefit others. Through education prisoners who take up lessons while incarcerated have greater chances of coping with life and only 13% are likely to commit crimes again and end up in jail. This shows that they have a great chance of getting employed once they leave prison (Brown, 2015). This is better than nothing since the chance of them being repeat offenders is greatly lowered as it goes further than just providing education but gives them the ability to reason and be knowledgeable. This enables them to be able to plan for their lives once they leave prison. Educating them will enable them to fit back to the society ones they are released. This will reduce the struggles they face once their imprisonment ends. This shows a great assortment since they are made better to re-enter the employment and occupation market (Brown, 2015).

    With the constant growth if imprisoned individuals, there is a large number that has education deficit. As a result, this will lead to profitability training them since they are large in numbers. This will greatly reduce the rate of reincarceration amongst convicts. Educating such a number is not a simple task since it will affect the government financial plan due to the financial weight which has to be budgeted for properly (Calif, 2014).  Some of the prisoners have physiological problem that cannot be cured through basic education, what they are in need of is specialized education which is more mental than that of normal individuals. This means that the capital that is needed to finance this incentive will be not only expensive but strenuous to both the economy and the citizens. Offering education to convicts means that it will be for a subsidized price (Calif, 2014). This may create the mentality to the generation that even after committing a crime that will see them imprisoned they will not miss any step their education. This creates room for not being responsible since after all they will acquire education as they serve their term. In the recent past the number has been on the rise and with the administration of education will see the numbers increase even more. As a result, there have been a sharp diminution of public funds. This has created a great loss to both inside and outside prison (Brown, 2015).

Education is a sign of socialization and rehabilitation. By making prisoners eligible to education it has led to a supplement of grants and subsidized college programs. Some prisoners think that their future is over and hence will demoralize others into taking the courses. The educators also have a great role to play. They need to be motivated since the disciplinary incidents are many (Rose & Rose, 2014). This requires a call other than looking for a way of income since it will be effective if it is a volunteer who can offer what they are best at. Bringing college education to the prisoners is not an easy task and for this reason, programs are designed in a simple manner. To ensure that these programs are not flooded by non-interested students there must be preliminary steps taken (Rose & Rose, 2014). This includes setting an exam which interested participants needs to pass just like as it is required by the institution of the students outside. This means no favors to the inmates. By this, only who want to be diverse, engaged and eligible are captured in the system. To ensure that only determination will make them pursue this courses they have to attend class during the night since during the day they have to attend to the normal schedule of the prison. The money they are paid for working during the day will be used in paying the tuition fee which is subsidized. This will lead to the development of student community (Rose & Rose, 2014).

    Education for inmates was as a result of trying to occupy the many years spent in jail which can be made productive. This includes the self-selection of participants to the programs. Personal characteristics play a great role (Miller et al 2014). In a survey done individuals were interviewed and were asked to give their personal information such as their offenses and sentences, their drug and alcohol abuse, family background, the prisons activities they have undertaken as well as programs and services were undertaken(Miller et al 2014) . This saw a number of them are in a good state to take up the education programs since quite a number of them had more problems that education could not resolve. This shows that rehabilitation will work best in such a case. In promoting inmates education they have the say that prisoners should not be in a warehouse. It is an opportunity to help and assist them since they need it (Miller et al 2014).

Supporting the education system is difficult due to the laws and regulation involved. This requires state legislature and due to its debate which can cause traction it has been left to the mercy of the president. This causes ranging debate among legislators and the answer to what they want is going to take time due to its disadvantages it causes. It is a crucial decision to make since prisoners need to be made more useful other than punishing them. There is the need to see it as a center where skills are acquired and problems solved. All of this entails achieving the correction goal to facilitate public safety (Miller et al 2014).

Conclusion

Offering education to inmates has its own advantages and disadvantages. A lot has to be put together to see this project successful. Commitment and financial support for this program play a key role. For the project to be efficient the government has to commit funds to prison education due to the material needed such as learning and practical materials. The educators also need to be motivated so that they can help the inmates who are interested in achieving their goal (Brown, 2015). These programs are both capital and labor intensive. The project is received by both mixed reactions from inmates since not all want it. This causes some drift which can cause other inmates to lose interest in such programs. The burden that results to this programs is all transferred to taxpayers who would rather educate their own (Calif, 2014). This will lead to a strained economy since the funds ejected in this programs will not be realized in the near future. The whole process is gradual and it may not yield the results as expected. On another hand it can be view as by educating such persons there will be acquiring knowledge and this will lead to an increase in the in the frauds committed (Brown, 2015). This offense will be done efficiently due to the possession of knowledge once set free. Viewing from both sides it is only evident that the cons are more than the advantages and the issue of educating inmates will be a costly affair. There should be a way of educating inmates on general knowledge and rehabilitating them to avoid them repeating the crimes again other than offering college exam (Rose & Rose, 2014).

Reference

Rose, K., & Rose, C. (2014). Enrolling in College While in Prison: Factors That Promote Male    and Female Prisoners to Participate. Journal Of Correctional Education, 65(2), 20-39.

Brown, C. (2015). Returns to Postincarceration Education for Former Prisoners. Social Science    Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 96(1), 161-175. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12094

Mallory, J. L. (2015). Denying Pell Grants to Prisoners: Race, Class, and the Philosophy of Mass             Incarceration. International Social Science Review, 90(1), 1-27.

Miller, B., Mondesir, J., Stater, T., & Schwartz, J. (2014). Returning to School After Incarceration: Policy, Prisoners, and the Classroom. New Directions For Adult & Continuing       Education, 2014(144), 69-77.

Calif. College Faculty To Teach Prison Inmates. (2014). Community College Week, 129.

COMPLEXITY AND CHAOS THEORIES

            Chaos theory was motivated by the discovery of important systems which challenges to view the organization and the kind of connection and this proposes that the nature’s work do not work out well.  This idea challenges the former thinking due to the organization’s design.  This philosophy bases that the determination to practice enduring structural constructions is expected to flop.  The character of management in the interchanging administrations is to make flexibility amid alteration and withstand equilibrium among terror and order.  This approves ingenuity and averts inconsistency. The disorder philosophy desires us to consent our construction with any system of enterprise and to reproduce as a substitute of original and spongy arrangements that can be initially accustomed and altered as the society will be likely to move (Sullivan, 2013). 

            The intricacy philosophy was introduced from computational skills during the age that the academics renowned that unintended proceedings restricted the predictions. The philosophy is beneficial in the health care as the condition is extensive with likelihoods and numerous responsibilities. The conditions of patients alternate in an instant where the applicable staffs are unavailable, lack of apparatus and this happens without any caution. Tasks in the complexity theory include relationships between staffs, patients and the surrounding.  Management in these unclear conditions needs to be considered as every system aspect interacts and embraces the changes. This complexity theory explains why the health care organizations despite the intensive labors fight with the patients’ wellbeing (Sullivan, 2013).                          

            Thus complexity theory is connected to health care system as the client responds to the nurse services.  The classical approach of organizations shows the structure of the formal organization.  This classical theory is explained by four categories, partition of work and efforts specialism, organizational formation, series of command and duration of control. Work partition diminishes the amount of work that every employee does and this increases the efficiency and improves the organization’s produces.  Organizational structures show the arrangement of the work group thus is an important way of designing an actual organization. The classical theories develop the idea of departmentalization as a way to sustain expertise and strengthen authority thus giving a formal system of communication.  The chain of expertise is the order of authority and responsibility within a corporation.  The approach of authority is that higher management levels delegate work to those under them in the organization (Sullivan, 2013).

References

Sullivan, E. J. (2013). Effective leadership and management in nursing. (8th Ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.              

LEARNING PLAN

            Every learner has a personal learning style which assimilates the information learnt through collecting, organizing and the skill acquired from learning. My personal learning preference includes multi-media resources such as computers, videos and audios. For books to appear interesting to me they have to contain many pictures and charts. With this, my general understanding of the books with numerous pictures is easier compared to that which contain fewer pictures (Zhang et al, 2012). The theme of the cover makes the book more interesting and creates the urge to read it. To make the learning successful this are some strategies that I will implement and that I will entirely embrace the anticipated information learnt. This strategy will meet the need of my mind and will help to incorporate the information in the graduate program (Zhang et al, 2012).

             Highlighting of the main and very important points from the content of the book with a bright color will play a great role. Making a summary of the information gathered in the form of graphs, charts, pictures or even patterns as well as making visual representation will facilitate remembrance (Zhang et al, 2012).  Arranging information in a simpler and better manner will help in an easier understanding of the information. By using multi-media channels to learn which contains numerous pictures as well as videos will facilitate learning and also a channel to store all the information gathered. Concentrating and avoiding verbal interruption while learning and reading will make the program successful. Engaging in group work and debates and focusing on listening to the lectures during lessons plays an important role (Zhang et al, 2012). In conclusion, my learning style exhibited by visual learning style will greatly contribute towards a successful graduate program.

Reference

Zhang, L., Sternberg, R. J., & Rayner, S. (2012). Handbook of intellectual styles: Preferences in cognition, learning, and thinking. New York: Springer Pub. Co.

Article Review

            The Pachuca Panic is an article authored by Elizabeth R. Escobedo which explores a study on individual, familial and communal impasses that were caused during the World War II by the Pachuca people (Escobedo, 2007). The author showed how the womanhood racism was created as an identity for female Mexican Americans. Here is how the Pachucas responded to the World War II in Los Angeles.

            The article shows how the Mexican women dangerously demanded restraint from their counterparts in the United States regardless of their being Second-class citizens. It starts as Amelia Venegas reacting as she witnessed the police officers harassing the zoot suiters group. When she was arrested she was also found with brass knuckles which confirmed that the Mexican American women were (Escobedo, 2007). Venegas was used to feature how the Mexican Americans were becoming a menace in Los Angeles. Changes had occurred among the Mexican American women where they had adopted a new youth culture which did reject both the American culture and the traditional Mexican culture. These women were known as zoot suiters and through their rebellious fashion; they represented debate for a need for social change.

            The Pachucas were associated and likened to many evil doings as asserted by various viewers. According to the contemporary observers, Pachuca was to be identified through her controversial and behavior (Escobedo, 2007). Here look was described by a one juvenile authority as neat but with plucked eyebrows, black socks, short skirts and high pompadour. The Spanish language daily also lamented about the immoral appearance of the Pachucas. It compared the young women to prostitutes and their male counterparts as pimps. The English language press referred them as hyper-sexed degenerates. The newspaper emphasized that the Pachuca gangs were also involved in weird sexual activities that led to their infection with venereal diseases (Escobedo, 2007). According to the news still, the gang girls would give themselves to boys freely and if they did not like the boys, they would gang attack.

            According to the author, she asserted that the young Mexican American women were recognized as elements of the gang menace when they plagued the city streets. They did this after they found a young Mexican man called Jose Diaz dead near the Sleepy Lagoon. There were around six hundred youths involved in the scandal (Escobedo, 2007). This kind of involvement of these young women in scandal shocked the entire population at that time. I dislike the way this young women went about their notorious kind of demonstration. To the extent that they could involve themselves in immoral acts, formed gang attacks, and caused disruption to families (Escobedo, 2007). However I liked the way these women were courageous regardless of their being second class citizens. In addition they showed a spirit of solidarity. To make her work strong, the author could discuss in detail how the people of America responded towards this character of resistance by the Pachuca. This article is majorly addressed to scholars who need to explore the western history on war time and the Mexican culture. This article can also help us understand the California ethnic war. The article expands our knowledge of race identity and community.  It shows how the daily practices can be viewed as cultural experiences just like in the California Ethnic history. The article supports the aspect of competing vision because of the existence of varying cultures.

Conclusion

            This article is important to learners who would like to explore more on how the Pachuca responded towards the World War II. It gives a number of behaviors that the Pachuca group was involved in and how the population reacted against showing which also a lesson to the public in that the people reading can learn how to behave in the society in order to create peace. In addition to this article, we can also refer to Orson Welles war, the story of my teeth.

Reference

Escobedo R. Elizabeth, (2007). The Pachuca Panic: sexual and cultural battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles. Published by Western Historical Quarterly, Utah State University.

Individual Reflection: Reflecting on Leadership Styles Part I

            The paper will analyze the leadership style of two leaders that have influenced my life.  These two leaders are my church pastor and a manager of an organization where I formerly worked.  The author will have to categorize their manners, actions, and their representation of their leadership styles and their influence on other people.  The author will also analyze the efficiency or the ineptitude of these leaders whom I chose.  The paper will also include the reasons as to why these leaders should be adhered to and the risks that people will encounter through following these leaders.  Leadership and followership are the backgrounds of developing and administrating a successful organization.  These leadership styles relate to each other while the structure of the organization will not turn to be successful if the leaders will not be effective in helping others to develop their capabilities (Goleman, 2000).

             According to Goleman, reliable leaders authorize the other leaders and others who are have no authority within the organization but give authorization and give discernment to step up and lead.  The valuation of these two leaders was based on their leadership talents but not what they represented. The intention of the assessment was not to approve or judge them but to evaluate their leadership styles, features, and the factors that arose during their rise to the position. In this kind of reflective paper, the leaders are valued personally with the review of their positive and negative leadership traits. These traits are later compared to show up their similarities and differences.  The paper focused on the assumption that these leaders were made when people work together in making specific qualities and manners and consider their followers (Goleman, 2000).      

Reference

Goleman, D. (2000). The Socially Intelligent Leader. Educational Leadership, 64(1), 76-81.

            Sampling and Data Collection Plan of FlexNet Subscribers

            Sample Population

            The population being studied is the FlexNet subscribers.  This is mainly because the subscribers as the determining factor to the growth and development of FlexNet if the prices are raised in the future. In addition, the feedback from the subscribers will help in determining whether they will cancel their subscriptions and the impact it would cause due to the cancellation. This will thus be effective in determining whether there would be alternatives to get the movies and if there would be any chances of gaining fresh subscribers. The subscribers are therefore the target response group as they help in determining the future of the site if the cancellation takes place. This group is, therefore, being studied in order to establish the effects that the subscription price raise would cause on the subscribers as well as the site in the near future. Sample population also helps in determining strategies that can be adopted in order to maintain the subscribers even after raising the prices (Thompson, 2013).

            Sampling Method

            The simple random method is the best method to study the population (Thompson, 2013).  This is because the respondents are based online and therefore the method allows all the subscribers to hold an equal chance in participation.  The method is advantageous because is based on unbiased representation of the general group (Thompson, 2013). This method is also effective because the study involves a large number of individuals who cannot be involved in wholesome.  The study, therefore, requires that a small number of individuals be utilized in the study.

            The desired sample size is therefore 250 respondents who include both men and women. The sample size is the best since it will best represent the views of the rest of the population. The calculation cannot be achieved by utilizing the confidence level and the percentage margin error because it is difficult to establish the confidence level since the group of subscribers is so huge.  The sample size will be determined by using random selection which will thus incorporate the chosen respondents.

            The sampling method is important because it is easy to assemble the samples because it does not require sample division which would result in inaccuracy (Albright, Winston, & Zappe, 2011). In addition, it is a fair method which helps in earning loyalty from the respondent’s thus producing reliable and honest feedback. The method is also important because it holds accurate data representation (Albright, Winston, & Zappe, 2011).

            Data Collection Method

            Survey is appropriate in the collection of data because it helps in collection of range data amount since the respondents have adequate time to provide feedback (Albright, Winston, & Zappe, 2011).  The study will, therefore, utilize email survey as it is easy and it is also associated with low costs. The survey questions will be distributed to the respondents who will then send them back to the researcher after completion (Albright, Winston, & Zappe, 2011). The best strategy of acquiring the proposed answers to the research questions is by incorporating both open-ended and closed questions. This will help in ensuring that maximum information is provided in the open-ended question while ensuring that the objective of the study is well captured by the closed-ended questions which will help in data comparison and analysis (Albright, Winston, & Zappe, 2011).  Data mining will, therefore, be implemented to ensure that the collected data is summarized and then summarized in order to develop conclusions and recommendations.

            Data Collection Recommendation

            I would therefore recommend that the survey questions give priority to the key issues by focusing on the goal of the study. This will help in generating useful information that relates to the study subject and study questions.  In addition, the challenges of data collection should be analyzed to ensure that they are effectively overcome in order to increase effectiveness.

            Survey Sample Questions

The questions that will be included in the survey are,

1. Are there better alternatives of download and streamlining movies? How effective are they compared to the services offered by FlexNet?
2. Do you think that increasing the prices help in the provision of better services?
3. Will the rise of prices promote subscription cancellation? If yes why?
4. Do you think that the rise of prices will result in the enrollment of fresh subscribers?
5. Should the subscription proposal consider the existing subscribers when raising the prices? If yes why? How can this be achieved without demonstrating bias?

References

Albright, S. C., Winston, W. L., & Zappe, C. J. (2011). Data analysis and decision making. Mason, Ohio:       South-Western/Cengage Learning.

Thompson, S. K. (2013). Sampling. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Child Education

Assignment 1: Daily schedule remembering: understanding, applying and analyzing

1. Why is it important to have consistent daily schedules in early childhood classrooms?

Consistent daily schedules in early childhood are important because they help children to understand what they are supposed to do at a given a time (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). These schedules are also important because they help children to do things on their own which simplifies teacher’s coordination of activities.

2. Why do teachers need to identify transition times in their classrooms?

Transition times need to be identified in all classrooms because that is the time a child is able to refresh the brain from one activity to the other. Thus it helps in overloading children with activities if it was to be done continuously (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). Transitions help teachers to create and maintain a conducive learning environment hence avoiding chaotic environments.

3. What are 2 things a teacher can do before a transition to make it flow smooth?

Before a transition, a teacher should develop a strategy of how to end the ongoing activity and this strategy should keep children aware of what is happening to help them when shifting to another activity (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). The teacher may also ask children what they have learnt from the ongoing activity before ending it.

4. What are 2 things a teacher can do during the transition to make it flow smooth?

During the transition a teacher can do the following to ensure that it flows smoothly. Children can be allowed to move from one classroom to another, arrange their personal items in order, and gather materials necessary for the next activity (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). During transition, teachers may also have an open interaction with the children and share matters affecting them which makes them to conveniently shift to another activity.

5. What are 2 things a teacher can do after the transition to make it flow smooth?

After a transition a teacher is required to do certain things to initiate the next activity. A teacher may set strategies and make them familiar to children to make them aware that a new activity is being initiated. This will help them to enter into that activity prepared (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). After a transition, it means that teacher is shifting to a new activity therefore he or she is required to ensure that all materials required for the next activity are ready and available.

6. Discuss in detail why an infant schedule and a preschool age group schedule need to be different?

Due to differences in the age, infant and those at preschool age groups need to have different schedules. Infants need a lot of attention as compared to those at preschool stage (Clare, 2012).  With infants the care giver is supposed to do everything for the child like feeding them by themselves, wash them, and help them to sleep which may not be the case with preschool children (Willis, (2009). The two kinds of children have different feeding habits for example an infant is expected to eat frequently and wake up at least three times in the night to eat which may not be the case with the preschool children. The schedule for infants rotates within feeding and sleeping whereas preschool children are engaged in classroom activities that they can do by themselves (Willis, (2009). The young infants require the caregiver to do everything for them and by this, there care givers are expected to understand them very well whereas with preschool children, they can be communicated to and told what to do. Preschool children can speak out their needs and the teacher can design the schedule basing on the needs of the children which is not the case with the young infants whose needs are determined by their care givers (Clare, 2012). With young infants, the care givers are supposed to be fully together with the children since they cannot do things on their own whereas with preschool children, the teacher can assign them some activities to do by themselves.

Assignment 2: creating environment: evaluating and creating

How to design a dramatic play for preschool children

To create a good environment for dramatic play, it is necessary to establish a location that large enough depending on the number of children that are supposed to take part and the number of learning centers required in the space (Willis, (2009). It is necessary to incorporate themes and make children be used of those themes. The teacher is also required to select dramatic play themes for the children. By choosing the themes for the play, teachers can select furniture and materials necessary for those specific themes. The dramatic play area should contain all the necessary materials suitable for the play. Children should be assigned roles to play which helps them learn how to imitate (Willis, (2009). Materials to be used for dramatic play may not be real but imitational materials. Children should be also supplied with and be encouraged to read story books to help them come develop their dramatic skills.

How to design a music environment for preschool children

To set up a music environment for the preschool children, I would begin with establishing a suitable size and location that fits the classroom. This can be determined by the number of children who will take part in the music activity and the number of musical materials that can be required. I would also find a storage solution for the materials in the area so as to allow children have enough space to freely and safely move around the area. The area is to be provided with various musical instruments showing diversity in culture and sound (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). These materials may include xylophones, maracas, rhythm sticks bells, etc. I would make some instruments by myself in case of insufficient funds for example filling the container with beads. I would also choose music materials and tools that can promote creativity and help children to appreciate music. Such tools may include audio visual tools and materials like CDs with children songs. Children can also be engaged in singing and dancing during appropriate time. The wall can also be designed with a number of drawings showing children dancing and singing.

How to design blocks environment for preschool children

To design blocks for preschool children, it is necessary to know the number of children and the size that can suit these children. I would make sure that all facilities are in place to promote safety and the health of the children for example a place for a confined place for eating, bathrooms and classrooms. I would emphasize no other activity takes place in the classroom a part from learning to promote health of the children (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). I would ensure that children with disabilities have their special safe place. The learning block is to be large enough to accommodate children without cases of congestion such that every child is able to enjoy the presence in the classroom without congestion. The surrounding should also be well designed to enable thorough supervision by the teachers (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). The environment should encourage interaction by the children and avoid some unnecessary activities such as playing and running while inside the classroom (Willis, 2009). Each block should be designed with pictures that fit a given purpose for example a classroom block should be designed with pictures that stimulate learning for example charts to be read by the children, mathematical charts, etc.

How to design a science environment for preschool children

The preschool science environment should be aimed to broaden children’s understanding about science concepts. The size of the area should be determined basing on the learning centers planned and importantly an indoor area is necessary (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). It is necessary to choose furniture that serves the specific purpose for example two tables with several chairs to give an appropriate workspace for children. The room should be designed with labeled storage containers to keep the place tidy (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). It should also contain various tools, collections and materials to be explored by the children for example science charts showing the human body, nutrition, sample of magnets. Since a science room involves hands on activities there should a place to wash the hands to promote health of the children.

How to design a literacy environment for preschool children

A literacy environment should be well organized with print all over. For preschool children, it should have posts for alphabet charts at least two in every class. These words should be big enough to be read by any child inside the room regardless of the distance (Miles & Kathryn, 2016). There should be item labels chart to teach the child the names of the items. I would also have a classroom library where children can be given books to read at least four books per child. I would recommend a writing center for every classroom with writing materials. I would also include the books that children have created in the reading center so as to encourage them read since they can love reading what they did by themselves

How to design a manipulative environment for preschool children

A manipulative environment is to help children broaden their understanding math concepts (Vogel, 2009). The room must be designed with a number of materials that develop manipulation skills for example pull toys where a child can pull them while counting, a bathtub where children can fill and empty cups of water while assessing the number of cups that can be required (Vogel, 2009). The room should also have posts of numerical charts, mathematical concepts like addition of numbers, and subtraction of numbers. It should also contain materials such as sticks, stones for counting.

How to design a creative arts environment for preschool environment

To design a creative arts environment I would design the room with a number of forms of creative art for example drawings, paintings, colorings, etc. the art center should have materials that engage children in the activities like drawing objects, coloring object and molding objects (Vogel, 2009). The art center should also display the objects created by the children

References

Miles Ann, Kathryn Williams Browne, (2016), beginnings and beyond: foundations in early childhood education. Published by Cengage Learning.

Willis, C. (2009). Creating inclusive learning environments for young children: What to do on Monday morning. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Corwin Press.

Vogel, N. (2009). Setting up the preschool classroom. Ypsilanti, Mich: HighScope Press.

Clare, A. (2012). Creating a learning environment for babies & toddlers. London: SAGE.

Miles Ann, Kathryn Williams Browne,(2016), beginnings and beyond: foundations in early childhood education.

Topics and Questions We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

MY Stance: the program was meant to supplement nutrition but is instead feeding into the country’s unhealthy habits and worsening the obesity epidemic. There should be more rules about how food stamp money is spent. Groups fighting against hunger often receive funding and resources from the food and soda industries, which may be hurt by the restrictions. INSTRUCTIONS: Objective: After spending time studying the elements of effective argumentation and critical thinking within the contexts of a classical argument, where having the ″winning″ argument is the primary goal, we will now be applying those same skills but to a somewhat more delicate context, one where ″winning″ isn′t the only goal. Here, as in many real-world situations, we need to find good solutions while also protecting and/or strengthening our relationship with the audience. The premise: After having made a strong traditional/Aristotelian argument (Project 1) as well as deconstructing another′s argument (Project 2), we will now be combining many of the skills we have practiced between projects 1 and 2 but with a slightly different purpose, creating a Rogerian argument. In this context, we are attempting to realistically solve an issue (or at least part of an issue) by approaching it from a balanced perspective, aiming for a solution that is acceptable to both parties. Again, I am your audience in this scenario, so the context is similar to Project 2, but I will be taking the devil′s advocate position, so write as if I were sympathetic to the opposing viewpoint. The task: First, choose a topic. It can be a new one, or it can be the same as Project 1′s topic (in this case, I′d recommend focusing this topic to one or two of the main ideas rather than the whole argument). Now, however, the discussion needs to have at least as much attention to the strengths of the opposing viewpoint, so choosing a highly debatable topic might make this easier since both sides will have strong stances. Next, following the structure of a Rogerian argument, we will make a balanced argument from both sides of the issue, acknowledge common values, and ultimately create a conclusion meant to unify rather than dominate, likely depending on some kind of mutual compromise. The requirements: Required length: appropriate detail to convince your audience Suggested aim: balanced attention to both perspectives (2+ pages per side) + (1 page intro/conclusion) ＝ approximately 5 pages Sources: appropriate use to convince your audience MLA formatting This includes font, spacing, margins, page number, title info, etc. MLA Citations In-text citations Works Cited

Topics and Questions We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

First off, THINK about how the concepts and topics covered in this course can be applied
to your personal life. There should be many things that come up, and your analysis
assignments can be a useful stepping stone for this part.
The goal of this paper is to show thoughtful reflection about how psychology is present
outside of the classroom. The purpose is to show mastery with examples rather than
definitions. If you are having trouble identifying these concepts, review the details in the
modules as there have been several things that we have discussed that you have likely
experienced.
When you have identified at least two real life examples that you think are accurate
reflections of course concepts you will write your paper.
Written Paper Instructions
1. Introduce yourself and give any pertinent background information before you
introduce your real life examples.
2. Thoughtfully describe one course topic that has been relevant to your life.
a. Give details as to what happened in your life, and how having an
understanding of psychological concepts impacted you in this situation.
3. Thoughtfully describe a second course topic that has been relevant to your life.
a. Give details as to what happened in your life, and how having an
understanding of psychological concepts impacted you in this situation.
4. If you choose to discuss more than 2 concepts, follow the guidelines above.
5. Conclude with a thoughtful reflection about how taking this course and learning
more about psychology has had an overall impact on your life.
Paper Guidelines
● Paper should be 2-3 pages in length
● No APA formatting necessary - but no MLA Headers. Please put your name in
the upper corner of your first page only.
● This paper can be less formal, however, please keep an academic approach to the
writing.
● Assignment is due to the dropbox on Canvas by the date/time listed with the
assignment

Topics and Questions We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Standard essay format: introduction/body/conclusion. While you may certainly provide additional information from outside sources, please use attached course textbook pages as your primary source of information  based on the text book “Theories of Personality” 9th Edition. Jess Feist, Gregory, and Tomi-Ann Roberts
Please reference the page number/numbers of this text book or outside sources used.

As far as their grading criteria, the maximum points are given for well-organized writing submissions that respond to the assignment clearly and directly.  Please ensure you have the proper use of grammar, spelling, punctuation, citation style,etc.